Assignment

On
Agents of Social Changes and Development

Course Title: Development Studies

Course No.: PAD 483
Submission Date: 15-09-2015

Submitted To
Mohammad Samiul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Public Administration
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Submitted by

Name

Registration Number

Imamul Hadi

2010237013

Mst. Nazmin Akther

2010237033

Nadim Miah

2010237055

Nondita Dhar

2010237063

Rownok Jahan Munni

2010237073

4th year 2nd semester

Department of Public Administration

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet

1

Index

Content

Page no.

Abstract

Keyword

Objectives of the study

Methodology of the study

Introduction

Meaning of Social Change

5-6

Meaning of Development

Agents of Social change and development

Role of civil society in social change and development

6-10

Role of interest group in social change and development

10-15

Role of information and technology in social change and development

15-20

Role of gender in social change and development

20-21

Role of media in social change and development

21-24

Conclusion

24

Reference

25-26

Abstract
Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. Social change may include
changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors, or social relations. Change comes from
two sources. One source is random or unique factors such as climate, weather, or the presence of
specific groups of people. Another source is systematic factors. For example, successful
development has the same general requirements, such as a stable and flexible government,
enough free and available resources, and a diverse social organization of society. On the whole,
social change is usually a combination of systematic factors along with some random or unique
factors. In this paper we have discussed about social change and developments as well as we
have discussed various agents of social change like civil society, interest group, gender,
information technology and media. We have collected data from various secondary sources like
published book, e-books, journals, articles etc. We have also tried to explore their role in social
change and development as well as with their limitations and we found that these agents are
much interested for their own development rather than the development of greater society and
sometimes they may be biased.
Key words
Social Change, Development, Civil society, Gender, Media

Objectives of the study

1. To know the meaning of Social change & Development.
2. To identify the agents of social change and development.
3. To explain the roles of civil society, interest group, gender, information technology and
media in social change and development.
4. To find out their limitations
Methodology of the study
In this paper data has been collected from secondary sources. Secondary sources of data have
been used to enrich this study. Secondary data has been collected from published books, ebooks, journals, articles, reports of different organization which are related to the study.

Introduction
Just as one day never lives another, although the sun rises and sets everyday just as no single
spring is ever identical with another, although the seasons occur rhythmically each year, no
single individual much less the society of which he is member has ever been identical to another
either in physical or in mental faculties. Therefore change is a basic factor of social processes.
Social change is such an alteration which occurs in the structure and functions of social
organizations of the society. A society cannot remain static. It keeps on moving with economic,
scientific and technological developments. Human societies have been in existence from the time
immemorial. However, since their beginning, they have undergone a lot of change and the recent
period has been characterized by more changes. Different factors are responsible for social
change and development such as civil society, interest group, information technology, gender
and media. They play a great role in changing and developing the society. The global society is
currently undergoing fundamental transformation in which IT plays a key role.
Meaning of Social Change
As a matter of fact, the process of change has been continuous. In this respect, Maclver,
observes, those a thousand years hence, the human society has undergone a vast transformation
and changes have taken place beyond our imagination.
Lundbeng defines social change as any modification in established patterns of inter-human
conduct.
According to Anderson and Parker, social change involves alteration in the structure of
functioning of societal forms or processes themselves.
Ginsberg writes that, social change is change in social structure, i.e., the size of society, the
composition or balance of its parts or the type of its organization.

Accordingly, it may be stated that social change refers to the alterations which take place in the
life patterns of people. It means change in social interactions, social reforms, primarily for
further improvement.
5

Meaning of Development
Development is a continuously changing & dynamic process. Since the beginning of civilization
it has been taking different shapes & dimensions.
Development never will be, and never can be defined to universal satisfaction.
-

Brandt Commission Report

Development is probably one of the most depreciated terms in social science literature, having
been used more than it has been understood
-

Uphoff & IIchman

So, development is a process of improving the well-being of the people, it is about raising the
standard living of people, improving their education & health, and opening out of them new &
equal opportunity for richer & more varied life.

Agents of Social Change & Development

Various agents are responsible for introducing and enhancing the social change in a given
system, such as bureaucracy, military, elite group, civil society, media etc. In this paper we have
discussed the role of civil society, interest group, gender, information technology and media as
the agents of social change and development.
Meaning of Civil Society
The Civil Society means the entire range of organized groups and institutions that are
independent of the State, voluntary and at least to some extent self-generating and self-reliant.
This of course includes non-governmental organizations, independent mass-media, universities,
and social and religious groups.
According to World Bank,
The term civil society to refer to the wide array of non-governmental and not-for-profit
organizations that have a presence in public life, expressing the interests and values of their
members or others, based on ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious or philanthropic
considerations. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) therefore refer to a wide of array of
organizations: community

groups,

non-governmental organizations

(NGOs),

labor

unions,

indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations,

and foundations.
Dictionary. Coms 21st century Lixicon defines, civil society asa) The aggregate non- governmental organizations & institutions that manifest interest &
will of citizens, or
b) Individuals & organizations in a society which are dependent on the government.
The civil society sector is not only emerging as a clear societal actor in many parts of the world,
it is also quite varied in its nature and composition. For this reason definitions of civil society
vary considerably based on differing conceptual paradigms, historic origins, and country context.
Example
BAPA, BELA, SUJON, BRAC etc. are important civil society organizations in Bangladesh.
Types of Civil Society
There are various types of civil society organizations are followed, such as-

Media ( press, radio, TV )

Trade unions

Professional bodies

Private voluntary organizations

Sports & cultural bodies

Social voluntary organization etc.

Role of Civil Society in Social Change & Development

Civil Society has been widely recognized as an essential third sector. The role played by civil
Society in social change and development are as follows:
Empowerment of local communities
Civil Society first has a role of enabling the voiceless and unorganized communities interests to
be represented. In other words, the sphere of civil society has a goal of empowerment for local
communities.
7

Generating the social basis for democracy

By extending the culture of democracy from the grassroots upwards, people become accustomed
to processes of negotiation and representation. This takes democracy beyond the basic (but
important) procedural level of free and fair elections. It creates norms, systems and networks
which ensure that democracy at a national level is founded on interactive experiences at the local
level. Hence it is difficult to envisage a truly democratic state without a correspondingly strong
and pluralistic civil society.
Promoting political accountability
Civil society helps to counterbalance elites and other market or politically based interests.
Citizens have the right to be heard, and to expect certain things from the state; to ensure that this
happens civil society comes together in a variety of formal or informal associations. This myriad
of civil society organizations reminds political leaders that they are there to serve the citizen and
not vice-versa. Civil society organizations may often be involved in politics with a small p - not
only with large national or international issues. A strong civil society will act as a check,
ensuring that elites do not monopolies or abuse power through state, market or civic
mechanisms.
Creating and promoting alternatives
Civil society is a source of innovation, contesting ideas, concepts and empirical experiences.
The vested interests of politicians and civil servants tend to constrain new thinking and ideas in
these areas. - we see that in international development and related fields there are very few major
ideas that ever came from the state. From microcredit, to the Convention on the Rights of the
Child, new ideas and competing ideas have originated from and were discussed and debated in
the forum of civil society. One of the keys in making civil society pluralistic and civil is an
emphasis on negotiation and discussion, rather than the imposition of ideology and curtailment
of dissent.
Supporting the rights of citizens and the concept of citizenship
The state has to earn its legitimacy from its citizens. The idea that citizens have equal rights
before the law is an essential component of the rule of law; that the state recognizes this is
essential. It is unrealistic to assume each citizen has the time, resources or influence to deal with
the state on their own, hence civil society organizations become an important conduit for
8

representing citizens and their interests. Regardless of whether it is through a play group,
allotment

association,

chamber

of

commerce,

Amnesty

International,

indigenous

social

movement or neighborhood watch scheme such groups are legitimate expressions of citizens
interests and concerns.
Producing trust, reciprocity and networks
The coming together of people in multiple types of interaction is important not only for
organizing but also for building relations between people. Trust must be well-founded and
reciprocal; otherwise societies become fragmented, unable to work together and liable to
minority dominance.
This is one of the areas where the private sector and civil society share common ground, as they
both require social trust for their businesses and activities to thrive.
Ensuring Accountability
Civil Society ensures the right to access to information that is a first step into the state
accountability in a country where the official secrecy Act predominates. In a more general way,
Civil Society has the monitoring function of holding the law and order machinery, accountable.
This function implies the control of political parties and electoral process, the control of local
bodies etc.

Limitations
The key challenge of a Civil Society on the face of authoritarian tendencies of a State,
is to consolidate its independent and neutral position.
A large part

of the

financial management,

Civil Societys
and

there

organizations
have

has

been

issues

(faults)

many cases of

in

their

irregular

activities/incidents, allegations of corruption.

Change in leadership is rare for many of the institutions of the Civil Society.
Leadership does

not

transfer.

As

result,

the institutionalization process is

left incomplete, weakening the likelihood of organizations thriving.

The civil society organizations are not yet putting themselves under more transparent and
rigorous auditing and accounting system in order to make themselves more articulate and
pro-people at the end of the day.
9

Definition of interest group

Interest group, also called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals
or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns,
attempts to influence public policy in its favor. All interest groups share a desire to affect
government policy to benefit themselves or their causes.
"An interest group is an organized body of individuals who share some goals and who try to
influence

public

policy."

-- Jeffrey Berry, The Interest Group Society

Types of Interest Groups
An interest group is an organization of people who share a common interest and work together to
protect and promote that interest by influencing the government. Interest groups vary greatly in
size, aims, and tactics. Political scientists generally divide interest groups into two categories:
economic and noneconomic.
Economic
Interest group
Noneconomic

Economic groups
Economic groups work to win private goods, which are benefits that only the members of the group will
enjoy. When a labor union agrees to a contract, for example, its members benefit from the contract,
whereas nonunion members do not. If there is no private good incentive, people might choose not to
join (especially if there is a membership fee or dues). There are four main types of economic groups:

a) Business groups,
b) Labor groups
10

c) Agricultural groups,
d) Professional associations.
Noneconomic Groups
Noneconomic groups (sometimes called citizens groups) are interest groups that fight for causes
instead of working for material gain. Unlike economic groups, which work for private goods,
noneconomic groups seek public goods(also called collective goods), which benefit everyone in
society, not just members of the group. There are four main types of noneconomic groups:
a) Public interest groups,
b) Single- issue groups,
c) Ideological groups, and
d) Government groups.
Roles of interest group in social change and development
Interest group, also called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals
or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns,
attempts

to

influence

public policy in its favor.

All interest groups share a desire to

affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal could be a policy that
exclusively benefits group members or one segment of society (e.g., government subsidies for
farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They
attempt to achieve their goals by lobbyingthat is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on
policy makers to gain policy outcomes in their favor. Interest groups are a natural outgrowth of
the communities of interest that exist in all societies, from narrow groups such as the Japan
Eraser Manufacturers Association to broad groups such as the American (AFLCIO) and to even
broader organizations such as the military. Politics and interests are inseparable. Interests are a

11

prevalent, permanent, and essential aspect of all political systemsdemocratic, authoritarian,

and totalitarian regimes alike.

Education
The interest groups play vital role in the educational development in Bangladesh. It always keeps
concern for the primary education as well as helps to ensure primary education to all. Sometimes
it creates movement any irrational initiative of government.
Health
Health is the wealth.it helps to reduce child and maternal mortality as well as aware people
through campaign, meeting and March about the Aids. Its also ensuring proper healthy nation.

12

Government policy
The interest group always wants to influence government policy and stressed the policy maker to
formulate policy for their interest.
Environment preservation
To ensure sustainable development is the important objectives of interest group. They also aware
the present conditions of environment and stress government to formulate eco-friendly
environment policy and ensure sustainable uses of natural resources.
Labor interest
The trade union works for the interest of the labor. They helps to ensure the right and interest of
labor and bargaining to the owner for ensuring the right of labors. It also stresses government to
formulate labor policy for the interest.
Agricultural development
Agricultural groups represent the interests of farmers. Farmers have been organized for centuries
to protect themselves against price fluctuations and other issues. In the United States, farmers
groups, such as the Grange movement, have played an important role in politics.
Professional interest
It works for the right and interest of professional group. It also regulate practices, and promote
standards of conduct. Professional associations also lobby the government on issues related to
their profession.
Limitations
1. The power of a group is often determined by its wealth.
2. Interest group influence may lead to administrative corruption.
3.

Lack of transparency in decision making processes and access to information.

4.

They dont know everything about every public policy issue and have to rely on experts.

13

Conception of Information Technology

The information society is a way for human capacity to be expanded, built up, nourished, and
liberated by giving people access to tools and technologies, with the education and training to
use them effectively. There is a unique opportunity to connect and assist those living in the
poorest and most isolated regions of the world.
According to Anyakoha (1991), information technology is "the use of manmade tools for the
collection,

generation,

communication,

recording,

re-management

and

exploitation

of

information. It includes those applications and commodities, by which information is transferred,

recorded, edited, stored, manipulated or disseminated"
Hawkridge (1983) describes, information technology as a revolution which has penetrated
almost all fields of human activity, thus transforming economic and social life.
UNDP (2001) asserts that, even if sustainable economic growth facilitates the creation and
diffusion of useful innovations, technology is not only the result of growth but can be used to
support growth and development.
So, ICTs have been the basis for human existence from time immemorial and this has driven
man to continuously seek ways to improve the processing of information and communicating
such information to one another irrespective of distance and on a real-time basis.
Example
At the heart of technology lie two main or branches of technology: computing and
telecommunication. The technologies covered are the computer system, Internet/electronic mail
(e-mail), mobile phone, and fax machine

Role of information and technology in Social change and Development

There is widespread research interest in information and communication technologies (ICTs).
According to Crede & Mansell (1998), ICTs are crucially important for sustainable development
in developing countries. Thioune (2003) notes that for the past two decades most developed
14

countries have witnessed significant changes that can be traced to ICTs. In a technology-driven
society, getting information quickly is important for both sender and receiver. ICTs have made it
possible to quickly find and distribute information. Information Technology (IT) had a great
impact in all aspects of life such as social, economy, political and cultural. Usage of these
technologies is revolutionizing the rules, patterns and resulting in structural transformation of
societies. Modern societies are not possible without help of information technology. An
information society is one that makes the best possible use of ICTs. Martin (1995) supports this
view by describing it as a society in which the qualities of life, as well as prospects for social
change and economic development, depend increasingly upon information and its exploitation.
In such a society, living standards, patterns of work and leisure, the education system, and
marketplace are all influenced by advances in information and knowledge. This is evidenced by
an increasing array of information-intensive products and services (Martin, 1988). The role of
information technology in social change and development are discussed below:
Modernization
Modernization is a process which indicates the adoption of the modern ways of life and values. It
refers to an attempt on the part of the people particularly those who are custom-bound to adapt
themselves to the present-time, conditions, needs, styles and ways in general. It indicates a
change in people's food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices, preferences, ideas,
values, recreational activities and so on. People in the process of getting themselves modernized
give more importance to science and technology. The scientific and technological inventions
have modernized societies in various countries. They have brought about remarkable changes in
the whole system of social relationship and installed new ideologies in the place of traditional
ones.
Change in social Institution
Technology has profoundly altered our modes of life. Technology has not spared the social
institutions of its effects. The institutions of family, religion, morality, marriage, state, property
have been altered. Modern technology in taking away industry from the household has radically
changed the family organization. Many functions of the family have been taken away by other
agencies. Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is treated as a civil contract than a sacred bond.
15

Marriages are becoming more and more unstable. Instances of divorce, desertion and separation
are increasing. Technology has elevated the status of women but it has also contributed to the
stresses and strains in the relations between men and women at home.
Cultural lag
To provide a law of social change comparable to the laws of physics and biology that William F.
Ogburn in 1922 advanced his theory of social lag. Ogburn pointed out that social changes always
originate in the invention by some individual of a new way of doing something new to do. So far
he was following in the tradition established by Gabriel Tarde; but Ogburn then began to wander
in the tracks of Marx, Historically, he argued, inventions occur most often in the field of material
technology, if only because the advantages of an improvement in technology are self-evident.
With each development in technology there comes, however, some disturbance to the effective
working of the existing social order. A strain or stress is set up between the new technique and
various organizational aspects of the social system, changes in which come slowly if at all; the
result, disequilibrium between new technology and old social organization, is social lag. The
core of Ogburn's theory is the idea that change first occurs in the material technology.
Stimulating Development
The crucial role of information and communication technologies in stimulating development is a
two-edged sword. On the one hand, it allows countries to leapfrog stages of economic growth by
being able to modernize their production systems and increase their competitiveness faster than
in the past. Furthermore, the ability to move into the Information Age depends on the capacity of
the whole society to be educated, and to be able to assimilate and process complex information.
Example
The most critical example is that of the Asian Pacific economies, and particularly the cases of
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea.

16

Mobile money
Developing new mobile phone-based products that provide branchless banking services to poor
and marginalized populations in low-income countries. Researchers are designing, deploying,
and evaluating these technologies in several countries on four continents.
Social networking
The immediacy and influence of online social networking make it a powerful force in supporting
NGO efforts to improve services and operational capacity. Forming a community of technology
users dedicated to working together, learning from each other and exchanging information to
develop best practices that can benefit the entire NGO and nonprofit sector.
Social Movement
Social Movement is one of the major forms of collective behaviour.We hear of various kinds of
social movements launched for one or the other purpose. A social movement can be defined as
collectively acing with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of
which it is a part. Horton and Hunt have defined it as a collective effort to promote or resist
change.Smelser defines it as organized group effort to generate or resist social change.
According to M.S.A Rao social movement includes two characteristics.
CollectiveAction:
Social Movement involves collective action. However it takes the form of a movement only
when it is sustained for a long time. This collective action need not be formally organized. But it
should be able to create an interest and awakening in relatively large number of people.
For example
Facebook, twitter, whatsapp, viver create different collective efforts among community.
Oriented towards social change
A social movement is generally oriented towards bringing social change. This change could
either be partial or total. Though the movement is aimed at bringing about a change in the values,
norms, ideologies of the existing system, efforts are also made by some other forces to resist the
changes and to maintain the status quo.The counter attempts are normally defensive and
17

restorative rather than innovative and initiating change. They are normally the organized efforts
of an already established order to maintain itself.
Limitations
Creating Paradox
Information is useful, but it can also result in unintended consequences: stress from too much
information and what actions to take as a result of that information; questions about what
information can be shared and with whom; an increase in multi-tasking with a related decrease in
efficiency; and problems with peoples abilities to set boundaries and manage expectations in a
world with 24/7 connectivity.
Technology and war
The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the modern mode of warfare. The
weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to the mankind. They can easily destroy the entire
human race reveal how technology could be misused. Thus greater the technological
advancement the more risk for the mankind.
Unemployment
The problem of unemployment is a concomitant feature of the rapid technological advancement.
Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men but they also take away the jobs
of men through labor- saving devices. This results in technological unemployment.
Concept of Gender:
Gender is the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural
differences rather than biological ones).
Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual characteristics of either women or
men, but is constructed socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies, and often
governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution.
- (FAO, 1997)
18

'Gender' refers to the socially-constructed roles of and relationships between men and
women. Gender concerns men and women, including conceptions of both femininity and
masculinity.
Role of gender in social change and development:
The 'Gender, Development and Social Change' series brings together path-breaking writing from
gender scholars and activist researchers who are engaged in development as a process of
transformation and change. The series pinpoints where gender and development analysis and
practice are creating major 'change moments'. Multidisciplinary in scope, it features some of the
most important and innovative gender perspectives on development knowledge, policy and social
change. The role of gender in social change and development are given below:
1. Women are playing a great role in economic sector with men to improve the economic
condition of the country. They are now engaged in different income generating activities
like industrial work, office maintenance, doctor, engineer etc.
2. They are working in decision-making process at all levels.
3. They are also contributing a lot to establish the structure, pattern and a balanced
framework of society for social change and development.
4. Gender play a great role policy formulation and implementation process in todays world.
5. In political sector, women are taking part with a great deal to develop the politics and
political condition of the country.
Concept of Media
Media exists primarily to deliver entertainment, information and advertisements to a vast
audience, Media should be thought of as both carriers and delivery systems, it is important to
know that consumers have specialized needs that media can meet.
Traditional Media - television, radio, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, tax press and other
print publications.
Social Media - terms used to describe the new generation of digital, computerized, or networked
information and communication technologies. These can take many different forms, including
19

lnternet forums, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and picture-, music- and video-sharing. Examples of
social media applications are Google Groups, Wikipedia, MySpace, Facebook, youTube, Second
Liie, Flickr and Twitter.
The role of media
Mass media has a prominent role to play in modern society. It can bring about radical changes
and improve social situation as it influences our social
civil
cultural
political
economic and
Aesthetic outlook.
Modernization has converted media into an indispensable feature of human activity. However,
factors like age, education, economic condition, personal needs and availability of proper
components decide the quantum and frequency of media use. This is evident from the fact that
most media centers are located in urban areas.
Media is in charge of:
Information
Education
Entertainment
Advertising
Correlation of parts of society

20

Society is influenced by media

Society is influenced by media in so many ways. It is the media for the masses that helps them to
get information about a lot of things and also to form opinions and make judgments regarding
various issues! It is the media which keeps the people updated and informed about what is
happening around them and the world. Everyone can draw something from it.
The media affects people's perspective.
Too much intervention of media in everything is a matter of concern. Media can be considered as
"watch dog" of political democracy. Through the ages, the emphasis of media on news has
camouflaged. Media these days, tries to eye the news, which could help them to sell the
information that is gathered worldwide, so that they could pave a way of success and fame of
their respective channels. Fm radios, newspapers, information found on net and television are the
mass Medias that serve to reduce the communication gap between the audience, viewers and the
media world. For the sake of publicity and selling, important figures, their lifestyles are usually
targeted. Unimportant and irrelevant news, that usually have no importance are given priority
and due to a reason or the other, they get onto the minds of the viewers and in this ways many a
times, important political, economical and sociological news get neglected and gradually, lose
their importance!
Mass Media and their Role in Modern Times
Example of Social media activates: Killing of Samiul Islam Rajon at Sylhet and killing of
Khulnas Rakib by torture draw huge attention in common public through social media
(Facebook).This is the result of social media. Print media was reluctance about this incident,
when social media Facebook share the actual incident then print media draw attention. The
issues have the caught attention not just of those who are directly involved in them but also
became the status updates of many and pressing concern among the commoners After
commoners attention then criminal is arrested and punishment immediately.

21

Positive effect on societies

independent media has a positive impact on society and should be viewed as a critical
development outcome in itself. The review is divided into three sections addressing three areas
where media can have a positive effect on societies:
Governance Impact
Corruption has a negative impact on society, particularly in furthering poverty and income
inequality. Numerous studies show a robust link between a free, strong, and independent
press and reduced corruption. A free press exposes private and public sector corruption. It
monitors government officials and increases voters knowledge, allowing voters to hold corrupt
politicians accountable during elections, causing politicians to reduce corruption.
Economic Impact
Economic actors need accurate and timely information to allocate resources efficiently. Investors
and other groups increasing value and demand a governance-monitoring role from the media. A
free

and independent press can provide information and monitoring to the economic

development

process

leading

to

more

effective

policy

economic policies. It can also reduce

political risk and increase good governanceconditions that are important for robust economic
development.
Social Impact
In order for development to be just and sustainable, citizens must productively participate in
the decisions that shape their lives. Participation requires an informed citizenry. A free and
independent media supply timely and relevant information to citizens allowing them to
change their own behavior and to demand higher social standards for society.
Bad effect on a generation
Media has had a bad effect on a generation, mainly because; youth is strongly influenced by
media. Teenagers and children wish to follow the people, who get recognized and do what they
do to get noticed. Sometimes, they focus on bad part of the media and strive to be a part of it.
However, many are not succumbed to a life of crime.

22

Conclusion
Most nations today are committed to development of their societies in all its dimensions-social,
political and economic. The less developed countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Egypt,
which remained poor and stagnant for centuries, are fired by rising aspirations for socioeconomic, political development. The quest for forward movement and progress is in essence a
revolution. This revolution involves the rise of new social classes, the rise of new political elites,
the pressure for choice among a new range of ideologies, the availability of new institutions and
instruments for developing new systems of power and for producing and distributing new ideas
and new resources. In short, the slogan of this revolution is development. Social change may
refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution. Different countries use different
tools of development. In our country the above mentioned tools are work as the agents of social
change and development though they have some limitations.

23

References
1

Barett S. (2010), Defining Interest Groups available at

http://policyprojects.ac.nz/simonbarrett/files/2010/09/Defining-Interest-Groups.pdf
[accessed on 14th September, 2015]

Campos, N. and F. Giovannoni, 2006, Lobbying, Corruption and Political Influence,

Public Choice 131(1): 1-21.

Campos, N.; Giovannoni, F., 2008. Lobbying, Corruption and other Banes. IZA DP n.
3693 Discussion paper series available at http://ftp.iza.org/dp3693.pdf [accessed on 14th
September, 2015]

Castells Manuel (1999), Information Technology, Globalization and Social

Development UNRISD Discussion Paper No. 114

Media developments role in social economic and political progress , Available at

:http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1335&context=asc_papers[Acce
ssed: 14th September 2015]

Ogbomo Obaidjevwe Monday and Ogbomo Francisca Esoswo (2008), Importance of

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Making a Healthy Information
Society: A Case Study of Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria
available at http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/ogbomo2.htm [accessed on 14th
September, 2015]

Pratt Brian (2011), Global changes and civil society background paper for Civil
society at a new frontier INTRAC conference, December 2011

Suar Lokanath (2011), Our Civil Society as an Instrument of Social Change Orissa
Review, December 2011

The role of media in today's world ( Muzna Shakeel, Karachi ) [Online] Available at:
http://www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx?id=10166 [Accessed: 14th September
2015]
24

10 http://alalodulal.org/2014/10/08/civil-society-part-3/ [accessed on 14th September, 2015]

11 https://ischool.uw.edu/research/areas/it-social-change [accessed on 14th September,
2015]
12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change [accessed on 14th September, 2015]
13 https://www.google.com.bd/search?q=what+is+gender&oq=hat+is+gender&aqs=chrome.
1.69i57j0l5.6906j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8 [accessed on 15th
September 2015]
14 http://www.palgrave.com/series/Gender-Development-and-Social-Change/GDSC/
[accessed on 15th September 2015]
15 http://www.sociologyguide.com/social-change/impact-of-technology-change.php
[accessed on 14th September, 2015]
16 https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/social_network/media_def_resp.pdf

[Accessed:

14th

September 2015]
17 https://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&u
act=8&ved=0CEUQFjAFahUKEwiF38a7wPbHAhVHC44KHcZbDE4&url=http%3A%2
F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2FD%2F3%2F5%2FD3580D [accessed
on 14th September, 2015]
18 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/mass-media-and-their-role-in-modern-timesessay/24421/ [Accessed: 14th September 2015]
19 http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/08/role-of-media-in-social-development/
14th

September

[Accessed:
2015]

25

26