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Alloy
You might see the word alloy described as a "mixture of metals", but
that's a little bit misleading because some alloys contain only one metal and it's
mixed in with other substances that are nonmetals (cast iron, for example, is
an alloy made of just one metal, iron, mixed with one nonmetal, carbon). The
best way to think of an alloy is as a material that's made up of at least two
different chemical elements, one of which is a metal.
Metal Alloys
Here are some Metal Alloys with its applications. If you want a full list of
Metal Alloys, there components and applications you can visit this site:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/alloys/a/list-of-alloys.htm, for a more in depth
discussion on the matter.
Alloy
Components
Typical uses
Amalga
Babbitt
Friction-reducing
metal
10%).
coating in machine
("white
Dental fillings.
bearings.
metal")
Brass
Bronze
Decorative statues,
musical instruments.
silicon.
Cast
Metal structures
iron
silicon.
Duralu
Automobile and
min
1.5%).
military equipment.
Firework ignition
Nichro
me
devices, heating
elements in electrical
appliances.
Steel
(genera
l)
Steel
Jewelry, medical
(stainle
tools, tableware.
ss)
Steel Alloys
Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts
between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical or physical properties.
Strictly speaking, every steel is an alloy, but not all steels are called "alloy
steels". The simplest steels are iron (Fe) alloyed with carbon (C) (about 0.1% to 1%,
depending on type). However, the term "alloy steel" is the standard term referring to
steels with other alloying elements added deliberately in addition to the carbon.
Common alloyants include manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium,
silicon, and boron. Less common alloyants include aluminum, cobalt, copper, cerium,
niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, lead, and zirconium.
Element
Primary function
Percentage
Aluminium
ng Lungsod
ng Maynila
0.951.30 Pamantasan
Alloying element
in nitriding
steels
Bismuth
Improves machinability
Boron
0.0010.003
0.52
Increases hardenability
418
Copper
0.10.4
Corrosion resistance
Lead
Improved machinability
Chromium
Manganese
>1
Molybdenum
0.25
25
Toughener
1220
0.20.7
Increases strength
2.0
Spring steels
Nickel
Silicon
Higher
percentages
Sulfur
0.080.15
Titanium
Tungsten
Free-machining properties
Fixes carbon in inert particles; reduces martensitic
hardness in chromium steels
Also increases the melting point.
* Note: The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels (as compared to
carbon steels): strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance,
hardenability, and hot hardness. To achieve some of these improved properties the
metal may require heat treating.
Manufacturing Process
You might find the idea of an alloy as a "mixture of metals" quite confusing.
How can you mix together two lumps of solid metal? The raw materials for all of the
processes are 2 or more powdered metals or elements that are to be combined to yield
a metal with the desired characteristics.
The traditional way of making alloys was called Heat Treatment. It is the
process of heating and melting the components to make liquids, mix them together,
and then allow them to cool into what's called a solid solution (the solid equivalent of a
solution like salt in water).
A third method of making alloys is to fire beams of ions (atoms with too few or
too many electrons) into the surface layer of a piece of metal. Ion implantation, as
this is known, is a very precise way of making an alloy. It's probably best known as a
way of making the semiconductors used in electronic circuits and computer chips.
(Read more about this in our article on molecular beam epitaxy.)
Heat Treatment
Heat treating of steel is the process of heating and cooling of carbon steel
to change the steel's physical and mechanical properties without changing the
original shape and size.
Heat Treating is often associated with increasing the strength of the
steel, but it can also be used to alter certain manufacturability objectives such
as improve machinability, formability, restore ductility etc. Thus heat treating is
a very useful process to helps other manufacturing processes and also improve
product performance by increasing strength or provides other desirable
characteristics. High carbon steels are particularly suitable for heat treatment,
since carbon steel respond well to heat treatment and the commercial use of
steels exceeds that of any other material.
Topics Covered
I. The Softening Processes
-Annealing
-Normalising
II. The Hardening Processes
-
Hardening
Tempering
Carburising
Nitriding
Boronising
Also used to soften and relieve internal stresses after cold work and to refine
the grain size and metallurgical structure. It may be used to break up the
dendritic (as cast) structure of castings to improve their machinability and
future heat treatment response or to mitigate banding in rolled steel.
This requires heating to above the As temperature, holding for sufficient time to
allow temperature equalisation followed by air cooling.
Tempering
After quenching the steel is hard, brittle and internally stressed. Before use,
it is usually necessary to reduce these stresses and increase toughness by
'tempering'. There will also be a reduction in hardness and the selection of
tempering temperature dictates the final properties. Tempering curves, which
are plots of hardness against tempering temperature. exist for all commercial
steels and are used to select the correct tempering temperature. As a rule of
thumb, within the tempering range for a particular steel, the higher the
tempering temperature the lower the final hardness but the greater the
toughness.
1. Pearlite
The pearlite consists of alternate layers of ferrite and cementite. It has
properties somewhere between ferrite and cementite. The average carbon
content in pearlite is 0.76%
2. Ledeburite
Ledeburite is an eutetcic mixture of austenite and cementite in the form of
alternate layers. The average carbon content in ledeburite is 4.3%.
Fe-C ALLOYS:
Steel- Steels are alloys of iron and carbon containing up to 2.14% C. Other
alloying elements may also be present in steels.
Cast Iron- Cast irons are alloys of iron and carbon containing more than
2.14% C. Other alloying elements may also be present in cast irons.
IMPORTANT REACTIONS IN IRON CARBON DIAGRAM:
Eutectic reaction
Eutectoid reaction
Peritectic Reaction
0
Peritectic: 0.16% C, 1493 C
(0.11% C) + L(0.51)%C