AP CALCULUS BC

Stuff you MUST Know Cold

lHopitals Rule
f (a ) 0

,
If
or =
=
g (a ) 0

f (x)
f '( x )
= lim
then lim
x a g ( x)
x a g '( x )

Properties of Log and Ln

1. ln 1 = 0
2. ln e a = a
3.eln x = x

4. ln x n = n ln x

PLUS A CONSTANT

5. ln ( ab ) = ln a + ln b

The Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus

6.ln ( a b ) = ln a ln b

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

Average Rate of Change

(slope of the secant line)
If the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b))
are on the graph of f(x) the average
rate of change of f(x) on the interval
[a,b] is

f (b) f (a)
ba

Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule

d
du
[ f (u )] = f '(u )
dx
dx
Product Rule

d
dv
du
( uv ) = u + v
dx
dx
dx
Quotient Rule

Definition of Derivative
(slope of the tangent line)
f ( x + h) f ( x)
f '( x) = lim

h 0
h

Derivatives
d n
x ) = nx n 1
(
dx
d
( sin x ) = cosx
dx
d
( cos x ) = sin x
dx
d
( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
( cot x ) = csc2 x
dx
d
( sec x ) = tanx sec x
dx
d
( csc x ) = cotx csc x
dx
d
1
( ln u ) = du
dx
u
d u
e ) = eu du
(
dx
d
1
( log a x ) =
dx
x ln a
d u
a ) = a x ( ln a ) du
(
dx

d u
=
dx v

du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v

Mean Value & Rolles Theorem

If the function f(x) is continuous on
[a, b] and the first derivative exists
on the interval (a, b), then there
exists a number x = c on (a, b) such
that f '( c ) =

f (b ) f ( a )
ba

where F '( x) = f ( x)

2nd Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus
g ( x)
d
f ( x)dx = f ( g ( x )) g '( x)
dx #
Average Value
If the function f(x) is continuous on
[a, b] and the first derivative exist
on the interval (a, b), then there
exists a number x = c on (a, b) such
that
b

1
f (c ) =
f ( x)dx
b a a
f (c) is the average value
Eulers Method

if f(a) = f(b), then f (c) = 0.

If given that
Curve sketching and analysis
y = f(x) must be continuous at each:
dy
dx

= 0 or undefined.
dy
local minimum:
goes (-,0,+) or
dx
d2y
(-,und,+) or
>0
dx 2
dy
local maximum:
goes (+,0,-) or
dx
d2y
(+,und,-) or
<0
dx 2
critical point:

Absolute Max/Min.: Compare local

extreme values to values
at endpoints.
pt of inflection : concavity changes.

d2y
goes (+,0,-),(-,0,+),
dx 2
(+,und,-), or (-,und,+)

dy
= f ( x, y ) and
dx

that the solution passes through

(x0, y0), then

x new = x old + x
ynew = yold +

dy
x
dx ( xold , yold )

Logistics Curves
L
P (t ) =
,
1 + Ce ( Lk ) t
where L is carrying capacity
Maximum growth rate occurs when
P=L

dP
= kP ( L P ) or
dt
dP
P
= ( Lk ) P (1 )
dt
L

Distance, velocity and

Acceleration

Integrals
kf (u )du = k f (u)du

d
( position )
dt
d
Acceleration =
( velocity )
dt
dx dy
Velocity Vector =
,
dt dt

du = u + C
n
u du =

1
u du = ln | u | +C
u
u
e du = e + C

final
time

1
|u |
arc sec
+C
a
a

u2 a2
du
u
a 2 u 2 = arcsin a + C
du
1
u
a 2 + u 2 = a arctan a + C

V = A( x)dx
a

y '(t )dt

V = A( y )dy
c

Taylor Series

If the function f is smoothat x = c,

then it can be approximated by the nth
degree polynomial
f ( x ) f (c ) + f '(c)( x c )

Polar Curves
For a polar curve r(), the
2
1
2

[ r()]

f "(c )
( x c ) 2 + ...
2!
f '''(c )
+
( x c )3 + ...
3!
f ( n ) (c )
+
( x c) n
n!

dy
d
dx

[ r () sin ]
d
d [ r () cos ]
d
d

Centered at x = 0
x 2 x3
+
+ ...
2! 3!
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1
+

+ ...
2! 4! 6!
x3 x 5 x 7
sin x = x
+

+ ...
3! 5! 7!
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ...
1 x
x 2 x3 x 4
ln( x + 1) = x
+

+ ...
2
3
4

The series

ex = 1 + x +

converges if

n=0

lim

CHECK
ENDPOINTS

an+1
<1
an

Alternating Series Error Bound

If S N =
Lagrange Error Bound

(z)
xc

N
n =1

( 1) n an is the Nth

partial sum of a convergent

alternating series, then

If Pn(x) is the nth degree Taylor

polynomial of f(x) about c, then

( n +1) !

y-axis:

Elementary Functions

For a polar graph, r()

for all z between x and c.

x '(t )dt

Ratio Test
(use for interval of convergence)

max f

Perpendicular to
x-axis:

dy
=
dx

L = 1 + [ f '( x ) ] dx

f (x) Pn (x)

V = 2 r ( x)h( x)dx

Volume of Known Cross Sections

dt

a
b

( n+1)

The slope of r() at a given is

[ r ( x) ] dx
b

Shell Method:

Arc Length
For a function, f(x)

[ r ()] + [ r '()]

y(b) = y(a) +

( [ R( x)]

+ ( y ') .

initial
time

x(b) = x(a) +

dx

where 1 and 2 are the first two

times that r = 0.

udv = uv vdu

V =

( x ') + ( y ')

v(t ) dt =

Washer Method:

initial
time

[ R( x) ]
a

final
time

Area inside a leaf is

Integration by Parts

L=

Disk Method: V =

Distance Traveled =

cos udu = sin u + C

sin udu = cos u + C
tan udu = ln | cos u | +C
cot udu = ln | sin u | +C
sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | +C
csc udu = ln | csc u + cot u | +C
=

( x ')

Speed = |v(t)| =

1 u
u
a du = ln a a + C

Velocity =

u n +1
+ C , n 1
n +1

du

Volume
Solids of Revolution

S S N aN +1
n+1

Most Common Series

1
diverges

n=1 n

(1)
converges

n
n=1

A(r)
n= 0

converges to

A
if |r|<1
1 r