Earth dynamics- The mobile earth.

Earth structure.: A layered planet core mantle, and crust.

We now about the structure about the earth due to geophysics.
Using reflection and refractions sysmics to determine diferent
materials as they have different p
Zemilets are picked up during an eruption by magma.
Experimentation was used to discover what was in the core.
Thse are the three methods used ti find the composition
Levels of the elements vary between where they are.
The lithosphere. The crust and the outer part of the mantle.
The lithosphere the istenosphere.

The asthenosphere is soft. Flows out the way ductile.

The lithosphere is the upper part of the most solid mantle, very
brittle fractures
Radiogenic heat productions/isotopes.
Mntle contains heat producing elements eg potassium.
There is convection in the earths mantle and we know this because
it is hot.
We have heat exchange between all parts of the earth.
Look up seismic termography. And colder and hotter areas with in
the earth.
The earth is very hetrogenious.

Geothermal gradient.from the surface to the core you have a

gradual ncrease of heat.
Geothermal gradient is high in Iceland, they have a lot of
geothermal enery.
The geothermal gradient crosses over the mantle solidus. This is the
only place we can generate melt, partial melt.
Mantle divisions
Only a couple percentage of melt. In the lithosphere.it has a ductile
property.
We have key forces such as convection
As well as drag force the difference of the movement in the different
spheres.
Mantle is made up primarily of pridotite( olivine, two pyroxines,
grnet ,spinel)
The crust has a higher silica so the ocks are differen.
Sea crust is basaltic, continental is silica rich
Sea, granite. Land is lime stone.
Plate techtonics
Theory accepted in the 1960s
Not only did people see that the continents would fit together also
the rock types would be similar.
Particular fossils were found in particular continents
Fossil glossopteris existed on all continents at the same time.
Mountains and glaciers.
As glaciers and deserts are found normally in similar area we know
that due to the evidence of dune depositives in England this area
was once in the tropics
Pangea was 220 million years ago, we cant really tell what it was
like before that.
Paeleomagnitism, the study of the ancient magnetic records.,
knowing the earths field in the past can track plate motion. At the
time of a rocks formation dictates the earths magnetic field at that
time. How?
Assumtions and outcomes.
Assume earths mmagnetic field has always been geocentric dipole
field.
Latitude and orientation of the rock at the time can be deduced.
Plates, are crust and the upper part of the mantle, these plates are
beneath oceans and continents which means they have different
properties.
Find diagram for oceanic crust.

And continental but they are highly variable.. its thicker than
oceanic and more sillicer lower density.