Sensor Base Street Light 6TH Sem 2016 PDF

Sensor Base Street Light
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
Ahmedabad Institute of Technology, Gota

A
Project Report
On

Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING
B. E. 3rd Year, Semester VI
Mechanical Branch
Submitted by:
Group:
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
Name of Students
PARAS JAIN
SIDDHARTH KOSTHI
DHRUVIK LIMBASIYA
ISHAN PARMAR
Internal Guide
Prof.Lokesh Rathi
Ahmedabad Institute of technology
Enrollment No
130020119525
130020119532
130020119534
130020119554
External guide
____________
Page 1
Academic year
(2014-2015)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work some bodied in this report entitled Sensor
Base Street Light was carried out by below mentioned students at Department
of Mechanical Engineering of Ahmedabad Institute of Technology, Gota for
partial fulfillment of the subject Design Engineering 1B. This project work
has been carried out under my supervision and is to the satisfaction of
department.
Date: ________________
Place: Gota
Sr.No
Students Name
Enrollment No
PARAS JAIN
130020119525
SHIDDHARTH KOSTHI
130020119532
DHRUVIK LIMBASIYA
130020119534
ISHAN PARMAR
130020119554
Guide Name:
Prof.Lokesh Rathi
H.O.D. Name:
Prof N. R. Makvana
________________
__________________
Guide Signature
H.O.D. Signature
Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude towards my guide Prof. Dhaval Thakar for his
constant help, encouragement, suggestions and inspiration throughout the seminar
work. Without his invaluable advice, suggestions and assistance it would not have
been possible for me to complete this seminar work.
I wish to thank the Mechanical Engineering Department of Ahmedabad Institute of

Technology, Ahmedabad for their sympathetic co-operation. My sincere thanks to
all the authors whose literature I have used as a reference of my work. I am very
thankful to my classmates, my Family & my Friends who supported throughout the
seminar.
PARAS JAIN
SHIDDHARTH KOSTHI
DHRUVIK LIMBASIYA
ISHAN PARMAR
Page 3

Content
Sr. No
Topic Name
01
Introduction
02
Modelling and Analysis using Software
03
Prototyping and Proofing of Concepts
10
04
Engineering Economics of Design
13
05
Design for Use, Reuse and Sustainability
16
06
Test the prototype
17
Page No
Page 4
1.INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION OF GROUP:
Paras Jain studying in 6th sem BE Mechanical at AIT.
Shiddharth Kosthi studying in 6th sem BE Mechanical at AIT.
Dhruvik Limbasiya studying in 6th sem BE Mechanical at AIT.
Ishan Parmar studying in 6th sem BE Mechanical at AIT.
Guided by: Prof.Lokesh Rathi
Page 5
Introduction About Design Engineering
Design Engineering is a general term that covers multiple engineering disciplines

including electrical, mechanical, chemical engineer, aeronautical engineer, civil,
computer engineering, information technology, electronics & communication and
structural/building/architecture engineers.
The uniting concept is a focus on applying the engineering design process, in
which engineers develop new products or processes with a primary emphasis on
functional utility. The design engineer may follow the product and make requested
changes and corrections throughout the life of the product. This is referred to as
cradle to grave engineering.
The design process is an information intensive one and design engineers have been
found to spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviors,
including 14% actively searching for information. Furthermore, in addition to
design engineers? Core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the
critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive
abilities to succeed in the role.
While industrial designers may be responsible for the conceptual aesthetic and
ergonomic aspects of a design, the design engineer usually works with a team of
engineers and other designers to develop conceptual and detailed designs. He may
work with industrial designers and marketers to develop the product concept and
specifications, and may direct the design effort.
The design engineering is a process of making as cheapest and more real time
functionality for the requirements by the users. It must fulfill the requirements of
the users.
Basically design engineering involves a flow chart to be followed like before
making any product who is the user we have to mainly consider and have to design
according to the users requirement. Later on what are the activities to be done by
the product for the users is to be made.
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When the product is made a customers revalidation is to be made to know how the
product features are how much the users requirement are fulfill and if needed
improvement are made on that basis.
Introduction To Sensor Base Street Light
This project title is Sensor Base Street Lighting System, and it aims to use
a renewable source to run it which does not pollute the environment. In the other
hand we could have a high and brightness illumination in the streets.
The main parts in the project are sensors, Solar Panels and monitors. Two
kinds of sensors will be used which are light sensor and motion sensor. The light
sensor will detect darkness to activate the ON/OFF switch, so the streetlights will
be ready to turn on. In the other hand the motion sensor will detect movement to
activate the streetlights. The solar panels will feed the system with solar power,
which will be charging the battery during the day. At night the battery will be
discharge through the project processes. The battery and the streetlights will be
monitored to observe their level and performance in the operating board.
Researchers have been done about transmission medium which will be
wireless by using transmitters and receivers. This medium will allows the
information to transfer from part to another in the system.
Streetlights are an integral part of any developing locality. They are present
on all major roadways and in the suburbs too. Every day, streetlights are powered
from sunset to sunrise at full strength, even when there is no one around. On a
global scale, millions of dollars are spent each day on these street lights to provide
the required electrical energy. The maintenance and replacement costs of
conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of electric
power to function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this
contributes to greater demand of electricity production and consequently, more
carbon dioxide emissions from powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light
pollution, this practice causes damage to our planet too.
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2. Modelling and Analysis using Software
A).Purpose
Using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy
consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off
properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.
In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ noticeably which is one of the
major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual operation for switching the
street light system.
B). Using Shoftware

Automatic Street Lights this project is all about to control the power
consumptions at the streets and eliminating manpower. This includes controlling a
circuit of street lights with specific Sensors, LDR and Microcontrollers during day
and night. This requires three basic components i.e. LDR, Sensors and
microcontroller. During daytime there is no requirement of street lights so the LDR
keeps the street light off until the light level is low or the frequency of light is low
the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of
the transistors. Thus the street lights do not glow. Automatic Street Light Control
System Using Microcontroller, this paper aims at designing and executing the
advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights.
Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time even to switch
the lights wherever not necessary. This paper gives the best solution for electrical
power wastage. Also the manual operation of the lighting system is completely
eliminated. In this paper the two sensors are used which are Light Dependent
Resistor LDR sensor to indicate a day/night time and the photoelectric sensors to
detect the movement on the street. The microcontroller PIC16F877A is used as
brain to control the street light system, where the programming language used for
developing the software to the microcontroller is C-language.
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Intelligent Street Lighting System Using GSM, Conventional street lighting
systems in areas with a low frequency of passers are by online most of the night
without purpose. The consequence is that a large amount of power is wasted
meaninglessly. With the broad availability of flexible-lighting technology like
light-emitting diode lamps and everywhere available wireless internet connection,
fast reactingreliably operating, and power-conserving street lighting systems
become reality. The purpose of this work is to describe the Intelligent Street
Lighting (ISL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible
public lighting systems.
GSM based smart street light monitoring and control system, it is an
automated system designed to increase the efficiency and accuracy of an industry
by automatically timed controlled switching of street lights they are basically two
modules which include the client side and the server side. The client side consists
of GSM modem which is further connected to the microcontroller which is further
connected to the relay circuit; the server side consists of GSM modem connected to
the Monitoring and Control Application.
Street light is poorly designed and inadequately maintained, there are large
number of burned out lamps which leads to insecurity. There is a complaint
register in every zone office street light section. It is being maintained by the line
inspector. The complaint received from public, councillors and corporation
officials either over phone or in person being recorded in the complaint register.
The complaint thus entered is being handed over to the fieldwork man so as to
rectify the complaints. The field staff will have the rounds in the respective areas
twice in a week and the complaints about non-burning are also being attended then
and there. But this is not the immediate remedy on complaints and has many
disadvantages like the repair work takes days/even months instead of taking few
hours which results in delay, telephone line may be busy, sometimes no response.
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3. Prototyping and Proofing of Concepts
A)Light Sensor
The theoretical concept of the light sensor lies behind the LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) which is used in this circuit as a darkness detector. The LDR
is a resistor and its resistance varies according to the amount of light falling on its
surface.
When the LDR detect light its resistance will get decreased, thus if it detects
darkness its resistance will increase
B) Motion Detector
Passive infrared detector which detects the heat (infrared) radiated by humans
and animals bodies. When a person in the field of vision of the sensor moves, the
sensor detects a sudden change in infrared energy and the sensor
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C) Solar Panels
The panels will be connected to the battery and from the battery to the
streetlights to supply them with power. Furthermore, there are three types of solar
panels single crystalline, polycrystalline and thin film and single crystalline have
been used in this project. It is the most efficient one and its able to produce
electricity at 15-18% efficiency. What makes these panels different from the two
other types that its made from one large chunk of silicon crystal.
Page 11
D) Battery Monitoring
The battery monitoring circuit will be connected to the battery to check its
status, if the battery is fully charged (12V) the D10 will turn on, if not one of the
LEDs will turn on depending on the level of the battery.
Page 12
4. Engineering Economics of Design

A)Labour, Material and overhead cost
As demonstrated in the savings estimates were considerable across all space
types and consistent with the ranges of industry estimates provided. illustrates that
both application and time delay selection significantly impacts the quantity of
available savings. For this data set, restrooms showed the highest overall savings,
followed by classrooms, conference rooms, and private offices. Break rooms
showed the lowest overall savings. The range of savings between the shortest and
longest time out setting varied with application as well because of the occupancy
pattern differences among the applications. Classrooms had the smallest savings
difference between the 5- and 20-minute time out settings (6%) and restrooms had
the largest.
Page 13

Illustrate the load profiles for the baseline energy use and modeled energy use
under 5 and 20 minute simulated delay conditions. These figures graphically
depict the differences found in the energy savings captured between the longest
and shortest time delays. These figures also confirm the observations found from
the baseline occupancy and lighting conditions depicted in Figures 1-5; although
the majority of energy savings from sensors occur during weekdays, the sensors
largest contribution to savings (with the exception of conference rooms and
offices) is generally not coincident with a buildings peak load or with a utilitys
peak billing periods. This suggests that while sensors can reduce a buildings peak
load, sensors may not be a reliable method of achieving peak savings in buildings
with a diversity of space types.
People do not occupy spaces for a large percentage of time, and are not diligent
about controlling the lighting in their spaces both during the workday, and after
hours and weekends. This applies to both public spaces as well as personal spaces.
The majority of this energy waste occurs during the weekdays, not during the
weeknights or over the weekends. This pattern of energy waste is particularly
suited to control by occupancy sensors, which not only prevent runaway operation
after typical business hours, but also capture savings during the business day.
Although the majority of observed savings opportunities occurred during the
weekday, the peak savings contributions from occupancy sensors for several space
types did not fall within the typical peak utility billing periods (early afternoon) or
peak commercial building demand periods (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.). This suggests that
while sensors may help to save expensive kilowatt-hours, they would have a
variable effect at reducing a buildings peak demand, given their variable
performance in when they provide high levels of savings among the various space
types.
B) Standards For Such Products

The application is designed in such a way that we place light sensors in all
the street lights circuit and which are responsible to switch on and off
automatically. Once the lights are switched on, current sensors placed at every
light poles are responsible to report problem status to the centralized system with
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the help of GSM module attached with the circuit. With the status available in the
centralized system, the workman now can easily locate the particular light to be
taken care which minimizes the time to search it and repair. The system also
collects useful information from each street light at the end of each day. The
information is stored in the database such as power consumption, total number of
burning hours, and total
Whereas in Automated mode we are using LDR to switch ON/OFF of lights
automatically It is the best feasible solution. In Timed Mode we are switch
ON/OFF light without intervention of human using time specified by the Admin.
As we see the 3rd and 4th time interval in the shedding is taking place hence the
power consumption is optimized.
C) GLOBAL ENERGY RESOURCES

Current global energy consumption is 4.1*1020J annually, which is
equivalent to an instantaneous yearly-averaged consumption rate of 13*1012 W
Projected population and economic growth will more than double this global
energy consumption rate by the mid -21st century and more than triple rate by
2100, even with aggressive conservation efforts. Hence to contribute significantly
to global primary energy supply, a prospective resource has to be capable of
providing at least 1-10TW of power for an extended period of time. The threat of
climate change imposes a second requirement on prospective energy resource.
They must produce energy without the emission of additional greenhouse gases.
Stabilization of atmospheric CO2 level at even twice their preanthropogenic value
will require amounts of carbon-neutral energy by mid-century. The needed levels
are in excess of 10 TW, increasing after 2050 to support economic growth for an
expanding population.
The three prominent options to meet this demand for carbon-neutral energy
are fossil fuel use in conjunction with carbon sequestration, nuclear power, and
solar power. The challenge for carbon sequestration is finding secure storage for
the 25 billion metric tons of CO2 produced annually on earth. At atmospheric
pressure, this yearly global emission of CO2 would occupy 12500 km3, equal to
the volume of lake superior, it is 600 times the amount of CO2 injected every year
into oil wells to super productions, 100 times amount of natural gas the industry
draws in and out of geologic storage in the united states each year to smooth
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seasonal demand, and 20,000 times the amount of CO2 stored annually in
Norways sleipner reservoir. Beyond finding storage volume carbon sequestration
also must prevent leakage. A 1%leak rate would nullified the sequestration effort
in a century, far too short a time to have lasting impact on climate change.
Although many scientists are optimistic, the success of carbon sequestration on the
required scale for sufficiently long time has not yet been demonstrated. Nuclear
power is a second conceptually viable option. Producing 10TW of nuclear power
would required construction of a new 1 giga-watt-electric nuclear fission plant
somewhere in the world every other day for the next 50 year. Once that level of
deployment was reached, the terrestrial uranium resource base would be exhausted
in 10 years. The required fuel would the have to be mined from sea water or else
breeder reactor technology would have to be developed and disseminated to
countries wishing to meet their additional demand in this way. The third option is
to exploit renewable energy sources, of which solar energy is by far the most
prominent. The remaining global practically exploitable hydroelectric sources is
less than 0.5TW. the cumulative energy in all the tides and ocean current in the
world amounts to less than 2TW. The total geothermal energy at the surface of
earth,integrated over all the land area of the continents, is 12TW, of which only a
small fraction could be practically extracted. the amount of globally extractable
wind power has been estimated by the IPCC and others to be 2-4TWe.for
comparison the solar constant at the top of the atmosphere is 170,000TW, of which
on average, 120,000TW strikes the earth. It is clear that solar energy can be
exploited on the needed scale to meet global energy demand in a carbon- neutral
fashion without significantly affecting the solar resource.
5. Design for Use, Reuse and Sustainability

A)Useing Componets
LDR Light Dependent Resistor

Take 2 transistors. (NPN transistor- BC547 or BC147 or BC548)
Resistor- 1K, 330Ohm, 470 ohm
Light emitting diode (LED) Any color
Connecting wires- Use single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the standard size)You can use wire that is used for Computer Networking.
Power supply-6V or 9V
Page 16
Procedure
Insert first transistor on breadboard as shown in the circuit diagram 1.

Connect another transistor on breadboard as in step 1.
Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistors and ve terminal of
battery (lowest/ bottom row of breadboard.)
Connect a wire across Collector pin of transistor and Base pin of transistor
Connect a resistor 1K across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and Collector pin of transistor
Connect Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) across positive terminal of
battery (topmost row of breadboard) and base terminal of transistor
insert a resistor- 330 Ohm across base pin of transistor and negative terminal
of battery (lowest bottom row of breadboard).
Connect a resistor 330R across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and anode terminal of LED (Light emitting diode) & Connect
the cathode terminal of LED to Collector pin of transistor
B)Reuse
Above all Componets Are resused to light ON/OFF
6. Test The Prototype

LED streetlight circuit, the plan was to make one row of three LEDs
connected in series, but it did not work because we applied a 5V to it when it needs
12V to work. The problem was that I used the wrong pins from the power supply.
Battery monitoring circuit, the circuit needed a lot of wiring and there were
problems with putting the wires in the right holes. Then with following the
diagram after installing all the components I found out what caused the problem.
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LDR light sensor circuit, there was a problem with the LDR, it was turning on the
LED with 5V instead of 12V, this was with using 10k. Then I used 100K and
the LED was dim until it reached 9V.
Relay Timer Circuit, all the connections were right, but I did not know how
to use the relay 12v then I searched for its datasheet to know its terminals and how
to connect them.
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THANK YOU
Page 19

Sensor Base Street Light 6TH Sem 2016 PDF

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Sensor Base Street Light

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Ahmedabad Institute of Technology, Gota