Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for
IMPORTANT
The Formulae and Statistical Tables Booklet contains the
main formulae of the courses of the PGDAST programme and
Statistical Tables.
The Formulae and Statistical Tables Booklet will be
available at the examination centres in the Term-End
Examinations for the courses of the PGDAST programme.
School of Sciences
Indira Gandhi National Open University
New Delhi 110068
1
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
CONTENTS
FORMULAE AND STATISTICAL TABLES
Page No.
MST-001
3-5
MST-002
Descriptive Statistics
6-9
MST-003
Probability Theory
10-13
MST-004
Statistical Inference
14-18
MST-005
Statistical Techniques
19-22
MSTE-001
Industrial Statistics-I
23-26
MSTE-002
Industrial Statistics-II
28-29
Table 1
Logarithms
31-32
Table 2
Antilogarithms
33-34
Table 3
Values of e
35
Table 4
36
Table 5
37
Table 6
38
Table 7
39
Table 8
F Distribution (F table)
Table 9
45
Table 10
46
Table 11
47
Table 12
48
Table 13
49
Table 14
40-44
50-53
Table 15
54
Table 16
55
Table 17
Poisson Probability
Table 18
60
Table 19
61-74
Table 20
75-79
Table 21
80-81
2
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
56-59
MST-001
S.
No.
FORMULAE
De-Morgans Laws
Distributive Laws
A (B C) A B A C
A (B C) A B A C
Laws of Logarithm
loga mn loga m loga n
log a
a loga m m
loga a 1
m
log a m log a n
n
loga b
loga mn n log a m
1
log b a
n th term = a n Tn a (n 1)d
n
2
n
(a l), l last term
2
a(1 r n )
, r 1
1 r
a
, r 1
Sum of infinite G.P. = S
1 r
Sumof first n terms Sn
6
k 1
n
n(n 1)
k3
2
k 1
n
Combination
The total number of combinations of n things taken r (1 r n) at a
time n Cr
n!
(n r)! r!
n s
Pr
(n 1)!
(when anti-clock wise and clock wise
2
order of arrangements does not give distinct
permutations)
3
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
n s
Cr
xn an
na n 1
x a x a
sin
lim
lim
1
0
sin
ex 1
loge e 1
x 0
x
log(1 x)
lim
1
x 0
x
1
lim
0, where n 0
x x n
lim
lim
a x 1
loge a ,
x 0
x
lim
lim 1 e
x
x
lim(1 x)1/ x e
tan
lim
lim
1
0
0 tan
x 0
d
(k) 0 , k is constant
dx
d n
(x ) nx n 1
dx
d
(ax b)n na(ax b)n 1
dx
d
d
(cu) c (u)
dx
dx
where c is constant and
u is a function of x
Exponential function
d bx
(a ) ba bx log a
dx
d bx
(e ) bebx
dx
Logarithmic function
d
1
(loga x) loga e
dx
x
d
1
(loge x)
dx
x
Parametric functions
dy dy du dw
(Chain Rule)
dx du dw dx
x = f(t), y = g(t)
d
du dv
(u v)
dx
dx dx
d
dv
du
(uv) u
v (Product Rule)
dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
d u
dx
dx
(Quotient Rule)
dx v
v2
where u, v are functions of x
dy dy dx
dx dt dt
x n 1
c, n 1;
n 1
ax b dx a log ax b c;
1
x dx log x c;
(ax b) n 1
n
(ax b) dx a(n 1) c, n 1
mx
a dx
a mx
c;
m log e a
mx n
a dx
ax
dx
ax b
eax
c;
a
dx
a mx n
c;
m log a
eax b
c
a
9 Integration by Parts
d
a
b
a
a
c1
c2
cn
c1
cn 1
2 f (x)dx,
a f (x)dx 0
0,
f (x)dx f (a b x)dx
a
a
f (x)dx f (a x)dx
0
f (x)dx f (x)dx
a
2 f (x)dx, if f (2a x) f (x)
0 f (x)dx 0
0,
if f (2a x) f (x)
2a
(A) A
tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)
(kA) kA,
(A B) A B
tr (kA) = k tr (A)
4
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(A B) A B
(AB) BA
(A B)2 A2 AB BA B2
(A B) A 2AB B if and only if AB = BA
2
A11
A
21
A 31
AdjA
..
.
A n1
A12
A 22
A13
A 23
A 32
A 33
.
.
.
.
.
.
An2
A n3
A 21
A 22
A31
A 32
A 23
A 33
.
.
.
.
.
.
A 2n
A 3n
tr (AB) = tr (BA)
tr (AB) tr (A) tr (B)
... A n1
... A n 2
... A n3
.
...
.
.
... A nn
A 0
then A 1
1
(adjA)
A
12 Graphical Presentation
Histogram
Number of classes
K = 1 + 3.322 Log N,
Box Plot
Stem-and-leaf display
j mths quantile Q j/ m x i
ths
5
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
MST-002
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S.
No.
FORMULAE
x
i 1
i 1
k
di
x w
XW
i 1
i 1
i 1
k
i 1
f d
i i
X A
i 1
k
n X
i
Combined Mean
n1X1 n 2 X2
n1 n 2
In General
f x
i i
XA
Weighted Mean
i 1
k
i 1
i 1
2 C
h
Median L
f
When n is odd
th
n 1
Median (M d )
observation
2
When n is even
th
th
n
n
2 observation 2 1 observation
;
Md
2
Mode for Ungrouped/Discrete Data
Empirical Formula
f1 f 0
Mode = value of the variable corresponding to the maximum M L
h Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
0
frequency
f1 f0 f1 f 2
HM
n
n
x
i 1
HM
N
k
fi
i 1
Quartiles
Deciles
iN
4 C
h
Qi L
f
for i 1, 2,3
Percentiles
iN
100 C
h
Pi L
f
for i 1, 2,...,99
iN
10 C
h
Di L
f
for i 1, 2,...,9
2 Measures of Dispersion
Range
Quartile Deviation
R XMax XMin
X
XMin
Cofficient of range Max
XMax XMin
QD
Q3 Q1
2
Cofficient of QD
Q3 Q1
Q3 Q1
1
n
x A
i
i 1
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xi A
i 1
MD
i 1
Variance
2 =
1
n
x x
i 1
1
=
N
2
f x x
i
n x
i i
where di xi x and x
i 1
Standard deviation
i 1
k
i 1
SD Variance
Coefficient of variation
f x
i
i 1
RMSD
1
n 2 d 2 n 2 d 2 ... n 2 d 2
k
k
k
n1 n 2 ... n k 1 1 1 2 2 2
and RMSD
100
x
CV =
i 1
i 1
(x i A)r
i 1
i 1
; for r = 0, 1, 2,
N
k
; for r = 1, 2,
(x x)
fi (x i A) r
i 1
; r = 1, 2,
f (x x)
i 1
; for r = 0, 1, 2
Recurrence relation
r r r C1 r 1 1 r C2 r 2 1 r C3 r 3 1 ... 1 1
2
2 2 2 1
3 3 32 1 2 1
4 4 43 1 6 2 1 31
2
Coefficients of Skewness
Sk =
Sk
32
32
; 1 1
Q3 2Q2 Q1 ;
Q3 Q1
Coefficients of Kurtosis
Sk
4
22
2 = 2 3
D9 2D5 D1
D9 D1
5 Curve Fitting
Normal least square equations for straight line
Y = a + bX :
y na b x
y x a x b x
u nA B x
ux A x B x
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xy a x b x c x
x y a x b x c x
y na b
xc
x2
u nA B x
ux A x B x
u nA b v
uv A v b v
f (y y)
(x
x)(yi y)
i 1
n
n
(x i x) 2
(yi y) 2
i 1
i 1
d d d d
n d d n d d
2yx
x y
2
x
f d
f d
2
x x
x x
ric
y y
f d
f d
y y
2
y y
i 1
2
n(n 1)
Tx
i 1
(n 3 n)
d ci2 Tx Ty
6
n3 n
n 3 n
2Tx
2Ty
6
6
(m3xi m xi )
and Ty
12
(m3yi m yi )
i 1
rc
(2c k)
k
f y
ij ij
(x
ij
x) 2
i 1 j1
ki
(k
1)(x ij x) 2
i 1 j1
1 k 2m
1
k 1 x 2
Multiple correlation coefficient
R1.23
d i2
m(m 2 1)
6 d2
...
12
rs 1
2
n(n 1)
rs c
k i2 (x i x) 2
i 1
ric
T2
N2y
N
i 1 j1
f d f d
2
j1
x x
where Ti
m T2
or 2yx i
i 1 n i
i 1 j1
2
y
i 1
m n
R 2.13
R 3.12
2
2
r12
r13
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r23
2
2
r12
r23
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r21
2
2
r13
r23
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r12
2
2
R3.12 1 (1 r13
)(1 r32.1
)
12
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n (y y)
i
2yx
i 1
m n
(y
ij
r13.2
2
2
(1 r12
)(1 r32
)
r23 r21r31
r23.1
y)2
2
2
(1 r21
)(1 r31
)
i 1 j1
7 Regression Analysis
Regression line of Y on X
(y y) b yx (x x)
byx =
where
r y
x
Regression line of X on Y
(x x) b xy (y y)
where b xy =
1 r12 r13r23
b12.3
2
2 1 r23
b13.2
2
3 1 r23
2 r23 r21r31
b 23.1
r x
y
2
3 1 r31
Variance of residual
2
1.23
12
2
1 r23
2
(1 r23
r122 r132 2r12 r23 r13 )
8 Association of Attributes
Yules coefficient of association
(AB)() (A)(B)
(AB)() (A)(B)
Chi-square statistic
and Q
2
1
(A)(B)
(AB)()
(A)(B)
(AB)()
ij
i 1 j1
Coefficient of colligation
Eij
E ij
Coefficient of contingency
2
2 N
9
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
MST-003
PROBABILITY THEORY
S.
No.
1
FORMULAE
Probability
Laws of probability
Conditional probability
P(Ei | A)
F x, y
p(xi , y j ) P X xi Y y j
f (x, y)dydx
p(x i , y j ) 1
f (x, y)dydx 1
p xi
f (x, y) dy dx
p(x , y )
F(x) P X x
p(x i , y j )
p yj
p(x | y) P[X x | Y y] =
P X x Y y
P Y y
provided P[Y = y] 0
Conditional probability mass function of Y
given X = x
p(y | x) P[Y y | X x] =
provided P[X = x] 0
P(E )P(A | E )
p(xi , y j ) P X xi , Y y j or
P(Ei )P(A | Ei )
, i 1, 2,..., n
P(A)
i 1
i 1
where P(A)
P E P A | E
Bayes theorem
P(A1 A 2 ... A n )
P(B C) P(A B C)
If A, B, C are mutually exclusive events,
then
P Y y X x
P X x
f (x)
f (x, y) dy
or f (x)
d
F(x)
dx
f (y)
f (x, y) dx
or f (y)
d
F(y)
dy
10
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
F(x) P X x
P X x, Y y
j
F(y) P Y y
P X x , Y y
F(x | y) P X x | Y y
F(y | x) P Y y | X x
f (y | x) dy,
Expectation
Properties of mathematical expectation
E(k) = k
E(kX) = kE(X)
E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b
where k, a and b are constant
rth order moment about any point A
r E(X A)r
V(aX b) a 2 V(X)
pi (x i A) r ,
if X is a discrete r.v.
V(aX bY) a 2 V(X) b2 V(Y) 2abCov(X, Y)
i
r
pi j (x i x)(yi y),
if (X, Y) is discrete r.v.
Cov(X, Y) =
r E(X )r E X E(X)
pi (x i ) , if X is a discrete r.v.
i
r
(x ) r f (x)dx, if X is a continous r.v.
= E(X x )(Y y )
pi | x Mean |
for discrete r.v.
Probability Function
Mean and
Variance
Other Properties
1 x
; x 0,1
p x 1 p
P X x
elsewhere
0;
Mean p and
3 p(2p 1)(p 1)
Variance p(1 p)
4 p 1 4p 6p2 3p3
Binomial
(with
parameters n
and p)
n C p x q n x ; x 0, 1, 2,..., n
P[X x] x
0;
elsewhere
Recurrence relation
Mean np and
3 npq q p
Variance npq
4 npq 1 3 n 2 pq
p x 1
nx p
. .p x , x = 0, 1, 2, , n 1
x 1 q
11
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q p 2
npq
2 3
1 6pq
npq
f (x) N P X x
N. n C x p x q n x ; x 0, 1, 2, ..., n
Poisson
(with
parameter
0)
e x
; x 0, 1, 2, 3,...
P[X x] x
0;
elsewhere
Recurrence relation
Mean and
Variance
.p(x), x 0, 1, 2, 3,...
x 1
p(x 1)
1 2p
npq
, and
3 = , 4 32
1
1
1 , 1
,
1
1
2 3 , 2
Expected frequencies
f (x) N.P X x N.
Discrete
Uniform
(Rectangular)
(with
parameter n)
e x
; x 0, 1, 2, ...
x
1
for x 1, 2, ..., n
P[X x] n
0, otherwise
Mean
n 1
and
2
Variance
Expected frequency
n2 1
12
1
f (x) N.P[X x] N. ; x 1, 2, 3,..., n.
n
M C x . N M Cn x
nM
and
(with
for x 0, 1, 2, ...,min{n,M} Mean
N
N
Cn
parameters N, P[X x]
otherwise
M and n)
0,
Variance =
where n, M, N are positive integers such that
NM N M N n
n N, M N
N2 N 1
Hypergeometric
Geometric
(with
parameter p)
q x p for x 0, 1, 2, ...
P X x
0, otherwise
Mean
q
and
p
Variance
Negative
Binomial
(with
parameters r
and p)
x r 1 Cr 1 p r q x for x 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
P[X x]
otherwise
0,
where r is a positive integer and 0 < p < 1
Mean
q
p2
rq
and
p
Variance
rq
p2
f (x)
1
2
1 x
e 2
, x
Mean and
Variance 2
P[ X ] P[1 Z 1] 68.27%
P[ 2 X 2] P[2 Z 2] 95.44%
P[ 3 X 3] P[3 Z 3] 99.73%
Sum of independent normal variables is also a
normal variable.
Standard normal distribution
f (z)
1
2
1
z2
2 ,
12
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1 0, 2 2
3 0, 4 34
1 = 0, 2 3,
2
4
Q.D. , M.D.
3
5
1 0, 2 0
1 6pq
npq
Continuous
1
for a x b
Uniform
f (x) b a
(Rectangular)
0, otherwise
(with
parameters a Cumulative distribution function
and b)
for x a
0
x a
F(x)
for a x b
ba
for x b
1
Exponential
(with
parameter )
Mean
ab
and
2
Variance
b a 2
e x for x 0
f (x)
0, elsewhere
Mean
where > 0
Variance
12
1
and
1 e x for x 0
F(x)
elsewhere
0,
Gamma
(with
parameters r
and )
n x n 1e x dx
0
f (x)
r
0,
elsewhere
r
and
r
Variance 2
Mean
If n > 1, n (n 1) (n 1)
If n is a positive integer, then
n n 1
i 1
i 1
Xi G(, ri )
If Xi are independent and
Xi G( ri ) then
n
X
i 1
Beta
Distribution
of first kind
(with
parameters m
and n)
Beta function
1
(m, n) =
m 1
G( ri )
i 1
2
q
p
(m n) (m n 1)
Mean
(1 x) n 1dx
1
x m 1 (1 x) n 1 , 0 x 1
f (x) (m, n)
0,
otherwise
x m 1
dx
m n
0 (1 x)
Relationship between beta and
gamma functions
(m, n)
(m, n)
13
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m n
mn
Beta
x m 1
of second kind
0,
elsewhere
(with
where
m
>
0,
n
>
0.
parameters m
and n)
MST-004
m
, n 1
n 1
and Variance =
m(m n 1)
,n2
(n 1) 2 (n 2)
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
S.
No.
1
Mean
FORMULAE
Sampling Distribution
Sample mean (X) and sample variance (S 2 )
X
2
1 n
1 n
Xi and S2
Xi X
n 1 i 1
n i 1
Sampling Distribution of
Sample Mean
E X
Var X
Sampling Distribution of
Sample Median
E X
Var X
SE X SD X
PQ
and SE(p)
n
For finite population
E(p) P , Var(p)
2n
2
SE X
2n
E(p) P, Var p
Sampling Distribution of
Sample Proportion
SE(p)
Sampling Distribution of
Difference of two Sample Means
(Independent Populations)
E X Y 1 2
Var X Y
SE X Y
Sampling Distribution of
Difference of two Sample
Proportions
E(p1 p2) = P1 P2
12 22
n1 n 2
12 22
n1 n 2
Var(p1 p2)
P1Q1 P2 Q2
n1
n2
SE p1 p 2
P1Q1 P2 Q2
n1
n2
N n PQ
and
N 1 n
N n PQ
N 1 n
Central Limit Theorem and
Law of Large Numbers
P X 1
n
Chi-Square Distribution
PQ
n
2
where 0 and 0 1.
2
t-Distribution
14
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
F-Distribution
Chi-square statistic
1
f ( 2 )
2n / 2
n
2
n 1 S2
/2
~ 2n 1 t-statistic
(2 )(n / 2) 1
;0
n
r
2
2n / 2
n 1 2 r
2 2
F-statistic
~ t n 1
S/ n
t-distribution with n df
F
f t
1
n 1 / 2
S12 /12
~ F n1 1, n2 1
S22 / 22
2n 1 / n1 1
1
~ F n 1,n 1
1
2
2n 1 / n 2 1
2
2
/ 2 1
1 n t
1/ 2 1 / 2
F 1
n B , 1
f
(F)
n
2 2
1 2 / 2
B 1 , 2 1 1 F
; t
2 2
2
;0 F
n
1
r r
r 2
2;
2r n
1 n
2 2
n 2r
r 2 r
2
2
; for 2 2r
1 2
2 2
where 1 n1 1 and 2 n 2 1.
r 2
1
F 1 , 2 ,1
15
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
1
F 2 , 1 ,
Point Estimation
f x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , P X1 x1 , X 2 x 2 ,..., X n x n
Unbiasedness
Consistency
Var(T* )
Var(T)
p
Tn
as n for every
lim P Tn 1 where 0
P Tn 1 ;
Sufficiency
n m , 0 and 0
f x1 , x 2 , ..., x n / T t g x1 , x 2 , ..., x n
E Tn as n and Var Tn 0 as n
Efficiency
L f x1 , x1 ,..., x n ,
1 M1 , r Mr ;
r 2, 3,..., k
L P X1 x1 .P X 2 x 2 ... P X n x n
For continuous case
L f x1 , .f x 2 , ... f x n ,
For maximum likelihood estimation
2
1 n r
Xi
n i 1
1 n
Xi X
n i 1
Confidence Interval
Length of confidence interval ( L) = T 2 T1
where T1 lower confidence limit, and
T2 upper confidence limit.
Confidence interval for population mean
When population variance is known
, X z / 2
X z / 2
n
n
, X t n 1, / 2
X t n 1, / 2
n
n
S
S
, X z / 2
X z / 2
; n 30
n
n
X E X
P z / 2
z / 2 1
Var X
p 1 p
p 1 p
p z / 2
, p z / 2
n
n
, i 1 2
n , 1 / 2
n , / 2
Xi X
i 1 2
or
, i 12
n 1, 1 / 2
n 1, / 2
n 1 S2
n 1 S2
, 2
2
n 1, / 2 n 1, 1 / 2
16
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2 2
X Y z / 2 1 2 ,
n1 n 2
X Y z
/2
12 22
n1 n 2
1 1
1 1
, X Y t n1 + n2 2, / 2 Sp
X Y t n1 + n2 2, / 2 Sp
n
n
n
n2
1
2
1
where S2p
S2p
n2
n1
2
2
1
X
Yi Y or
n1 n 2 2 i 1
i 1
1
n1 1 S12 n 2 1 S22
n1 n 2 2
and
S12
n2
n1
1
2
1
2
Xi X , S22
Y Y
(n 2 1) i 1 i
(n1 1) i 1
Short-cut approach
1
1
X a d1 , Y b d 2 and
n1
n2
S2 S2
S2 S2
X Y z / 2 1 2 , X Y z / 2 1 2
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
SD
S
, D t n 1, / 2 D
D t n 1, / 2
n
n
where Di Xi Yi ; D
1 n
Di and
n i 1
n
D
i
2
1 n
1 n 2 i 1
2
SD
Di
Di D n 1
n 1 i 1
n
i 1
pq
p q
pq
p q
p1 p2 z / 2 1 1 2 2 , p1 p2 z / 2 1 1 2 2
n1
n2
n1
n2
(independent populations)
d
d
1
2
2
S2p
d2
d2
2
2
n1 n 2 2 1
n1
n2
S2
S1 / S2
, F n 2 1,n1 1, / 2 . 12
S2
where d1= (X a ) and d2 = (Y b), a and b are assumed F n1 1,n 2 1, / 2
arbitrary values.
4
Sample Size
z2 / 2 2
E
where E sampling error or margin of error
n
5
z2 / 2 P(1 P)
E
n
n
N z 2 / 2 2
N 1 z2 / 2 2
N z 2 / 2 P(1 P)
E 2 N 1 z 2 / 2 P(1 P)
Parametric Tests
Type of error
= P [reject H0 when H0 is true]
= P[do not reject H0 when H0 is false]
Power of a test
p-values
p-value = P[Test Statistic (T) observed value of the test
statistic] (for right-tailed test)
p-value = P[Test Statistic (T) observed value of the test
statistic] (for left-tailed test)
p-value = 2P T observed value of the test statistic
(for two-tailed test)
X 0
X 0
~ N 0,1 ; n > 30
S/ n
S/ n
Test statistic for population proportion
t
X 0
~ N 0, 1 ;
/ n
~ t n 1 ; Z
p P0
~ N 0, 1
P0 Q 0
n
X
2
0
(n 1)S2
~ 2 n 1
02
17
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
n1 n 2
XY
12 22
n1 n 2
~ N(0, 1)
Sp
where Q = 1-P.
1
1
n1 n 2
where
1
n1 1 S12 n 2 1 S22
n1 n 2 2
n p n 2 p2 X1 X 2
1 P
P 1 1
and Q
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
Test statistic for two population variances
(independent populations)
Z
2
XY
S12 S22
n1 n 2
(when P is unknown)
1 1
PQ
n1 n 2
~ t (n 1 n 2 2)
n2
n1
2
2
1
where S2p
X i X Yi Y or
n1 n 2 2 i 1
i 1
S2p
p1 p2
XY
PQ
n1 n 2
~ N(0, 1) ; n1 , n 2 30
D
t
~ t n 1
SD / n
2
1 n
1 n
D Di and SD2
Di D
n i 1
n 1 i 1
S12 S22
~ N 0,1 ; n1 and n 2 30
1 1
2
n1 n 2
S12 S22
2S14 2S42
n2
n1
S12
S22
~ N 0,1 ; n1 and n 2 30
~ F(n1 1,n 2 1)
F 1 , 2 ,1
1
F 2 , 1 ,
t
6
r n2
1 r2
~ t n 2
Non-parametric Tests
Sign test/Paired sign test
S
for right tail test
Test statistic(S) S
for left tail test
Test statistic(T) T
for left tail test
n
S
2 ~ N 0,1
Test statistic (for n > 20) Z
n
4
Run test
2n1n 2
1
n
N 0,1
2n1n 2 2n1n 2 n
R
n 2 n 1
18
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
Mann-Whitney U test
n1 n1 1
;
S
2
Test statistic (U)
n 2 n 2 1
;
S
2
if n1 is small
if n 2 is small
n1 n 2
2
~ N 0,1
n1n 2 n1 n 2 1
U
12
Kruskal-Wallis test
Friedman test
12
Test statistic (H)
n n 1
i 1
R i2
ni
3 n 1
Test statistic(F)
n
12
R 2j 3k(n 1)
kn(n 1) j1
n n i 1
C 1
t
k
k n 2 1
i 1
3
i
ti
Test statistic ( 2 )
i 1
Oi E i
Ei
~ 2k 1
Ei Npi
where Oi observed frequency of ith class, and
th
Test statistic ( )
2
i 1 j1
Eij
Ri C j
N
where Ri sum of ith row, and
19
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
ij
Eij
Eij
~ 2r 1 c 1
MST-005
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
S.
No.
FORMULAE
1
n
Mean Square
Population
s2
xi
i1
Mean
x i x 2
1
n 1
1
N
i1
Mean Square
Xi
S2
i 1
1
N 1
Variance
2
Xi X
i1
1
N
Xi X
i1
Cn
Ex X
Ex X
1 1
Var x S2
n N
Var x
N 1 S 2
nN
Population
Mean Square
a
n
s2
Variance
npq
n 1
Var (p) =
Proportion
N n (1 )
.
N 1
n
A
N
Mean Square
S2
N (1 )
N 1
NS2 z 2
(for large population)
Nd 2 S2 z 2
NS2 t 2
(for small population)
Nd 2 S2 t 2
xi
xn
x st
1
ni
1
ni
Mean Square/Variance
ni
xij
si2
j1
n x
i
1
Ni x i
N i 1
k
Wi x i
1
n i 1
ni
(xij xi )2
1
N2
i 1
Mean
pst Wi pi
Xi
i 1
E(pst )
N N
i
Proportion
k
j1
Var x st
i 1
Population
ni
Si
ni
1 1 2 2
Wi Si
Ni
i 1 n i
k
i 1
Var pst
1
N2
Ni 2 Ni n i i 1 i
Ni 1 n i
i 1
1
2
N
N N
i 1
ni
i 1 i
1
Ni
Mean Square
Ni
Xij
S i2
j1
1
Ni 1
Ni
1
Xij
N i 1 j1
k
1
N
N i Xi
i 1
ni
n
k
Proportion
ni
n
Ni
N
n k W S2
Var x st PROP 1 i i
N i 1 n
Neyman/Optimum
ni n
N i Si
k
N i Si
N i Si ci
N i Si ci
; ni n
k
i 1
i 1
k
k
Wi Si
Wi Si2
i 1
i1
Var x st NEY
n
N
20
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
Ni
(X
j1
ij
Xi ) 2
1 1 k
Wi Si2
n N i 1
3 Systematic Random Sampling
Sample Mean
xi
Variance
1 n
xij
n j1
1
x sys
k
Var x sys
Population Mean
N 1 2 n 1 k 2
S
Ssys
N
N
xi
Xi
X..
i 1
1 n
Xij
n j1
k
S2
1
(nk 1)
1
Xij
nk i 1 j1
2
Ssy
s
X
k
i 1 j1
1
k (n 1)
ij
X
k
ij
Xi
i 1 j1
1 k
Xi
k i 1
4 Cluster Sampling
Cluster Mean
M
1
M
xi
Sample Mean
j1
1
n
x ij x n
Population Mean
Xi
xi
i1
1 M
Xij
M j1
Si2
1 N M
1 N
X
Xij Xi
NM i 1 j1
N i 1
1
M 1
X
M
ij
Xi
j1
S2w
1
Si2 (within cluster)
N i 1
S2b
1 N
(Xi X)2 (between clusters)
N 1 i 1
S2
N M
1
Xij X
NM 1
i 1 j1
Variance
X ij XX ik X
N M
1 f
Var x n
2 1 f
Sb n
Sb 1 M 1
where
i 1 j1 k j1
M 1NM 1 S 2
xi
1
m
1
x
n
Population Mean
Xi
x ij
j1
xi
1 M
Xij
M j1
NM
i1
N M
X ij
1 N
(Xi X)2 (between samples)
N 1 i 1
S2w
N M
1
Xij Xi
N M 1 i 1 j1
i 1 j1
(within sample)
Variance
Var x
N n
N
S2b
M m S2w
n
M
mn
SST
k 1
SSE
MSSE =
Nk
SST Ti.2 CF
MSST =
i 1
where CF
i
G2
, RSS yij2 , G grand total or sum of all observations, and
N
i 1 j1
21
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
Variance Ratio
F=
MSST
MSSE
ni
CD =
1
ni
n j
1/ 2
Variance Ratio
SSA
1 p 2
yi. CF
q
i 1
MSSA
SSA
p 1
FA =
MSSA
MSSE
SSB
1 q 2
y. j CF
p
j1
MSSB
SSB
q 1
FB =
MSSB
MSSE
MSSE
p
where CF
SSE
p 1 q 1
G2
, RSS yij2 , N = pq
N
i 1 j1
2MSSE
q
Variance Ratio
SSA
1
yi..2 CF
qm
i 1
MSSA
SSA
p 1
MSSA
MSSE
SSB
1 q 2
y.j. CF
pm
j1
MSSB
SSB
q 1
MSSB
MSSE
MSSAB
MSSE
SSAB
1 p q 2
yij. CF SSA SSB
m
i 1 j1
where CF
MSSAB
MSSE
SSAB
p 1 q 1
SSE
pq m 1
G2
2
, RSS yijk
, N = pqm
N
i 1 j1 k 1
Variance Ratio
SSR
1 m 2
yi.. CF
m
i 1
MSSR
SSR
m 1
FR
SSC
1 m 2
y.j. CF
m
j1
MSSC
SSC
m 1
FC
MSST
SST
m 1
1 m 2
SST y..k
CF
m k 1
MSSE
MSSR
MSSE
MSSC
MSSE
MSST
FT
MSSE
SSE
m 1 m 2
TSS RSS CF
22
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
where CF
m
m m m
m m
G2
2
, RSS yijk
, N = m2, yi.. yijk sum of the observations of ith row
N
i 1 j1 k 1
j1 k 1
m
th
y.j. yijk sum of the observations of j column, y..k yijk
i 1 j1
i 1 k 1
MSSC (m 1)MSSE
m MSSE
Relative efficiency =
MSSR (m 1)MSSE
m MSSE
pTi qB j G
Y
(p 1)(q 1)
m(R i C j Tk ) 2G
Y
(m 1)(m 2)
10 Factorial Experiments
Main and interaction effects for 22
[A] = [ab] + [a] [b ] [1]
[B] = [ab] +[ b] [a] [1]
[AB] = [ab] + [1] [a] [ b]
Sum of squares due to
A A / 4r
2
B B / 4r
AB AB / 4r
AC AC / 8r ; BC BC / 8r ; ABC ABC / 8r
2
Standard errors for testing the difference between means at different levels
SE of difference between main effect means =
2MSSE
r.2n 1
SE of difference between A means at same level of B
= SE of difference between B means at same level of A =
2MSSE
r.2n 2
2MSSE
r.2n r
23
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
MSTE-001
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS-I
S.
No.
FORMULAE
1 Process Control
Control
Chart
X A2R
X A2R
X new
X new A 2 R new
X new A 2 R new
X A3S
X A3S
X new
X new A3 Snew
X new A3 Snew
1 k
where X Xi ; X new
k i 1
Xi
i 1
Xj
j1
i 1
; R new
k d
Ri
j1
k d
; Snew
D2
D3 R
D4 R
R new
D3R new
D4 R new
c4
B5
B6
B3 S
B4 S
Snew
B3 Snew
B4 Snew
P3
p(1 p)
n
p 3
pnew
pnew 3
pnew (1 pnew )
n
d
1 k
1 k
where pi i ; p pi or p
di ; pnew
nk i 1
n
k i 1
i 1
P(1 P)
ni
P(1 P)
n
p3
p(1 p)
n
pnew (1 pnew )
n
pi
j1
k d
pj
or pnew
di
i 1
n k d
P3
P(1 P)
ni
p3
p(1 p)
ni
P3
p 3
pnew
pnew 3
P3
P(1 P)
n
P3
P(1 P)
n
p 3
p(1 p)
n
p3
p(1 p)
n
pnew
pnew 3
ni
pnew 1 pnew
ni
pnew (1 pnew )
n
pnew 3
pnew 3
24
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
j1
p 1 p
j1
P3
pnew 3
k d
D1
P(1 P)
Si
i 1
d2
p-chart for
variable
sample size
Rj
pnew (1 pnew )
ni
pnew (1 pnew )
n
d
where pi i ; p
ni
i 1
k
i 1
np
1 k
; n n i ; pnew
kn
k i 1
i 1
n n
di
i 1
k
j1
d
i 1
j1
nP
nP 3 nP(1 P)
nP 3 nP(1 P)
np
np 3 np(1 p)
np 3 np(1 p)
npnew
c 3 c
c 3 c
cnew
cnew 3 cnew
cnew 3 cnew
1 k
where c ci ; cnew
k i 1
c
ci
i 1
j1
k d
u
ni
u 3
u new
u new 3
u 3
u new
u new 3
u 3
u new
ni
c
where u i i ; u
ni
u
n
u 3
u new
n
i 1
k
n
i 1
u
n
u new 3
u new
ni
u new 3
u
ni
1 k
1 n
i 1 ; u u i ; n n i ; u new
kn
k i 1
k i 1
u new
n
n n
ci
i 1
k
j1
d
i 1
j1
2 Product Control
Lot quality or proportion defective
Producers risk
Consumers risk
Pa p Pa P X c P X 1 or 2 or 3, ..., or c
Pa p P X c
Np
Cx
N Np
N
x 0
Cn x
Cx
Binomial approximation
c
Pa p Cx p 1 p
n
x 0
Poisson approximation
when N 10n
x 0
x 0
Np2
Cx N Np2 Cn x
N
Cx
Binomial approximation
c
n x
Pc Pa p2 P X x
Pc n Cx p2x 1 p 2
nx
x 0
25
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
p N n Pa
N
n
n
e x
when np is finite
x
x 0
c
Pa p
Producers risk
c
Pp 1 Pa p1 1
Np1
Cx
N Np1
N
x 0
Cn x
Cx
Binomial approximation
c
Pp 1 n Cx p1x 1 p1
n x
p2
np
np
np
np
; n 1 and p2 2 ; n 2 and p1 1
p1
p1
n
p2
n
x 0
c1
Pa (p) Pa1 Pa 2
Cx
x 0
c2 x Np
c2
Cx
N Np
N
x c11 y 0
N Np
Cn1 x
c1
Pc
Cn1
C n1 x
C n1
Pa (p) C x p 1 p
x
Np x
C y N n1 Np x C n 2 y
N n1
n1
x c11 y 0
c1
Np1
x 0
c2 x Np1
c2
n1 x n
2
C y p 1 p
y
C n1 x
C n1 x
C n1
Np1 x
n1
N n1
Cn2
n1
Cx p 2x 1 p 2 1
n x n
2
C y p 2y 1 p2
nl
n
0and 2 0
N
N
n x
x c11 y 0
C y N n 2 Np2 x C n 2 y
x 0
c2 x
c2 x
Pp 1 n1 Cx p1x 1 p1 1
c2
c2
x c11 y 0
Binomial approximation
c1
C n1
Np 2 x
n
AOQ p 1 1 Pa1 Pa 2 2 Pa 2
N
N
N Np1
N
x c1 1 y 0
C n1 x
n x
n2 y
C n1
Cx
N Np 2
x 0
Cx p 1 p
N Np1
Cx
c1
Cx
Cn1
c 2 x Np 2
Pc n1 Cx p 2x 1 p 2 1
n1 x
Producers risk
Pp 1
c2
x c11 y 0
Cn2
x 0
c2 x
Binomial approximation
c1
c2
C x N Np2 Cn1 x
x 0
Binomial approximation
n1
Np2
Cx p1x 1 p1 1
n x n
2
Cy p1y 1 p1
n2 y
n1
n1 p
(where p2 = LTPD, n1 = n2 or n2 = 2n1)
p2
p2
p1
5 Game Theory
Algebraic Method
dc
,
(a b) (d c)
p2
ab
(a b) (d c)
A1
A2
q1
db
,
(a b) (d c)
q2
26
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
a c
(a b) (d c)
n2 y
v
6
Reliability Theory
R(t)
Ns (t)
,
N0
F(t)
ad bc
(a b) (d c)
Nf (t)
, F(t) = 1 R( t)
N0
where
t
0
0
0
f (t)
d
d
(t) dt
R(t)
F(t)
(t)
exp
dt
dt
0
d
F(t)
d
dt
(t) lnR(t)
dt
1 F(t)
f (t)
t
f (t)dt
0
i 1
MTTF R(t)dt
= R 1 1 R1 1 R 2 1 R 3 ... 1 R n 1 1 R i
i 1
MTTF
th
27
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
MSTE-002
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS-II
S.
No.
1
FORMULAE
Operating Characteristics for M/M/1 Queueing Model
Pn(t) = P[N(t) = n]
Ls
Pn 1 n , n 0
P n k
nP
Ws Wq
n 1
Ws
k 1
n c P
Lq
n c 1
Ls = Ws ;
Ls
Lq = Wq
Ls Lq
Wq
Ls
1
Lq
Wq Ws
Lq
2 D CO
Ch
2D CO
Ch T
*
Minimum total yearly inventory cost TC
M2 t
C
Carrying cost
2Q h
Carrying cost =
M2
Ch
2Q
S2 t
C
Shortage cost
2Q S
Average inventory
Q rd
1
2 rp
Q rd
1
2 rp
Ch
S2
CS
2Q
CS *
2DCO CS
M*
Q
C
Ch Ch CS
S
h
2DCO CS Ch
(
)
Economic order quantity Q
Ch
Cs
*
2CO CS Ch
DCh CS
CS
TC* 2DCOCh
Ch CS
2DCO
Q*
rp
Ch rp rp rd
Q*
DCh rp rd
2Co rp
Q*
Total cycle time t*
2 D CO C h T
2DCO rp
Ch rp rd
r
TC* 2DCO Ch 1 d
rp
2CO D
ip n 1
28
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
C D 1
TC Q j Dp j O Ch Q j
Qj
2
SSX
2
i
i 1
SSXY Yi Xi
Test statistic
(a a 0 )
t
1 X2
SSRes
n SSX
(b b)
SSRes
SSX
t (n 2)
t (n 2)
Y X
; i 1, 2,..., n
r residual = ri Yi Y
i
th
ri
or
; i 1, 2,..., n
(SSXY )2
SSY
SSX
2 SSRes
SSRes
SSRes
b U b t / 2
SSX
ri r
2
i
i 1
nk
i 1
nk
Variance of estimates
1 X
Var a
n SS
X
2
Var b
SSx
Var(Y)
2
n
1 (X0 X) 2
Y
t
Y
t
Y
V(Y)
SS
L
/2
/2
Res
n
SSX
1 (X0 X) 2
Y
t
U
/ 2 V(Y) Y t / 2 SSRes
n
SSX
1 (X0 X)2
Y
t
) Y
t
Y
V(Y
SS
1
L
0
/2
0
0
/2
Res
n
SSX
1 (X0 X)2
Y
t
) Y
t
Y
V(Y
SS
1
U
0
/2
0
0
/2
Res
n
SSX
Coefficient of determination
SS
XY
R
2
SSX SSY
n 1
R 2 1 (1 R 2 )
n k 1
5
Y X
j
ij
B0
1j Xij
... Bp
B2
2 j X ij
pj Xij
Sum of squares
Variance of estimates
2
2
SSRe s ri r Y Y Y XB
2 1 (X 0 X)
V Y
n
2
SSX
SS
SS SS
/ SS
Res
XY
XX1 X Y
B
SST
XB
X X X X Y
Y
1
2
i
nY 2
Y
Y Y
Test statistics
B
j
tj
; j 0,1,...p
)
S.E.(B
j
SSReg
B Y ' X
j
nY 2
2 1 1 (X 0 X)
V Y
0
n
SSX
SSRes
2
(n p 1)
)
V(B
j
jj
V B
SE B
j
jj
2
XX 1 ( jk ); j, k 0,1, 2...p
,B
) ;j k
Cov(B
j
k
jk
Adjusted R2
29
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
1
i 2
pi
i 1, 2,..., n
n
Percentage probability for ith ordered residual
1
i 2
100;
Pi
i 1, 2,..., n
n
Coefficient of determination
p
B Y 'X nY
j
(n 1)(1 R 2 )
(n p 1)
j0
R 2Adj 1
Y 'Y nY 2
SS(B0 , B1 , B2 ) SS(B0 , B2 )
SSReg
SST
SS(B0 , B1 ) SS(B0 , B1 , B2 )
w x
i q
t i
k 100
Total of Indices
for i 1, 2,3,..., k
yt b j t j
yt
Tt Ct I t
St
Seasonal relative = S I 100 = (yt /MA(2) ) 100
Deseasonalised time series value Zt
j 0
yt 0 1t
Auto-covariance and autocorrelation coefficient
Auto-covariance coefficient at lag k
Nk
ck yt y yt k y N k
t 1
Variance of Xt in MA(q) : V X t a2 1 i2
i 1
c0 yt y yt y N , for all k
2
Y
t 1
Auto-correlation coefficient rk
ck
c0
1 k 1 ... q k q
2
1 i
i 1
q
2
2
Variance of Xt in MA(1) : V Xt a 1 1
Variance of Xt in MA(2) : V Xt a2 1 12 22
Autoregressive processes
Variance of Xt in AR(1)
2x a2 1 12
Variance of Xt in AR(2)
2x a2 1 11 22
pacf (1) 1 1
a2 1 2 2
30
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
pacf (2)
1
2
2
1
2
1
Limits =
2
2
N
Statistical
Tables
31
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
LOGARITHMS
43
86
128
170
212
253
294
334
414
453
492
531
569
607
645
682
792
828
864
899
934
969
1004
1139
1173
1206
1239
1271
1303
1461
1492
1523
1553
1584
1761
1790
1818
1847
1875
2041
2068
2095
2122
2304
2330
2355
2553
2577
2788
3010
Mean Difference
1
374
12
17
21
25
29
33
37
719
755
11
15
19
23
26
30
34
1038
1072
1106
10
14
17
21
24
26
31
1335
1367
1399
1430
10
13
16
19
23
26
29
1614
1644
1673
1703
1732
12
15
18
21
24
27
1903
1931
1959
1987
2014
11
14
17
20
22
25
2148
2175
2201
2227
2253
2279
11
13
16
18
21
24
2380
2405
2430
2455
2480
2504
2529
10
12
15
17
20
22
2601
2625
2648
2672
2696
2718
2742
2765
12
14
16
19
21
2810
2833
2856
2878
2900
2923
2945
2967
2989
11
13
16
18
20
3032
3054
3075
3096
3118
3139
3180
3181
3201
11
13
15
17
19
3222
3243
3263
3284
3304
3324
3345
3365
3385
3404
10
12
14
16
18
3424
3444
3464
3483
3502
3522
3541
3560
3579
3598
10
12
14
15
17
3617
3636
3655
3674
3692
3711
3729
3747
3766
3784
11
13
15
17
3802
3820
3838
3856
3874
3892
3909
3927
3945
3962
11
12
14
16
3979
3997
4014
4031
4048
4065
4082
4099
4116
4133
10
12
14
15
4150
4166
4183
4200
4216
4232
4249
4265
4281
4298
10
11
13
15
4314
4330
4346
4362
4378
4393
4409
4425
4440
4456
11
13
14
4472
4487
4502
4518
4533
4548
4564
4579
4594
4609
11
12
14
4624
4639
4654
4669
4683
4698
4713
4728
4742
4757
10
12
13
4771
4786
4800
4814
4829
4843
4857
4871
4886
4900
10
11
13
4914
4928
4942
4955
4969
4983
4997
5011
5024
5038
10
11
12
5051
5065
5079
5092
5105
5119
5132
5145
5159
5172
11
12
5185
5198
5211
5224
5237
5250
5263
5276
5289
5302
10
12
5315
5328
5340
5353
5366
5378
5391
5403
5416
5428
10
11
5441
5453
5465
5478
5490
5502
5514
5527
5539
5551
10
11
5563
5575
5587
5566
5611
5623
5635
5647
5658
5670
10
11
5682
5694
5705
5717
5729
5740
5752
5763
5775
5786
10
5798
5809
5821
5832
5843
5855
5866
5877
5888
5899
10
5911
5922
5933
5944
5955
5966
5977
5988
5999
6010
10
6021
6031
6042
6053
6064
6075
6085
6096
6107
6117
10
6128
6138
6149
6160
6170
6180
6191
6201
6212
6222
6232
6243
6253
6263
6274
6284
6294
6304
6314
6325
6335
6345
6355
6365
6375
6385
6395
6405
6415
6425
6435
6345
6454
6464
6474
6484
6493
6503
6513
6522
6532
6542
6551
6561
6571
6580
6590
6599
6609
6618
6628
6637
6646
6656
6665
6675
6684
6693
6702
6712
6721
6730
6739
6749
6758
6767
6776
6785
6794
6803
6812
6821
6830
6839
6848
6857
6866
6875
6884
6893
6902
6911
6920
6928
6937
6946
6955
6964
6972
6981
6990
6998
7007
7016
7024
7033
7042
7050
7059
7067
7078
7084
7093
7101
7110
7118
7126
7135
7143
7152
7160
7168
7177
7185
7193
7202
7210
7218
7226
7235
7243
7251
7259
7267
7275
7284
7292
7300
7308
7316
7324
7332
7340
7348
7356
7364
7372
7380
7388
7396
32
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
7404
7412
7419
7427
7435
7443
7451
7459
7466
7474
7482
7490
7497
7505
7513
7520
7528
7536
7543
7551
7559
7566
7574
7582
7589
7597
7604
7612
7619
7627
7634
7642
7649
7657
7664
7672
7679
7686
7694
7701
7709
7716
7723
7731
7738
7745
7752
7760
7767
7774
7782
7789
7769
7803
7810
7818
7825
7832
7839
7846
7853
7860
7869
7875
7882
7889
7896
7903
7910
7917
7924
7931
7938
7945
7952
7959
7966
7973
7980
7987
7993
8000
8007
8014
8021
8028
8035
8041
8048
8055
8062
8069
8075
8082
8089
8096
8102
8109
8116
8122
8129
8136
8142
8149
8156
8162
8169
8178
8182
8189
8195
8202
8209
8215
8222
8228
8235
8241
8248
8254
8261
8267
8274
8280
8287
8293
8299
8306
8312
8319
8325
8331
8338
8344
8351
8357
8383
8370
8376
8382
8388
8395
8401
8407
8414
8420
8426
8432
8439
8445
8451
8457
8463
8470
8476
8482
8488
8494
8500
8506
8513
8519
8525
8531
8537
8543
8549
8555
8561
8567
8573
8579
8585
8591
8597
8603
8609
8615
8621
8627
8633
8639
8645
8651
8657
8663
8669
8675
8681
8686
8692
8698
8704
8710
8716
8722
8727
8733
8739
8745
8751
8756
8762
8768
8774
8779
8785
8791
8797
8802
8808
8814
8820
8825
8831
8837
8542
8848
8854
8859
8865
8871
8876
8882
8887
8893
8899
8904
8910
8915
8921
8927
8932
8938
8943
8949
8954
8960
8965
8971
8976
8982
6937
8993
8998
9004
9009
9015
9020
9025
9031
9036
9042
9047
9053
9058
9063
9069
9074
9079
9085
9090
9096
9101
9106
9112
9117
9122
9128
9133
9138
9143
9149
9154
9159
9165
9170
9175
9180
9186
9191
9196
9201
9206
9212
9217
9222
9227
9232
9238
9243
9248
9253
9258
9263
9269
9274
9279
9284
9289
9294
9299
9304
9309
9315
9320
9325
9330
9335
9340
9345
9350
9355
9360
9365
9370
9375
9380
9385
9390
9395
9400
9405
9410
9415
9420
9425
9430
9435
9440
9445
9450
9455
9460
9465
9469
9474
9479
9484
9489
9494
9499
9504
9509
9513
9518
9523
9528
9533
9538
9542
9547
9552
9557
9562
9566
9571
9576
9581
9586
9590
9595
9600
9605
9609
9614
9619
9624
9628
9633
9638
9643
9674
9652
9657
9661
9666
9671
9675
9680
9685
9689
9694
9699
9703
9708
9713
9717
9722
9727
9731
9736
9741
9745
9750
9754
9759
9763
9766
9773
9777
9782
9786
9791
9795
9800
9805
9809
9814
9818
9823
9827
9832
9836
9841
9845
9850
9854
9859
9863
9868
9872
9877
9681
9886
9890
9894
9899
9903
9908
9912
9917
9921
9926
9930
9934
9939
9843
9948
9952
9956
9961
9965
9969
9974
9978
9983
9987
9991
9996
Mean Difference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
33
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
TABLE 2
ANTILOGARITHMS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1122
1148
1175
1202
1230
1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549
1585
1622
1660
1698
1738
1778
1820
1862
1905
1950
1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455
2512
2570
2630
2892
2754
2818
2884
2951
3020
1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1125
1151
1178
1205
1233
1262
1291
1321
1352
1304
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552
1289
1626
1663
1702
1742
1782
1824
1868
1910
1954
2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2244
2296
2350
2404
2480
2518
2576
2836
2898
2761
2825
2891
2958
3027
1005
1028
1052
1076
1102
1127
1153
1180
1208
1236
1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556
1592
1629
1667
1706
1746
1786
1828
1871
1914
1959
2004
2051
2090
2148
2198
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466
2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
2831
2897
2965
3034
1007
1030
1054
1079
1104
1130
1156
1183
1211
1239
1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560
1596
1633
1671
1710
1750
1791
1832
1875
1919
1963
2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472
2529
2588
2849
2710
2773
2838
2904
2972
3041
1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1132
1159
1188
1213
1242
1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563
1600
1637
1675
1714
1754
1795
1837
1879
1923
1968
2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
2259
2312
2366
2421
2477
2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2844
2911
2979
3048
1012
1035
1059
1084
1109
1135
1161
1189
1216
1245
1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567
1603
1641
1679
1718
1758
1799
1841
1884
1928
1972
2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483
2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2851
2917
2985
3055
1014
1038
1062
1086
1112
1138
1164
1191
1219
1247
1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570
1607
1644
1683
1722
1762
1803
1845
1888
1932
1977
2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489
2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2858
2924
2992
3062
1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1140
1167
1194
1222
1250
1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574
1611
1648
1687
1726
1766
1807
1849
1892
1936
1982
2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495
2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2864
2931
2999
3096
1019
1042
1067
1091
1117
1143
1169
1197
1225
1253
1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578
1614
1652
1690
1730
1770
1811
1854
1897
1941
1986
2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500
2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2871
2938
3006
3076
49
3090
3097
3105
3112
3119
3126
3133
3141
Mean Difference
1021
1045
1069
1094
1119
1146
1172
1199
1227
1256
1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581
1618
1656
1694
1734
1774
1816
1858
1901
1945
1991
2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
2286
2339
2393
2449
2508
2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
2877
2944
3013
3083
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
9
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3148
3155
34
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
3162
3238
3311
3388
3467
3548
3631
3715
3802
3890
3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898
5012
5129
5248
5370
5495
5823
5754
5888
6026
6166
6310
6457
6607
6761
6918
7079
7244
7413
7586
7762
7943
8128
8318
8511
8710
8913
9120
9333
9550
9772
3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3556
3639
3724
3811
3899
3990
4083
4176
4276
4375
4477
4581
4686
4797
4909
5023
5140
5260
5383
5508
5636
5768
5902
6039
6180
6324
6471
6622
6776
6934
7096
7261
7430
7603
7780
7962
8147
8337
8531
8730
8933
9141
9354
9572
9795
3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3565
3648
3733
3819
3908
3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920
5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194
6339
6486
6637
6792
6950
7112
7278
7447
7621
7798
7980
8166
8358
8551
8750
8954
9162
9376
9594
9817
3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3573
3656
3741
3828
3917
4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932
5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209
6353
6501
6653
6808
6966
7129
7295
7464
7638
7816
7998
8185
8375
8570
8770
8974
9183
9397
9616
9840
3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3581
3664
3750
3837
3926
4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943
5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223
6368
6516
6668
6823
6982
7145
7311
7482
7656
7834
8017
8204
8395
8590
8790
8995
9204
9419
9638
9863
3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3589
3673
3758
3846
3936
4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955
5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237
6383
6531
6683
6839
6998
7161
7328
7499
7674
7852
8035
8222
8414
8610
8810
9016
9226
9441
9661
9886
3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3597
3681
3767
3855
3945
4036
4130
4227
4325
4426
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966
5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252
6397
6546
6699
6855
7015
7178
7345
7516
7691
7870
8054
8241
8433
8630
8831
9036
9247
9462
9683
9908
3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3606
3690
3776
3864
3954
4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977
5093
5212
5333
5459
5585
5715
5848
5984
6124
6299
6412
6561
6715
6871
7031
7194
7362
7534
7709
7889
8072
8260
8453
8650
8851
9057
9268
9484
9705
9931
3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
3614
3698
3784
3873
3963
4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989
5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281
6427
6577
6730
6887
7047
7211
7379
7551
7727
7907
8091
8279
8472
8670
8872
9078
9290
9506
9727
9954
3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
3622
3707
3793
3882
3972
4064
4159
4256
4355
4457
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000
5117
5236
5358
5438
5610
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295
6442
6592
6745
6902
7063
7228
7396
7568
7745
7925
8110
8299
8492
8690
8892
9099
9311
9528
9750
9977
Mean Difference
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
6
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
7
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
8
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
9
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
1 2 3 4
35
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
TABLE 3
0.0
1.0000
0.9900
0.9802
0.9704
0.9608
0.9512
0.9418
0.9324
0.9231
0.9139
0.1
0.9048
0.8958
0.8860
0.8781
0.8694
0.8607
0.8521
0.8437
0.8353
0.8270
0.2
0.7187
0.8106
0.8025
0.7945
0.7866
0.7788
0.7711
0.7634
0.7558
0.7483
0.3
0.7408
0.7334
0.7261
0.7189
0.7118
0.7047
0.6970
0.6907
0.6839
0.6771
0.4
06703
0.6636
0.6570
0.6505
0.6440
0.6376
0.6313
0.6250
0.6188
0.6125
0.5
0.6065
0.6005
0.5945
0.5886
0.5827
0.5770
0.5712
0.5655
0.5599
0.5543
0.6
0.5448
0.5434
0.5379
0.5326
0.5278
0.5220
0.5160
0.5113
0.5066
0.5016
0.7
0.4966
0.4916
0.4868
0.4810
0.4771
0.4724
0.4670
0.4630
0.4584
0.4538
0.8
0.4493
0.4449
0.4404
0.4360
0.4317
0.4274
0.4232
0.4190
0.4148
0.4107
0.9
0.4066
0.4026
0.3985
0.3946
0.3906
0.3867
0.3829
0.3791
0.3753
0.3716
(=1, 2, 3, ...,10)
10
0.3679
0.1353
0.0498
0.0183
0.0070
0.0028
0.0009
0.0004
0.0001
0.00004
Note: To obtain values of e for other values of , use the laws of exponents, i.e.,
a b
e e a .e b e.g. e 2.25 e 2 .e 0.25 (0.1353)(0.7788) 0.1054
36
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 4
Confidence Interval
99%
98%
95%
90%
Level of Significance ()
0.01 (1%)
0.02 (2%)
0.05 (5%)
0.10 (10%)
z/2 = 2.576
z/2 = 2.326
z/2 = 1.960
z/2 = 1.645
One (right)-Tailed
z = 2.326
z = 2.054
z = 1.645
z = 1.282
One ( left)-Tailed
z = 2.326 2
z = 2.054
z = 1.645
z = 1.282
Two-Tailed
37
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 5
The first column and first row of the table indicate the values of standard normal variate Z
at first and second place of decimal. The entry represents the upper tail area under the
curve or probability, i.e., P[0 Z z] for different values of Z.
Z
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.0000
0.0040
0.0080
0.0120
0.0160
0.0199
0.0239
0.0279
0.0319
0.0359
0.1
0.0398
0.0438
0.0478
0.0517
0.0557
0.0596
0.0636
0.0675
0.0714
0.0753
0.2
0.0793
0.0832
0.0871
0.0910
0.0948
0.0987
0.1026
0.1064
0.1103
0.1141
0.3
0.1179
0.1217
0.1255
0.1293
0.1331
0.1368
0.1406
0.1443
0.1480
0.1517
0.4
0.1554
0.1591
0.1628
0.1664
0.1700
0.1736
0.1772
0.1808
0.1844
0.1879
0.5
0.1915
0.1950
0.1985
0.2019
0.2054
0.2088
0.2123
0.2157
0.2190
0.2224
0.6
0.2257
0.2291
0.2324
0.2357
0.2389
0.2422
0.2454
0.2486
0.2517
0.2549
0.7
0.2580
0.2611
0.2642
0.2673
0.2704
0.2734
0.2764
0.2794
0.2823
0.2852
0.8
0.2881
0.2910
0.2939
0.2967
0.2995
0.3023
0.3051
0.3078
0.3106
0.3133
0.9
0.3159
0.3186
0.3212
0.3238
0.3264
0.3289
0.3315
0.3304
0.3365
0.3389
1.0
0.3413
0.3438
0.3461
0.3485
0.3508
0.3531
0.3554
0.3577
0.3599
0.3621
1.1
0.3643
0.3665
0.3686
0.3708
0.3729
0.3749
0.3770
0.3790
0.3810
0.3830
1.2
0.3849
0.3869
0.3888
0.3907
0.3925
0.3944
0.3962
0.3980
0.3997
0.4015
1.3
0.4032
0.4049
0.4066
0.4082
0.4099
0.4115
0.4131
0.4147
0.4162
0.4177
1.4
0.4192
0.4207
0.4222
0.4236
0.4251
0.4265
0.4279
0.4292
0.4306
0.4319
1.5
0.4332
0.4345
0.4357
0.4370
0.4382
0.4394
0.4406
0.4418
0.4429
0.4441
1.6
0.4452
0.4463
0.4474
0.4484
0.4495
0.4505
0.4515
0.4525
0.4535
0.4545
1.7
0.4554
0.4564
0.4573
0.4582
0.4591
0.4599
0.4608
0.4616
0.4625
0.4633
1.8
0.4641
0.4649
0.4656
0.4664
0.4671
0.4678
0.4686
0.4693
0.4699
0.4706
1.9
0.4713
0.4719
0.4726
0.4732
0.4738
0.4744
0.4750
0.4756
0.4761
0.4767
2.0
0.4772
0.4778
0.4783
0.4788
0.4793
0.4798
0.4803
0.4808
0.4812
0.4817
2.1
0.4821
0.4826
0.4830
0.4834
0.4838
0.4842
0.4846
0.4850
0.4854
0.4857
2.2
0.4861
0.4864
0.4868
0.4871
0.4875
0.4878
0.4881
0.4884
0.4887
0.4890
2.3
0.4893
0.4896
0.4898
0.4901
0.4904
0.4906
0.4909
0.4911
0.4913
0.4916
2.4
0.4918
0.4920
0.4922
0.4925
0.4927
0.4929
0.4931
0.4932
0.4934
0.4936
2.5
0.4938
0.4940
0.4941
0.4943
0.4945
0.4946
0.4948
0.4949
0.4951
0.4952
2.6
0.4953
0.4955
0.4956
0.4957
0.4959
0.4960
0.4961
0.4962
0.4963
0.4964
2.7
0.4965
0.4966
0.4967
0.4968
0.4969
0.4970
0.4971
0.4972
0.4973
0.4974
2.8
0.4974
0.4975
0.4976
0.4977
0.4977
0.4978
0.4979
0.4979
0.4980
0.4981
2.9
0.4981
0.4982
0.4982
0.4983
0.4984
0.4984
0.4985
0.4985
0.4986
0.4986
3.0
0.4987
0.4987
0.4987
0.4988
0.4988
0.4989
0.4989
0.4989
0.4990
0.4990
3.1
0.4990
0.4991
0.4991
0.4991
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4992
0.4993
0.4993
3.2
0.4993
0.4993
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4994
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
3.3
0.4995
0.4995
0.4995
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4996
0.4997
3.4
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4997
0.4998
3.5
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
0.4998
3.6
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
3.7
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
3.8
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
3.9
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
Note: The area for negative values of Z is taken as the same as that for positive values, since the curve is
symmetrical.
38
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 6
The first column of this table indicates the degrees of freedom and first row indicates a specified
upper tail area (). The entry represents the value of the t-statistic such that area under
the curve of the t-distribution to its upper tail is equal to .
One-Tailed Test
=
0.10
Two-Tailed Test
=
0.20
=1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576
Note: The area for negative values of Z is taken as the same as that for positive values, since the curve is symmetrical.
39
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 7
The first column of this table indicates the degrees of freedom and first indicates row a
specified upper tail area (). The entry represents the value of chi-square statistic
such that the area under the curve of the chi square distribution to its upper tail is
equal to .
0.995
--=1
0.01
2
0.07
3
0.21
4
0.41
5
0.99
--0.02
0.11
0.30
0.55
0.975
--0.05
0.22
0.48
0.83
0.95
--0.10
0.35
0.71
1.15
0.90
0.02
0.21
0.58
1.06
1.61
0.10
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
0.05
3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
11.07
0.025
5.02
7.38
9.35
11.14
12.83
0.01
0.01
6.63
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09
0.005
7.88
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75
6
7
8
9
10
0.68
0.99
1.34
1.73
2.16
0.87
1.24
1.65
2.09
2.56
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70
3.25
1.64
2.17
2.73
3.33
3.94
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
4.87
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99
12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31
14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21
18.55
20.28
21.96
23.59
25.19
11
12
13
14
15
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07
4.60
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66
5.23
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63
6.26
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57
7.26
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
8.55
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.05
22.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00
21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80
16
17
18
19
20
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84
7.43
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63
8.26
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91
9.59
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.12
10.85
9.31
10.09
10.86
11.65
12.44
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41
28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00
21
22
23
24
25
8.03 8.90
8.64 9.54
9.26 10.20
9.89 10.86
10.52 11.52
10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12
11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61
13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65
35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31
41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93
26
27
28
29
30
11.16
11.81
12.46
13.12
13.79
12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
14.95
13.84
14.57
15.31
16.05
16.79
15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
18.49
17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
20.60
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77
41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89
48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34
53.67
40
50
60
70
80
20.71
27.99
35.53
43.28
51.17
22.16
29.71
37.48
45.44
53.54
24.43
32.36
40.48
48.76
57.15
26.51
34.76
43.19
51.74
60.39
29.05
37.69
46.46
55.33
64.28
51.81
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58
59.20 61.75
67.33 70.06
83.85 86.92
65.65
74.22
91.58
90
100
120
40
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 8
F DISTRIBUTION (F TABLE)
F-table contains the values of the F-statistic for different set of degrees of freedom (1 , 2 ) of numerator and
denominator such that the area under the curve of the F-distribution to its right (upper tail) is equal to .
40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
39.86
49.50
53.60
55.83
57.23
58.21
58.91
59.44
59.86
60.20
60.47
60.70
60.91
61.07
61.22
61.35
61.47
61.57
61.66
61.74
62.00
62.26
62.53
62.79
63.06
63.33
8.53
5.54
4.54
4.06
3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29
3.23
3.18
3.14
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.97
2.96
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92
2.91
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.88
2.84
2.79
2.75
2.71
9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78
3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92
2.86
2.81
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.49
2.44
2.39
2.35
2.30
9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62
3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.66
2.61
2.56
2.52
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.31
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.23
2.18
2.13
2.08
9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52
3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61
2.54
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.94
9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45
3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40
3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77
9.35
5.27
3.98
3.37
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.51
2.41
2.34
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.13
2.10
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.72
9.37
5.25
3.96
3.34
2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38
2.30
2.24
2.20
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.83
1.77
1.72
1.67
9.38
5.24
3.94
3.32
2.96
2.72
2.56
2.44
2.35
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.12
2.09
2.06
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.79
1.74
1.68
1.63
9.39
5.23
3.92
3.30
2.94
2.70
2.54
2.42
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.14
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.76
1.71
1.65
1.60
9.40
5.22
3.91
3.28
2.92
2.68
2.52
2.40
2.30
2.23
2.17
2.12
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.74
1.68
1.63
1.57
9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27
2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28
2.21
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.02
1.99
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.86
1.85
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.71
1.66
1.60
1.55
9.41
5.21
3.89
3.26
2.89
2.65
2.49
2.36
2.27
2.19
2.13
2.08
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.52
9.42
5.20
3.88
3.25
2.88
2.64
2.48
2.35
2.26
2.18
2.12
2.07
2.02
1.99
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.88
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.68
1.62
1.56
1.51
9.42
5.20
3.87
3.24
2.87
2.63
2.46
2.34
2.24
2.17
2.10
2.05
2.01
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.66
1.60
1.55
1.49
9.43
5.20
3.86
3.23
2.86
2.62
2.45
2.33
2.23
2.16
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.96
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.65
1.59
1.53
1.47
9.43
5.19
3.86
3.22
2.86
2.61
2.45
2.32
2.22
2.15
2.08
2.03
1.99
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.52
1.46
9.44
5.19
3.85
3.22
2.85
2.61
2.44
2.31
2.22
2.14
2.08
2.02
1.98
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.44
9.44
5.19
3.85
3.21
2.84
2.60
2.43
2.31
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.61
1.55
1.49
1.43
9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21
2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20
2.12
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.61
1.54
1.48
1.42
9.45
5.18
3.83
3.19
2.82
2.58
2.40
2.28
2.18
2.10
2.04
1.98
1.94
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.57
1.51
1.45
1.38
9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17
2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16
2.08
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.54
1.48
1.41
1.34
9.47
5.16
3.80
3.16
2.78
2.54
2.36
2.23
2.13
2.05
1.99
1.93
1.89
1.85
1.81
1.78
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.63
1.61
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.51
1.44
1.37
1.30
9.47
5.15
3.79
3.14
2.76
2.51
2.34
2.21
2.11
2.03
1.96
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.47
1.40
1.32
1.24
9.48
5.14
3.78
3.12
2.74
2.49
2.32
2.18
2.08
2.00
1.93
1.88
1.83
1.79
1.75
1.72
1.69
1.67
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.42
1.35
1.26
1.17
9.49
5.13
3.76
3.11
2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06
1.97
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.38
1.29
1.19
1.00
41
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
(2)
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
161
199
216
225
230
234
237
239
240
242
243
244
245
245
246
246
247
247
248
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
18.51
19.00
19.16
19.25
19.30
19.33
19.35
19.37
19.39
19.40
19.40
19.41
19.42
19.43
19.43
19.43
19.44
19.44
19.44
19.45
19.45
19.46
19.47
19.48
19.49
19.50
10.13
9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00
9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60
9.12
6.39
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69
2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37
9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21
8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.42
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.10
8.89
6.09
4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29
3.14
3.01
2.91
2.83
2.76
2.71
2.66
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.39
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.33
2.25
2.17
2.09
2.01
8.85
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94
8.81
6.00
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18
3.02
2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65
2.59
2.54
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.28
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.21
2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88
8.79
5.96
4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14
2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38
2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83
8.76
5.94
4.70
4.03
3.60
3.31
3.10
2.94
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.57
2.51
2.46
2.41
2.37
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.26
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.17
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.04
1.95
1.87
1.79
8.74
5.91
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75
8.73
5.89
4.66
3.98
3.55
3.26
3.05
2.89
2.76
2.66
2.58
2.51
2.45
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.14
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.06
1.97
1.89
1.80
1.72
8.72
5.87
4.64
3.96
3.53
3.24
3.03
2.86
2.74
2.64
2.55
2.48
2.42
2.37
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.22
2.20
2.17
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
1.95
1.86
1.78
1.69
8.70
5.86
4.62
3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85
2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01
1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67
8.69
5.84
4.60
3.92
3.49
3.20
2.99
2.83
2.70
2.60
2.51
2.44
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.90
1.82
1.73
1.64
8.68
5.83
4.59
3.91
3.48
3.19
2.97
2.81
2.69
2.58
2.50
2.43
2.37
2.32
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.89
1.80
1.71
1.62
8.67
5.82
4.58
3.90
3.47
3.17
2.96
2.80
2.67
2.57
2.48
2.41
2.35
2.30
2.26
2.22
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.10
2.08
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.87
1.78
1.69
1.60
8.67
5.81
4.57
3.88
3.46
3.16
2.95
2.79
2.66
2.56
2.47
2.40
2.34
2.29
2.24
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.85
1.76
1.67
1.59
8.66
5.80
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57
8.64
5.77
4.53
3.84
3.41
3.12
2.90
2.74
2.61
2.51
2.42
2.35
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.52
8.62
5.75
4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70
2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.25
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46
8.59
5.72
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
2.66
2.53
2.43
2.34
2.27
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03
1.99
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.79
1.69
1.59
1.50
1.39
8.57
5.69
4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.74
1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32
8.55
5.66
4.40
3.70
3.27
2.97
2.75
2.58
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.70
1.68
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22
8.53
5.63
4.37
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00
7.71
6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84
42
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
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648
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948
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963
969
973
977
980
983
985
987
989
990
992
993
997
1001
1006
1010
1014
1018
38.51
39.00
39.17
39.25
39.30
39.33
39.36
39.37
39.39
39.40
39.41
39.41
39.42
39.43
39.43
39.44
39.44
39.44
39.45
39.45
39.46
39.47
39.47
39.48
39.49
39.50
17.44
16.04
15.44
15.10
14.88
14.73
14.62
14.54
14.47
14.42
14.37
14.34
14.30
14.28
14.25
14.23
14.21
14.20
14.18
14.17
14.12
14.08
14.04
13.99
13.95
13.90
12.22
10.01
8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94
6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20
6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87
5.83
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69
5.66
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.57
5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02
10.65
8.43
7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46
5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77
4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46
4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29
4.27
4.24
4.22
4.20
4.18
4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69
9.98
7.76
6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83
4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15
4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69
3.67
3.65
3.63
3.61
3.59
3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12
9.60
7.39
6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47
4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80
3.73
3.66
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35
3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25
3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79
9.36
7.15
5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24
4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58
3.50
3.44
3.38
3.33
3.29
3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13
3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03
2.90
2.79
2.67
2.57
9.20
6.98
5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07
3.88
3.73
3.60
3.50
3.41
3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.97
2.94
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87
2.74
2.63
2.52
2.41
9.07
6.85
5.70
4.99
4.53
4.20
3.95
3.76
3.61
3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.05
3.01
2.97
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.75
2.62
2.51
2.39
2.29
8.98
6.76
5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.66
3.51
3.39
3.29
3.20
3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65
2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19
8.90
6.68
5.52
4.82
4.36
4.03
3.78
3.59
3.44
3.31
3.21
3.12
3.05
2.98
2.93
2.88
2.84
2.80
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.45
2.33
2.22
2.11
8.84
6.62
5.46
4.76
4.30
3.96
3.72
3.53
3.37
3.25
3.15
3.06
2.99
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.77
2.73
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.39
2.27
2.16
2.05
8.79
6.57
5.41
4.71
4.24
3.91
3.66
3.47
3.32
3.20
3.09
3.01
2.93
2.87
2.81
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.59
2.56
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.33
2.26
2.22
2.10
1.99
8.75
6.52
5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62
3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96
2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.45
2.48
2.41
2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94
8.72
6.49
5.33
4.63
4.16
3.83
3.58
3.39
3.24
3.12
3.01
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.73
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.43
2.41
2.43
2.37
2.25
2.13
2.01
1.90
8.68
6.46
5.30
4.60
4.13
3.80
3.55
3.36
3.21
3.08
2.98
2.89
2.82
2.75
2.70
2.65
2.60
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.42
2.39
2.37
2.39
2.34
2.21
2.09
1.98
1.87
8.66
6.43
5.27
4.57
4.10
3.77
3.52
3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86
2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.36
2.34
2.36
2.31
2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83
8.63
6.40
5.24
4.54
4.08
3.74
3.50
3.30
3.15
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2.92
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2.36
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2.03
1.92
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3.72
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3.28
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2.90
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1.89
1.78
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6.36
5.20
4.50
4.03
3.70
3.45
3.26
3.11
2.98
2.88
2.79
2.72
2.65
2.60
2.55
2.50
2.46
2.43
2.39
2.36
2.34
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.11
1.98
1.87
1.75
8.58
6.34
5.18
4.48
4.02
3.68
3.44
3.24
3.09
2.96
2.86
2.77
2.70
2.63
2.58
2.53
2.48
2.44
2.41
2.37
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.09
1.96
1.84
1.73
8.56
6.33
5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.20
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71
8.51
6.28
5.12
4.42
3.95
3.61
3.37
3.17
3.02
2.89
2.79
2.70
2.63
2.56
2.50
2.45
2.41
2.37
2.33
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2.27
2.24
2.22
2.19
2.17
2.15
2.14
2.01
1.88
1.76
1.64
8.46
6.23
5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31
3.12
2.96
2.84
2.73
2.64
2.57
2.50
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.69
1.57
8.41
6.18
5.01
4.31
3.84
3.51
3.26
3.06
2.91
2.78
2.67
2.59
2.51
2.44
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.88
1.74
1.61
1.48
8.36
6.12
4.96
4.25
3.78
3.45
3.20
3.00
2.85
2.72
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.38
2.32
2.27
2.22
2.18
2.15
2.11
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39
8.31
6.07
4.90
4.20
3.73
3.39
3.14
2.94
2.79
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.38
2.32
2.26
2.20
2.16
2.11
2.08
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.87
1.72
1.58
1.43
1.27
8.26
6.02
4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08
2.88
2.73
2.60
2.49
2.40
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.64
1.48
1.31
1.00
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4992
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5890
5890
6025
6025
6025
6025
6167
6167
6167
6167
6167
6167
6167
6167
6167
6235
6261
6287
6313
6339
6366
98.50
99.00
99.15
99.27
99.30
99.34
99.34
99.38
99.38
99.38
99.42
99.42
99.42
99.42
99.42
99.42
99.46
99.46
99.46
99.46
99.46
99.47
99.47
99.48
99.49
99.50
34.11
30.82
29.46
28.71
28.24
27.91
27.67
27.49
27.34
27.23
27.13
27.05
26.98
26.92
26.87
26.83
26.79
26.75
26.72
26.69
26.60
26.51
26.41
26.32
26.22
26.13
21.20
18.00
16.69
15.98
15.52
15.21
14.98
14.80
14.66
14.55
14.45
14.37
14.31
14.25
14.20
14.15
14.11
14.08
14.05
14.02
13.93
13.84
13.75
13.65
13.56
13.46
16.26
13.27
12.06
11.39
10.97
10.67
10.46
10.29
10.16
10.05
13.75
10.92
12.25
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42
5.29
5.19
5.09
5.01
4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99
5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.70
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.85
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87
3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80
8.26
6.99
6.18
5.61
5.20
4.89
4.64
4.44
4.28
4.14
4.03
3.93
3.84
3.77
3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.50
3.46
3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.30
3.12
2.95
2.79
2.64
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32
3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51
7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35
4.94
4.63
4.39
4.19
4.03
3.89
3.78
3.68
3.60
3.52
3.46
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.26
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.12
3.09
3.07
2.89
2.72
2.56
2.41
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26
4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94
3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.06
3.03
3.00
2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32
9.96
7.79
6.54
5.73
5.18
4.77
4.46
4.22
4.02
3.86
3.73
3.62
3.52
3.43
3.36
3.29
3.24
3.18
3.14
3.09
3.06
3.02
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.91
2.73
2.56
2.40
2.25
9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67
3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.19
9.83
7.66
6.41
5.61
5.05
4.65
4.34
4.10
3.91
3.75
3.61
3.50
3.40
3.32
3.24
3.18
3.12
3.07
3.02
2.98
2.94
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.79
2.61
2.44
2.28
2.13
9.77
7.60
6.36
5.56
5.01
4.60
4.29
4.05
3.86
3.70
3.56
3.45
3.35
3.27
3.19
3.13
3.07
3.02
2.97
2.93
2.89
2.86
2.82
2.79
2.77
2.74
2.56
2.39
2.23
2.08
9.72
7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56
4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
3.52
3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85
2.82
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70
2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04
9.68
7.52
6.28
5.48
4.92
4.52
4.21
3.97
3.78
3.62
3.49
3.37
3.27
3.19
3.12
3.05
2.99
2.94
2.89
2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.48
2.31
2.15
2.00
9.64
7.48
6.24
5.44
4.89
4.49
4.18
3.94
3.75
3.59
3.45
3.34
3.24
3.16
3.08
3.02
2.96
2.91
2.86
2.82
2.78
2.75
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.63
2.45
2.28
2.12
1.97
9.61
7.45
6.21
5.41
4.86
4.46
4.15
3.91
3.72
3.56
3.42
3.31
3.21
3.13
3.05
2.99
2.93
2.88
2.83
2.79
2.75
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.60
2.42
2.25
2.09
1.94
9.58
7.42
6.18
5.38
4.83
4.43
4.12
3.88
3.69
3.53
3.40
3.28
3.19
3.10
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.76
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.39
2.22
2.06
1.91
9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88
9.47
7.31
6.07
5.28
4.73
4.33
4.02
3.78
3.59
3.43
3.29
3.18
3.08
3.00
2.93
2.86
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.59
2.55
2.52
2.50
2.47
2.29
2.12
1.95
1.79
9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25
3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.78
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58
2.54
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70
9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57
4.17
3.86
3.62
3.43
3.27
3.13
3.02
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.70
2.64
2.58
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.42
2.38
2.35
2.33
2.30
2.11
1.94
1.76
1.59
9.20
7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08
3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05
2.93
2.84
2.75
2.67
2.61
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.21
2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47
9.11
6.97
5.74
4.95
4.40
4.00
3.69
3.45
3.26
3.09
2.96
2.85
2.75
2.66
2.58
2.52
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
1.92
1.73
1.53
1.33
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01
1.81
1.60
1.38
1.00
11.26
10.56
10.04
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.19
8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
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24224
24334
24426
24505
24572
24630
24681
24727
24767
24803
24836
24940
25044
25148
25253
25359
25464
198.50 199.00 199.17 199.25 199.30 199.33 199.36 199.37 199.39 199.40 199.41 199.42 199.42 199.43 199.43 199.44 199.44 199.44 199.45 199.45 199.46 199.47 199.47 199.48 199.49 199.50
55.55
31.33
22.78
18.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83
12.23
11.75
11.37
11.06
10.80
10.58
10.38
10.22
10.07
9.94
9.83
9.73
9.63
9.55
9.48
9.41
9.34
9.28
9.23
9.18
8.83
8.49
8.18
7.88
49.80
26.28
18.31
14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43
8.91
8.51
8.19
7.92
7.70
7.51
7.35
7.21
7.09
6.99
6.89
6.81
6.73
6.66
6.60
6.54
6.49
6.44
6.40
6.35
6.07
5.79
5.54
5.30
47.47
24.26
16.53
12.92
10.88
9.60
8.72
8.08
7.60
7.23
6.93
6.68
6.48
6.30
6.16
6.03
5.92
5.82
5.73
5.65
5.58
5.52
5.46
5.41
5.36
5.32
5.28
5.24
4.98
4.73
4.50
4.28
46.19
23.15
15.56
12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34
6.88
6.52
6.23
6.00
5.80
5.64
5.50
5.37
5.27
5.17
5.09
5.02
4.95
4.89
4.84
4.79
4.74
4.70
4.66
4.62
4.37
4.14
3.92
3.72
45.39
22.46
14.94
11.46
9.52
8.30
7.47
6.87
6.42
6.07
5.79
5.56
5.37
5.21
5.07
4.96
4.85
4.76
4.68
4.61
4.54
4.49
4.43
4.38
4.34
4.30
4.26
4.23
3.99
3.76
3.55
3.35
44.84
21.97
14.51
11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54
6.10
5.76
5.48
5.26
5.07
4.91
4.78
4.66
4.56
4.47
4.39
4.32
4.26
4.20
4.15
4.10
4.06
4.02
3.98
3.95
3.71
3.49
3.28
3.09
44.43
21.62
14.20
10.79
8.89
7.69
6.88
6.30
5.86
5.52
5.25
5.03
4.85
4.69
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.26
4.18
4.11
4.05
3.99
3.94
3.89
3.85
3.81
3.77
3.74
3.51
3.29
3.09
2.90
44.13
21.35
13.96
10.57
8.68
7.50
6.69
6.12
5.68
5.35
5.08
4.86
4.67
4.52
4.39
4.28
4.18
4.09
4.01
3.94
3.88
3.83
3.78
3.73
3.69
3.65
3.61
3.58
3.35
3.13
2.93
2.74
43.88
21.14
13.77
10.39
8.51
7.34
6.54
5.97
5.54
5.20
4.94
4.72
4.54
4.38
4.25
4.14
4.04
3.96
3.88
3.81
3.75
3.69
3.64
3.60
3.56
3.52
3.48
3.45
3.22
3.01
2.81
2.62
43.69
20.97
13.62
10.25
8.38
7.21
6.42
5.85
5.42
5.09
4.82
4.60
4.42
4.27
4.14
4.03
3.93
3.85
3.77
3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.49
3.45
3.41
3.38
3.34
3.12
2.90
2.71
2.52
43.52
20.82
13.49
10.13
8.27
7.10
6.31
5.75
5.32
4.99
4.72
4.51
4.33
4.18
4.05
3.94
3.84
3.76
3.68
3.61
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.36
3.32
3.29
3.25
3.03
2.82
2.62
2.43
43.39 43.27 43.17 43.08 43.01 42.94 42.88 42.83 42.78 42.62 42.47 42.31 42.15 41.99 41.83
20.70 20.60 20.51 20.44 20.37 20.31 20.26 20.21 20.17 20.03 19.89 19.75 19.61 19.47 19.32
13.38 13.29 13.21 13.15 13.09 13.03 12.98 12.94 12.90 12.78 12.66 12.53 12.40 12.27 12.14
10.03 9.95 9.88 9.81 9.76 9.71 9.66 9.62 9.59 9.47 9.36 9.24 9.12 9.00 8.88
8.18 8.10 8.03 7.97 7.91 7.87 7.83 7.79 7.75 7.64 7.53 7.42 7.31 7.19 7.08
7.01 6.94 6.87 6.81 6.76 6.72 6.68 6.64 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.29 6.18 6.06 5.95
6.23 6.15 6.09 6.03 5.98 5.94 5.90 5.86 5.83 5.73 5.62 5.52 5.41 5.30 5.19
5.66 5.59 5.53 5.47 5.42 5.38 5.34 5.31 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.97 4.86 4.75 4.64
5.24 5.16 5.10 5.05 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86 4.76 4.65 4.55 4.45 4.34 4.23
4.91 4.84 4.77 4.72 4.67 4.63 4.59 4.56 4.53 4.43 4.33 4.23 4.12 4.01 3.90
4.64 4.57 4.51 4.46 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.30 4.27 4.17 4.07 3.97 3.87 3.76 3.65
4.43 4.36 4.30 4.25 4.20 4.16 4.12 4.09 4.06 3.96 3.86 3.76 3.66 3.55 3.44
4.25 4.18 4.12 4.07 4.02 3.98 3.95 3.91 3.88 3.79 3.69 3.58 3.48 3.37 3.26
4.10 4.03 3.97 3.92 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.76 3.73 3.64 3.54 3.44 3.33 3.22 3.11
3.97 3.90 3.84 3.79 3.75 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.61 3.51 3.41 3.31 3.21 3.10 2.98
3.86 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 2.99 2.87
3.76 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.31 3.21 3.11 3.00 2.89 2.78
3.68 3.61 3.55 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.32 3.22 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.81 2.69
3.60 3.54 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.73 2.61
3.54 3.47 3.41 3.36 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.08 2.98 2.88 2.77 2.66 2.55
3.47 3.41 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.82 2.71 2.60 2.48
3.42 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.12 3.09 3.06 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 2.43
3.37 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.61 2.50 2.38
3.33 3.26 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.45 2.33
3.28 3.22 3.16 3.11 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.83 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.41 2.29
3.25 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.89 2.79 2.69 2.59 2.48 2.37 2.25
3.21 3.15 3.09 3.04 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.88 2.86 2.76 2.66 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.21
3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.42 2.30 2.18
2.95 2.89 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.93
2.74 2.68 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.29 2.19 2.08 1.96 1.83 1.69
2.54 2.48 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.19 2.09 1.98 1.87 1.75 1.61 1.43
2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.90 1.79 1.67 1.53 1.36 1.36
45
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 9
One-Tailed Test:
=
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
Two-Tailed Test:
=
n=3
0.01
0
0.02
0
0.05
0
0.10
0
0.20
0
11
10
11
15
11
11
14
18
12
10
14
18
22
13
10
13
18
22
27
14
13
16
22
26
32
15
16
20
26
31
37
16
20
24
30
36
43
17
24
28
35
42
49
18
28
33
41
48
56
19
33
38
47
54
63
20
38
44
53
61
70
21
44
50
59
68
78
22
49
56
67
76
87
23
55
63
74
84
95
24
62
70
82
92
105
25
69
77
90
101
114
46
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 10
n2
n1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
2
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
12
10
10
11
11
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
1
1
12
12
13
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
1
11
12
12
13
13
13
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
13
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
13
14
14
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
23
23
24
15
16
18
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
25
25
25
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
26
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
26
27
17
18
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
27
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
28
47
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
48
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 11
One-Tailed Test:
=
0.10
0.05
Two-Tailed Test:
=
0.20
0.10
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
n = 21 0.226
0.259
0.287
0.321
0.344
n=1
0.900
0.950
0.975
0.990
0.995
0.684
0.776
0.842
0.900
0.929
22
0.221
0.253
0.281
0.314
0.337
0.565
0.636
0.708
0.785
0.829
23
0.216
0.247
0.275
0.307
0.330
0.493
0.565
0.624
0.689
0.734
24
0.212
0.242
0.269
0.301
0.323
0.447
0.509
0.563
0.627
0.669
25
0.208
0.238
0.264
0.295
0.317
0.410
0.468
0.519
0.577
0.617
26
0.204
0.233
0.259
0.290
0.311
0.381
0.436
0.483
0.538
0.576
27
0.200
0.229
0.254
0.284
0.305
0.358
0.410
0.454
0.507
0.542
28
0.197
0.225
0.250
0.279
0.300
0.339
0.387
0.430
0.480
0.513
29
1.193
0.221
0.246
0.275
0.295
10
0.323
0.369
0.409
0.457
0.489
30
0.190
0.218
0.242
0.270
0.290
11
0.308
0.352
0.391
0.437
0.468
31
0.187
0.214
0.238
0.266
0.285
12
0.296
0.338
0.375
0.419
0.449
32
0.184
0.211
0.234
0.262
0.281
13
0.285
0.325
0.361
0.404
0.432
33
0.182
0.208
0.231
0.258
0.277
14
0.275
0.314
0.349
0.390
0.418
34
0.179
0.205
0.227
0.254
0.273
15
0.266
0.304
0.338
0.377
0.404
35
0.177
0.202
0.224
0.251
0.269
16
0.258
0.295
0.327
0.366
0.392
36
0.174
0.199
0.221
0.247
0.265
17
0.250
0.286
0.318
0.355
0.381
37
0.172
0.196
0.218
0.244
0.262
18
0.244
0.279
0.309
0.346
0.371
38
0.170
0.194
0.215
0.241
0.258
19
0.237
0.271
0.301
0.337
0.361
39
0.168
0.191
0.213
0.238
0.255
20
0.232
0.265
0.294
0.329
0.352
40
0.165
0.189
0.210
0.235
0.252
Approximation
for n > 40
1.07 1.22
1.36
1.52
1.63
49
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 12
One-Tailed Test:
=
0.10
0.05
Two-Tailed Test:
=
0.20
0.10
n = 3 2/3
2/3
4
3/4
3/4
5 3/5
3/5
6
3/6
4/6
7
4/7
4/7
8
4/8
4/8
9
4/9
5/9
10
4/10
5/10
11
5/11
5/11
12
5/12
5/12
13
5/13
6/13
14
5/14
6/14
15
5/15
6/15
16 6/16
6/16
17
6/17
7/17
18
6/18
7/18
19
6/19
7/19
0.01
0.005
0.05
0.02
0.01
3/4
4/5
4/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
8/18
8/19
4/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
6/9
6/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
9/18
9/19
4/5
5/6
5/7
6/8
6/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19
0.10
=
0.20
n = 20
6/2
21
6/21
22
7/22
23
7/23
24
7/24
25
7/25
26
7/26
27
7/27
28
8/28
29
8/29
30
8/30
31
8/31
32
8/32
34
8/34
36
9/36
38
9/38
40
9/40
Approximation
for n > 40
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.10
7/2
7/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
9/28
9/29
9/30
9/31
9/32
10/34
10/36
10/38
10/40
0.05
8/20
8/21
8/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31
10/32
11/34
11/36
11/38
12/40
0.02
9/20
9/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30
11/31
12/32
12/34
12/36
13/38
13/40
0.01
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31
12/32
13/34
13/36
14/38
14/40
1.52
1.73
1.92
2.15
2.303
50
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 13
One -Tailed Test:
Two Ttailed Test:
n1 = 1
n1 = 2
n1 = 3
n1 = 4
n1 = 5
n1 = 6
n1 = 7
n1 = 8
n1 = 9
n1 = 10
n1 = 12
n1 = 14
n1 = 16
Large-sample
approximation
n2 = 9
10
n2 = 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n2 = 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
n2 = 5
6
7
8
9
10
12
16
n2 = 6
7
8
9
10
15
20
n2 = 7
8
9
10
12
18
24
n2 = 8
9
10
14
28
n2 = 9
10
12
16
32
n2 = 10
12
15
18
36
n2 = 15
20
40
n2 = 15
16
18
20
n2 = 20
n2 = 20
1.07
= 0.10
= 0.20
0.05
0.1
17/18
9/10
5/6
3/4
4/5
5/6
5/7
3/4
7/9
7/10
3/4
2/3
2/3
2/3
5/8
2/3
3/5
7/12
3/5
7/12
17/28
5/8
5/9
11/20
7/12
9/16
3/5
4/7
11/20
5/9
1/2
8/15
1/2
23/42
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
4/9
11/24
27/56
31/63
33/70
3/7
3/7
4/9
19/40
11/24
7/16
13/32
7/15
4/9
19/45
7/18
13/36
2/5
2/5
7/20
23/60
3/8
13/36
11/30
7/20
27/80
4/5
5/6
6/7
7/8
8/9
4/5
3/4
4/5
2/3
5/7
3/4
2/3
7/10
2/3
3/4
2/3
5/7
5/8
2/3
13/20
2/3
5/8
2/3
23/35
5/8
3/5
3/5
3/5
11/20
4/7
7/12
5/9
17/30
7/12
5/9
1/2
33/56
5/9
39/70
1/2
13/28
13/24
21/40
1/2
1/2
7/16
1/2
1/2
22/45
4/9
5/12
7/15
9/20
2/5
9/20
7/16
5/12
5/12
2/5
33/80
n1 n2
n1n2
1.07
n1 n2
n1n2
0.25
0.05
0.01
0.25
0.005
0.01
7/8
8/9
9/10
4/5
5/6
6/7
3/4
7/9
4/5
3/4
4/5
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/10
2/3
11/16
2/3
5/7
47/40
31/45
7/10
2/3
3/5
29/42
2/3
2/3
19/30
7/12
11/18
7/12
5/8
40/63
43/70
4/7
15/28
5/8
23/40
7/12
9/16
1/2
26/45
5/9
8/15
1/2
17/36
1/2
1/2
9/20
1/2
23/48
17/36
7/15
13/30
17/40
1.36
n1 n2
n1n2
6/7
7/8
8/9
9/10
5/6
4/5
5/6
6/7
7/8
7/9
4/5
3/4
3/4
5/6
29/35
4/5
7/9
7/10
11/15
7/10
5/7
3/4
13/18
7/10
2/3
2/3
5/8
41/56
5/7
7/10
9/14
17/28
2/3
27/40
5/8
5/8
9/16
2/3
11/18
3/5
5/9
19/36
17/30
11/20
1/2
11/20
13/24
19/36
31/60
29/60
19/40
1.52
n1 n2
n1n2
51
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
8/9
9/10
11/12
5/6
6/7
7/8
8/9
4/5
5/6
13/16
5/6
6/7
4/5
4/5
4/5
11/15
3/4
5/6
3/4
7/9
11/15
3/4
13/18
2/3
3/4
47/63
5/7
5/7
9/14
3/4
7/10
2/3
5/8
19/32
31/45
2/3
29/45
11/18
5/9
19/30
3/5
7/12
7/12
5/9
17/30
31/60
41/80
1.63
n1 n2
n1n2
TABLE 14
n1
10
n2 = 2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
3
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
11
15
15
15
15
16
17
21
21
21
21
22
23
28
28
28
28
29
30
36
36
36
37
38
39
45
45
45
46
47
48
55
55
55
56
57
59
3
3
3
3
3
4
6
6
6
6
7
8
10
10
10
10
11
12
15
15
15
16
17
18
21
21
21
23
24
25
28
28
29
30
31
33
36
36
37
39
40
42
45
46
47
48
50
51
55
56
57
59
60
62
3
3
3
3
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
10
10
10
11
12
14
15
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
32
33
35
36
38
39
41
42
44
45
47
49
50
52
55
56
58
59
61
63
66
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
15
15
16
17
18
20
21
21
23
24
25
27
29
28
30
32
34
35
37
37
39
41
43
45
47
47
49
51
53
55
58
57
60
62
64
67
69
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
16
15
17
18
19
21
23
21
24
25
27
29
31
29
32
33
35
37
40
38
41
43
45
47
50
48
51
53
56
58
61
59
62
64
67
70
73
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
11
10
11
12
14
15
17
15
17
19
21
22
24
21
25
26
28
30
33
30
33
35
37
40
42
39
43
44
47
50
53
49
53
55
58
61
64
61
65
67
70
73
77
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
7
9
10
12
10
12
13
15
16
18
16
18
20
22
24
26
23
26
28
30
32
35
31
35
36
39
42
45
41
44
46
50
52
53
51
55
57
61
64
68
62
67
69
73
76
80
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
11
12
10
12
14
15
17
20
17
19
21
23
25
28
24
27
29
32
34
37
32
36
38
41
44
47
42
46
48
52
55
59
53
57
60
63
67
71
64
69
72
76
80
84
3
3
3
4
5
7
6
7
8
10
11
13
11
13
14
16
18
21
17
20
22
24
27
29
25
28
30
33
36
39
34
38
40
43
46
50
43
48
50
54
57
61
54
59
62
66
70
74
66
72
75
79
83
88
3
3
3
5
5
7
6
7
8
10
12
14
11
13
15
17
19
22
18
21
23
25
28
31
26
29
31
35
38
41
35
39
41
45
48
52
45
50
52
56
60
64
56
62
64
69
73
77
68
74
78
82
87
92
3
3
3
5
6
8
6
8
9
11
12
15
11
14
16
18
20
23
18
22
24
27
29
33
26
31
33
36
39
43
36
41
43
47
50
55
46
52
54
59
63
67
58
64
67
72
76
81
70
77
80
85
90
95
3
3
4
5
6
8
6
8
9
11
13
16
12
14
16
19
21
24
19
23
25
28
31
34
27
32
34
38
41
45
37
42
45
49
53
57
48
54
56
61
65
70
60
66
69
74
79
84
73
80
83
89
93
99
3
3
4
5
7
8
6
8
9
12
14
17
12
15
17
20
22
26
19
23
26
29
32
36
28
33
35
39
43
47
38
44
46
51
55
60
49
55
59
63
68
73
61
68
72
77
82
87
75
82
86
92
97
103
3
3
4
5
7
9
6
9
10
12
14
17
12
16
18
21
23
27
20
24
27
30
34
38
29
34
37
41
45
49
39
45
48
53
57
62
51
57
61
66
70
76
63
70
74
80
85
91
77
85
89
95
100
107
3
3
4
5
7
9
6
9
10
13
15
18
13
16
18
22
25
28
21
25
28
31
35
39
30
35
38
43
47
51
40
47
50
55
59
65
52
59
63
68
73
79
65
73
77
83
88
94
79
87
92
98
104
110
3
3
4
6
7
10
7
9
11
13
16
19
13
17
19
22
26
29
21
26
29
33
36
41
31
37
40
44
48
53
42
48
52
57
62
67
54
61
65
71
76
82
67
75
79
85
91
98
81
90
94
101
107
114
3
3
4
6
8
10
7
9
11
14
16
20
14
17
20
23
27
31
22
27
30
34
38
43
32
38
41
46
50
56
43
50
53
59
64
70
55
63
67
73
78
85
69
77
82
88
94
101
83
93
97
104
111
118
3
4
5
6
8
11
7
10
11
14
17
21
14
18
20
24
28
32
23
28
31
35
39
44
33
39
42
47
52
58
44
51
55
61
66
72
57
65
69
75
81
88
71
79
84
91
97
104
85
95
100
108
114
122
3
4
5
6
8
11
7
10
12
15
18
22
14
19
21
25
29
33
23
29
32
36
41
46
34
40
44
49
54
60
45
53
57
63
68
75
58
67
71
78
84
91
72
82
86
94
100
108
88
98
103
111
118
126
52
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
n1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
n2 = 2
66
66
66
67
68
70
78
78
78
80
81
83
91
91
92
93
94
96
105
105
106
107
109
110
120
120
121
122
124
126
136
136
137
138
140
142
153
153
154
156
157
160
171
171
172
174
176
178
190
191
192
193
195
198
210
211
212
213
215
3
66
67
68
70
72
74
78
80
81
83
84
87
91
93
94
96
98
101
105
107
108
111
113
116
120
123
124
126
128
131
136
139
140
143
145
148
154
156
158
160
163
166
172
174
176
179
181
185
191
194
195
198
201
205
211
214
216
219
222
4
67
69
71
73
75
78
79
82
84
86
88
91
93
95
97
100
102
105
107
110
112
115
117
121
122
126
128
131
133
137
139
142
144
148
151
154
156
158
160
163
166
172
174
176
179
181
185
191
194
195
198
201
205
211
214
219
221
225
229
5
69
72
74
76
79
82
81
85
87
90
92
96
95
99
101
104
107
110
109
113
116
119
122
126
125
129
132
135
139
143
142
146
149
152
156
160
159
164
167
171
174
179
178
183
186
190
194
199
198
203
206
210
214
219
218
224
227
231
236
6
71
74
76
80
83
86
83
88
90
93
96
100
97
102
104
108
111
115
112
117
119
123
127
131
128
133
136
140
144
148
145
150
153
158
162
166
163
169
172
176
180
185
182
188
191
196
200
206
202
208
211
216
221
227
223
229
233
238
243
7
73
77
79
83
86
90
86
91
93
97
100
105
100
105
108
112
116
120
115
121
123
128
132
137
133
137
140
145
149
154
148
155
158
163
167
173
167
173
177
182
187
192
186
193
196
202
207
213
206
213
217
223
228
234
227
235
239
245
250
8
75
80
82
86
90
94
88
94
96
101
105
109
103
109
112
116
120
125
118
124
128
132
137
142
135
141
145
150
154
160
152
159
163
168
173
179
171
178
182
188
193
199
190
198
202
208
213
220
211
219
223
229
235
242
232
241
245
2512
258
9
77
83
85
90
94
98
91
97
100
105
109
114
106
112
115
120
125
130
121
128
132
137
142
147
138
145
149
155
160
166
156
164
168
174
179
185
175
183
187
193
199
206
195
203
208
214
220
227
216
224
229
236
242
249
237
247
251
259
265
10
79
85
89
93
98
103
93
100
103
108
111
118
109
116
119
125
129
135
125
132
136
142
147
153
142
150
154
160
165
172
160
168
173
179
185
191
179
188
192
199
205
212
199
209
213
220
227
234
220
230
235
243
249
257
243
253
258
266
273
11
82
88
92
97
101
107
96
103
107
112
117
123
112
119
123
129
134
140
128
136
140
146
152
158
145
154
158
165
171
178
164
173
178
184
191
198
183
193
198
205
211
219
204
214
219
227
233
241
225
236
241
249
256
264
248
259
264
273
280
12
84
91
95
100
105
111
98
106
110
116
121
128
115
123
127
133
139
145
131
140
144
151
157
164
149
158
163
170
176
184
168
178
183
190
197
204
188
198
203
211
218
226
209
219
225
233
240
249
231
242
247
256
263
272
253
265
271
280
288
13
87
94
98
104
109
115
102
110
114
120
126
132
118
126
131
137
143
150
135
144
149
156
162
169
153
163
168
175
182
189
172
182
188
196
202
211
192
203
209
217
224
233
214
225
231
239
247
256
236
248
254
263
271
280
259
271
278
287
295
14
89
97
101
107
113
119
104
113
117
124
130
137
121
130
135
142
148
155
138
148
153
161
167
175
157
167
172
180
187
195
176
187
193
201
208
217
197
208
214
223
231
239
218
230
237
246
254
263
241
254
260
269
278
288
265
278
284
294
303
15
91
100
104
111
117
124
106
116
121
128
134
142
124
134
139
146
153
160
142
152
157
165
172
180
161
172
177
185
193
201
180
192
198
207
214
223
201
214
220
229
237
246
223
236
242
252
260
270
246
260
266
276
285
295
270
284
291
301
311
53
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
16
94
103
108
114
121
128
110
120
125
132
139
146
127
137
143
151
157
166
145
156
162
170
177
186
164
176
182
191
198
207
185
197
203
212
220
230
206
219
225
235
243
253
228
242
248
258
267
278
251
265
273
283
292
303
276
290
298
309
318
17
96
106
111
118
124
132
113
123
128
136
143
151
130
141
147
155
162
171
149
160
166
175
183
191
168
181
187
196
204
213
189
202
208
218
226
236
211
224
231
241
250
260
233
247
254
265
274
285
257
272
279
290
300
311
281
297
304
316
326
18
99
109
114
122
128
136
116
126
132
140
147
156
134
145
151
159
167
176
152
164
171
180
188
197
172
185
191
201
209
219
193
207
213
223
232
243
215
229
236
247
256
267
238
253
260
271
281
292
262
278
285
297
307
319
287
303
311
323
334
19
101
112
117
125
132
140
118
130
135
144
151
160
137
149
155
164
172
181
156
169
175
184
193
203
176
190
196
206
215
225
197
211
219
229
238
249
220
235
242
253
263
274
243
259
266
278
288
300
268
284
292
304
314
326
293
310
318
330
341
20
104
115
120
129
136
145
121
133
139
148
156
165
140
152
159
168
176
186
160
173
179
189
198
208
180
194
201
211
221
231
202
216
224
235
244
256
224
240
247
259
269
281
248
264
272
284
295
307
243
290
298
310
321
334
299
316
325
338
349
0.10
218
226
233
241
249
257
265
273
281
289
297
305
313
321
330
338
346
354
362
n2= 2
10
0.001
10
0.005
10
0.01
2
10
0.025
10
0.05
10
0.10
18
0.001
18
0.005
18
0.01
3
18
0.025
18
0.05
18
0.10
28
0.001
28
0.005
28
0.01
4
28
0.025
28
0.05
28
0.10
40
0.001
40
0.005
40
0.01
5
40
0.025
40
0.05
40
0.10
54
0.001
54
0.005
54
0.01
6
54
0.025
54
0.05
54
0.10
70
0.001
70
0.005
70
0.01
7
70
0.025
70
0.05
70
0.10
88
0.001
88
0.005
88
0.01
8
88
0.025
88
0.05
88
0.10
108
0.001
108
0.005
108
0.01
9
108
0.025
108
0.05
108
0.10
130
0.001
130
0.005
130
0.01
10
130
0.025
130
0.05
130
0.10
n1
n2= 2
154
11
0.001
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
9
9
9
9
9
8
15
15
15
15
14
13
22
22
22
22
21
20
30
30
30
29
28
27
39
39
39
37
36
35
49
49
48
47
46
44
60
60
59
57
56
54
72
71
70
69
67
66
85
84
83
81
80
78
3
99
11
11
11
11
10
8
18
18
18
17
17
16
26
26
26
25
24
22
35
35
34
33
32
30
45
44
43
42
41
39
56
55
54
52
51
49
68
66
65
63
62
60
81
79
77
76
74
71
94
92
91
89
87
84
4
109
13
13
13
13
12
11
21
21
21
20
19
18
30
30
29
28
27
25
40
39
38
37
35
34
51
49
48
47
45
43
63
61
59
57
56
54
75
73
71
69
67
65
88
86
84
82
80
77
103
100
98
96
93
91
5
118
15
15
15
15
14
13
24
24
24
22
21
20
34
33
32
31
30
28
45
43
42
41
39
37
57
54
53
51
49
47
69
66
65
63
61
58
82
79
77
75
73
70
96
93
91
88
86
83
111
108
106
103
100
97
6
127
17
17
17
17
16
15
27
27
26
25
24
22
38
37
36
34
33
31
50
48
46
44
43
41
63
59
58
56
54
51
75
72
70
68
65
63
89
85
84
81
78
75
104
100
98
95
92
89
119
115
113
110
107
103
7
136
19
19
19
18
17
16
30
30
29
27
26
24
42
40
39
37
36
34
54
52
50
48
46
44
67
64
62
60
58
55
81
77
76
73
70
67
95
92
90
86
84
83
111
107
105
101
98
94
128
123
121
117
114
110
8
145
21
21
21
20
19
18
33
32
31
30
28
27
46
44
42
41
39
36
58
56
54
52
50
47
72
69
67
64
62
59
87
83
81
78
75
72
102
98
96
92
89
85
118
114
111
108
104
100
136
131
128
124
120
116
9
154
23
23
23
22
21
19
36
35
34
32
31
29
49
47
46
44
42
39
63
60
58
56
53
51
77
74
72
69
66
63
92
88
86
83
80
76
109
104
102
98
95
91
126
121
118
114
110
106
144
138
135
131
127
122
10
163
25
25
25
23
23
21
39
38
37
35
33
31
53
51
49
47
45
42
67
64
62
60
57
54
82
79
77
73
70
67
98
94
92
88
85
81
115
110
108
104
100
96
133
127
125
120
116
112
152
146
142
138
133
128
11
171
27
27
27
25
24
22
42
40
39
37
36
33
57
54
52
50
48
45
72
68
66
63
61
57
88
83
81
78
75
71
104
99
97
93
90
85
122
116
114
109
105
101
140
134
131
126
122
117
160
153
150
145
140
135
12
180
29
29
28
27
26
24
45
43
42
40
38
35
60
58
56
53
51
48
76
72
70
67
64
61
93
88
86
82
79
75
110
105
102
98
94
90
128
122
120
115
111
106
147
141
138
133
128
123
167
160
157
151
147
141
13
188
31
31
30
29
27
26
48
46
45
42
40
37
64
61
59
56
54
50
81
77
74
71
68
64
98
93
91
87
83
79
116
110
108
103
99
94
135
129
125
121
116
111
155
148
144
139
134
129
175
168
164
158
153
147
14
197
33
33
32
31
29
27
51
48
47
45
43
40
68
64
62
59
57
53
85
81
78
75
71
67
103
98
95
91
87
83
122
116
113
108
104
99
141
135
131
126
122
116
162
155
151
145
140
134
183
175
171
165
160
153
15
206
35
35
34
33
31
29
54
51
50
47
45
42
71
68
66
62
59
56
89
85
82
79
75
71
108
103
100
95
91
87
128
121
118
113
109
103
148
141
137
132
127
121
169
161
157
151
146
140
191
183
178
172
166
160
16
214
37
37
36
34
33
30
56
54
52
50
47
44
75
71
69
66
62
59
94
89
86
82
79
74
113
107
104
100
96
91
133
127
123
118
113
108
154
147
143
137
132
126
176
168
164
158
152
145
199
190
186
179
173
166
17
223
39
39
38
36
34
32
59
57
55
52
50
46
78
75
72
69
65
61
98
93
90
86
82
77
118
112
109
104
100
94
139
132
129
123
118
112
161
153
149
143
138
131
183
175
170
164
158
151
207
197
193
186
179
172
18
231
41
40
39
38
36
33
62
59
58
55
52
48
82
78
76
72
68
64
102
97
94
90
86
81
123
117
114
109
104
98
145
138
134
128
123
117
167
159
155
149
143
136
190
182
177
170
164
157
215
205
200
192
186
178
19
240
43
42
41
40
38
35
65
62
60
57
54
50
86
81
79
75
71
67
107
101
98
94
89
84
128
122
118
113
108
102
151
143
139
133
128
121
174
165
161
154
148
141
198
188
184
176
170
162
222
212
207
199
192
184
20
248
54
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
154
154
154
154
154
180
180
180
180
180
180
208
208
208
208
208
208
238
238
238
238
238
238
270
270
270
270
270
270
304
304
304
304
304
304
340
340
340
340
340
340
378
378
378
378
378
378
418
418
418
418
418
418
460
460
460
460
460
460
98
97
95
93
91
114
112
111
109
108
105
130
128
127
125
123
120
147
145
144
141
139
136
165
162
161
159
157
154
184
181
180
177
175
172
203
201
199
197
194
191
224
222
220
217
215
211
246
243
242
239
236
232
269
266
264
261
258
254
107
105
103
101
98
125
122
120
118
116
113
141
139
137
134
132
129
159
156
154
151
149
145
178
174
172
169
167
163
197
194
192
188
185
182
218
216
214
211
208
202
240
238
235
233
229
223
262
261
258
255
251
245
286
281
279
275
271
267
115
113
111
108
105
135
131
129
126
124
120
152
148
146
143
140
137
171
167
164
161
158
154
190
186
183
180
176
172
210
206
203
200
196
192
232
227
224
220
217
212
254
249
246
242
238
233
277
272
269
265
261
256
302
296
293
289
284
279
124
122
118
115
112
145
140
138
135
132
128
163
158
156
152
149
145
182
177
175
171
167
163
202
197
194
190
186
182
223
218
215
210
206
202
245
239
236
232
228
223
268
262
259
254
250
244
292
286
283
278
273
267
317
311
307
302
297
291
132
130
126
123
119
154
149
147
143
140
135
173
168
165
161
157
153
193
187
185
180
176
171
212
208
205
200
196
191
236
229
226
221
217
211
258
252
248
243
238
233
282
275
272
266
261
255
307
300
296
290
285
279
333
325
321
315
310
303
140
138
134
130
126
164
158
156
151
147
143
183
177
174
170
166
161
204
198
194
190
185
180
225
219
215
210
206
200
248
241
237
232
227
221
271
264
260
254
249
243
296
288
284
278
273
266
321
313
309
303
297
290
348
339
332
330
322
315
148
146
141
137
133
173
167
164
159
155
150
193
187
184
179
174
169
215
208
204
199
194
189
237
230
226
220
215
209
260
252
248
242
237
231
284
276
272
266
260
253
309
301
296
290
284
277
335
327
322
315
309
302
363
353
349
341
335
327
157
153
149
144
139
183
176
173
168
165
158
203
196
193
187
183
177
225
218
214
208
203
197
248
240
236
230
225
218
272
264
259
253
247
241
297
288
284
277
271
264
323
313
309
302
295
288
350
340
335
327
321
313
377
367
362
354
347
339
165
161
156
152
146
192
185
181
176
171
165
213
206
202
196
191
185
236
228
224
218
212
206
260
251
247
240
234
227
284
275
270
264
257
250
310
300
295
288
282
274
336
326
321
313
307
299
364
353
348
340
333
325
392
381
376
367
360
351
173
169
164
159
153
202
194
190
184
179
172
223
215
211
205
199
193
247
238
234
227
221
214
271
262
257
250
244
236
296
286
281
274
267
260
322
312
307
299
292
284
349
339
333
325
318
309
377
366
361
352
345
336
407
395
389
380
372
363
181
177
171
166
160
210
202
198
192
186
180
233
225
220
214
208
201
257
248
243
236
230
223
282
272
267
260
253
246
308
298
292
284
278
269
335
324
318
310
303
294
362
351
345
337
329
320
391
379
373
364
356
347
421
409
402
393
385
375
189
185
179
173
167
220
211
207
200
194
187
243
234
229
222
216
209
268
258
253
245
239
231
293
283
278
270
263
255
320
309
303
295
288
279
347
336
330
321
313
305
376
364
357
348
340
331
405
392
386
377
368
358
435
422
416
406
397
387
197
193
186
180
173
230
220
215
208
202
194
253
243
238
231
224
217
278
268
263
255
248
240
304
293
288
280
272
264
332
320
314
305
298
289
360
347
341
332
324
315
389
376
370
360
352
342
419
405
399
389
380
370
450
436
429
419
409
399
55
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
205
200
194
187
180
238
228
223
216
209
202
263
253
247
239
233
224
289
278
272
264
257
248
316
304
298
289
282
273
343
331
325
316
308
298
372
359
353
343
335
325
402
388
382
372
363
352
433
419
411
401
392
381
464
450
442
431
422
410
213
208
201
195
187
247
237
232
224
217
209
273
262
256
248
241
232
299
288
282
273
265
257
327
314
308
299
291
282
355
342
336
326
318
308
384
371
364
354
345
335
415
401
394
383
374
363
446
431
424
413
403
392
479
463
456
444
434
422
221
216
208
202
194
256
246
240
232
225
216
282
271
265
257
249
240
310
298
291
282
274
265
338
325
319
309
301
291
367
353
347
337
328
317
397
383
376
365
356
345
428
413
406
395
385
374
460
444
437
425
415
403
493
477
469
457
446
434
229
224
216
209
201
266
254
249
240
233
224
292
280
274
265
257
248
320
307
301
292
283
273
349
335
329
319
310
300
379
365
357
347
338
327
409
394
387
376
366
355
441
425
418
406
396
384
473
457
449
437
427
415
507
490
482
470
459
446
237
232
223
216
207
275
263
257
248
240
231
302
290
283
274
266
256
330
317
311
301
292
282
360
346
339
329
319
309
390
376
368
357
348
336
422
406
399
387
377
365
454
438
430
418
407
395
517
470
462
450
439
426
521
504
495
482
471
458
TABLE 15
n1
n2
n3
= 0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
4.571
4.286
4.500
4.571
4.556
4.622
4.500
4.458
4.056
4.511
4.709
4.167
4.555
4.545
4.654
4.200
4.373
4.018
4.651
4.533
3.987
4.541
4.549
4.668
4.109
4.623
4.545
4.523
4.560
4.714
5.143
5.361
5.600
5.333
5.208
5.444
5.791
4.967
5.455
5.598
5.692
5.000
5.160
4.960
5.251
5.648
4.985
5.273
5.656
5.657
5.127
5.338
5.705
5.666
5.780
5.556
5.956
5.500
5.833
6.000
6.155
6.167
6.327
6.394
6.615
6.000
6.044
6.004
6.315
5.858
6.068
6.410
6.673
6.000
6.346
6.549
6.760
6.740
7.200
6.444
6.745
6.667
7.036
7.144
7.654
6.533
6.909
7.079
6.955
7.205
7.445
7.760
7.309
7.338
7.578
7.823
8.000
Notes: 1. The critical values in the above table are approximated values.
2. When this table is not applicable, we use the Chi-square table for critical values of the
Kruskal-Wallis test.
56
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 16
n
k=4
k=5
k=6
= 5%
= 1%
= 5%
= 1%
= 5%
= 1%
= 5%
= 1%
6.00
9.14
9.71
6.00
7.40
9.00
7.60
8.00
9.86
11.76
6.50
8.00
7.80
9.60
8.53
10.13
10.29
12.71
6.40
8.40
7.80
9.96
8.80
11.20
10.49
13.23
7.00
9.00
7.60
10.20
8.96
11.68
10.57
13.62
7.14
8.86
7.80
10.54
9.07
11.87
10.67
13.86
6.25
9.00
7.65
10.50
9.14
12.11
10.71
14.00
6.22
9.56
7.67
10.73
9.20
13.20
10.78
14.14
10
6.20
9.60
7.68
10.68
9.24
12.44
10.80
14.23
11
6.55
9.46
7.69
10.75
9.28
12.48
10.84
14.32
12
6.50
9.50
7.70
10.80
9.31
12.58
10.86
14.38
13
6.62
9.39
7.80
10.85
9.33
12.60
10.89
14.45
14
6.14
9.14
7.71
10.89
9.35
12.68
10.90
14.49
15
6.40
8.93
7.72
10.92
9.37
12.74
10.92
14.54
16
6.50
9.38
7.80
10.95
9.39
12.80
10.96
14.57
17
6.12
9.29
7.80
10.05
9.40
12.85
10.95
14.61
18
6.33
9.00
7.73
10.93
9.42
12.89
10.95
14.63
19
6.42
9.58
7.86
11.02
9.43
12.88
11.00
14.67
20
6.30
9.30
7.80
11.80
9.40
12.92
11.00
14.66
Note: When this table is not applicable, we use the Chi-square table for critical values of the Freidman test.
57
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
TABLE 17
POISSON PROBABILITY
For a given value of entry indicates the probability of obtaining a specified value of X
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
= 0.1
0.9048
0.0905
0.0045
0.0002
0
0
0
0
= 1.1
0.3329
0.3662
0.2014
0.0738
0.0203
0.0045
0.0008
0.0001
0
0
= 2.1
0.1225
0.2572
0.27
0.189
0.0992
0.0417
0.0146
0.0044
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 3.1
0.045
0.1397
0.2165
0.2237
0.1734
0.1075
0.0555
0.0246
0.0095
0.0033
0.001
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 4.1
0.0166
0.0679
0.1393
0.1904
0.1951
0.16
0.1093
0.064
0.0328
0.015
0.0061
0.0023
0.0008
0.2
0.8187
0.1637
0.0164
0.0011
0.0001
0
0
0
1.2
0.3012
0.3614
0.2169
0.0867
0.026
0.0062
0.0012
0.0002
0
0
2.2
0.1108
0.2438
0.2681
0.1966
0.1082
0.0476
0.0174
0.0055
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
3.2
0.0408
0.1304
0.2087
0.2226
0.1781
0.114
0.0608
0.0278
0.0111
0.004
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
4.2
0.015
0.063
0.1323
0.1852
0.1944
0.1633
0.1143
0.0686
0.036
0.0168
0.0071
0.0027
0.0009
0.3
0.7408
0.2222
0.0333
0.0033
0.0003
0
0
0
1.3
0.2725
0.3543
0.2303
0.0998
0.0324
0.0084
0.0018
0.0003
0.0001
0
2.3
0.1003
0.2306
0.2652
0.2033
0.1169
0.0538
0.0206
0.0068
0.0019
0.0005
0.0001
0
0
3.3
0.0369
0.1217
0.2008
0.2209
0.1823
0.1203
0.0662
0.0312
0.0129
0.0047
0.0016
0.0005
0.0001
0
0
4.3
0.0136
0.0583
0.1254
0.1798
0.1933
0.1662
0.1191
0.0732
0.0393
0.0188
0.0081
0.0032
0.0011
0.4
0.6703
0.2681
0.0536
0.0072
0.0007
0.0001
0
0
1.4
0.2466
0.3452
0.2417
0.1128
0.0395
0.0111
0.0026
0.0005
0.0001
0
2.4
0.0907
0.2177
0.2613
0.209
0.1254
0.0602
0.0241
0.0083
0.0025
0.0007
0.0002
0
0
3.4
0.0334
0.1135
0.1929
0.2186
0.1858
0.1264
0.0716
0.0348
0.0148
0.0056
0.0019
0.0006
0.0002
0
0
4.4
0.0123
0.054
0.1188
0.1743
0.1917
0.1687
0.1237
0.0778
0.0428
0.0209
0.0092
0.0037
0.0014
0.5
0.6065
0.3033
0.0758
0.0126
0.0016
0.0002
0
0
1.5
0.2231
0.3347
0.251
0.1255
0.0471
0.0141
0.0035
0.0008
0.0001
0
2.5
0.0821
0.2052
0.2565
0.2138
0.1336
0.0668
0.0278
0.0099
0.0031
0.0009
0.0002
0
0
3.5
0.0302
0.1057
0.185
0.2158
0.1888
0.1322
0.0771
0.0385
0.0169
0.0066
0.0023
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0
4.5
0.0111
0.05
0.1125
0.1687
0.1898
0.1708
0.1281
0.0824
0.0463
0.0232
0.0104
0.0043
0.0016
0.6
0.5488
0.3293
0.0988
0.0198
0.003
0.0004
0
0
1.6
0.2019
0.323
0.2584
0.1378
0.0551
0.0176
0.0047
0.0011
0.0002
0
2.6
0.0743
0.1931
0.251
0.2176
0.1414
0.0735
0.0319
0.0118
0.0038
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
3.6
0.0273
0.0984
0.1771
0.2125
0.1912
0.1377
0.0826
0.0425
0.0191
0.0076
0.0028
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
0
4.6
0.0101
0.0462
0.1063
0.1631
0.1875
0.1725
0.1323
0.0869
0.05
0.0255
0.0118
0.0049
0.0019
0.7
0.4966
0.3476
0.1217
0.0284
0.005
0.0007
0.0001
0
1.7
0.1827
0.3106
0.264
0.1496
0.0636
0.0216
0.0061
0.0015
0.0003
0.0001
2.7
0.0672
0.1815
0.245
0.2205
0.1488
0.0804
0.0362
0.0139
0.0047
0.0014
0.0004
0.0001
0
3.7
0.0247
0.0915
0.1692
0.2087
0.1931
0.1429
0.0881
0.0466
0.0215
0.0089
0.0033
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
4.7
0.0091
0.0427
0.1005
0.1574
0.1849
0.1738
0.1362
0.0914
0.0537
0.028
0.0132
0.0056
0.0022
0.8
0.4493
0.3595
0.1438
0.0383
0.0077
0.0012
0.0002
0
1.8
0.1653
0.2975
0.2678
0.1607
0.0723
0.026
0.0078
0.002
0.0005
0.0001
2.8
0.0608
0.1703
0.2384
0.2225
0.1557
0.0872
0.0407
0.0163
0.0057
0.0018
0.0005
0.0001
0
3.8
0.0224
0.085
0.1615
0.2046
0.1944
0.1477
0.0936
0.0508
0.0241
0.0102
0.0039
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0
4.8
0.0082
0.0395
0.0948
0.1517
0.182
0.1747
0.1398
0.0959
0.0575
0.0307
0.0147
0.0064
0.0026
58
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.9
0.4066
0.3659
0.1647
0.0494
0.0111
0.002
0.0003
0
1.9
0.1496
0.2842
0.27
0.171
0.0812
0.0309
0.0098
0.0027
0.0006
0.0001
2.9
0.055
0.1596
0.2314
0.2237
0.1622
0.094
0.0455
0.0188
0.0068
0.0022
0.0006
0.0002
0
3.9
0.0202
0.0789
0.1539
0.2001
0.1951
0.1522
0.0989
0.0551
0.0269
0.0116
0.0045
0.0016
0.0005
0.0002
0
4.9
0.0074
0.0365
0.0894
0.146
0.1789
0.1753
0.1432
0.1002
0.0614
0.0334
0.0164
0.0073
0.003
1.0
0.3679
0.3679
0.1839
0.0613
0.0153
0.0031
0.0005
0.0001
2.0
0.1353
0.2707
0.2707
0.1804
0.0902
0.0361
0.012
0.0034
0.0009
0.0002
3.0
0.0498
0.1494
0.224
0.224
0.168
0.1008
0.0504
0.0216
0.0081
0.0027
0.0008
0.0002
0.0001
4.0
0.0183
0.0733
0.1465
0.1954
0.1954
0.1563
0.1042
0.0595
0.0298
0.0132
0.0053
0.0019
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
5.0
0.0067
0.0337
0.0842
0.1404
0.1755
0.1755
0.1462
0.1044
0.0653
0.0363
0.0181
0.0082
0.0034
X
13
14
15
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
= 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
0.0002 0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0001 0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0
0
0
0
0.0001
= 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
0.0061
0.0055
0.005
0.0045
0.0041
0.0311
0.0287
0.0265
0.0244
0.0225
0.0793
0.0746
0.0701
0.0659
0.0618
0.1348
0.1293
0.1239
0.1185
0.1133
0.1719
0.1681
0.1641
0.16
0.1558
0.1753
0.1748
0.174
0.1728
0.1714
0.149
0.1515
0.1537
0.1555
0.1571
0.1086
0.1125
0.1163
0.12
0.1234
0.0692
0.0731
0.0771
0.081
0.0849
0.0392
0.0423
0.0454
0.0486
0.0519
0.02
0.022
0.0241
0.0262
0.0285
0.0093
0.0104
0.0116
0.0129
0.0143
0.0039
0.0045
0.0051
0.0058
0.0065
0.0015
0.0018
0.0021
0.0024
0.0028
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0011
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
= 6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0.0022
0.002
0.0018
0.0017
0.0015
0.0137
0.0126
0.0116
0.0106
0.0098
0.0417
0.039
0.0364
0.034
0.0318
0.0848
0.0806
0.0765
0.0726
0.0688
0.1294
0.1249
0.1205
0.1162
0.1118
0.1579
0.1549
0.1519
0.1487
0.1454
0.1605
0.1601
0.1595
0.1586
0.1575
0.1399
0.1418
0.1435
0.145
0.1462
0.1066
0.1099
0.113
0.116
0.1188
0.0723
0.0757
0.0791
0.0825
0.0858
0.0441
0.0469
0.0498
0.0528
0.0558
0.0245
0.0265
0.0285
0.0307
0.033
0.0124
0.0137
0.015
0.0164
0.0179
0.0058
0.0065
0.0073
0.0081
0.0089
0.0025
0.0029
0.0033
0.0037
0.0041
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
= 7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0059
0.0054
0.0049
0.0045
0.0041
0.0208
0.0194
0.018
0.0167
0.0156
0.0492
0.0464
0.0438
0.0413
0.0389
0.0874
0.0836
0.0799
0.0764
0.0729
0.1241
0.1204
0.1167
0.113
0.1094
0.1468
0.1445
0.142
0.1394
0.1367
0.1489
0.1486
0.1481
0.1474
0.1465
0.1321
0.1337
0.1351
0.1363
0.1373
0.1042
0.107
0.1096
0.1121
0.1144
0.074
0.077
0.08
0.0829
0.0858
0.0478
0.0504
0.0531
0.0558
0.0585
0.0283
0.0303
0.0323
0.0344
0.0366
0.0154
0.0168
0.0181
0.0196
0.0211
0.0078
0.0086
0.0095
0.0104
0.0113
0.0037
0.0041
0.0046
0.0051
0.0057
0.0016
0.0019
0.0021
0.0024
0.0026
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.001
0.0012
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
4.6
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
5.6
0.0037
0.0207
0.058
0.1082
0.1515
0.1697
0.1584
0.1267
0.0887
0.0552
0.0309
0.0157
0.0073
0.0032
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
0
6.6
0.0014
0.009
0.0296
0.0652
0.1076
0.142
0.1562
0.1472
0.1215
0.0891
0.0588
0.0353
0.0194
0.0098
0.0046
0.002
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0
7.6
0.0005
0.0038
0.0145
0.0366
0.0696
0.1057
0.1339
0.1454
0.1382
0.1167
0.0887
0.0613
0.0388
0.0227
0.0123
0.0062
0.003
0.0013
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0
4.7
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
5.7
0.0033
0.0191
0.0544
0.1033
0.1472
0.1678
0.1594
0.1298
0.0925
0.0586
0.0334
0.0173
0.0082
0.0036
0.0015
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
6.7
0.0012
0.0082
0.0276
0.0167
0.1034
0.1385
0.1546
0.148
0.124
0.0923
0.0618
0.0377
0.021
0.0108
0.0052
0.0023
0.001
0.0004
0.0001
0
7.7
0.0005
0.0035
0.0134
0.0345
0.0663
0.1021
0.1311
0.1442
0.1388
0.1187
0.0914
0.064
0.0411
0.0243
0.0134
0.0069
0.0033
0.0015
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0
4.8
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
5.8
0.003
0.0176
0.0509
0.0985
0.1428
0.1656
0.1601
0.1326
0.0962
0.062
0.0359
0.019
0.0092
0.0041
0.0017
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
6.8
0.0011
0.0076
0.0258
0.0584
0.0992
0.1349
0.1529
0.1486
0.1263
0.0954
0.0649
0.0401
0.0227
0.0119
0.0058
0.0026
0.0011
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
7.8
0.0004
0.0032
0.0125
0.0324
0.0632
0.0986
0.1282
0.1428
0.1392
0.1207
0.0941
0.0667
0.0434
0.026
0.0145
0.0075
0.0037
0.0017
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0
59
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
4.9
0.0011
0.0004
0.0001
5.9
0.0027
0.0162
0.0477
0.0938
0.1383
0.1632
0.1605
0.1353
0.0998
0.0654
0.0386
0.0207
0.0102
0.0046
0.0019
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
6.9
0.001
0.007
0.024
0.0552
0.0952
0.1314
0.1511
0.1489
0.1284
0.0985
0.0679
0.0426
0.0245
0.013
0.0064
0.0029
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
7.9
0.0004
0.0029
0.0116
0.0305
0.0602
0.0951
0.1252
0.1413
0.1395
0.1224
0.0967
0.0695
0.0457
0.0278
0.0157
0.0083
0.0041
0.0019
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0
5.0
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
6.0
0.0025
0.0149
0.0446
0.0892
0.1339
0.1606
0.1606
0.1377
0.1033
0.0688
0.0413
0.0225
0.0113
0.0052
0.0022
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
7.0
0.0009
0.0064
0.0223
0.0521
0.0912
0.1277
0.149
0.149
0.1304
0.1014
0.071
0.0452
0.0264
0.0142
0.0071
0.0033
0.0014
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
8.0
0.0003
0.0027
0.0107
0.0286
0.0573
0.0916
0.1221
0.1396
0.1396
0.1241
0.0993
0.0722
0.0481
0.0296
0.0169
0.009
0.0045
0.0021
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
= 8.1
0.0003
0.0025
0.01
0.0269
0.0544
0.0882
0.1191
0.1378
0.1395
0.1256
0.1017
0.0749
0.0505
0.0315
0.0182
0.0098
0.005
0.0024
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
= 9.1
0.0001
0.001
0.0046
0.014
0.0319
0.0581
0.0881
0.1145
0.1302
0.1317
0.1198
0.0991
0.0752
0.0526
0.0342
0.0208
0.0118
0.0063
0.0032
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 11
0
0.0002
0.001
0.0037
0.0102
0.0224
0.0411
0.0646
0.0888
0.1085
0.1194
0.1194
0.1094
0.0926
0.0728
8.2
0.0003
0.0023
0.0092
0.0252
0.0517
0.0849
0.116
0.1358
0.1392
0.1269
0.104
0.0776
0.053
0.0334
0.0196
0.0107
0.0055
0.0026
0.0012
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
9.2
0.0001
0.0009
0.0043
0.0131
0.0302
0.0555
0.0851
0.1118
0.1286
0.1315
0.121
0.1012
0.0776
0.0549
0.0361
0.0221
0.0127
0.0069
0.0035
0.0017
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0
12
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.0018
0.0053
0.0127
0.0255
0.0437
0.0655
0.0874
0.1048
0.1144
0.1144
0.1056
0.0905
8.3
0.0002
0.0021
0.0086
0.0237
0.0491
0.0816
0.1128
0.1338
0.1388
0.128
0.1063
0.0802
0.0555
0.0354
0.021
0.0116
0.006
0.0029
0.0014
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0
9.3
0.0001
0.0009
0.004
0.0123
0.0285
0.053
0.0822
0.1091
0.1269
0.1311
0.1219
0.1031
0.0799
0.0572
0.038
0.0235
0.0137
0.0075
0.0039
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
13
0
0
0.0002
0.0008
0.0027
0.007
0.0152
0.0281
0.0457
0.0661
0.0859
0.1015
0.1099
0.1099
0.1021
8.4
0.0002
0.0019
0.0079
0.0222
0.0466
0.0784
0.1097
0.1317
0.1382
0.129
0.1084
0.0828
0.0579
0.0374
0.0225
0.0126
0.0066
0.0033
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0
9.4
0.0001
0.0008
0.0037
0.0115
0.0269
0.0506
0.0793
0.1064
0.1251
0.1306
0.1228
0.1049
0.0822
0.0594
0.0399
0.025
0.0147
0.0081
0.0042
0.0021
0.001
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
14
0
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.0013
0.0037
0.0087
0.0174
0.0304
0.0473
0.0663
0.0844
0.0984
0.106
0.106
8.5
0.0002
0.0017
0.0074
0.0208
0.0443
0.0752
0.1066
0.1294
0.1375
0.1299
0.1104
0.0853
0.0604
0.0395
0.024
0.0136
0.0072
0.0036
0.0017
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
9.5
0.0001
0.0007
0.0034
0.0107
0.0254
0.0483
0.0764
0.1037
0.1232
0.13
0.1235
0.1067
0.0844
0.0617
0.0419
0.0265
0.0157
0.0088
0.0046
0.0023
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
15
0
0
0
0.0002
0.0006
0.0019
0.0048
0.0104
0.0194
0.0324
0.0486
0.0663
0.0829
0.0956
0.1024
8.6
0.0002
0.0016
0.0068
0.0195
0.042
0.0722
0.1034
0.1271
0.1366
0.1306
0.1123
0.0878
0.0629
0.0416
0.0256
0.0147
0.0079
0.004
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
9.6
0.0001
0.0007
0.0031
0.01
0.024
0.046
0.0736
0.101
0.1212
0.1293
0.1241
0.1083
0.0866
0.064
0.0439
0.0281
0.0168
0.0095
0.0051
0.0026
0.0012
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0
16
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0003
0.001
0.0026
0.006
0.012
0.0213
0.0341
0.0496
0.0661
0.0814
0.093
8.7
0.0002
0.0014
0.0063
0.0183
0.0398
0.0692
0.1003
0.1247
0.1356
0.1311
0.114
0.0902
0.0654
0.0438
0.0272
0.0158
0.0086
0.0044
0.0021
0.001
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
9.7
0.0001
0.0006
0.0029
0.0093
0.0226
0.0439
0.0709
0.0982
0.1191
0.1284
0.1245
0.1098
0.0888
0.0662
0.0459
0.0297
0.018
0.0103
0.0055
0.0028
0.0014
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0
17
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0005
0.0014
0.0034
0.0072
0.0135
0.023
0.0355
0.0504
0.0658
0.08
8.8
0.0002
0.0013
0.0058
0.0171
0.0377
0.0663
0.0972
0.1222
0.1344
0.1315
0.1157
0.0925
0.0679
0.0459
0.0289
0.0169
0.0093
0.0048
0.0024
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
9.8
0.0001
0.0005
0.0027
0.0087
0.0213
0.0418
0.0682
0.0955
0.117
0.1274
0.1249
0.1112
0.0908
0.0685
0.0479
0.0313
0.0192
0.0111
0.006
0.0031
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
18
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0007
0.0018
0.0042
0.0083
0.015
0.0245
0.0368
0.0509
0.0655
60
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
8.9
0.0001
0.0012
0.0054
0.016
0.0357
0.0635
0.0941
0.1197
0.1332
0.1317
0.1172
0.0948
0.0703
0.0481
0.0306
0.0182
0.0101
0.0053
0.0026
0.0012
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
9.9
0.0001
0.0005
0.0025
0.0081
0.0201
0.0398
0.0656
0.0928
0.1148
0.1263
0.125
0.1125
0.0928
0.0707
0.05
0.033
0.0204
0.0119
0.0065
0.0034
0.0017
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
19
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.001
0.0024
0.005
0.0095
0.0164
0.0259
0.0378
0.0514
9.0
0.0001
0.0011
0.005
0.015
0.0337
0.0607
0.0911
0.1171
0.1318
0.1318
0.1186
0.097
0.0728
0.0504
0.0324
0.0194
0.0109
0.0058
0.0029
0.0014
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
10.0
0
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0189
0.0378
0.0631
0.0901
0.1126
0.1251
0.1251
0.1137
0.0948
0.0729
0.0521
0.0347
0.0217
0.0128
0.0071
0.0037
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
20.0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.0013
0.0029
0.0058
0.0106
0.0176
0.0271
0.0387
X
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
= 11
0.0534
0.0367
0.0237
0.0145
0.0084
0.0046
0.0024
0.0012
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0.0724
0.0543
0.0383
0.0256
0.0161
0.0097
0.0055
0.003
0.0016
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0.0885
0.0719
0.055
0.0397
0.0272
0.0177
0.0109
0.0065
0.0037
0.002
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0.0989
0.0866
0.0713
0.0554
0.0409
0.0286
0.0191
0.0121
0.0074
0.0043
0.0024
0.0013
0.0007
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0.1024
0.096
0.0847
0.0706
0.0557
0.0418
0.0299
0.0204
0.0133
0.0083
0.005
0.0029
0.0016
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
0.0992
0.0992
0.0934
0.083
0.0699
0.0559
0.0426
0.031
0.0216
0.0144
0.0092
0.0057
0.0034
0.0019
0.0011
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
0.0906
0.0963
0.0963
0.0909
0.0814
0.0692
0.056
0.0433
0.032
0.0226
0.0154
0.0101
0.0063
0.0038
0.0023
0.0013
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
18
0.0786
0.0884
0.0936
0.0936
0.0887
0.0798
0.0684
0.056
0.0438
0.0328
0.0237
0.0164
0.0109
0.007
0.0044
0.0026
0.0015
0.0009
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
61
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
19
0.065
0.0772
0.0863
0.0911
0.0911
0.0866
0.0783
0.0676
0.0559
0.0442
0.0336
0.0246
0.0173
0.0117
0.0077
0.0049
0.003
0.0018
0.001
0.0006
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
20.0
0.0516
0.0646
0.076
0.0844
0.0888
0.0888
0.0846
0.0769
0.0669
0.0557
0.0446
0.0343
0.0254
0.0181
0.0125
0.0083
0.0054
0.0034
0.002
0.0012
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
TABLE 18
60
Sample
Size (n)
c4
d2
d3
A2
A3
B3
B4
D1
D2
D3
D4
0.798
1.128
0.853
2.121
1.880
2.659
3.267
3.686
3.267
0.886
1.693
0.888
1.732
1.023
1.954
2.568
4.358
2.574
0.921
2.059
0.880
1.500
0.729
1.628
2.266
4.698
2.282
0.940
2.326
0.864
1.342
0.577
1.427
2.089
4.918
2.114
0.952
2.534
0.848
1.225
0.483
1.287
0.030
1.970
5.078
2.004
0.959
2.704
0.833
1.134
0.419
1.182
0.118
1.882
0.204
5.204
0.076
1.924
0.965
2.847
0.820
1.061
0.373
1.099
0.185
1.815
0.388
5.306
0.136
1.864
0.969
2.970
0.808
1.000
0.337
1.032
0.239
1.761
0.547
5.393
0.184
1.816
10
0.973
3.078
0.797
0.949
0.308
0.975
0.284
1.716
0.687
5.469
0.223
1.777
11
0.975
3.173
0.787
0.905
0.285
0.927
0.321
1.679
0.811
5.535
0.256
1.744
12
0.978
3.258
0.778
0.866
0.266
0.886
0.354
1.646
0.922
5.594
0.283
1.717
13
0.979
3.336
0.770
0.832
0.249
0.850
0.382
1.618
1.025
5.647
0.307
1.693
14
0.981
3.407
0.763
0.802
0.235
0.817
0.406
1.594
1.118
5.696
0.328
1.672
15
0.982
3.472
0.756
0.775
0.223
0.789
0.428
1.572
1.203
5.741
0.347
1.653
16
0.984
3.532
0.750
0.750
0.212
0.763
0.448
1.552
1.282
5.782
0.363
1.637
17
0.985
3.588
0.744
0.728
0.203
0.739
0.466
1.534
1.356
5.820
0.378
1.622
18
0.985
3.640
0.739
0.707
0.194
0.718
0.482
1.518
1.424
5.856
0.391
1.608
19
0.986
3.689
0.734
0.688
0.187
0.698
0.497
1.503
1.487
5.891
0.403
1.597
20
0.987
3.735
0.729
0.671
0.180
0.680
0.510
1.490
1.549
5.921
0.415
1.585
62
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
n x
CUMULATIVE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION P X c n cx p x 1 p
x0
TABLE 19
x
0
1
0.01
0.9900
1.0000
0.02
0.9800
1.0000
0.03
0.9700
1.0000
0.04
0.9600
1.0000
0.05
0.9500
1.0000
0.06
0.9400
1.0000
0.07
0.9300
1.0000
0.08
0.9200
1.0000
0.09
0.9100
1.0000
0.10
0.9000
1.0000
0.11
0.8900
1.0000
0.12
0.8800
1.0000
0.14
0.8600
1.0000
0.16
0.8400
1.0000
0.18
0.8200
1.0000
0.20
0.8000
1.0000
0.50
0.5000
1.0000
0
1
2
0.9801
0.9999
1.0000
0.9604
0.9996
1.0000
0.9409
0.9991
1.0000
0.9216
0.9984
1.0000
0.9025
0.9975
1.0000
0.8836
0.9964
1.0000
0.8649
0.9951
1.0000
0.8464
0.9936
1.0000
0.8281
0.9919
1.0000
0.8100
0.9900
1.0000
0.7921
0.9879
1.0000
0.7744
0.9856
1.0000
0.7396
0.9804
1.0000
0.7056
0.9744
1.0000
0.6724
0.9676
1.0000
0.6400
0.9600
1.0000
0.2500
0.7500
1.0000
0
1
2
3
0.9703
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.9412
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
0.9127
0.9974
1.0000
1.0000
0.8847
0.9953
0.9999
1.0000
0.8574
0.9928
0.9999
1.0000
0.8306
0.9896
0.9998
1.0000
0.8044
0.9860
0.9997
1.0000
0.7787
0.9818
0.9995
1.0000
0.7536
0.9772
0.9993
1.0000
0.7290
0.9720
0.9990
1.0000
0.7050
0.9664
0.9987
1.0000
0.6815
0.9603
0.9983
1.0000
0.6361
0.9467
0.9973
1.0000
0.5927
0.9314
0.9959
1.0000
0.5514
0.9145
0.9942
1.0000
0.5120
0.8960
0.9920
1.0000
0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
0.9606
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9224
0.9977
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8853
0.9948
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.8493
0.9909
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.7807
0.9801
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000
0.7481
0.9733
0.9987
1.0000
1.0000
0.7164
0.9656
0.9981
1.0000
1.0000
0.6857
0.9570
0.9973
0.9999
1.0000
0.6561
0.9477
0.9963
0.9999
1.0000
0.6274
0.9376
0.9951
0.9999
1.0000
0.5997
0.9268
0.9937
0.9998
1.0000
0.5470
0.9032
0.9902
0.9996
1.0000
0.4979
0.8772
0.9856
0.9993
1.0000
0.4521
0.8491
0.9798
0.9990
1.0000
0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
0.9984
1.0000
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.9510
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9039
0.9962
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8587
0.9915
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8154
0.9852
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7738
0.9774
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7339
0.9681
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.6957
0.9575
0.9969
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.6591
0.9456
0.9955
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.6240
0.9326
0.9937
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.5905
0.9185
0.9914
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.5584
0.9035
0.9888
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
0.5277
0.8875
0.9857
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
0.4704
0.8533
0.9780
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
0.4182
0.8165
0.9682
0.9971
0.9999
1.0000
0.3707
0.7776
0.9563
0.9955
0.9998
1.0000
0.3277
0.7373
0.9421
0.9933
0.9997
1.0000
0.0313
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.9415
0.9985
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8858
0.9943
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8330
0.9875
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7828
0.9784
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6899
0.9541
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6470
0.9392
0.9942
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6064
0.9227
0.9915
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5679
0.9048
0.9882
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5314
0.8857
0.9842
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.4970
0.8655
0.9794
0.9982
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.4644
0.8444
0.9739
0.9975
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.4046
0.7997
0.9605
0.9955
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.3513
0.7528
0.9440
0.9925
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.3040
0.7044
0.9241
0.9884
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000
0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6563
0.8906
0.9844
1.0000
0
1
2
3
0.9321
0.9980
1.0000
1.0000
0.8681
0.9921
0.9997
1.0000
0.8080
0.9829
0.9991
1.0000
0.7514
0.9706
0.9980
0.9999
0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0.9998
0.6485
0.9382
0.9937
0.9996
0.6017
0.9187
0.9903
0.9993
0.5578
0.8974
0.9860
0.9988
0.5168
0.8745
0.9807
0.9982
0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.4423
0.8250
0.9669
0.9961
0.4087
0.7988
0.9584
0.9946
0.3479
0.7444
0.9380
0.9906
0.2951
0.6885
0.9134
0.9847
0.2493
0.6323
0.8846
0.9769
0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
61
63
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.12
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
0.9971
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.9227
0.9973
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8508
0.9897
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7837
0.9777
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7214
0.9619
0.9969
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1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2059
0.5490
0.8159
0.9444
0.9873
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1956
0.5342
0.8061
0.9406
0.9863
0.9976
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1741
0.4969
0.7762
0.9258
0.9813
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
66
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1670
0.4859
0.7685
0.9226
0.9804
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1470
0.4476
0.7346
0.9041
0.9735
0.9943
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1211
0.3969
0.6889
0.8790
0.9641
0.9918
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1041
0.3583
0.6480
0.8524
0.9522
0.9879
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0871
0.3193
0.6068
0.8258
0.9406
0.9843
0.9968
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0731
0.2821
0.5608
0.7908
0.9222
0.9773
0.9948
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0621
0.2531
0.5256
0.7649
0.9093
0.9727
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0510
0.2187
0.4766
0.7218
0.8833
0.9613
0.9898
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0440
0.1979
0.4481
0.6982
0.8702
0.9561
0.9884
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0352
0.1671
0.3980
0.6482
0.8358
0.9389
0.9819
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.8491
0.9408
0.9824
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
n
16
65
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0.01
0.8515
0.9891
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8429
0.9877
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
0.7238
0.9601
0.9963
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7093
0.9554
0.9956
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
0.6143
0.9182
0.9887
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5958
0.9091
0.9866
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
0.5204
0.8673
0.9758
0.9968
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4996
0.8535
0.9714
0.9960
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
0.4401
0.8108
0.9571
0.9930
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4181
0.7922
0.9497
0.9912
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
0.3716
0.7511
0.9327
0.9868
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3493
0.7283
0.9218
0.9836
0.9974
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
0.3131
0.6902
0.9031
0.9779
0.9962
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2912
0.6638
0.8882
0.9727
0.9949
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
0.2634
0.6299
0.8689
0.9658
0.9932
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2423
0.6005
0.8497
0.9581
0.9911
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
0.2211
0.5711
0.8306
0.9504
0.9889
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2012
0.5396
0.8073
0.9397
0.9855
0.9973
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.1853
0.5147
0.7892
0.9316
0.9830
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1668
0.4818
0.7618
0.9174
0.9779
0.9953
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
0.1550
0.4614
0.7455
0.9093
0.9752
0.9947
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1379
0.4277
0.7142
0.8913
0.9679
0.9925
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.12
0.1293
0.4115
0.7001
0.8838
0.9652
0.9918
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1138
0.3777
0.6655
0.8617
0.9554
0.9886
0.9977
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
67
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.14
0.0895
0.3227
0.6074
0.8237
0.9382
0.9829
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0770
0.2901
0.5676
0.7935
0.9222
0.9766
0.9944
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
0.0614
0.2487
0.5162
0.7540
0.9012
0.9685
0.9920
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0516
0.2187
0.4734
0.7159
0.8776
0.9577
0.9882
0.9973
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
0.0418
0.1885
0.4302
0.6777
0.8542
0.9473
0.9847
0.9964
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0343
0.1621
0.3867
0.6331
0.8225
0.9305
0.9780
0.9943
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.0281
0.1407
0.3518
0.5981
0.7982
0.9183
0.9733
0.9930
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0225
0.1182
0.3096
0.5489
0.7582
0.8943
0.9623
0.9891
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
0.7728
0.8949
0.9616
0.9894
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
n
18
66
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.01
0.8345
0.9862
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8262
0.9847
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
0.6951
0.9505
0.9948
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6812
0.9454
0.9939
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
0.5780
0.8997
0.9843
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5606
0.8900
0.9817
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
0.4796
0.8393
0.9667
0.9950
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4604
0.8249
0.9616
0.9939
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
0.3972
0.7735
0.9419
0.9891
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3774
0.7547
0.9335
0.9868
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
0.3283
0.7055
0.9102
0.9799
0.9966
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3086
0.6829
0.8979
0.9757
0.9956
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
0.2708
0.6378
0.8725
0.9667
0.9933
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2519
0.6121
0.8561
0.9602
0.9915
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
0.2229
0.5719
0.8298
0.9494
0.9884
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2051
0.5440
0.8092
0.9398
0.9853
0.9971
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
0.1831
0.5091
0.7832
0.9277
0.9814
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1666
0.4798
0.7585
0.9147
0.9765
0.9949
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.1501
0.4503
0.7338
0.9018
0.9718
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1351
0.4203
0.7054
0.8850
0.9648
0.9914
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
0.1227
0.3958
0.6827
0.8718
0.9595
0.9898
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1092
0.3658
0.6512
0.8510
0.9498
0.9865
0.9970
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
68
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
0.1002
0.3460
0.6310
0.8382
0.9442
0.9846
0.9966
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0881
0.3165
0.5968
0.8133
0.9315
0.9798
0.9952
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
0.0662
0.2602
0.5287
0.7618
0.9041
0.9690
0.9919
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0569
0.2331
0.4911
0.7292
0.8842
0.9599
0.9887
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
0.0434
0.1920
0.4327
0.6771
0.8518
0.9449
0.9833
0.9959
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0364
0.1682
0.3941
0.6380
0.8238
0.9300
0.9772
0.9939
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
0.0281
0.1391
0.3462
0.5888
0.7884
0.9111
0.9694
0.9914
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0230
0.1191
0.3090
0.5451
0.7524
0.8890
0.9589
0.9874
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.0180
0.0991
0.2713
0.5010
0.7164
0.8671
0.9487
0.9837
0.9957
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0144
0.0829
0.2369
0.4551
0.6733
0.8369
0.9324
0.9767
0.9933
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.9519
0.9846
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
0.9904
0.9978
0.9996
67
x
17
18
19
20 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8179
0.9831
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8097
0.9815
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6676
0.9401
0.9929
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6543
0.9347
0.9919
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5438
0.8802
0.9790
0.9973
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5275
0.8701
0.9760
0.9968
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4420
0.8103
0.9561
0.9926
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4243
0.7956
0.9503
0.9911
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3585
0.7358
0.9245
0.9841
0.9974
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3406
0.7170
0.9151
0.9811
0.9968
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2901
0.6605
0.8850
0.9710
0.9944
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2727
0.6382
0.8716
0.9659
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2342
0.5869
0.8390
0.9529
0.9893
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2178
0.5622
0.8213
0.9449
0.9867
0.9975
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1887
0.5169
0.7879
0.9294
0.9817
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1736
0.4906
0.7663
0.9181
0.9775
0.9950
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1516
0.4516
0.7334
0.9007
0.9710
0.9932
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1380
0.4246
0.7081
0.8856
0.9646
0.9912
0.9982
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1216
0.3917
0.6769
0.8670
0.9568
0.9887
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1094
0.3647
0.6484
0.8480
0.9478
0.9856
0.9967
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0972
0.3376
0.6198
0.8290
0.9390
0.9825
0.9959
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0865
0.3111
0.5887
0.8060
0.9269
0.9777
0.9944
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
69
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0776
0.2891
0.5631
0.7873
0.9173
0.9740
0.9933
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0683
0.2637
0.5302
0.7604
0.9017
0.9672
0.9910
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0490
0.2084
0.4550
0.6959
0.8625
0.9493
0.9847
0.9962
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0421
0.1861
0.4205
0.6622
0.8392
0.9372
0.9797
0.9945
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0306
0.1471
0.3580
0.5990
0.7941
0.9130
0.9696
0.9912
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0257
0.1285
0.3243
0.5604
0.7629
0.8940
0.9606
0.9877
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0189
0.1018
0.2748
0.5026
0.7151
0.8644
0.9463
0.9823
0.9951
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0155
0.0869
0.2437
0.4616
0.6769
0.8375
0.9316
0.9758
0.9928
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0115
0.0692
0.2061
0.4114
0.6296
0.8042
0.9133
0.9679
0.9900
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0092
0.0576
0.1787
0.3704
0.5860
0.7693
0.8915
0.9569
0.9856
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998
0. 50
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0.1316
0.2517
0.4119
0.5881
0.7483
0.8684
0.9423
0.9793
0.9941
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0036
0.0133
0.0392
0.0946
0.1917
0.3318
0.5000
0.6682
68
x
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 0
1
2
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8016
0.9798
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7936
0.9780
0.9985
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6412
0.9290
0.9907
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6283
0.9233
0.9895
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5117
0.8598
0.9728
0.9962
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4963
0.8493
0.9695
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4073
0.7808
0.9441
0.9895
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3911
0.7658
0.9376
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3235
0.6982
0.9052
0.9778
0.9960
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3074
0.6794
0.8948
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2563
0.6163
0.8576
0.9602
0.9913
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2410
0.5947
0.8431
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2026
0.5381
0.8032
0.9362
0.9838
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1884
0.5146
0.7846
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1597
0.4652
0.7442
0.9059
0.9727
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1469
0.4408
0.7219
0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1256
0.3988
0.6826
0.8696
0.9575
0.9888
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1143
0.3742
0.6570
0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0985
0.3392
0.6200
0.8281
0.9379
0.9818
0.9956
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0886
0.3151
0.5920
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0770
0.2864
0.5582
0.7821
0.9136
0.9721
0.9926
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0685
0.2634
0.5283
70
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0601
0.2403
0.4983
0.7328
0.8847
0.9593
0.9881
0.9971
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0529
0.2186
0.4673
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0362
0.1659
0.3877
0.6283
0.8144
0.9235
0.9738
0.9925
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0312
0.1478
0.3566
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0216
0.1120
0.2929
0.5226
0.7305
0.8730
0.9499
0.9834
0.9954
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0181
0.0976
0.2640
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0127
0.0740
0.2154
0.4224
0.6381
0.8086
0.9147
0.9679
0.9898
0.9972
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0104
0.0630
0.1900
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0074
0.0480
0.1545
0.3320
0.5429
0.7326
0.8670
0.9439
0.9799
0.9939
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0059
0.0398
0.1332
0. 50
0.8083
0.9054
0.9608
0.9867
0.9964
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0022
0.0085
0.0262
0.0669
0.1431
0.2617
0.4159
0.5841
0.7383
0.8569
0.9331
0.9738
0.9915
0.9978
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
69
x
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.01
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7857
0.9761
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6158
0.9174
0.9882
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
0.9955
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4814
0.8388
0.9659
0.9947
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
0.9877
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3754
0.7508
0.9307
0.9857
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
0.9742
0.9951
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2920
0.6608
0.8841
0.9702
0.9940
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
0.9541
0.9895
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2265
0.5735
0.8282
0.9474
0.9873
0.9975
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
0.9269
0.9805
0.9958
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1752
0.4918
0.7657
0.9170
0.9767
0.9947
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
0.8930
0.9674
0.9920
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1352
0.4173
0.6994
0.8793
0.9614
0.9900
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
0.8528
0.9496
0.9860
0.9968
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1040
0.3508
0.6316
0.8352
0.9409
0.9827
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.8073
0.9269
0.9774
0.9942
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0798
0.2925
0.5643
0.7857
0.9149
0.9723
0.9925
0.9983
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
0.7575
0.8991
0.9656
0.9903
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0610
0.2420
0.4992
0.7323
0.8835
0.9583
0.9876
0.9969
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
71
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
0.7047
0.8665
0.9504
0.9847
0.9960
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0465
0.1987
0.4375
0.6762
0.8471
0.9403
0.9806
0.9947
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
0.5946
0.7884
0.9082
0.9667
0.9899
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0268
0.1315
0.3274
0.5613
0.7612
0.8914
0.9585
0.9866
0.9963
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
0.4859
0.6972
0.8502
0.9376
0.9780
0.9934
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0152
0.0849
0.2374
0.4504
0.6634
0.8257
0.9236
0.9716
0.9910
0.9976
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
0.3851
0.5993
0.7779
0.8956
0.9583
0.9858
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0085
0.0535
0.1671
0.3500
0.5607
0.7458
0.8744
0.9470
0.9809
0.9941
0.9984
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.2965
0.5007
0.6947
0.8402
0.9285
0.9727
0.9911
0.9975
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0331
0.1145
0.2639
0.4599
0.6559
0.8111
0.9108
0.9638
0.9874
0.9962
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.0002
0.0013
0.0053
0.0173
0.0466
0.1050
0.2024
0.3388
0.5000
0.6612
0.7976
0.8950
0.9534
0.9827
0.9947
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0033
0.0113
0.0320
0.0758
0.1537
0.2706
0.4194
0.5806
0.7294
0.8463
70
x
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7778
0.9742
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6035
0.9114
0.9868
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4670
0.8280
0.9620
0.9938
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3604
0.7358
0.9235
0.9835
0.9972
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2774
0.6424
0.8729
0.9659
0.9928
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2129
0.5527
0.8129
0.9402
0.9850
0.9969
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1630
0.4696
0.7466
0.9064
0.9726
0.9935
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1244
0.3947
0.6768
0.8649
0.9549
0.9877
0.9972
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0946
0.3286
0.6063
0.8169
0.9314
0.9790
0.9946
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0718
0.2712
0.5371
0.7636
0.9020
0.9666
0.9905
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0543
0.2221
0.4709
0.7066
0.8669
0.9501
0.9844
0.9959
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
72
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0409
0.1805
0.4088
0.6475
0.8266
0.9291
0.9757
0.9930
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0230
0.1168
0.3000
0.5286
0.7332
0.8732
0.9491
0.9827
0.9950
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0128
0.0737
0.2130
0.4163
0.6293
0.7998
0.9080
0.9639
0.9879
0.9965
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0070
0.0454
0.1467
0.3171
0.5228
0.7125
0.8512
0.9339
0.9748
0.9917
0.9976
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0038
0.0274
0.0982
0.2340
0.4207
0.6167
0.7800
0.8909
0.9532
0.9827
0.9944
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.9242
0.9680
0.9887
0.9967
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0020
0.0073
0.0216
0.0539
0.1148
0.2122
0.3450
0.5000
0.6550
0.7878
0.8852
0.9461
0.9784
0.9927
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
n
26
71
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.01
0.7700
0.9723
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7623
0.9703
0.9976
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
0.5914
0.9052
0.9852
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5796
0.8989
0.9836
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
0.4530
0.8172
0.9580
0.9929
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4394
0.8063
0.9538
0.9918
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
0.3460
0.7208
0.9160
0.9811
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3321
0.7058
0.9082
0.9785
0.9960
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
0.2635
0.6241
0.8614
0.9613
0.9915
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2503
0.6061
0.8495
0.9563
0.9900
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
0.2001
0.5323
0.7973
0.9326
0.9823
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1881
0.5123
0.7814
0.9245
0.9793
0.9954
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
0.07
0.1516
0.4481
0.7272
0.8952
0.9679
0.9920
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1409
0.4274
0.7076
0.8834
0.9628
0.9903
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999
0.08
0.1144
0.3731
0.6543
0.8499
0.9477
0.9851
0.9965
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1053
0.3524
0.6318
0.8342
0.9398
0.9821
0.9956
0.9991
0.9998
0.09
0.0861
0.3076
0.5813
0.7979
0.9211
0.9747
0.9932
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0784
0.2876
0.5567
0.7784
0.9100
0.9699
0.9916
0.9980
0.9996
0.10
0.0646
0.2513
0.5105
0.7409
0.8882
0.9601
0.9881
0.9970
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0581
0.2326
0.4846
0.7179
0.8734
0.9529
0.9853
0.9961
0.9991
0.11
0.0483
0.2036
0.4435
0.6807
0.8493
0.9410
0.9806
0.9946
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0430
0.1865
0.4171
0.6546
0.8307
0.9309
0.9762
0.9931
0.9983
73
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
0.0360
0.1637
0.3814
0.6189
0.8051
0.9168
0.9701
0.9909
0.9976
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0317
0.1484
0.3553
0.5904
0.7827
0.9034
0.9637
0.9884
0.9968
0.14
0.0198
0.1037
0.2743
0.4966
0.7046
0.8536
0.9385
0.9780
0.9932
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0170
0.0919
0.2504
0.4654
0.6755
0.8327
0.9266
0.9725
0.9911
0.16
0.0107
0.0640
0.1907
0.3838
0.5952
0.7725
0.8906
0.9550
0.9840
0.9951
0.9987
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0090
0.0555
0.1704
0.3529
0.5614
0.7441
0.8717
0.9447
0.9794
0.18
0.0057
0.0385
0.1285
0.2864
0.4858
0.6783
0.8263
0.9190
0.9674
0.9886
0.9966
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0326
0.1123
0.2580
0.4499
0.6437
0.7996
0.9023
0.9587
0.20
0.0030
0.0227
0.0841
0.2068
0.3833
0.5775
0.7474
0.8687
0.9408
0.9768
0.9921
0.9977
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0024
0.0187
0.0718
0.1823
0.3480
0.5387
0.7134
0.8444
0.9263
0. 50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0012
0.0047
0.0145
0.0378
0.0843
0.1635
0.2786
0.4225
0.5775
0.7214
0.8365
0.9157
0.9622
0.9855
0.9953
0.9988
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0008
0.0030
0.0096
0.0261
72
x
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7547
0.9682
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5680
0.8925
0.9820
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4262
0.7953
0.9494
0.9907
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3189
0.6909
0.9001
0.9757
0.9953
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2378
0.5883
0.8373
0.9509
0.9883
0.9977
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1768
0.4929
0.7652
0.9159
0.9760
0.9944
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1311
0.4073
0.6880
0.8711
0.9573
0.9884
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0968
0.3326
0.6094
0.8180
0.9314
0.9787
0.9945
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0713
0.2688
0.5325
0.7585
0.8982
0.9645
0.9896
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0523
0.2152
0.4594
0.6946
0.8579
0.9450
0.9821
0.9950
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0383
0.1707
0.3917
0.6285
0.8114
0.9199
0.9713
0.9912
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
74
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0279
0.1344
0.3305
0.5622
0.7597
0.8889
0.9565
0.9855
0.9958
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
0.9975
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0147
0.0814
0.2282
0.4353
0.6461
0.8107
0.9135
0.9660
0.9885
0.9966
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
0.9933
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0076
0.0480
0.1520
0.3237
0.5280
0.7149
0.8513
0.9330
0.9738
0.9911
0.9974
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
0.9848
0.9951
0.9986
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0039
0.0276
0.0979
0.2318
0.4153
0.6088
0.7716
0.8839
0.9486
0.9801
0.9933
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.9696
0.9890
0.9965
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0019
0.0155
0.0612
0.1602
0.3149
0.5005
0.6784
0.8182
0.9100
0.9609
0.9851
0.9950
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.0610
0.1239
0.2210
0.3506
0.5000
0.6494
0.7790
0.8761
0.9390
0.9739
0.9904
0.9970
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0019
0.0063
0.0178
0.0436
0.0925
0.1725
0.2858
0.4253
0.5747
0.7142
0.8275
73
x
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7472
0.9660
0.9970
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5566
0.8860
0.9802
0.9975
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4134
0.7842
0.9447
0.9894
0.9984
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3061
0.6760
0.8917
0.9726
0.9946
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2259
0.5708
0.8249
0.9452
0.9864
0.9973
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1662
0.4739
0.7489
0.9069
0.9724
0.9933
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1219
0.3880
0.6684
0.8583
0.9512
0.9862
0.9967
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0891
0.3138
0.5873
0.8013
0.9223
0.9749
0.9932
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0649
0.2510
0.5087
0.7381
0.8856
0.9585
0.9873
0.9967
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0471
0.1989
0.4350
0.6710
0.8416
0.9363
0.9784
0.9938
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0341
0.1562
0.3674
0.6024
0.7912
0.9079
0.9656
0.9890
0.9970
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
75
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0245
0.1216
0.3069
0.5344
0.7360
0.8734
0.9484
0.9820
0.9946
0.9986
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0126
0.0721
0.2077
0.4064
0.6166
0.7877
0.8991
0.9587
0.9854
0.9955
0.9988
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0064
0.0416
0.1354
0.2962
0.4953
0.6850
0.8295
0.9199
0.9673
0.9883
0.9964
0.9990
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0032
0.0233
0.0853
0.2077
0.3823
0.5740
0.7423
0.8636
0.9369
0.9744
0.9909
0.9972
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0015
0.0128
0.0520
0.1404
0.2839
0.4634
0.6429
0.7903
0.8916
0.9507
0.9803
0.9931
0.9978
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.9075
0.9564
0.9822
0.9937
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0012
0.0041
0.0121
0.0307
0.0680
0.1325
0.2291
0.3555
0.5000
0.6445
0.7709
0.8675
0.9320
0.9693
0.9879
0.9959
0.9988
0.9997
74
x
24
25
26
27
28
29
30 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7397
0.9639
0.9967
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5455
0.8795
0.9783
0.9971
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4010
0.7731
0.9399
0.9881
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2939
0.6612
0.8831
0.9694
0.9937
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2146
0.5535
0.8122
0.9392
0.9844
0.9967
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1563
0.4555
0.7324
0.8974
0.9685
0.9921
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1134
0.3694
0.6487
0.8450
0.9447
0.9838
0.9960
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0820
0.2958
0.5654
0.7842
0.9126
0.9707
0.9918
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0591
0.2343
0.4855
0.7175
0.8723
0.9519
0.9848
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0424
0.1837
0.4114
0.6474
0.8245
0.9268
0.9742
0.9922
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0303
0.1427
0.3442
0.5766
0.7705
0.8951
0.9593
0.9865
0.9961
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
76
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0216
0.1100
0.2847
0.5071
0.7118
0.8569
0.9394
0.9779
0.9931
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0108
0.0638
0.1887
0.3785
0.5871
0.7637
0.8835
0.9503
0.9816
0.9941
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0054
0.0359
0.1204
0.2705
0.4635
0.6547
0.8064
0.9055
0.9597
0.9850
0.9951
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0026
0.0197
0.0741
0.1856
0.3509
0.5395
0.7120
0.8418
0.9237
0.9677
0.9880
0.9960
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0012
0.0105
0.0442
0.1227
0.2552
0.4275
0.6070
0.7608
0.8713
0.9389
0.9744
0.9905
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0. 50
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0026
0.0081
0.0214
0.0494
0.1002
0.1808
0.2923
0.4278
0.5722
0.7077
0.8192
0.8998
0.9506
0.9786
0.9919
0.9974
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
TABLE 20
x
0
1
2
3
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
=0
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 0.1
0.9048
0.9953
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 1.1
0.3329
0.6990
0.9004
0.9743
0.9946
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 2.1
0.1225
0.3796
0.6496
0.8386
0.9379
0.9796
0.9941
0.9985
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 3.1
0.0450
0.1847
0.4012
0.6248
0.7982
0.9057
0.9612
0.9858
0.9953
0.01
0.9900
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2
0.8187
0.9825
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.2
0.3012
0.6626
0.8795
0.9662
0.9923
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.2
0.1108
0.3546
0.6227
0.8194
0.9275
0.9751
0.9925
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.2
0.0408
0.1712
0.3799
0.6025
0.7806
0.8946
0.9554
0.9832
0.9943
0.02
0.9802
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.3
0.7408
0.9631
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.3
0.2725
0.6268
0.8571
0.9569
0.9893
0.9978
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.3
0.1003
0.3309
0.5960
0.7993
0.9162
0.9700
0.9906
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.3
0.0369
0.1586
0.3594
0.5803
0.7626
0.8829
0.9490
0.9802
0.9931
0.03
0.9704
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.4
0.6703
0.9384
0.9921
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.4
0.2466
0.5918
0.8335
0.9463
0.9857
0.9968
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.4
0.0907
0.3084
0.5697
0.7787
0.9041
0.9643
0.9884
0.9967
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.4
0.0334
0.1468
0.3397
0.5584
0.7442
0.8705
0.9421
0.9769
0.9917
0.04
0.9608
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000
0.5
0.6065
0.9098
0.9856
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.5
0.2231
0.5578
0.8088
0.9344
0.9814
0.9955
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
2.5
0.0821
0.2873
0.5438
0.7576
0.8912
0.9580
0.9858
0.9958
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.5
0.0302
0.1359
0.3208
0.5366
0.7254
0.8576
0.9347
0.9733
0.9901
0.05
0.9512
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
0.6
0.5488
0.8781
0.9769
0.9966
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.6
0.2019
0.5249
0.7834
0.9212
0.9763
0.9940
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
2.6
0.0743
0.2674
0.5184
0.7360
0.8774
0.9510
0.9828
0.9947
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.6
0.0273
0.1257
0.3027
0.5152
0.7064
0.8441
0.9267
0.9692
0.9883
0.06
0.9418
0.9983
1.0000
1.0000
0.7
0.4966
0.8442
0.9659
0.9942
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.7
0.1827
0.4932
0.7572
0.9068
0.9704
0.9920
0.9981
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
2.7
0.0672
0.2487
0.4936
0.7141
0.8629
0.9433
0.9794
0.9934
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.7
0.0247
0.1162
0.2854
0.4942
0.6872
0.8301
0.9182
0.9648
0.9863
0.07
0.9324
0.9977
0.9999
1.0000
0.8
0.4493
0.8088
0.9526
0.9909
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.8
0.1653
0.4628
0.7306
0.8913
0.9636
0.9896
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
2.8
0.0608
0.2311
0.4695
0.6919
0.8477
0.9349
0.9756
0.9919
0.9976
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
3.8
0.0224
0.1074
0.2689
0.4735
0.6678
0.8156
0.9091
0.9599
0.9840
77
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
0.08
0.9231
0.9970
0.9999
1.0000
0.9
0.4066
0.7725
0.9371
0.9865
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.9
0.1496
0.4337
0.7037
0.8747
0.9559
0.9868
0.9966
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
2.9
0.0550
0.2146
0.4460
0.6696
0.8318
0.9258
0.9713
0.9901
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
3.9
0.0202
0.0992
0.2531
0.4532
0.6484
0.8006
0.8995
0.9546
0.9815
e x
x
x 0
c
0.09
0.9139
0.9962
0.9999
1.0000
1.0
0.3679
0.7358
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
2.0
0.1353
0.4060
0.6767
0.8571
0.9473
0.9834
0.9955
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
3.0
0.0498
0.1991
0.4232
0.6472
0.8153
0.9161
0.9665
0.9881
0.9962
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
4.0
0.0183
0.0916
0.2381
0.4335
0.6288
0.7851
0.8893
0.9489
0.9786
x
9
10
11
12
13
14
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
= 3.1
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 4.1
0.0166
0.0845
0.2238
0.4142
0.6093
0.7693
0.8786
0.9427
0.9755
0.9905
0.9966
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 5.1
0.0061
0.0372
0.1165
0.2513
0.4231
0.5984
0.7474
0.8560
0.9252
0.9644
0.9844
0.9937
0.9976
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 6.1
0.0022
0.0159
0.0577
0.1425
0.2719
0.4298
0.5902
3.2
0.9982
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.2
0.0150
0.0780
0.2102
0.3954
0.5898
0.7531
0.8675
0.9361
0.9721
0.9889
0.9959
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.2
0.0055
0.0342
0.1088
0.2381
0.4061
0.5809
0.7324
0.8449
0.9181
0.9603
0.9823
0.9927
0.9972
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
6.2
0.0020
0.0146
0.0536
0.1342
0.2592
0.4141
0.5742
3.3
0.9978
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.3
0.0136
0.0719
0.1974
0.3772
0.5704
0.7367
0.8558
0.9290
0.9683
0.9871
0.9952
0.9983
0.9995
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.3
0.0050
0.0314
0.1016
0.2254
0.3895
0.5635
0.7171
0.8335
0.9106
0.9559
0.9800
0.9916
0.9967
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
6.3
0.0018
0.0134
0.0498
0.1264
0.2469
0.3988
0.5582
3.4
0.9973
0.9992
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.4
0.0123
0.0663
0.1851
0.3594
0.5512
0.7199
0.8436
0.9214
0.9642
0.9851
0.9943
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.4
0.0045
0.0289
0.0948
0.2133
0.3733
0.5461
0.7017
0.8217
0.9027
0.9512
0.9775
0.9904
0.9962
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.4
0.0017
0.0123
0.0463
0.1189
0.2351
0.3837
0.5423
3.5
0.9967
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.5
0.0111
0.0611
0.1736
0.3423
0.5321
0.7029
0.8311
0.9134
0.9597
0.9829
0.9933
0.9976
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.5
0.0041
0.0266
0.0884
0.2017
0.3575
0.5289
0.6860
0.8095
0.8944
0.9462
0.9747
0.9890
0.9955
0.9983
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.5
0.0015
0.0113
0.0430
0.1118
0.2237
0.3690
0.5265
3.6
0.9960
0.9987
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.6
0.0101
0.0563
0.1626
0.3257
0.5132
0.6858
0.8180
0.9049
0.9549
0.9805
0.9922
0.9971
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.6
0.0037
0.0244
0.0824
0.1906
0.3422
0.5119
0.6703
0.7970
0.8857
0.9409
0.9718
0.9875
0.9949
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.6
0.0014
0.0103
0.0400
0.1052
0.2127
0.3547
0.5108
3.7
0.9952
0.9984
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.7
0.0091
0.0518
0.1523
0.3097
0.4946
0.6684
0.8046
0.8960
0.9497
0.9778
0.9910
0.9966
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.7
0.0033
0.0224
0.0768
0.1800
0.3272
0.4950
0.6544
0.7841
0.8766
0.9352
0.9686
0.9859
0.9941
0.9977
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.7
0.0012
0.0095
0.0371
0.0988
0.2022
0.3406
0.4953
3.8
0.9942
0.9981
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
4.8
0.0082
0.0477
0.1425
0.2942
0.4763
0.6510
0.7908
0.8867
0.9442
0.9749
0.9896
0.9960
0.9986
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.8
0.0030
0.0206
0.0715
0.1700
0.3127
0.4783
0.6384
0.7710
0.8672
0.9292
0.9651
0.9841
0.9932
0.9973
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.8
0.0011
0.0087
0.0344
0.0928
0.1920
0.3270
0.4799
78
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
3.9
0.9931
0.9977
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
4.9
0.0074
0.0439
0.1333
0.2793
0.4582
0.6335
0.7767
0.8769
0.9382
0.9717
0.9880
0.9953
0.9983
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
5.9
0.0027
0.0189
0.0666
0.1604
0.2987
0.4619
0.6224
0.7576
0.8574
0.9228
0.9614
0.9821
0.9922
0.9969
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.9
0.0010
0.0080
0.0320
0.0871
0.1823
0.3137
0.4647
4.0
0.9919
0.9972
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
5.0
0.0067
0.0404
0.1247
0.2650
0.4405
0.6160
0.7622
0.8666
0.9319
0.9682
0.9863
0.9945
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
6.0
0.0025
0.0174
0.0620
0.1512
0.2851
0.4457
0.6063
0.7440
0.8472
0.9161
0.9574
0.9799
0.9912
0.9964
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.0
0.0009
0.0073
0.0296
0.0818
0.1730
0.3007
0.4497
X
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
= 6.1
0.7301
0.8367
0.9090
0.9531
0.9776
0.9900
0.9958
0.9984
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 7.1
0.0008
0.0067
0.0275
0.0767
0.1641
0.2881
0.4349
0.5838
0.7160
0.8202
0.8942
0.9420
0.9703
0.9857
0.9935
0.9972
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 8.1
0.0003
0.0028
0.0127
0.0396
0.0940
0.1822
0.3013
0.4391
0.5786
0.7041
0.8058
0.8807
0.9313
0.9628
0.9810
0.9908
6.2
0.7160
0.8259
0.9016
0.9486
0.9750
0.9887
0.9952
0.9981
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.2
0.0007
0.0061
0.0255
0.0719
0.1555
0.2759
0.4204
0.5689
0.7027
0.8096
0.8867
0.9371
0.9673
0.9841
0.9927
0.9969
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.2
0.0003
0.0025
0.0118
0.0370
0.0887
0.1736
0.2896
0.4254
0.5647
0.6915
0.7955
0.8731
0.9261
0.9595
0.9791
0.9898
6.3
0.7017
0.8148
0.8939
0.9437
0.9723
0.9873
0.9945
0.9978
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.3
0.0007
0.0056
0.0236
0.0674
0.1473
0.2640
0.4060
0.5541
0.6892
0.7988
0.8788
0.9319
0.9642
0.9824
0.9918
0.9964
0.9985
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.3
0.0002
0.0023
0.0109
0.0346
0.0837
0.1653
0.2781
0.4119
0.5507
0.6788
0.7850
0.8652
0.9207
0.9561
0.9771
0.9887
6.4
0.6873
0.8033
0.8858
0.9386
0.9693
0.9857
0.9937
0.9974
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.4
0.0006
0.0051
0.0219
0.0632
0.1395
0.2526
0.3920
0.5393
0.6757
0.7877
0.8707
0.9265
0.9609
0.9805
0.9908
0.9959
0.9983
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.4
0.0002
0.0021
0.0100
0.0323
0.0789
0.1573
0.2670
0.3987
0.5369
0.6659
0.7743
0.8571
0.9150
0.9524
0.9749
0.9875
6.5
0.6728
0.7916
0.8774
0.9332
0.9661
0.9840
0.9929
0.9970
0.9988
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.5
0.0006
0.0047
0.0203
0.0591
0.1321
0.2414
0.3782
0.5246
0.6620
0.7764
0.8622
0.9208
0.9573
0.9784
0.9897
0.9954
0.9980
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.5
0.0002
0.0019
0.0093
0.0301
0.0744
0.1496
0.2562
0.3856
0.5231
0.6530
0.7634
0.8487
0.9091
0.9486
0.9726
0.9862
6.6
0.6581
0.7796
0.8686
0.9274
0.9627
0.9821
0.9920
0.9966
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.6
0.0005
0.0043
0.0188
0.0554
0.1249
0.2307
0.3646
0.5100
0.6482
0.7649
0.8535
0.9148
0.9536
0.9762
0.9886
0.9948
0.9978
0.9991
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.6
0.0002
0.0018
0.0086
0.0281
0.0701
0.1422
0.2457
0.3728
0.5094
0.6400
0.7522
0.8400
0.9029
0.9445
0.9701
0.9848
6.7
0.6433
0.7673
0.8596
0.9214
0.9591
0.9801
0.9909
0.9961
0.9984
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.7
0.0005
0.0039
0.0174
0.0518
0.1181
0.2203
0.3514
0.4956
0.6343
0.7531
0.8445
0.9085
0.9496
0.9739
0.9873
0.9941
0.9974
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.7
0.0002
0.0016
0.0079
0.0262
0.0660
0.1352
0.2355
0.3602
0.4958
0.6269
0.7409
0.8311
0.8965
0.9403
0.9675
0.9832
6.8
0.6285
0.7548
0.8502
0.9151
0.9552
0.9779
0.9898
0.9956
0.9982
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
7.8
0.0004
0.0036
0.0161
0.0485
0.1117
0.2103
0.3384
0.4812
0.6204
0.7411
0.8352
0.9020
0.9454
0.9714
0.9859
0.9934
0.9971
0.9988
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.8
0.0002
0.0015
0.0073
0.0244
0.0621
0.1284
0.2256
0.3478
0.4823
0.6137
0.7294
0.8220
0.8898
0.9358
0.9647
0.9816
79
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
6.9
0.6136
0.7420
0.8405
0.9084
0.9510
0.9755
0.9885
0.9950
0.9979
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
7.9
0.0004
0.0033
0.0149
0.0453
0.1055
0.2006
0.3257
0.4670
0.6065
0.7290
0.8257
0.8952
0.9409
0.9687
0.9844
0.9926
0.9967
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.9
0.0001
0.0014
0.0068
0.0228
0.0584
0.1219
0.2160
0.3357
0.4689
0.6006
0.7178
0.8126
0.8829
0.9311
0.9617
0.9798
7.0
0.5987
0.7291
0.8305
0.9015
0.9467
0.9730
0.9872
0.9943
0.9976
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
8.0
0.0003
0.0030
0.0138
0.0424
0.0996
0.1912
0.3134
0.4530
0.5925
0.7166
0.8159
0.8881
0.9362
0.9658
0.9827
0.9918
0.9963
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
9.0
0.0001
0.0012
0.0062
0.0212
0.0550
0.1157
0.2068
0.3239
0.4557
0.5874
0.7060
0.8030
0.8758
0.9261
0.9585
0.9780
x
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
= 8.1
0.9958
0.9982
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 9.1
0.0001
0.0011
0.0058
0.0198
0.0517
0.1098
0.1978
0.3123
0.4426
0.5742
0.6941
0.7932
0.8684
0.9210
0.9552
0.9760
0.9878
0.9941
0.9973
0.9988
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 11
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0049
0.0151
0.0375
0.0786
0.1432
0.2320
0.3405
0.4599
0.5793
0.6887
0.7813
0.8540
0.9074
0.9441
0.9678
8.2
0.9953
0.9979
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9.2
0.0001
0.0010
0.0053
0.0184
0.0486
0.1041
0.1892
0.3010
0.4296
0.5611
0.6820
0.7832
0.8607
0.9156
0.9517
0.9738
0.9865
0.9934
0.9969
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
12
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0203
0.0458
0.0895
0.1550
0.2424
0.3472
0.4616
0.5760
0.6815
0.7720
0.8444
0.8987
0.9370
8.3
0.9947
0.9977
0.9990
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.3
0.0001
0.0009
0.0049
0.0172
0.0456
0.0986
0.1808
0.2900
0.4168
0.5479
0.6699
0.7730
0.8529
0.9100
0.9480
0.9715
0.9852
0.9927
0.9966
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0011
0.0037
0.0107
0.0259
0.0540
0.0998
0.1658
0.2517
0.3532
0.4631
0.5730
0.6751
0.7636
0.8355
0.8905
8.4
0.9941
0.9973
0.9989
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.4
0.0001
0.0009
0.0045
0.0160
0.0429
0.0935
0.1727
0.2792
0.4042
0.5349
0.6576
0.7626
0.8448
0.9042
0.9441
0.9691
0.9838
0.9919
0.9962
0.9983
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0018
0.0055
0.0142
0.0316
0.0621
0.1094
0.1757
0.2600
0.3585
0.4644
0.5704
0.6694
0.7559
0.8272
8.5
0.9934
0.9970
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.5
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0149
0.0403
0.0885
0.1649
0.2687
0.3918
0.5218
0.6453
0.7520
0.8364
0.8981
0.9400
0.9665
0.9823
0.9911
0.9957
0.9980
0.9991
0.9996
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0028
0.0076
0.0180
0.0374
0.0699
0.1185
0.1848
0.2676
0.3632
0.4657
0.5681
0.6641
0.7489
8.6
0.9926
0.9966
0.9985
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.6
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0138
0.0378
0.0838
0.1574
0.2584
0.3796
0.5089
0.6329
0.7412
0.8279
0.8919
0.9357
0.9638
0.9806
0.9902
0.9952
0.9978
0.9990
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0014
0.0040
0.0100
0.0220
0.0433
0.0774
0.1270
0.1931
0.2745
0.3675
0.4667
0.5660
0.6593
8.7
0.9918
0.9962
0.9983
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.7
0.0001
0.0007
0.0035
0.0129
0.0355
0.0793
0.1502
0.2485
0.3676
0.4960
0.6205
0.7303
0.8191
0.8853
0.9312
0.9609
0.9789
0.9892
0.9947
0.9975
0.9989
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0021
0.0054
0.0126
0.0261
0.0491
0.0847
0.1350
0.2009
0.2808
0.3715
0.4677
0.5640
8.8
0.9909
0.9957
0.9981
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.8
0.0001
0.0006
0.0033
0.0120
0.0333
0.0750
0.1433
0.2388
0.3558
0.4832
0.6080
0.7193
0.8101
0.8786
0.9265
0.9579
0.9770
0.9881
0.9941
0.9972
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
18
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0010
0.0029
0.0071
0.0154
0.0304
0.0549
0.0917
0.1426
0.2081
0.2867
0.3751
0.4686
80
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
8.9
0.9899
0.9952
0.9978
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
9.9
0.0001
0.0005
0.0030
0.0111
0.0312
0.0710
0.1366
0.2294
0.3442
0.4705
0.5955
0.7081
0.8009
0.8716
0.9216
0.9546
0.9751
0.9870
0.9935
0.9969
0.9986
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0005
0.0015
0.0039
0.0089
0.0183
0.0347
0.0606
0.0984
0.1497
0.2148
0.2920
0.3784
9.0
0.9889
0.9947
0.9976
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
10.0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0028
0.0103
0.0293
0.0671
0.1301
0.2202
0.3328
0.4579
0.5830
0.6968
0.7916
0.8645
0.9165
0.9513
0.9730
0.9857
0.9928
0.9965
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0008
0.0021
0.0050
0.0108
0.0214
0.0390
0.0661
0.1049
0.1565
0.2211
0.2970
x
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
= 11
0.9823
0.9907
0.9953
0.9977
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
12
0.9626
0.9787
0.9884
0.9939
0.9970
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
13
0.9302
0.9573
0.9750
0.9859
0.9924
0.9960
0.9980
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
14
0.8826
0.9235
0.9521
0.9712
0.9833
0.9907
0.9950
0.9974
0.9987
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
15
0.8195
0.8752
0.9170
0.9469
0.9673
0.9805
0.9888
0.9938
0.9967
0.9983
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
16
0.7423
0.8122
0.8682
0.9108
0.9418
0.9633
0.9777
0.9869
0.9925
0.9959
0.9978
0.9989
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
17
0.6550
0.7363
0.8055
0.8615
0.9047
0.9367
0.9594
0.9748
0.9848
0.9912
0.9950
0.9973
0.9986
0.9993
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
18
0.5622
0.6509
0.7307
0.7991
0.8551
0.8989
0.9317
0.9554
0.9718
0.9827
0.9897
0.9941
0.9967
0.9982
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
81
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
19
0.4695
0.5606
0.6472
0.7255
0.7931
0.8490
0.8933
0.9269
0.9514
0.9687
0.9805
0.9882
0.9930
0.9960
0.9978
0.9988
0.9994
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
20
0.3814
0.4703
0.5591
0.6437
0.7206
0.7875
0.8432
0.8878
0.9221
0.9475
0.9657
0.9782
0.9865
0.9919
0.9953
0.9973
0.9985
0.9992
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
TABLE 21
03339
97971
16779
12675
55804
16835
84544
63230
33564
57461
91645
78305
97888
67286
53610
52965
25336
73078
31797
47772
54153
93745
81686
79788
92112
87542
37535
95957
34642
50413
53312
16302
96357
38529
45939
02300
59750
21285
93703
15576
12752
89038
62411
45853
84558
45272
68015
13263
66309
56348
50911
31709
33846
08790
16237
53062
07580
90765
10770
40570
83776
26995
65545
09718
89945
68892
25594
77616
38354
36910
37575
37129
58828
33250
68760
45150
48943
69380
53361
09231
59931
76045
01909
89538
06099
68485
24973
82657
19090
19775
69796
93322
08379
38927
84355
69131
11832
89559
97705
38713
14209
40197
84716
13241
72550
71543
48813
08867
10595
72906
99246
23146
02904
67231
72102
64541
50557
49296
47800
39986
31898
55032
74199
05865
61201
75523
07719
49091
63940
46516
55182
28958
58799
15600
76041
98567
05962
22053
63030
77518
03625
25069
40159
77105
00116
61075
39832
66545
46996
82303
39594
16313
49870
71260
10570
67632
30161
08033
71323
30794
45548
56071
40042
54033
66595
02225
96257
55882
48454
34033
39212
94444
87214
53018
02189
66790
20407
90182
79546
61672
43761
21182
87374
33687
57638
77035
83215
88931
88931
43259
37328
88186
27419
65241
68344
80192
80462
06433
69059
26293
68368
80020
59670
16558
31470
30337
10746
05038
84243
49144
02457
97081
70653
24185
02198
09603
59700
71507
43304
39868
63993
17884
13727
62394
09424
63963
33748
13205
89956
79954
59424
30050
53184
86353
55342
91533
25950
84439
84439
82790
75200
45026
12024
70387
92805
45959
70468
38634
33771
61319
97742
01588
46946
83316
92612
28739
96470
10908
09402
65239
74804
22376
24483
52097
26968
59304
27715
30168
14256
24009
05419
27082
80539
56997
24156
13903
93650
71802
96836
01291
79775
96256
87233
61917
41269
62500
43867
94747
94747
08193
77262
31020
99694
01634
52618
76992
89929
36645
95004
45285
36252
21654
71716
68482
94917
17582
60680
00633
62877
21788
49536
09819
31258
78713
88467
38179
42432
31876
74281
97123
77565
23502
95037
41534
10368
68498
39356
35482
91313
72278
17772
85737
55275
63876
96173
31548
75213
77982
77982
63007
99004
52540
68668
59665
51584
19210
55695
22350
89037
72784
82
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
27671
50328
50623
10294
48822
40924
63507
21740
49762
38288
89815
56855
96475
95910
46939
75920
27652
28283
82279
59151
73150
06136
73536
01953
26257
02891
01011
27973
80712
55658
41552
86962
59572
52367
94872
09511
21500
61932
61932
68824
96705
10838
73039
30512
75901
27126
77524
81169
38054
50043
55091
04577
38681
45137
79794
32434
14435
55450
56151
29180
74285
97424
77668
84400
52318
80486
88151
53424
28882
27583
98537
89476
16862
13763
89107
25219
22099
46814
73572
84893
45236
27067
56476
79032
35605
80252
17758
21928
21928
75315
15540
72490
87682
66161
53021
45525
20675
97417
80853
44438
93108
28271
21841
09210
90552
01130
22604
06690
59809
56475
02730
74482
19793
19020
69565
69274
83658
14980
63172
71167
78530
98324
55793
05674
15643
66750
42320
73752
97546
32569
36048
40455
33597
22828
00631
75722
80577
10524
93185
81867
64649
55768
38080
22360
40521
19292
64138
77033
08589
35545
20779
71129
06995
56719
01800
69982
02726
34870
33990
22487
27856
60635
23208
14204
74158
28010
37984
56410
03774
30055
34471
22245
19609
74314
73818
02188
52162
93973
36702
47071
96380
95925
36478
01771
20900
69446
97119
07689
09210
49460
16332
09057
40078
27983
68325
83279
11148
02994
03621
20258
21784
34272
71809
58511
83209
13509
94238
60526
65709
61035
09445
78216
29405
52737
19195
07573
08373
61967
07592
70358
50222
15470
46373
38444
82596
38965
55618
35883
19324
07634
61510
65463
75253
93446
16711
52439
48137
05343
00239
06838
84048
10160
48838
25255
02258
20517
10351
68788
65479
64984
95405
03138
92588
81054
24144
77887
84263
40430
38985
91554
06869
34434
67864
32652
91266
22078
03622
82339
04914
21486
42004
28739
56042
51796
15910
31497
63114
17099
83680
51915
20862
12169
33355
61589
34613
51284
05509
42635
38667
60935
50283
86978
16908
99248
38358
94891
48709
70293
07715
10462
95488
98021
42766
15034
54072
60838
75195
38122
83712
06497
02654
38814
73628
64898
51564
24936
28221
78011
86985
80023
71027
17211
88118
27164
28731
05005
97839
46591
15238
57884
42742
24013
71556
68581
58658
62441
70541
94037
85092
06668
51660
59827
14537
43991
84971
31557
76546
23617
60564
86698
28717
82164
82806
51183
95322
20758
20758
75980
44728
60902
82220
42885
65514
08155
16909
58144
28169
46690
42358
06283
15467
41426
11611
75427
97677
74106
36791
92035
98831
22605
39400
62243
87023
53814
57463
54052
29916
38861
19270
91358
24987
06676
55242
46097
15539
46373
14004
76146
68977
49777
65805
41356
83454
83454
02095
32455
41561
69304
50482
56633
23486
94194
65007
04174
08002
14056
84596
03983
18853
64426
90685
42704
60655
00853
21766
17157
41293
85615
82572
94372
95588
92925
18354
51537
49668
99287
21587
69246
44075
61308
01825
94335
86928
94577
22021
95583
85321
87525
19391
22756
22756
87545
17057
54608
46235
98501
72030
66134
79732
08786
65533
45066
55438
72091
09141
41523
59065
60352
13718
56289
49969
19435
44089
54854
52314
45211
83
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University
06164
05832
12042
20914
93658
74742
81193
95765
86400
32338
26507
20153
73822
52135
27936
23779
11765
90463
35952
96787
83959
83959
88815
08339
41023
97332
00245
30856
88799
47114
14826
52718
02870
98148
53987
60562
14914
06758
96288
44975
74166
74814
92579
07366
39736
83202
37060
30700
80235
91414
28460
29525
47181
43366
72605
29559
31980
06186
36271
93481
74919
47220
98562
81072
11813
83204
64410
96347
96347
80086
93997
98345
64539
88990
85183
49496
23919
04896
55255
60012
35384
01477
65725
76661
02892
34248
67145
78561
09270
27683
66196
05113
40313
15017