16

20
25
32
40
50
63
75
90
110
125

2.2
2.8
3.5

1.9
2.3
1.8

2.9

4.4

4
5

2
3

1.8
1.9
2.2
2.7
3.1

1.8
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.9

1.8
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.5
4.2
4.8

2.3
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.1
6.3
7.1

3.7
4.6
5.8
6.8
8.2
10.0
11.4

5.5
6.9
8.6
10.3
12.3
15.1
17.1

140

3.5

4.3

5.4

8.0

12.7

19.2

12

160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
400

4.0
4.4
4.9
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
8.7
9.8

4.9
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
8.6
9.7
10.9
12.3

6.2
6.9
7.7
8.6
9.6
10.7
12.1
13.6
15.3

9.1
10.2
11.4
12.8
14.2
15.9
17.9
20.1
22.7

14.6
16.4
18.2
20.5
22.7
25.4
28.6
32.2
36.3

21.9
24.6
27.4
30.8
34.2
38.3
43.1
48.5
54.7

13

450

11.0

13.8

17.2

25.5

40.9

61.5

22

500
560
630
710
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
Dn [mm]

12.3
13.7
15.4
17.4
19.6
22.0
24.5
26.9
29.4
34.4
39.2
2 1/2

15.3
19.1
28.4
45.4
17.2
21.4
31.7
50.8
19.3
24.1
35.7
57.2
21.8
27.2
40.2
64.5
24.5
30.6
45.3
27.6
34.4
51.0
30.6
38.2
56.7
33.7
42.0
62.4
36.7
45.9
68.0
42.9
53.5
49.0
61.2
3.2
4
6
10
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]

68.3

23

6
7
8
9
10
11

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

16

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

2
3

Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION

5
6

dext

10

20

30

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

STD

XS

XXS

21.3

1.65

2.11

2.41

2.77

3.73

4.78

2.77

3.73

7.47

3/ 4 26.7
1
33.4
1 1/ 4 42.2
1 1/ 2 48.3
2
60.3
2 1/ 2 73
3
88.9
3 1/ 2 101.6

1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.11
2.11
2.11

2.11
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.05
3.05
3.05

2.41
2.9
2.97
3.18
3.18
4.78
4.78
4.78

2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74

3.91
4.55
4.85
5.08
5.54
7.01
7.62
8.08

0
0

0
0

5.56
6.35
6.35
7.14
8.74
9.53
11.13

2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74

3.91
4.55
4.85
5.08
5.54
7.01
7.62
8.08

7.82
9.09
9.7
10.15
11.07
14.02
15.24

13.49 6.02

Size

1/ 2

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

16

114.3

2.11

3.05

4.78

6.02

8.56

11.13

17

5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

141.3
168.3
219.1
273
323.8
355.6
406.4
457
508
559
610
660
711
762
813
864
914
965
1016

2.77
2.77
2.77
3.4
3.96
3.96
4.19
4.19
4.78
4.78
5.54
6.35
-

3.4
3.4
3.76
4.19
4.57
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
-

6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.53
9.53
9.53
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
-

7.04
7.8
8.38
9.53
9.53
11.13
12.7
12.7
14.27
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
-

6.55
7.11
8.18
9.27
10.31
11.13
12.7
14.27
15.09
17.48
17.48
17.48
19.05
-

10.31
12.7
14.27
15.09
16.66
19.05
20.62
22.23
24.61
-

9.53
10.97
12.7
15.09
17.48
19.05
21.44
23.83
26.19
28.58
30.96
-

15.09
18.26
21.44
23.83
26.19
29.36
32.54
34.93
38.89
-

12.7
14.27
18.26
21.44
25.4
27.79
30.96
34.93
38.1
41.28
46.02
-

20.62
25.4
28.58
31.75
36.53
39.67
44.45
47.63
52.37
-

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

15.88
18.26
23.01
28.58
33.32
35.71
40.49
45.24
50.01
53.98
59.54
-

8.56 17.12

6.55 9.53 19.05

7.11 10.97 21.95
8.18 12.7 22.23
9.27 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
-

36

39

42
44
46
48

1067
1118
1168
1219

9.53
9.53
9.53
9.53

12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7

Index
0.- Schema

Schema of the system

1.- Air blown line

Input data, equations and calculation table

Main page

2. Nozzle and Wye DP

Page

Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with cental angle <= 45
Pressure loss in a nozzle
Expansion in a diverging nozzle
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.
Expansion from Node 7 to 8
Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.
Crane equations

1 of 8
2 of 8
3 of 8
4 of 8
5 of 8
6 of 8
7 of 8
8 of 8

3.- K-expansion

Abrupt and gradual expansion

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

Blower_Air_line
www.piping-tools.net
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net

4.- SG

Specific gravity
5.- Nm3

Real flow rate to normal flow rate

6. K-value of gas valve

Pressure los in a valve with gas as a flow media

7. Blower

Blower discharge temperature

References

ww.piping-tools.net

ruz[at]piping-tools.net

25 . Discharge point
16

25
23

24

15

17
18

22

19

21
20

Schema of blower line

Number of blowers: 2 + 1

11
12
15
14

10

13

40in

8
7

36in

Blower 3

Blower 2

5
4
31
2

36 in

Pblower_out
batery limit

24 in

Silencer 24"

Blower 1
Schema of blower line

1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6:
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25
25

Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (batery limit)

Enlargement 24" a 36"
Pipe
Butterfly valve
Pipe
Curve 45 (5 D)
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Branch
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Main
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Discharge

Air Blown

Blower air line between blower silencer exit (Node 1) and a discharge point (Node 25). The system
The system is considered isothermic, since the total duct length is relatively short.
Height above sea level

H=
Patm =

2600

m.a.s.l.

73.75

kPa

Blower discharge pressure

Pblower_out =

70

kPa(g)

(at silencer exit. Node 1)

Pblower_out =

143.7

kPa

Qblower =

Pblower_out =

143,749

Pa

Qtotal =

39,000
Qblower * 2

Maximum allowed pressure drop

Pmax =

1.5

kPa

Qtotal =

1,300.0

Minimum required pressure

Pdisc_min =

142.2

kPa

Qtotal =

78,000

Pdisch_min =

68.5

kPa(g)

Local atmospheric press. [Eq.1]

(at ring inlet. Node 25 )

Flow per blower (2 + 1 ) at

blower discharge
Qblower =
650

Equation
Eq. 1
Local atmospheric temperature

Eq. 4
Kinematic pressure

Patm = 101.325* (1 -0.0000225577 * E4)^5.25588

hv =

Eq. 7
Reynolds number

(/2) * v^2

(Pa)

Re =

(kPa)
Eq. 2
Air density
P / (Rair * T)
=

(kg/m)

Eq. 3
Inside duct diameter
di =
dn * 25.4 - 2*s

Eq. 5
Kinematic viscosity
=
/

Eq. 8
Friction factor
(m/s)

Eq. 6

Eq. 9

Relative rugosity
(m)

Rrel =

f=

Rabs / d

Friction pressure loss

Pf =

(-)

Calculation table for the no

Eq.2
Qact
Description
Enlargement (24x36)
Pipe
V. Butterfly
Pipe
Curve 45 (5 D)
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Branc
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Main

Node
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Node
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

m3/h
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
39,000
78,000

m3/s
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
21.7

Pin

Pa
143,749
144,273
144,273
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

kg/m3
1.24
1.25
1.25
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
78,000

21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

25 . Discharge point
16

25
23

14

24

17
18

22

19

21
20

15

Schema of blower line

1
1-2
2-3

Silencer discharge in a 24" pipe (batery limit)

Enlargement 24" a 36"
Pipe

13-14
14-15
15-16

Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)

3-4

Butterfly valve

16-17

Pipe

4-5
5-6:

Pipe
Curve 45 (5 D)

17-18
18-19

Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe

6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12

Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Branch
Pipe
Converging Wye 45 round, Main
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)

19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25

Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe
Curve 90 (5 D)
Pipe

12-13

Pipe

25

Discharge

Return to index

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

Air Blown Line

ode 25). The system has three blowers with two operating at a time.

ower (2 + 1 ) at

Air molecular mass

Rair =
286.9

m3/min

Blower discharge temperature

J/(kg*K)

tblower_out =

129.6

T=

402.7

Molecular mass of gas (in this

m /h

case is air)
Rgas =

m /min

Since the temperature is constant, the

286.9

J/(kg*K)

absolute viscosity will be constant.

mm

Air absolute viscosity

=
AirAbsoluteViscosity_t

Absolute rugosity

m /h

Rabs =

Rabs =

(Sheet 7)

0.15

0.00015 m

#VALUE! Pa s

Galvanized steel sheet thickness

selected Gauge :
s=
2.0

14
mm [4]

Equations
Eq. 10
Singular pressure drop coefficient

Reynolds number
v*d/

Ksing =

SUMPRODUCTO(range_A*range_B)

Eq.11
Singular pressure drop
Ps = Ksing * hv

Friction factor
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re

(Pa)

Eq.12
Friction pressure loss
(Pa)

Eq. 14
Pressure at the exit node
Pout =
Pin - P
Average value of the friction factor
fave =
0.0133 -

Pk: Pressure increment due to deceleration

f * (L/d) * hv

Eq 13
Total pressure change
Pf+Ps
P =

(Sheet 7. Nozzle, sheet 2 Wye)

on table for the nodes of the blower line

Eq. 3

Eq. 4

Eq. 5

Eq. 6

Eq. 7

Eq. 8

dn

di

hv

Rrel

Re

in
24
36
36
36
36
36
36
40
40

m
0.61
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
1.01
1.01

m
0.0
4.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
20.0
0.0

m
0.288
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.651
0.804
0.804

m/s
37.6
16.64
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
13.5
26.9

Pa
172.3
172.9
172.9
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

m/s
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

40.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
6.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
2.0

0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804
0.804

26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9
26.9

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
fave =

Return to index

Number of blowers: 2 + 1

11
12
14

10

13

40in

9
8

36in

Blower 3

Blower 2

5
4
31

36

2
24in

Pblower_out
batery limit

in
Silencer 24"

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Blower 1

g=

9.80665

m/s

Unhide columns to see singular pressure

drop coefficients / Hide columns.

Selected valve: Norris Butterfly [2]

dn =
36
in
Cv =
126,000 (Sheet 6)
K=
#VALUE! (Sheet 6)

Nozzle Nodes 1 to 2. Expansion

Change in pressure due to change velocities
Diverging nozzle . Pressure increment

Pkinem =

708
Pa
Diverging nozzle 24x36, with cental angle
=
30

Wye Nodes 7 to 8

Pressure loss coefficien

K2 =
1.068

Converging Wye 45 (branche to main)

Change in pressure due to change in velocities

40
36

Wye Nodes 9 to 10
[10] Page 35.9

Straight (main) section

36

P =
Pkinem = #VALUE! Pa
Pressure loss coeffici
K2 =
1.133

Cs * Pkinem

Eq. (30)

(Sheet. 2)
(Sheet. 2)

Wye Nodes 9 to 10
Converging Wye 45 (main to main)
Change in pressure due to change in velocities

40

'From '2. Nozzle and Wye DP'!, S279, S280 and S281

40

As / Ac =
Ab / Ac =
Qs / Q c =

friction factor
Pkinem = #VALUE! Pa

(Sheet. 2)

1
0.809
0.5

From table in Ref. 10

(Fluid is accelerated)

Pressure loss coefficient

Cs =
0.06

Eq. 9

Eq. 10

Eq. 11

Eq. 12

Eq. 13

Eq. 14

Pf

Ksing

Ps

Pk

Pout

Pa
0.0
###
0.0
###
###
###
###
###
###

1.07
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.13
0.00
0.06

Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
184
-708
-524
144273
0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
17
17
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

kPa(g)
70.52
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###
0.0
###

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
#VALUE!

(Sheet. 2)
with cental angle
(Sheet. 2)

S279, S280 and S281

(Sheet 2)

Pressure change in a fitting due to deceleration

Applicable to any shape

Fitting with area sections change

The figure shown in the deduction
correspond s to the case of a round
nozzle, but the kinematic pressure
change is valid for any fitting with
a section change. That is, the kinematic
pressure increment or decrement
depends only on the inlet and outlet
sections of the fitting.
The pressure loss, although, will depend
on the shape of the fitting.

Kinematic pressure change in

an expansion (v1 v2 )

Pkinem v12 - v22

Pa (c)
2
2 v12
Pkinem v2 2 - 1
(d)
2
v
2
with the diameters ratio
d
min
d max
d
1 in an expansion d1 d 2
d2

From Figure 1, a Bernouil li application give

P1
v12
P2
v22
Z1

Z2

hL
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g
Since Z1 Z2
P1
v12
P2
v22

hLoss
1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g
Considerin g
1 2
P1
v12
P2
v22

hLoss
g 2 g g 2 g
multiplying by g

v1 P2 v22 hLoss g
2
2
with
hLoss g PLoss
Pa
P1

and
Q

2
d1
v1
4
Q
v2
2
d2
4

d 22
1
1
2 2
2
d1 d1
d 22

v12
1
4
2
v2

(e)

Replacing equation (e) into equation

2 v12
Pkinem v2 2 - 1
2
v2
one obtains

(d)

(a

with the diameters ratio

d
min
d max
d
1
d2

(e)
4
Replacing equation (e) into equation
v22

2 v12
v2 2 - 1
2
v2
one obtains
Pkinem

in an expansion d1 d 2

Pkinem

Kinematic pressure change in

a contraction (v1 v2 ), d 2 d1

Pkinem v12 - v22

2
this a negative value.

Pa

(g)

2 v12
v2 2 - 1
(d)
2
v2
with the diameters ratio
d
min
d max
d
2 in a contraction d 2 d1
d1

Pkinem

(d)

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

(f)

and
Q
2
d1
v1
d 22
4

2 2
Q
v2
d1
2
d2
4
v12
4
v22

(h)

Replacing equation (e) into equation

2 v12
Pkinem v2 2 - 1
2
v2
one obtains

Pkinem v22 4 - 1
2

(d)

(i)

2
Kinematic pressure change

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle with

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

cental angle <= 45

P2 - P1
v12
v22

Pkin

2 v12
v2 2 - 1 - PLoss

2
v2

1
4

P2 - P1

Pressure loss in a diverging nozzle

The pressure loss PLoss is calculated
according Crane 9 as

2 1
v2 4 - 1 - PLoss
2

where

2 1
v 2 4 - 1 is the pressure increment
2

due to the decelerati on (kinematic)

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

and PLoss is the pressure loss in the fitting.

Thus
P2 - P1 Pkin - PLoss
with an increment in case of a decelerati on
Pkin

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4
for a central angle 45

Total pressure increment in a diverging

nozzle for a central angle <= 45

P2 - P1 Pkin - PLoss
with the kinetic pressure increment due
to the deceleration

Pkin

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

2 1
v 2 4 - 1
2

Pressure loss in a nozzle, according [9]

If <= 45
Let

30

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4

K2 =
=
K2 =

If 45 < <= 180

Let

(2.6 * ( seno(radianes(/2) ) * (1 - ^2)^2) /^4

min =
0.66
0.7
1.130

P =
K2 =

K2 * hv_2

hv_2 =
P =

150.0
169

K2
K2 =
=
K2 =
P =
K2 =

1.130
Pa
Pa

2 2

hv_2 =
P =

Expansion in a diverging nozzle

24x36

Node 1 to 2

Pressure increment in a nozzle due to

area increment. Central angle ""

P1

P2

v1

30

36

s=
dout =

2.0066
910.3868

dout =

0.9104

in

Density in larger section

Since at this moment only th

mm

section 1 is known, it will be

=

From sheet 1
=
=

dlarge =

0.9104
m
Area of larger section
Alarge =
(/4) * dlarge^2
Alarge =
0.651
m

v2

z1

dn_out =

z2

Velocity pressure in larger se

hv_2 =

=
dout =

dmin / dmax
0.606

din =

0.910

0.6652

=
v2 =
hv_2 =

Flow rate
Q=
Pipes
dn_in =

10.83

24

s=
din =

605.5868

din =

0.6056

m3/s

Velocity in larger section

vlarge_sect =
Q / Alarge

in

2.0066

Q=
Alarge =

10.83

vlarge_sect =

16.64

Single pressure loss coefficie

the equation
m /s

K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1

0.651

=
K2 =

m/s

mm

Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from branch to main.

Node 7 to 8
Converging Wye (45) round
QA =

m/s

QC =

10.8

m/s

vA =
AA =

0
0.651

vC =
AC =

m/s
m

m/s
m

QB =
vB =
AB=

13.5
0.8

10.8
16.6
0.7

m/s
m/s
m

vB /vC =
vB =
vC =
vB /vC =

16.6
13.5
1.24

m/s
m/s
-

AB /AC =
AB=
AC =
AB /AC =

0.651
0.804
0.809

m
m

Branch, BC
From Fig. 6.2, [3], page 33.40
for:
vB /vC =
1.24
AB /AC =
0.81
one obtains with interpolation
Cc,b =
1.133
Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG17

Interpolation table
0.8
0.62
1.129
1.7

1
1.24
1.5

0.809
1.133

1
0.69
1.213
1.8

Expansion from Node 7 to 8

x
36
40
Pressure increment due to

dn_out =

area increment.

P1

P2

1011.9868

dout =

1.0120

dlarge =

v1

40
2.0066

s=
dout =

1.0120

Alarge =

0.804

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.910
Flow rate

Pipes
dn_in =
s=

10.83
(Sheet 1)

Density in larger section

Since at this moment only th

mm
m

section 1 is known, it will be

=

From sheet 1
=
=

Area of larger section

Alarge =
(/4) * dlarge^2

v2

Q=

in

m /s
3

din =

1.012

0.8996

Check:

Velocity pressure in larger se

hv_2 =
=
v2 =

m
m

hv_2 =

Velocity in larger section

vlarge_sect =
Q / Alarge
36
2.0066

in

Q=
Alarge =

10.83
0.804

Singular fricction factor

m /s
3

Circular Diverging Wye

K2 =

din =
din =

910.3868

vlarge_sect =

mm

0.9104

13.47

m/s
Note
The coefficient K

the largest diameter, which in

Pressure loss in a converging Wye, from main to main.

Converging Wye (45) round . Nodes 9 to 10
QS =
vS =
AS =

10.8
13.5
0.804

m/s
m

QB =
vB =
AB =
AS /AC =
AS =
AC =
AS /AC =
AB /AC =
AB =
AC =
AS /AC =
QS /QC =
QS =
QC =
QS /QC =

0.804
0.804
1.000

10.8
16.6
0.7

m
m

Crane equations [9]

m/s
m/s
m

C
m/s
m/s
m

Same data as 78

P2 - P1 Pkinem - PLoss

Pkinem
m/s
m/s
-

[10], Table ED5-2 Wye, 45, converging, page 35.37

straight (main) section)
(Sheet Ref. 10
Cs * Pkinem
P =
Eq. (30)
Cs =
0.06
Used in '1.- Air blown line AL32

21.7
26.9
0.804

Kinematic pressure change due to

velocity change between two sections
of a fitting

0.65
0.80
0.81

10.8
21.7
0.50

QC =
vC =
AC =

m/s

Pkinem =
=
v1 =
v2 =
Pkinem =

2 2
v1 - v2
2

(/2) * (v1^2 - v2^2

#VALUE! kg/m
13.5
m/s
26.9
m/s
#VALUE! Pa

Return to index

ouil li application gives

2
2

P
v
2
hLoss
2 g 2 g

v22

hLoss
2 g

2
2

v
hLoss
2 g

2
2

hLoss g
Pa

v1 P2 v22 PLoss
2
2

P2 v22 PLoss P1 v12

2
2

P2 - P1 v12 - v22 - PLoss

2
2

P2 - P1 v12 - v22 - PLoss

(b)
2
where the kinematic pressure
change is

Pkinem v12 - v22

Pa (c)
2
and the pressure diference is
P2 - P1 Pkinem - PLoss Pa (d)
P1

In an expansion, where d1 d 2 ,
1
2

d1
d2

there is a positive kinematic

pressure change according
(e)

o equation
(d)

Pkinem

P1

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

Expansion : d1 d 2 ,

(f)
d1
d2

P2

v1

v2

z1

Figure
1

Kinematic pressure change due to

velocity change between two sections
of a fitting
Pkinem

(a)

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

2 2
v1 - v2
2

Pa

(b)

(e)

o equation
(d)

(f)

Pkinem

v2

- 1

Expansion : d1 d 2 ,

Pkinem

(f)
d1
d2

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

Expansion : d1 d 2 ,

(f)
d1
d2

In a contraction, where d 2 d1 ,
d
2
d1

P1

P2

v1

v2

there is a negative kinematic

pressure change according

Pkinem v22 4 - 1
(i)
2

z1

Figure
1

Return to index

and the pressure loss in the diverging

nozzle with central angle <= 45

2.6 seno 1 2
2

K2
4

ozzle

An application of this pressure loss for a diverging nozzle

is shown in this sheet, Page 3 of 5.

culated

Pressure loss in a Round Converging Wie (45)

2 2

diverging

The singular pressure loss coeficient is obtained from a table from

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40
The table is shown in sheet Ref. 3
An application of the use of this table is shown in this sheet,
Page 4 of 5

Return to index

45 < <= 180

50

2 2

K2

(1 - ^2)^2/^4
min =

0.6600
1.679
K2 * hv_2
1.679
150.0
252

Pa
Pa

0.7

Return to index

ensity in larger section

nce at this moment only the density in

ction 1 is known, it will be assumed

1.24
1.24

kg/m
kg/m

Nozzle pressure loss

hv_2, refered to the common section
PLoss =

K2 * hv_2

K2 =

1.068

hv_2 =

172.3

PLoss =

184
Pressure decrement

Pa
Pa

(Equation from sheet 3)

locity pressure in larger section

(/2) * v^2

[Pa]

1.24

kg/m

16.64

m/s

172

[Pa]

Pkinem

2 1
v2 4 - 1
2

(f)

Expansion : d1 d 2 ,

d1
d2

ngle pressure loss coefficient, using

K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4

1.24

kg/m

=
v2 =

16.64

m/s

0.6652

Pkinem =

708

30

0.6652
1.068

ed in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15

Pressure increment
Pkinem = (/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/^4 -1 )
3

Note
The coefficient K2 corresponds to
the conditions at the largest
diameter, which in this case is d2.

Pa

Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG11

Return to index

1.24

Return to index

ensity in larger section

nce at this moment only the density in

ction 1 is known, it will be assumed

#VALUE!

kg/m

#VALUE!

kg/m

OK

locity pressure in larger section

(/2) * v^2
#VALUE!
13.47
#VALUE!

[Pa]
kg/m
m/s
[Pa]

ngular fricction factor

rcular Diverging Wye

1.133

(sheet 2)

Pressure decrement

PKinem
Increment
Pkinem =
=
v2 =
=
Pkinem =

v22
2

(/2) * v2^2 * ( 1/^4 -1 )

#VALUE!
13.47

kg/m3
m/s

0.8996
#VALUE!

Used in '1.- Air blown line '!AG15

Pa

e coefficient K2 corresponds to the conditions at

e largest diameter, which in this case is d2.

Return to index

As / Ac =
Ab / Ac =
Qs / Q c =

Return to index

1.000
0.809
0.5

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

Page 1 of 10

v2

z2

ure change due to

between two sections

- v22

Pa

(b)

Page 2 of 10

Page 3 of 10

v2

z2

Page 4 of 10

Page 5 of 10

Page 6 of 10

e coefficient K2 corresponds to
conditions at the largest

meter, which in this case is d2.

Page 7 of 10

[3]

Page 8 of 10

Page 9 of 10

Page 10 of 10

Abrupt and gradual expansion [9]

d1

d2

d1
d2

If <= 45

If 45 < <= 180

2 . 6 seno
K 2=
K2 =

( ))

( 1 2 )
2

K 2=

K2 =

(2.6 * ( seno(radianes(/2) ) * (1 - ^2)^2) /^4

30

=
K2 =

0.665
1.071

min =

0.6

(See graphic, below)

Note. Coefficients refered to the velocity of larger pipe (Index 2)

Using the VBA function

=
K2 =

( 1 2
4

K2 =
=
K2 =

=
=
0.05
0.10
0.15
7.00
0.20
0.25
6.00
0.30
5.00
0.35
0.40
4.00
0.45
0.50
3.00
0.55
2.00
0.60
0.65
1.00
0.70
0.75
0.00
0.800.40
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta
0.707
#VALUE!

30

K2 =

Singular coefficient
68.80
34.53
18.55
10.44
6.06
3.58
2.13
1.26
0.73
0.41
0.50
0.21
0.10
0.04
0.01
0.00

0.60

0.70

beta

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

Return to index

For enlargements with > 45

with >= 0.7
K2 =
(1 - b^2) / b^4

=
K2 =

0.7
2.1241

45 < <= 180

K 2=

( 1 2 )
4

(1 - ^2)^2/^4
0.665

Example
Expansion between two ducts
Inlet duct diameter
dn_in =
24
Outlet duct diameter
dn_out =
36
Center angle
=

30

in
in

Sheet thickness
s=
2.0066

mm

Inlet section
dn_in =

in

24
2

s=
din =

605.6

mm

din =

0.6056

Outlet section
dn_out =

36

in

s=
dout =

2.0066
910.3868

dout =

0.9104

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.910

mm

1.591

din =
=

0.606
0.6652

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the VBA function for = 30
K2 = Pipe_Expansion_Theta30gr_beta

=
K2 =

0.6652

#VALUE!

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

Example
Expansion between two ducts
Inlet duct diameter
dn_in =
24
Outlet duct diameter
dn_out =
36
Center angle
=

25

in
in

Sheet thickness
s=
2.0066

mm

Inlet section
dn_in =

in

24
2.0066

s=
din =

605.5868

din =

0.6056

Outlet section
dn_out =

36

in

mm

s=
dout =

910.3868

dout =

0.9104

Diameters ratio
dmin / dmax
=
dout =
0.910

din =
=

2.0066

0.606
0.6652

mm

Single pressure loss coefficient, using

the equation
K2 = (2.6*(seno(radianes(q)/2))*(1-b^2)^2) / b^4

=
=
K2 =

25
0.6652

0.893

4
Specific gravity
The SG-value is required in Sheet 6, for
the calculation of the K-value for the
selected valve type.

Specific gravity of gas

Molecular mass of air
MMair =
286.90
(Sheet 1)
Molecular mass of gas
MMgas =
286.9

J/(kg*K)

tStd =

60

Air density at
PStd =

101325

tStd =

15.6
288.7

T=
J/(kg*K)

(Sheet 1)
SG =

MMgas / MMair

MMgas =
MMair =

286.90

J/(kg*K)

286.90
1

J/(kg*K)
-

SG =

In the US gas industry typical references

conditions are:
PStd =
1

Molecular mass
M=

28.97

Gas general constat

Since in this application the gas is air, the

calculation is inofficious

Rg =
Density
air_Std =
p=
M=
Rg =
T=
air_Std =

8314.41

p * M / ( Rg *T )
101325
28.97
8314.41
288.7
1.22

Specific Gravity for Gases

The Specific Gravity of a gas is normally calculated with reference to air - and defined as the ratio of the density of the gas
The Specific Gravity can be calculated as
SG = gas / air

(3)

where
SG = specific gravity of gas
gas = density of gas (kg/m3)
air = density of air (normally at NTP - 1.205 kg/m3)

NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - defined as 20oC (293.15 K, 68oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa

Molecular weights can be used to calculate Specific Gravity if the densities of the gas and the air are evaluated at the sam

Return to index

dustry typical references

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

K value for gas valve

The calculation of the Pressure drop

atm

coefficient K for the valve requires as

an input, the specific gravity of the gas.

This K coefficient is calculated using
equation 8c (See note 2)

Pa
C
K
kg/kmol

Base Gas Density

The gas density equation remains the same but is referenced to what are known as standard

J/kmol K

temperature and pressure conditions (STP). The reference conditions used in general industry
are 60F and 14.696 PSIA. The reference conditions used vary from country to country and
from industry to industry. In the U.S. gas industry typical reference conditions are 60F and

* M / ( Rg *T )
Pa
kg/kmol
J/kmol K
K
kg/m

14.73 PSIA.
www.piping-tools.net
Valves. Pressure loss in valves with gas as a fluid. Normal and choked flow (SI)
and using VBA function
Pipe_Valve_K_Gas_PinBarAbs_SG_QNm3h_HvPascal_Cv_toutCelcius

ed as the ratio of the density of the gas to the density of the air - at a specified temperature and pressure.

tnormal =

20

tnormal =

68

Normal pressure and temperature of gases Imperial system

1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr)

s and the air are evaluated at the same pressure and temperature.

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

nown as standard
in general industry

y to country and

s are 60F and

ure of gases Imperial system

Return to index

Real flow rate to normal flow rate

Real flow rate data
(Sheet 1)

Normal volumetric flow rate,

Vn =

V=

10.83

m/s

V=
Pop =

39,000

m3/h

1.4

bar

(Sheet 1)

Pn =

top =

130

(Sheet 1)

Tn =

Pop =

Top =
Normal conditions
Pn =
101,325
Tn =

273.15

V=
Vn =

Pa
K

Operation absolute temperature

Top =
top + 273.15

Note

top =

129.6

For the deduction of equation (a), s

Top =

402.72

www.piping-tools

File: Normal_to_real_flow_rate_and

Pop =

144,273

Pa

Kelv =

273.15

turn to index

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

ormal volumetric flow rate, Eq. (a)

(Pop/Pn) * (Tn/Top) * V

144,273

Pa

101,325

Pa

273.15

402.72

39,000.0

m3/h

37,665

Nm3/h

r the deduction of equation (a), see

e: Normal_to_real_flow_rate_and_FAD_flow rate

Return to index

K value for gas valve

(singular pressure drop coe

Pressure los in a valve with gas as a flow media, using the VBA function (Fully open valve)
K=
Pipe_Valve_K_Gas_PinBarAbs_SG_QNm3h_HvPascal_Cv_toutCelcius(PinBar, SG, QNm3h, hv, Cv
Pin =
1.44
bar
(Sheet 1)
SG =
Q(Nm3h)=
hv =
Cv =
t=
K=

1.0
37,665
173
126,000
129.57
#VALUE!

(Sheet 4)

Nm/h
Pa

(Sheet 5)
(Sheet 1)
(From Table)
(Sheet 1)
(VBA function)

Pressure loss
P =
K=
hv =
P =
P =

[2a] Norris butterfly valves

http://www.norriseal.com/files/comm_id_47/BV_HowTo_Brochure_120811.pdf

K * hv
#VALUE!
173
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

turn to index

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

Valve CV-value

ngular pressure drop coefficient)

nBar, SG, QNm3h, hv, Cv, tout)

Valve type:
Butterfly, for 200 psi
Valve diameter (from sheet 1. Air blown line)
dn =
36
From table, for 200 psi valves
Fully open valve value
Cv =
126,000

Pa
Pa
bar

Note
For the deduction of equations relative to the use
of valves with gas as fluid, see
www.piping-tools.net
File: Valves_and_fittings_pressure_drop_coefficients.xlsm
Sheet: 14. Gas valves

CV-value

ir blown line)

ns relative to the use

ssure_drop_coefficients.xlsm

Return to index

Blower discharge tenmperature

Specific heat ratio
k=
1.4

Local atmospheric pressure

Patm_loc =
73.7
kPa
Average ambient temperature
tin =
10
C
Compressors efficiency
comp =
0.50
Discharge manometric pressure
Pdisch =
70
kPa(g)

Inlet temperature
Tin =
283.15
Intake pressure
Pin =
Pin =

Patm_loc
73.7

Discharge pressure
Pout =
Patm_loc + Pdisch
Patm_loc =

73.7

Pdisch =

70.0

Pout =

143.7

Discharge temperature
of isentropic compresin
Tdisch_s =
Tin * (Pout/Pin)^((k-1)/k)
Tin =

283.15

Pin =

73.7

Pout =

143.7

k=
Tdisch_s =

343

1.4

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

kPa

Discharge temperature of a real compresin

Tdesc =
Tin + (Tdesc_s - Tin) / c
Tin =

283.15

Tdisch_s =

comp =

343

0.50

Tdisch =

403

tdisch =

129.6

kPa
kPa(g)
kPa

* (Pout/Pin)^((k-1)/k)
K

Also
Tdisch =

Tin * ( 1 + ( ((Pdesc/Pin)^((k-1)/k) -1) / c ) )

Tin =

283.15

Pout =

143.7

kPa

Pin =

73.7

kPa

k=

1.4

kPa

c =

0.50

kPa

Tdisch =

403

tdisch =

129.6

Rev. cjc 21.04.2016

[1]

www.piping-tools.net

[2]

Norris butterfly valves

http://www.norriseal.com/files/comm_id_47/BV_HowTo_Brochure_120811.pdf

[3]

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals

[4]

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gauge-sheet-d_915.html

[9]

Crane Co., Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Technical Paper No. 410M, 21

[10]

Ashrae Handbook 2005 Fundamentals

[14]

http://www.forberg.com/pdf/techSup/Home_Tech%20Support_Valve%20Flow_calc_and_sizing.pdf

Return to Index

o. 410M, 21st printing. Crane Co., 300 Park Ave., New York (1982).

ow_calc_and_sizing.pdf

Singular pressure drop coefficient for a round, 45, converging wye

[3]

rging wye

[3]

AB
vB

Ashrae Handbook 1985 Fundamentals [3], Figure 6.2, page 33.40

Cross section to which coefficients is referenced: the common section (C)
[3], page 33.39.
hvC=

(/2) * vC^2

[Pa]

Pressure loss through the branch

PBC =
Cc,b * hvC

Pressure loss through the main (stright)

PAC =
Cc,s * hvC

gure 6.2, page 33.40

ed: the common section (C)

[3], page 33.5

Galvanized steel, sheets, hot
dipped longitudinal seams
Rabs =
0.15
mm

vC
AC

Thickness of galvanized steel sheets

[4]

Galvanized Steel
Gauge
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8

Galvanized Steel
Thickness
in
mm
0.04
1.016
0.046
1.1684
0.052
1.3208
0.058
1.4732
0.064
1.6256
0.071
1.8034
0.079
2.0066
0.093
2.3622
0.108
2.7432
1.123
28.5242
0.138
3.5052
0.153
3.8862
0.168
4.2672

Galvanized steel sheet

Gauge
14
thickness
2.007

mm

Wye, 45 degree
Ashrae 2005, page 35.9

straight (main) section

From [10], Table ED5-2 Wye, 45, converging, page 35.37

[10] Page 35.9

straight (main) section

P =

Cs * Pkinem

Eq. (30)

[10] Page 35.9

straight (main) section

P =

Cs * Pkinem

Eq. (30)

As / Ac =
Ab / Ac =
Qs / Q c =
From table
Cs =

[10] Page 35.9

straight (main) section

P =

Cs * Pkinem

Eq. (30)

As / Ac =

Ab / Ac =

0.809286

Qs / Q c =

0.5

From table
Cs =

0.06