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FORMULAE AND STATISTICAL TABLES BOOKLET

for

Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Statistics


(PGDAST)

IMPORTANT
The Formulae and Statistical Tables Booklet contains the
main formulae of the courses of the PGDAST programme and
Statistical Tables.
The Formulae and Statistical Tables Booklet will be
available at the examination centres in the Term-End
Examinations for the courses of the PGDAST programme.

School of Sciences
Indira Gandhi National Open University
New Delhi 110068
1
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

CONTENTS
FORMULAE AND STATISTICAL TABLES

Page No.

MST-001

Foundation in Mathematics and Statistics

3-5

MST-002

Descriptive Statistics

6-9

MST-003

Probability Theory

10-13

MST-004

Statistical Inference

14-18

MST-005

Statistical Techniques

19-22

MSTE-001

Industrial Statistics-I

23-26

MSTE-002

Industrial Statistics-II

28-29

Table 1

Logarithms

31-32

Table 2

Antilogarithms

33-34

Table 3

Values of e

35

Table 4

Commonaly Used Values of Standard Normal Variate Z

36

Table 5

Standard Normal Distribution (Z table)

37

Table 6

Students t Distribution (t table)

38

Table 7

Chi square Distribution (2 table)

39

Table 8

F Distribution (F table)

Table 9

Critical Values of Wilcoxon Test

45

Table 10

Critical Values of Runs Test

46

Table 11

Critical Values of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for One Sample

47

Table 12

Critical Values of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Two Samples of Equal Size

48

Table 13

Critical Values of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Two Samples of Unequal Sizes

49

Table 14

Critical Values of Mann-Whitney U Test

40-44

50-53

Table 15

Critical Values of Kruskal-Wallis Test

54

Table 16

Critical Values of Friedman Test

55

Table 17

Poisson Probability

Table 18

Constants/Factors for Variable Control Charts

60

Table 19

Cumulative Binomial Probability Distribution

61-74

Table 20

Cumulative Poisson Probability Distribution

75-79

Table 21

Random Number Table

80-81

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

56-59

MST-001

FOUNDATION IN MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

S.
No.

FORMULAE

De-Morgans Laws

Distributive Laws
A (B C) A B A C

(A B) ' A ' B'


(A B) ' A ' B'

A (B C) A B A C

Important Relations Between Different Sets

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)

Laws of Logarithm
loga mn loga m loga n

n(A B) = n(A B) + n(A B) + n(B A)

n(A B) = n(A) n(A B)

log a

a loga m m
loga a 1

m
log a m log a n
n

loga b

loga mn n log a m

n(B A) = n(B) n(A B)

1
log b a

n(A B C) n(A) n(B) n(C) n(A B) n(A C) log b log n b


a
log n a
n(B C) n(A B C)

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)


For an A.P. having first term a and
common difference d

n th term = a n Tn a (n 1)d
n
2

Sum of first n terms = Sn [2a (n 1)d]


or Sn

n
(a l), l last term
2

Geometric Progression (G.P.)


For a G.P. having first term a and
common ratio r
n th term = a n Tn ar n 1

a(1 r n )
, r 1
1 r
a
, r 1
Sum of infinite G.P. = S
1 r
Sumof first n terms Sn

4 Permutation of things not all distinct


n
, where p1 p2 ... pk n
p1 p 2 p3 ... p k
and pi 1, 1 k n
where pi are the ith kind of thing out of n things.
Permutation when repetition is allowed
Total number of permutations of n things taken r
at a time anything can repeat any number of times
= nr .
Circular permutation
Number of permutations of n distinct things
= (n 1)! (when anti-clock wise and clock wise
order of arrangements makes different
permutations)
Number of permutations of n distinct things

Sum of Special Sequences


n(n 1)
;
2
k 1
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
k2

6
k 1
n

n(n 1)
k3

2
k 1
n

Combination
The total number of combinations of n things taken r (1 r n) at a
time n Cr

n!
(n r)! r!

Result I: Total number of permutations of n distinct things taken r at


a time such that
i) s (0 < s < r) particular things are always included = n s Pr s r Ps
ii) s (0 < s < r) particular things are always excluded =

n s

Pr

Result II: Total number of combination of n distinct things taken r at


a time such that
i) s (0 < s < r) particular things are always included = n s Cr s
ii) s (0 < s < r) particular things are always excluded =

(n 1)!
(when anti-clock wise and clock wise
2
order of arrangements does not give distinct
permutations)

5 Binomial theorem for positive integral index


(a b)n n C0 a n n C1 a n 1 b n C2 a n 2 b2 n C3 a n 3 b3 ... + n Cn 1 abn 1 n Cn bn
Binomial theorem for any index
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
n(n 1)(n 2)...(n (r 1)) r
(1 x)n 1 nx
x
x ...
x ...
2!
3!
r!

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

n s

Cr

6 Some Standard Results on Limit


lim cos 1

xn an
na n 1
x a x a
sin

lim
lim
1
0

sin

ex 1
loge e 1
x 0
x
log(1 x)
lim
1
x 0
x
1
lim
0, where n 0
x x n

lim

lim

a x 1
loge a ,
x 0
x

lim

lim 1 e
x
x
lim(1 x)1/ x e

tan

lim
lim
1
0
0 tan

x 0

7 Derivatives of Some Functions

d
(k) 0 , k is constant
dx
d n
(x ) nx n 1
dx
d
(ax b)n na(ax b)n 1
dx
d
d
(cu) c (u)
dx
dx
where c is constant and
u is a function of x

Exponential function
d bx
(a ) ba bx log a
dx
d bx
(e ) bebx
dx
Logarithmic function
d
1
(loga x) loga e
dx
x
d
1
(loge x)
dx
x

If y = f(u), u = g(w), w = h(x) then

Parametric functions

dy dy du dw

(Chain Rule)
dx du dw dx

x = f(t), y = g(t)

d
du dv
(u v)

dx
dx dx
d
dv
du
(uv) u
v (Product Rule)
dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
d u
dx
dx

(Quotient Rule)
dx v
v2
where u, v are functions of x

dy dy dx

dx dt dt

8 Integration of Some Functions


n
x dx

x n 1
c, n 1;
n 1

ax b dx a log ax b c;

1
x dx log x c;
(ax b) n 1
n
(ax b) dx a(n 1) c, n 1

mx
a dx

a mx
c;
m log e a

mx n
a dx

ax

dx

ax b

eax
c;
a

dx

a mx n
c;
m log a

eax b
c
a

9 Integration by Parts
d

u(x) v(x) dx u(x) v(x) dx dx u(x) v(x) dx dx


10 Elementary Properties of Definite Integral
b

a
b

a
a

c1

c2

cn

c1

cn 1

2 f (x)dx,
a f (x)dx 0
0,

f (x)dx f (x)dx, where a < c1 < c2 < ....< cn < b


cn

f (x)dx f (a b x)dx
a
a

f (x)dx f (a x)dx
0

f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx ...

f (x)dx f (x)dx

if f (x) is an even function


if f (x) is an odd function

a
2 f (x)dx, if f (2a x) f (x)
0 f (x)dx 0
0,
if f (2a x) f (x)

2a

11 Matrices and Determinants

A0 I, where I is the identity matrix of the same


order as A

(A) A

tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)

(kA) kA,
(A B) A B

tr (kA) = k tr (A)

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

(A B) A B
(AB) BA

(A B)2 A2 AB BA B2
(A B) A 2AB B if and only if AB = BA
2

A11
A
21
A 31
AdjA
..
.

A n1

A12
A 22

A13
A 23

A 32

A 33

.
.
.

.
.
.

An2

A n3

... A1n A11


... A 2n A12
... A 3n A13

. .
...
. .
.
.

... A nn A1n

A 21
A 22

A31
A 32

A 23

A 33

.
.
.

.
.
.

A 2n

A 3n

tr (AB) = tr (BA)
tr (AB) tr (A) tr (B)

... A n1
... A n 2
... A n3

.
...
.
.

... A nn

where Aij represents cofactor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A


A A , (A 1 ) (A)1 ; (AB)1 B1A 1
If

A 0

then A 1

1
(adjA)
A

12 Graphical Presentation
Histogram
Number of classes
K = 1 + 3.322 Log N,

Box Plot

where K = the approximate number of classes,

H-spread = Upper hing Lower hing,

N = total number of observations

Step (H-Spread) 1.5

Lower hing = first quartile,


Upper hing = third quartile

Log = common logarithm (logarithm to the base 10)

Lower inner fence = Lower hing One step

Frequencies of the unequal class-intervals


Given frequency
The least width
Width of its class-interval

Upper inner fence = Upper hing + One step

Stem-and-leaf display

Lower adjacent = Smallest observation

Lower outer fence = Lower hing Two steps


Upper outer fence = Upper hing + Two steps

j mths quantile Q j/ m x i

Upper adjacent = Largest observation

where xi is that value of the variable below which j m


j n 1
observation lie and i
.
m 2

ths

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

MST-002

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

S.
No.

FORMULAE

1 Measures of Central Tendency


Mean for
Ungrouped Data

Mean for Grouped Data


k

x
i 1

i 1
k

di

x w

XW

i 1

i 1

i 1
k

i 1

f d

i i

X A

i 1
k

n X
i

Combined Mean

n1X1 n 2 X2
n1 n 2
In General

f x

i i

XA

Weighted Mean

i 1
k

i 1

i 1

Median for Ungrouped/Discrete Data

Median for Continuous Data


N

2 C
h
Median L
f

When n is odd
th

n 1
Median (M d )
observation
2
When n is even
th

th

n
n

2 observation 2 1 observation

;
Md
2
Mode for Ungrouped/Discrete Data

Median for Continuous Data

Empirical Formula

f1 f 0
Mode = value of the variable corresponding to the maximum M L
h Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
0
frequency
f1 f0 f1 f 2

Geometric Mean for Grouped Data

Geometric Mean for Ungrouped Data


1

Harmonic Mean for Ungrouped Data

HM

Harmonic Mean for Grouped Data

n
n

x
i 1

GM x1f1 x 2f2 ...x k fk fi

GM n x1x 2 ...x n (x1x 2 ...x n ) n

HM

N
k

fi

i 1

Quartiles

Deciles

iN

4 C

h
Qi L
f
for i 1, 2,3

Percentiles
iN

100 C
h
Pi L
f
for i 1, 2,...,99

iN

10 C

h
Di L
f
for i 1, 2,...,9

2 Measures of Dispersion
Range

Quartile Deviation

R XMax XMin
X
XMin
Cofficient of range Max
XMax XMin

QD

Q3 Q1
2

Cofficient of QD

Mean Deviation About any Arbitrary Point A


MD

Q3 Q1
Q3 Q1

1
n

x A
i

i 1

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xi A

i 1

MD

i 1

Variance
2 =

1
n

x x

Combined Variance for Several Groups

i 1

1
=
N
2

f x x
i

n x

i i

where di xi x and x

i 1

Standard deviation

i 1
k

i 1

SD Variance

Coefficient of variation

Root mean square deviation (RMSD) for an arbitrary point A


n

f x
i

i 1

RMSD

1
n 2 d 2 n 2 d 2 ... n 2 d 2
k
k
k

n1 n 2 ... n k 1 1 1 2 2 2

and RMSD

100
x

CV =

i 1

i 1

Raw Moments (Moments about Arbitrary Point A)

Central Moments (Moments about Mean)


k

(x i A)r

i 1

i 1

; for r = 0, 1, 2,

N
k

; for r = 1, 2,

(x x)

fi (x i A) r

i 1

; r = 1, 2,

f (x x)

i 1

; for r = 0, 1, 2

Recurrence relation

r r r C1 r 1 1 r C2 r 2 1 r C3 r 3 1 ... 1 1
2

2 2 2 1

3 3 32 1 2 1

4 4 43 1 6 2 1 31
2

Coefficients of Skewness

Sk =

Sk

32
32

; 1 1

Q3 2Q2 Q1 ;
Q3 Q1

Coefficients of Kurtosis

Sk

P90 2P50 P10


P90 P10

4
22

2 = 2 3

D9 2D5 D1
D9 D1

5 Curve Fitting
Normal least square equations for straight line
Y = a + bX :

y na b x

y x a x b x

Normal least square equations for exponential curve


Y = abX:

u nA B x

ux A x B x

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Normal least square equations for second degree


parabola Y = a + bX + cX2 :


xy a x b x c x
x y a x b x c x
y na b

xc

x2

Normal least square equations for exponential curve


Y = aebX:

u nA B x

where log y = u, log a = A and log b = B

ux A x B x

where log y = u, log a = A and blog e = B


log - logarithm to the base 10.

Normal least square equations for power curve


Y = aXb:

u nA b v

uv A v b v

where u = log y, v = log x and A = log a


6 Simple, Multiple and Partial Correlation Analysis
Correlation ratio for continuous data

Correlation coefficient between X and Y

f (y y)

(x

x)(yi y)

i 1

n
n

(x i x) 2
(yi y) 2

i 1
i 1

Correlation coefficient between X and Y by short cut


method

d d d d

n d d n d d

2yx

x y

2
x

f d
f d

2
x x

x x

ric

y y

f d

f d

y y

2
y y

Rank correlation coefficient rs 1

i 1
2

n(n 1)

Tx

i 1

(n 3 n)

d ci2 Tx Ty
6
n3 n
n 3 n

2Tx
2Ty

6
6

(m3xi m xi )
and Ty
12

(m3yi m yi )

i 1

Coefficient of concurrent deviation

rc

(2c k)
k

f y

ij ij

(x

ij

x) 2

i 1 j1

ki

(k

1)(x ij x) 2

i 1 j1

1 k 2m
1

k 1 x 2
Multiple correlation coefficient

R1.23

d i2

Rank correlation coefficient for tied ranks

m(m 2 1)

6 d2
...
12

rs 1
2
n(n 1)

rs c

k i2 (x i x) 2

i 1

ric

T2
N2y

N

i 1 j1

f d f d
2

fij yij and T

j1

x x

where Ti

Correlation Coefficient between X and Y for bivariate


data
f xyd x d y

fij (yi y)2

m T2
or 2yx i

i 1 n i

i 1 j1

2
y

i 1
m n

Intra-class correlation coefficient

R 2.13

R 3.12

2
2
r12
r13
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r23
2
2
r12
r23
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r21
2
2
r13
r23
2r12 r13r23
2
1 r12

Multiple correlation coefficient in terms of partial


correlation coefficient
2
2
R1.23 1 (1 r12
)(1 r13.2
)
2
2
R 2.13 1 (1 r12
)(1 r23.1
)

2
2
R3.12 1 (1 r13
)(1 r32.1
)

12

Partial correlation coefficient


r12 r13 r23
r12.3
2
(1 r132 )(1 r23
)

Correlation ratio for discrete data

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

n (y y)
i

2yx

i 1
m n

(y

ij

r13 r12 r32

r13.2

2
2
(1 r12
)(1 r32
)

r23 r21r31

r23.1

y)2

2
2
(1 r21
)(1 r31
)

i 1 j1

7 Regression Analysis
Regression line of Y on X
(y y) b yx (x x)

byx =

where

Partial Regression Coefficients

r y

x
Regression line of X on Y
(x x) b xy (y y)
where b xy =

1 r12 r13r23

b12.3

2
2 1 r23

1 r13 r12 r23

b13.2

2
3 1 r23

2 r23 r21r31

b 23.1

r x
y

2
3 1 r31

Variance of residual

Angle between two lines of regression


(1 r 2 )
x y
tan
2x 2y
r

2
1.23

12
2
1 r23

2
(1 r23
r122 r132 2r12 r23 r13 )

8 Association of Attributes
Yules coefficient of association

(AB)() (A)(B)
(AB)() (A)(B)

Chi-square statistic
and Q

2
1

(A)(B)
(AB)()
(A)(B)
(AB)()

ij

i 1 j1

Coefficient of colligation

Eij

E ij

Coefficient of contingency

2
2 N

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

MST-003

PROBABILITY THEORY

S.
No.
1

FORMULAE
Probability
Laws of probability

Conditional probability

Law of total probability

P(A B) = P(A) P(A B)

P(A B) = P(A) P(B|A), P(A) > 0

P(A) = P(E1) P(A|E1) + P(E2) P(A|E2) +


+ P(En) P(A|En)

P(A B) = P(B) P(A B)

= P(B) P(A|B), P(B) > 0

P(A B) P(A) P(B) P(A B)

P(A B C) P(A) P(B) P(C)


P(A B) P(A C)

Happening of at least one of the


events A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An is
1 P(A1 )P(A 2 ) ... P(A n )

P(Ei | A)

Bivariate Random Variable (X, Y)


For Discrete Random Variable (X, Y)

For Continuous Random Variable (X, Y)

F x, y

p(xi , y j ) P X xi Y y j

f (x, y)dydx

p(x i , y j ) 1

where f (x, y) 0 and

f (x, y)dydx 1

Marginal probability mass function of X

Marginal distribution function of X

p xi

f (x, y) dy dx

Marginal distribution function of Y

p(x , y )

F(x) P X x

Marginal probability mass function of Y

p(x i , y j )

p yj

F(y) P[Y y] f (x, y) dx dy

Marginal probability density function of X


y

Conditional probability mass function of X


given Y = y

p(x | y) P[X x | Y y] =

P X x Y y
P Y y

provided P[Y = y] 0
Conditional probability mass function of Y
given X = x

p(y | x) P[Y y | X x] =
provided P[X = x] 0

P(E )P(A | E )

Joint probability density function

p(xi , y j ) P X xi , Y y j or

P(Ei )P(A | Ei )
, i 1, 2,..., n
P(A)

i 1

Univariate random variable X


Distribution function or cumulative distribution function
F( x ) = P[X x ]
x
P[X k], in the case of discrete random variable
k 0
F(x) P[X x] x
f (x)dx,
in the case of continuous random variable

i 1

where P(A)

P(A B C) P(A) P(B) P(C)

Joint probability mass function

P E P A | E

Bayes theorem

P(A1 A 2 ... A n )

P(B C) P(A B C)
If A, B, C are mutually exclusive events,
then

where p(xi , y j ) 0 and

P Y y X x
P X x

f (x)

f (x, y) dy

or f (x)

d
F(x)
dx

Marginal probability density function of Y

f (y)

f (x, y) dx

or f (y)

d
F(y)
dy

Conditional probability density function of X given Y = y


f (x, y)
f (x | y)
, where f(y) > 0 is the marginal density of Y
f (y)

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Marginal distribution function of X

F(x) P X x

P X x, Y y
j

Marginal distribution function of Y

F(y) P Y y

P X x , Y y

Conditional probability density function of Y given X = x


f (x, y)
, where f(x) > 0 is the marginal density of X
f (y | x)
f (x)
Conditional distribution function of X given Y = y

f (x | y) dx , for all y such that f (y) 0

F(x | y) P X x | Y y

Conditional distribution function of Y given X = x

Condition for independence


P[X x i Y y j ] P[X x i ]P[Y y j ]

F(y | x) P Y y | X x

f (y | x) dy,

for all x such that f (x) 0


Condition for independence
f (y | x) f (y) and f (x | y) f (x)
or f(x, y) = f(x) f(y)
4

Expectation
Properties of mathematical expectation
E(k) = k
E(kX) = kE(X)
E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b
where k, a and b are constant
rth order moment about any point A

Addition theorem of expectation


E(X Y) E(X) E(Y)

r E(X A)r

V(aX b) a 2 V(X)

Multiplication theorem of expectation


E(XY)= E(X) E(Y)
where X and Y are independent random variable (r.v.)
Properties of variance

pi (x i A) r ,
if X is a discrete r.v.
V(aX bY) a 2 V(X) b2 V(Y) 2abCov(X, Y)
i

r
pi j (x i x)(yi y),
if (X, Y) is discrete r.v.

(x A) r f (x)dx, if X is a continous r.v


i

Cov(X, Y) =

(x x)(y y)f (x, y)dydx, if (X, Y)is continuous r.v.

rth order moment about mean ()

r E(X )r E X E(X)

pi (x i ) , if X is a discrete r.v.
i

r
(x ) r f (x)dx, if X is a continous r.v.

= E(X x )(Y y )

M.D. = E|X Mean|= E|X E(X)|

pi | x Mean |
for discrete r.v.

| x Mean | f (x)dx for continuous r.v.


Discrete and Continuous Probability Distributions


Probability
Distribution

Probability Function

Mean and
Variance

Other Properties

Discrete Probability Distributions


Bernoulli
(with
parameter p)

1 x

; x 0,1
p x 1 p
P X x
elsewhere

0;

Mean p and

3 p(2p 1)(p 1)

Variance p(1 p)

4 p 1 4p 6p2 3p3

Binomial
(with
parameters n
and p)

n C p x q n x ; x 0, 1, 2,..., n
P[X x] x
0;
elsewhere

Recurrence relation

Mean np and

3 npq q p

Variance npq

4 npq 1 3 n 2 pq

p x 1

nx p
. .p x , x = 0, 1, 2, , n 1
x 1 q

The expected frequencies

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Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

q p 2
npq

2 3

1 6pq
npq

f (x) N P X x

N. n C x p x q n x ; x 0, 1, 2, ..., n
Poisson
(with
parameter
0)

e x
; x 0, 1, 2, 3,...

P[X x] x
0;
elsewhere

Recurrence relation

Mean and

Variance

.p(x), x 0, 1, 2, 3,...
x 1

p(x 1)

1 2p
npq

, and

3 = , 4 32
1
1
1 , 1
,

1
1
2 3 , 2

Expected frequencies

f (x) N.P X x N.
Discrete
Uniform
(Rectangular)

(with
parameter n)

e x
; x 0, 1, 2, ...
x

1
for x 1, 2, ..., n
P[X x] n

0, otherwise

Mean

n 1
and
2

Variance

Expected frequency

n2 1
12

1
f (x) N.P[X x] N. ; x 1, 2, 3,..., n.
n
M C x . N M Cn x
nM
and
(with
for x 0, 1, 2, ...,min{n,M} Mean

N
N
Cn
parameters N, P[X x]

otherwise
M and n)
0,
Variance =
where n, M, N are positive integers such that
NM N M N n
n N, M N
N2 N 1

Hypergeometric

Geometric
(with
parameter p)

q x p for x 0, 1, 2, ...
P X x
0, otherwise

Mean

q
and
p

Variance
Negative
Binomial
(with
parameters r
and p)

x r 1 Cr 1 p r q x for x 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
P[X x]
otherwise
0,
where r is a positive integer and 0 < p < 1

Mean

q
p2

rq
and
p

Variance

rq
p2

Continuous Probability Distributions


Normal
(with
parameters
and )

f (x)

1
2

1 x

e 2

, x

Mean and
Variance 2

where and > 0


2

P[ X ] P[1 Z 1] 68.27%
P[ 2 X 2] P[2 Z 2] 95.44%
P[ 3 X 3] P[3 Z 3] 99.73%
Sum of independent normal variables is also a
normal variable.
Standard normal distribution

f (z)

1
2

1
z2
2 ,

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1 0, 2 2
3 0, 4 34
1 = 0, 2 3,

2
4
Q.D. , M.D.
3
5
1 0, 2 0

1 6pq
npq

Continuous
1
for a x b

Uniform
f (x) b a
(Rectangular)
0, otherwise

(with
parameters a Cumulative distribution function
and b)
for x a
0
x a

F(x)
for a x b
ba
for x b
1
Exponential
(with
parameter )

Mean

ab
and
2

Variance

b a 2

e x for x 0
f (x)
0, elsewhere

Mean

where > 0

Variance

Cumulative distribution function

12

1
and

Memory less (Lack of memory)


Property
P[X x + a | X a] = P[X x]

1 e x for x 0
F(x)
elsewhere
0,
Gamma
(with
parameters r
and )

Gamma function with parameter n

n x n 1e x dx
0

Gamma probability distribution with


parameters r > 0 and > 0
r ex x r 1
, x0

f (x)
r
0,
elsewhere

Gamma distribution with single parameter r > 0


e x x r 1
f (x)
, x 0, r 0
r

r
and

r
Variance 2

Mean

If n > 1, n (n 1) (n 1)
If n is a positive integer, then
n n 1

In the case of single 1


2
parameter r > 0
Additive
property of Gamma
Mean r and
Distribution
Variance r
If Xi are independent and
Xi G(, ri ) then
n

i 1

i 1

Xi G(, ri )
If Xi are independent and
Xi G( ri ) then
n

X
i 1

Beta
Distribution
of first kind
(with
parameters m
and n)

Beta function
1

(m, n) =

m 1

G( ri )
i 1

Beta function is symmetric


m
and
function, i.e.,
mn
(m, n) = (n, m)
Variance =
(p,q 1) (p 1,q)
mn

2
q
p
(m n) (m n 1)
Mean

(1 x) n 1dx

where m > 0, n > 0

(p,q) (p q,q) (p,q 1)

Beta distribution of first kind

1
x m 1 (1 x) n 1 , 0 x 1

f (x) (m, n)
0,
otherwise

where m > 0, n > 0

x m 1
dx
m n
0 (1 x)
Relationship between beta and
gamma functions
(m, n)

If m > 0, n > 0, then

(m, n)

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m n
mn

Beta

x m 1

Distribution f (x) (m, n)(1 x) m n , 0 x

of second kind
0,
elsewhere

(with
where
m
>
0,
n
>
0.
parameters m
and n)

MST-004

m
, n 1
n 1

and Variance =
m(m n 1)
,n2
(n 1) 2 (n 2)

STATISTICAL INFERENCE

S.
No.
1

Mean

FORMULAE
Sampling Distribution
Sample mean (X) and sample variance (S 2 )
X

2
1 n
1 n
Xi and S2
Xi X

n 1 i 1
n i 1

Sampling Distribution of
Sample Mean

E X

Var X

Sampling Distribution of
Sample Median

E X


Var X

SE X SD X

PQ
and SE(p)
n
For finite population

E(p) P , Var(p)

2n

2

SE X
2n

E(p) P, Var p

Sampling Distribution of
Sample Proportion

SE(p)
Sampling Distribution of
Difference of two Sample Means
(Independent Populations)
E X Y 1 2

Var X Y

SE X Y

Sampling Distribution of
Difference of two Sample
Proportions
E(p1 p2) = P1 P2

12 22

n1 n 2

12 22

n1 n 2

Var(p1 p2)

P1Q1 P2 Q2

n1
n2

SE p1 p 2

P1Q1 P2 Q2

n1
n2

N n PQ
and
N 1 n

N n PQ
N 1 n
Central Limit Theorem and
Law of Large Numbers

If X1 , X 2 , ..., X n is a random sample of size


n taken from a population with mean and
2
variance 2 then X ~ N , for n 30.
n
Law of large numbers

P X 1
n

Chi-Square Distribution

PQ
n

2
where 0 and 0 1.
2

t-Distribution

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F-Distribution

Chi-square statistic
1

f ( 2 )

2n / 2

n
2

n 1 S2

/2

~ 2n 1 t-statistic

(2 )(n / 2) 1

;0

n
r
2

2n / 2

n 1 2 r
2 2

F-statistic

~ t n 1

S/ n
t-distribution with n df

F
f t

1
n 1 / 2

S12 /12
~ F n1 1, n2 1
S22 / 22

2n 1 / n1 1
1
~ F n 1,n 1
1
2
2n 1 / n 2 1
2

2
/ 2 1
1 n t
1/ 2 1 / 2
F 1
n B , 1
f
(F)

n
2 2
1 2 / 2

B 1 , 2 1 1 F
; t

2 2
2

;0 F

2r 1 0; for all r 0, 1, 2, 3...

n
1
r r
r 2
2;
2r n
1 n
2 2

Relation between t, F and chi-square distribution


2
t2 ~F(1, ); 1F when 2

n 2r

r 2 r
2
2
; for 2 2r
1 2
2 2
where 1 n1 1 and 2 n 2 1.

r 2
1

F 1 , 2 ,1

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1
F 2 , 1 ,

Point Estimation

f x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , P X1 x1 , X 2 x 2 ,..., X n x n

Absolute efficiency of estimator T

Unbiasedness

E(T) for all values of

Consistency

Var(T* )
Var(T)

Minimum variance unbiased estimator (T)

p
Tn
as n for every

i) E(T) for all values of

lim P Tn 1 where 0

ii) Var T Var T for all values of

P Tn 1 ;

Sufficiency

n m , 0 and 0

Sufficient conditions for consistency

f x1 , x 2 , ..., x n / T t g x1 , x 2 , ..., x n

E Tn as n and Var Tn 0 as n

Factorization theorem of sufficiency

Efficiency

f x1 , x 2 , ..., x n , g t(x), .h x1 , x 2 , ..., x n

T1 is said to be more efficient than T 2 if Var T1 Var T2


Maximum likelihood estimation

For moment estimation

L f x1 , x1 ,..., x n ,

1 M1 , r Mr ;

r 2, 3,..., k

For discrete case

L P X1 x1 .P X 2 x 2 ... P X n x n
For continuous case

L f x1 , .f x 2 , ... f x n ,
For maximum likelihood estimation
2

log L 0 provided 2 log L 0

rth sample moment about origin = Mr

1 n r
Xi
n i 1

rth sample moment about mean = Mr

1 n
Xi X
n i 1

rth population moment about origin = r E X

rth population moment about mean = r E X

log L 0; for all i 1, 2,..., k


i
provided, the matrix of derivatives
2
log L
i j

0; for all i j 1, 2,..., k


i i & j j

Confidence Interval
Length of confidence interval ( L) = T 2 T1
where T1 lower confidence limit, and
T2 upper confidence limit.
Confidence interval for population mean
When population variance is known

, X z / 2
X z / 2

n
n

When population variance is unknown


S
S

, X t n 1, / 2
X t n 1, / 2

n
n

S
S

, X z / 2
X z / 2
; n 30
n
n

For non-normal population

X E X
P z / 2
z / 2 1

Var X

Confidence interval for population proportion

p 1 p
p 1 p
p z / 2

, p z / 2
n
n

Confidence interval for population variance


When population mean is known
n
n
2
2
Xi Xi
i 1 2

, i 1 2
n , 1 / 2
n , / 2

When population mean is unknown


n
2
2
n
X

Xi X

i 1 2
or
, i 12
n 1, 1 / 2
n 1, / 2

n 1 S2
n 1 S2
, 2
2

n 1, / 2 n 1, 1 / 2

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Confidence interval for difference of two population


means (independent populations)

2 2
X Y z / 2 1 2 ,
n1 n 2

X Y z

/2

12 22

n1 n 2

1 1
1 1
, X Y t n1 + n2 2, / 2 Sp

X Y t n1 + n2 2, / 2 Sp
n
n
n
n2
1
2
1

where S2p

S2p

n2
n1
2
2
1
X

Yi Y or

n1 n 2 2 i 1
i 1

1
n1 1 S12 n 2 1 S22
n1 n 2 2

and

S12

n2
n1
1
2
1
2
Xi X , S22
Y Y

(n 2 1) i 1 i
(n1 1) i 1

Short-cut approach

1
1
X a d1 , Y b d 2 and
n1
n2

When n1, n2 > 30

S2 S2
S2 S2
X Y z / 2 1 2 , X Y z / 2 1 2
n1 n 2
n1 n 2

Confidence interval for difference of two population


means (dependent populations)

SD
S

, D t n 1, / 2 D
D t n 1, / 2
n
n

where Di Xi Yi ; D

1 n
Di and
n i 1

n

D

i
2
1 n
1 n 2 i 1
2
SD
Di
Di D n 1

n 1 i 1
n
i 1

Confidence interval for difference of two population


proportions (independent populations)

pq
p q
pq
p q
p1 p2 z / 2 1 1 2 2 , p1 p2 z / 2 1 1 2 2
n1
n2
n1
n2

Confidence interval for two population variances


2
2

(independent populations)
d
d

1
2

2
S2p
d2
d2

2
2
n1 n 2 2 1
n1
n2
S2

S1 / S2

, F n 2 1,n1 1, / 2 . 12

S2
where d1= (X a ) and d2 = (Y b), a and b are assumed F n1 1,n 2 1, / 2
arbitrary values.
4

Sample Size

z2 / 2 2

For finite population of size N

E
where E sampling error or margin of error
n
5

z2 / 2 P(1 P)
E

n
n

N z 2 / 2 2

N 1 z2 / 2 2
N z 2 / 2 P(1 P)

E 2 N 1 z 2 / 2 P(1 P)

Parametric Tests
Type of error
= P [reject H0 when H0 is true]
= P[do not reject H0 when H0 is false]
Power of a test

Test statistic for population mean


Z

p-values
p-value = P[Test Statistic (T) observed value of the test
statistic] (for right-tailed test)
p-value = P[Test Statistic (T) observed value of the test
statistic] (for left-tailed test)
p-value = 2P T observed value of the test statistic
(for two-tailed test)

X 0

X 0

~ N 0,1 ; n > 30
S/ n
S/ n
Test statistic for population proportion
t

1- = P[Reject H0 when H1 is true]

X 0
~ N 0, 1 ;
/ n

~ t n 1 ; Z

p P0
~ N 0, 1
P0 Q 0
n

Test statistic for population variance


S2 02
Z
~ N 0,1 ; n 30
2
2
0
n
2

X
2
0

(n 1)S2
~ 2 n 1
02

17
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

Test statistic for difference of two population means


(independent populations)
XY
Z
~ N 0,1
1 1

n1 n 2
XY

12 22

n1 n 2

~ N(0, 1)

Sp

where Q = 1-P.

1
1

n1 n 2

where

1
n1 1 S12 n 2 1 S22
n1 n 2 2

n p n 2 p2 X1 X 2
1 P
P 1 1

and Q
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
Test statistic for two population variances
(independent populations)

Z
2

XY
S12 S22

n1 n 2

(when P is unknown)

1 1
PQ
n1 n 2

~ t (n 1 n 2 2)

n2
n1
2
2
1
where S2p
X i X Yi Y or
n1 n 2 2 i 1
i 1

S2p

p1 p2

XY

Test statistic for difference of two population


proportions (independent populations)
p1 p2
Z
(when P is known)
1 1

PQ
n1 n 2

~ N(0, 1) ; n1 , n 2 30

Test statistic for difference of two population means


(dependent populations)

D
t
~ t n 1
SD / n
2
1 n
1 n
D Di and SD2
Di D

n i 1
n 1 i 1

S12 S22
~ N 0,1 ; n1 and n 2 30
1 1
2
n1 n 2
S12 S22

2S14 2S42

n2
n1

S12
S22

~ N 0,1 ; n1 and n 2 30

~ F(n1 1,n 2 1)

F 1 , 2 ,1

1
F 2 , 1 ,

Test statistic for population correlation coefficient ()

t
6

r n2
1 r2

~ t n 2

Non-parametric Tests
Sign test/Paired sign test
S
for right tail test


Test statistic(S) S
for left tail test

min{S ,S } for two tails test

where S number of minus signs and


S number of plus signs.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test/Wilcoxon matched-pair


signed-rank test
T
for right tail test


Test statistic(T) T
for left tail test

min{T , T } for two tail test

where T sum of ranks of minus signs and

T sum of ranks of plus signs.

p-value = P S test statistic

n
S
2 ~ N 0,1
Test statistic (for n > 20) Z
n
4

Test statistic (for n > 25)


n n 1
T
4
Z
~ N 0,1
n n 1 2n 1
24

Run test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test

Test statistic = R = number of runs

Test statistic(Dn ) sup S(x) F0 (x)

Test statistic (for n > 40) Z

2n1n 2
1
n
N 0,1
2n1n 2 2n1n 2 n
R

n 2 n 1

Number of sample observations


less than or equal to x
S(x)
Total number of observations

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Mann-Whitney U test

Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test

n1 n1 1
;
S

2
Test statistic (U)
n 2 n 2 1

;
S
2

if n1 is small
if n 2 is small

where S sum of the ranks assigned to the sample


observations of smaller sized sample.
For large n1 or n2 > 20
Test statistic Z

Test statistic(D) sup S1 (x) S2 (x)


x

Number of first sample observations less


than or equal to x
S1 x
n1
Number of second sample observations less
than or equal to x
S2 x
n2

n1 n 2
2
~ N 0,1
n1n 2 n1 n 2 1
U

12

Kruskal-Wallis test

Friedman test

12
Test statistic (H)

n n 1

i 1

R i2
ni

3 n 1

Test statistic(F)

n
12
R 2j 3k(n 1)

kn(n 1) j1

where R i sum of ranks of ith sample.

where R i sum of all ranks for ith treatment.

If tie occurs, the adjustment factor is


r
1
C 1 3
t 3i t i

n n i 1

If tie occurs, the adjustment factor is

C 1

t
k

k n 2 1

i 1

3
i

ti

where r number of groups of different tied ranks, and


ti number of tied values within ith group that are tied at a
particular value.
Test statistic(HC ) H / C

where t i number of tied observations in ith block


(sample).
Test statistic(FC ) F/ C

Chi-square test for goodness of fit

Chi-square test for independence of attributes

Test statistic ( 2 )
i 1

Oi E i
Ei

~ 2k 1

Ei Npi
where Oi observed frequency of ith class, and
th

Ei expected frequency of i class.

Test statistic ( )
2

i 1 j1

Eij

Ri C j

N
where Ri sum of ith row, and

Ci sum of jth column.

19
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

ij

Eij
Eij

~ 2r 1 c 1

MST-005

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

S.
No.

FORMULAE

1 Simple Random Sampling


Sample
Mean

1
n

Mean Square

Population

s2

xi

i1

Mean

x i x 2

1
n 1

1
N

i1

Mean Square

Xi

S2

i 1

Simple Random Sampling without Replacement


(SRSWOR)
Number of possible samples =

1
N 1

Variance

2
Xi X

i1

1
N

Xi X

i1

Simple Random Sampling with Replacement


(SRSWR)
Number of possible samples = N n

Cn

Ex X

Ex X

1 1
Var x S2
n N

Var x

N 1 S 2
nN

Simple Random Sampling for Attributes


Sample
Proportion
p

Population

Mean Square

a
n

s2

Variance

npq
n 1

Var (p) =

Proportion

N n (1 )
.
N 1
n

A
N

Mean Square

S2

N (1 )
N 1

Sample Size in Simple Random Sampling

NS2 z 2
(for large population)
Nd 2 S2 z 2

NS2 t 2
(for small population)
Nd 2 S2 t 2

2 Stratified Random Sampling


Sample
Mean

xi

xn
x st

1
ni

1
ni

Mean Square/Variance

ni

xij

si2

j1

n x
i

1
Ni x i
N i 1
k

Wi x i

1
n i 1

ni

(xij xi )2

1
N2

i 1

Mean

pst Wi pi

Xi

i 1

E(pst )

N N
i

Proportion
k

j1

Var x st

i 1

Population

ni

Si
ni

1 1 2 2

Wi Si
Ni
i 1 n i
k

i 1

Var pst

1
N2

Ni 2 Ni n i i 1 i

Ni 1 n i

i 1

1
2
N

N N
i 1

ni

i 1 i

1
Ni

Mean Square

Ni

Xij

S i2

j1

1
Ni 1

Ni
1
Xij

N i 1 j1
k

1
N

N i Xi
i 1

ni

Allocation of Sample Size


Equal
ni

n
k

Proportion

ni

n
Ni
N

n k W S2

Var x st PROP 1 i i
N i 1 n

Neyman/Optimum

ni n

N i Si
k

N i Si

N i Si ci
N i Si ci

; ni n
k

i 1

i 1

k
k

Wi Si
Wi Si2

i 1
i1
Var x st NEY
n
N

20
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

Ni

(X
j1

ij

Xi ) 2

1 1 k
Wi Si2
n N i 1
3 Systematic Random Sampling
Sample Mean

xi

Variance

1 n
xij
n j1

1
x sys
k

Var x sys

Population Mean

N 1 2 n 1 k 2
S
Ssys
N
N

xi

Xi
X..

i 1

Population Mean Square

1 n
Xij
n j1
k

S2

1
(nk 1)

1
Xij
nk i 1 j1

2
Ssy
s

X
k

i 1 j1

1
k (n 1)

ij

X
k

ij

Xi

i 1 j1

1 k
Xi
k i 1

4 Cluster Sampling
Cluster Mean
M

1
M

xi

Sample Mean

j1

1
n

x ij x n

Population Mean

Xi

xi

i1

Population Mean Square

1 M
Xij
M j1

Si2

1 N M
1 N
X
Xij Xi

NM i 1 j1
N i 1

1
M 1

X
M

ij

Xi

j1

S2w

1
Si2 (within cluster)
N i 1

S2b

1 N
(Xi X)2 (between clusters)
N 1 i 1

S2

N M
1
Xij X
NM 1
i 1 j1

Variance

X ij XX ik X
N M

1 f

Var x n

2 1 f
Sb n

Sb 1 M 1

where

i 1 j1 k j1

M 1NM 1 S 2

5 Two Stage Sampling


Sample Mean

xi

1
m

1
x
n

Population Mean
Xi

x ij

j1

xi

1 M
Xij
M j1

NM

i1

N M

X ij

Population Mean Square


S2b

1 N
(Xi X)2 (between samples)
N 1 i 1

S2w

N M
1
Xij Xi

N M 1 i 1 j1

i 1 j1

(within sample)

Variance
Var x

N n
N

S2b
M m S2w

n
M
mn

6 One Way ANOVA / Completely Randomised Design (CRD)


Sum of Squares (SS)

SST
k 1
SSE
MSSE =
Nk

SST Ti.2 CF

MSST =

i 1

SSE TSS SST


TSS RSS CF
k

where CF

Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)

i
G2
, RSS yij2 , G grand total or sum of all observations, and
N
i 1 j1

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Variance Ratio
F=

MSST
MSSE

ni

Ti. Tij sum of the observations of ith sample or ith level.


j1

Critical Difference in CRD/ One Way ANOVA


For Equal Size of Samples

For Unequal Sizes of Samples

CD = t/2 (for error df) MSSE

t (for error df) 2MSSE

CD =

1
ni
n j

1/ 2

7 Two Way ANOVA / Randomised Block Design (RBD)


Sum of Squares

Mean Sum of Squares

Variance Ratio

SSA

1 p 2
yi. CF
q
i 1

MSSA

SSA
p 1

FA =

MSSA
MSSE

SSB

1 q 2
y. j CF
p
j1

MSSB

SSB
q 1

FB =

MSSB
MSSE

SSE TSS SSA SSB


TSS RSS CF

MSSE
p

where CF

SSE

p 1 q 1

G2
, RSS yij2 , N = pq
N
i 1 j1

Critical Difference in RBD/ Two Way ANOVA


CD =

2MSSE
q

t (for error df)


2

Two Way ANOVA with m Observations per Cell


Sum of Squares

Mean Sum of Squares

Variance Ratio

SSA

1
yi..2 CF
qm
i 1

MSSA

SSA
p 1

MSSA
MSSE

SSB

1 q 2
y.j. CF
pm
j1

MSSB

SSB
q 1

MSSB
MSSE

MSSAB
MSSE

SSAB

1 p q 2
yij. CF SSA SSB
m
i 1 j1

SSE TSS SSA SSB SSAB


TSS RSS CF
p

where CF

MSSAB
MSSE

SSAB

p 1 q 1

SSE
pq m 1

G2
2
, RSS yijk
, N = pqm
N
i 1 j1 k 1

9 Latin Square Design (LSD)


Sum of Squares

Mean Sum of Squares

Variance Ratio

SSR

1 m 2
yi.. CF
m
i 1

MSSR

SSR
m 1

FR

SSC

1 m 2
y.j. CF
m
j1

MSSC

SSC
m 1

FC

MSST

SST
m 1

1 m 2
SST y..k
CF
m k 1

SSE TSS SSR SSC SST

MSSE

MSSR
MSSE

MSSC
MSSE
MSST
FT
MSSE
SSE

m 1 m 2

TSS RSS CF

22
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

where CF
m

m m m
m m
G2
2
, RSS yijk
, N = m2, yi.. yijk sum of the observations of ith row
N
i 1 j1 k 1
j1 k 1
m

th
y.j. yijk sum of the observations of j column, y..k yijk

sum of the observations of kth treatment

i 1 j1

i 1 k 1

Relative Efficiency LSD over RBD

Relative Efficiency LSD over CRD

When rows are taken as blocks


Relative efficiency =

MSSC (m 1)MSSE
m MSSE

Relative efficiency =

MSSR MSSC (m 1)MSSE


(m 1)MSSE

When columns are taken as blocks


Relative efficiency =

MSSR (m 1)MSSE
m MSSE

Missing Value in RBD

Missing Value in LSD

pTi qB j G
Y
(p 1)(q 1)

m(R i C j Tk ) 2G
Y
(m 1)(m 2)

10 Factorial Experiments
Main and interaction effects for 22
[A] = [ab] + [a] [b ] [1]
[B] = [ab] +[ b] [a] [1]
[AB] = [ab] + [1] [a] [ b]
Sum of squares due to

Main and interaction effects for 23


[A] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]
[B] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]
[AB] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]
[C] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]

A A / 4r
2

[AC] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]

B B / 4r

[BC] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]

AB AB / 4r

[ABC] [abc] [bc] [ac] [c] [ab] [b] [a] [1]

Sum of squares due to


A A / 8r ; B B / 8r ; AB AB / 8r ; C C / 8r
2

AC AC / 8r ; BC BC / 8r ; ABC ABC / 8r
2

Standard errors for testing the difference between means at different levels
SE of difference between main effect means =

2MSSE

r.2n 1
SE of difference between A means at same level of B
= SE of difference between B means at same level of A =

2MSSE
r.2n 2

SE for testing the difference between means in case of r-factor interaction =

2MSSE
r.2n r

23
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

MSTE-001

INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS-I

S.
No.

FORMULAE

1 Process Control
Control
Chart

Control Line (CL)

Lower Control Line (LCL)

X A2R

X A2R

X new

X new A 2 R new

X new A 2 R new

X A3S

X A3S

X new

X new A3 Snew

X new A3 Snew

1 k
where X Xi ; X new
k i 1

Upper Control Line (UCL)

Xi

i 1

Xj

j1

i 1

; R new

k d

Ri

j1

k d

; Snew

D2

D3 R

D4 R

R new

D3R new

D4 R new

c4

B5

B6

B3 S

B4 S

Snew

B3 Snew

B4 Snew

P3

p(1 p)
n

p 3

pnew

pnew 3

pnew (1 pnew )
n

d
1 k
1 k
where pi i ; p pi or p
di ; pnew
nk i 1
n
k i 1

i 1

P(1 P)
ni

P(1 P)
n

p3

p(1 p)
n

pnew (1 pnew )
n

pi

j1

k d

pj

or pnew

di

i 1

n k d

P3

P(1 P)
ni

p3

p(1 p)
ni

P3

p 3

pnew

pnew 3

P3

P(1 P)
n

P3

P(1 P)
n

p 3

p(1 p)
n

p3

p(1 p)
n

pnew

pnew 3

ni
pnew 1 pnew
ni

pnew (1 pnew )
n

pnew 3

pnew 3

24
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

j1

p 1 p

j1

P3

pnew 3

k d

D1

P(1 P)

Si

i 1

d2

p-chart for
variable
sample size

Rj

pnew (1 pnew )
ni

pnew (1 pnew )
n

d
where pi i ; p
ni

i 1
k

i 1

np

1 k

; n n i ; pnew
kn
k i 1
i 1

n n

di

i 1
k

j1
d

i 1

j1

nP

nP 3 nP(1 P)

nP 3 nP(1 P)

np

np 3 np(1 p)

np 3 np(1 p)

npnew

npnew 3 npnew (1 pnew )

npnew 3 npnew (1 pnew )

c 3 c

c 3 c

cnew

cnew 3 cnew

cnew 3 cnew

1 k
where c ci ; cnew
k i 1

c
ci

i 1

j1

k d

u
ni

u 3

u new

u new 3

u 3

u new

u new 3

u 3
u new
ni

c
where u i i ; u
ni

u
n

u 3
u new
n

i 1
k

n
i 1

u
n

u new 3

u new
ni

u new 3

u
ni

1 k
1 n
i 1 ; u u i ; n n i ; u new
kn
k i 1
k i 1

u new
n

n n

ci

i 1
k

j1
d

i 1

j1

2 Product Control
Lot quality or proportion defective

Producers risk

Pp p Pp P rejecting a lot of acceptance quality level

Number of defective units in a lot


p
lot size

Consumers risk

Probability of accepting a lot

Pc p P accepting a lot of quality = LTPD

Pa p Pa P X c P X 1 or 2 or 3, ..., or c

Acceptance outgoing quality (AOQ)


Number of defective units in the lot after inspection
AOQ
Total number of units in the lot

3 Single Sampling Plans


Consumers risk

Probability of accepting a lot


c

Pa p P X c

Np

Cx

N Np
N

x 0

Cn x

Cx

Binomial approximation
c

Pa p Cx p 1 p
n

x 0

Poisson approximation

when N 10n

x 0

x 0

Np2

Cx N Np2 Cn x
N
Cx

Binomial approximation
c

n x

Pc Pa p2 P X x
Pc n Cx p2x 1 p 2

nx

x 0

Acceptance outgoing quality (AOQ)

25
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

p N n Pa
N

n
n

AOQ p 1 Pa pPa when


30
N
N
Average sample number (ASN) = n
Average total inspection (ATI) n 1 Pa N n

e x
when np is finite
x
x 0
c

Pa p

Producers risk
c

Pp 1 Pa p1 1

Np1

Cx

N Np1
N

x 0

Cn x

Design of single sampling plans


np
np
n 1 (where p1 = AQL); n 2 (where p2 = LTPD)
p2
p1

Cx

Binomial approximation
c

Pp 1 n Cx p1x 1 p1

n x

p2
np
np
np
np
; n 1 and p2 2 ; n 2 and p1 1
p1
p1
n
p2
n

x 0

4 Double Sampling Plans


Consumers risk

Probability of accepting a lot


Np

c1

Pa (p) Pa1 Pa 2

Cx

x 0

c2 x Np

c2

Cx

N Np
N

x c11 y 0

N Np

Cn1 x

c1

Pc

Cn1

C n1 x

C n1

Pa (p) C x p 1 p
x

Np x

C y N n1 Np x C n 2 y
N n1

n1

x c11 y 0

c1

Np1

x 0

c2 x Np1

c2

n1 x n
2

C y p 1 p
y

C n1 x

C n1 x

C n1

Np1 x

n1

N n1

Cn2

n1

Cx p 2x 1 p 2 1

n x n
2

C y p 2y 1 p2

nl
n
0and 2 0
N
N

+ P[lot is rejected on the first sample]


ATI n1Pa1 n1 n 2 Pa 2 N 1 Pa

n x

x c11 y 0

C y N n 2 Np2 x C n 2 y

C y N n1 Np1 x C n 2 y ASN n1PI (n1 n 2 )(1 PI )


N n1
Cn2
PI = P[lot is accepted on the first sample]

x 0

c2 x

c2 x

AOQ p Pa1 Pa2 when

Pp 1 n1 Cx p1x 1 p1 1
c2

c2

x c11 y 0

Binomial approximation
c1

C n1

Np 2 x

n
AOQ p 1 1 Pa1 Pa 2 2 Pa 2
N
N

N Np1
N

x c1 1 y 0

C n1 x

n x

n2 y

C n1

Cx

N Np 2

x 0

Cx p 1 p

N Np1

Cx

c1

Cx

Cn1

c 2 x Np 2

Pc n1 Cx p 2x 1 p 2 1

n1 x

Producers risk
Pp 1

c2

x c11 y 0

Cn2

x 0

c2 x

Binomial approximation

c1

c2

C x N Np2 Cn1 x

x 0

Binomial approximation
n1

Np2

Cx p1x 1 p1 1

n x n
2

Cy p1y 1 p1

n2 y

Design of double sampling plans


np
n1 1 (where p1 = AQL, n1 = n2 or n2 = 2n1);
p1

n1

n1 p
(where p2 = LTPD, n1 = n2 or n2 = 2n1)
p2

p2
p1

5 Game Theory
Algebraic Method

Mixed strategies (p1 , p2 ) for player A

Every 2 2 two-person zero-sum game without a saddle


point:
p1
Payoff matrix for player A

dc
,
(a b) (d c)

p2

ab
(a b) (d c)

Mixed strategies (q1 ,q 2 ) for player B


Player B
B1
B2
Player A

A1

A2

q1

db
,
(a b) (d c)

q2

The value (v) of the game

26
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

a c
(a b) (d c)

n2 y

v
6

Relations Between R(t), F(t), f(t) and (t)

Reliability Theory

R(t)

Ns (t)
,
N0

F(t)

ad bc
(a b) (d c)

Nf (t)
, F(t) = 1 R( t)
N0

where

Ns (t) number of components that are operating at time t,


and

Nf (t) number of components that have failed at time t.

R(t) 1 F(t) f (t) dt exp (t) dt

t
0

F(t) 1 R(t) f (t) dt 1 exp (t) dt

0
0

f (t)

d
d
(t) dt
R(t)

F(t)

(t)

exp

dt
dt
0

d
F(t)
d
dt
(t) lnR(t)

dt
1 F(t)

f (t)
t

f (t)dt
0

Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)

Reliability of Series and Parallel Systems


n

Reliability (R) of a series system = R R i

MTTF E(T) t f (t) dt

i 1

Reliability (R) of a parallel system

MTTF R(t)dt

= R 1 1 R1 1 R 2 1 R 3 ... 1 R n 1 1 R i

i 1

If hazard rate follows exponential distribution then


1
1
MTTF or

MTTF

where R i the reliability of the i component.

Standby system with perfect switching

Decomposition method or conditional probability


approach

th

Let Q i denote the unreliability of the component i, given


Reliability of the system (R s )
that components 1to (i 1) have failed. Further, if R and Q
P systemsuccess component K is good P(component K is good)
denote the reliability and unreliability of the standby
P(systemsuccess component K is bad) P(component K is bad)
system, then
Cut set method
Q Q1Q2Q3 ...Qn and R = 1 Q
Unreliability of the system (Qs ) P C1 C2 C3 ... Ck
Standby system with imperfect switching
where C1,C2 ,...,Ck are minimal cut sets
Q Ps QA QB Ps QA ,
where, Ps probability of successful changeover,

Tie set method

Ps 1 Ps probability of unsuccessful changeover,

Reliability of the system (R s ) P T1 T2 T3 ... Tk

QA unreliability of component A, and

where T1,T2 ,...,Tk are minimal tie sets

QB unreliability of component B given that


component A has failed.

27
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

MSTE-002

INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS-II

S.
No.
1

FORMULAE
Operating Characteristics for M/M/1 Queueing Model

Pn(t) = P[N(t) = n]

Ls

Pn 1 n , n 0
P n k

nP

Ws Wq

n 1

Ws

k 1

n c P

Lq

n c 1

Ls = Ws ;
Ls

Lq = Wq

Ls Lq

Wq

Ls
1

Lq

Wq Ws

Lq

EOQ Models for Inventory Control


Economic order quantity (EOQ) model with uniform EOQ model with different rates of demand in different
demand
cycles
Q QC h T
D
Ordering cost =
Carrying
CO
The carrying
cost forcost
time=T C h
2
Q
2
Economic order quantity Q*

2 D CO
Ch

2D CO
Ch T

Economic order quantity Q*

Minimum total yearly inventory cost TC* 2 D CO Ch

*
Minimum total yearly inventory cost TC

EOQ Model when shortages are allowed


M

Carrying cost per cycle Ch t1


2

EOQ Model with uniform replenishment

M2 t
C
Carrying cost
2Q h

Carrying cost per unit time

Carrying cost =

M2
Ch
2Q

S2 t
C
Shortage cost
2Q S

Shortage cost per unit time

Average inventory

Q rd
1
2 rp

Q rd
1
2 rp

Ch

Length of each lot size production run t1

S2
CS
2Q

CS *
2DCO CS
M*
Q

C
Ch Ch CS
S
h
2DCO CS Ch
(
)
Economic order quantity Q
Ch
Cs
*

2CO CS Ch

DCh CS

Minimum total yearly inventory cost

CS
TC* 2DCOCh

Ch CS

2DCO
Q*

rp
Ch rp rp rd

Optimum number of production runs per year


N*

Q*

DCh rp rd

2Co rp

Maximum inventory level

Q*
Total cycle time t*

2 D CO C h T

Economic order quantity Q*

2DCO rp

Ch rp rd

Minimum total yearly inventory cost

r
TC* 2DCO Ch 1 d
rp

EOQ model with price (or quantity) discounts


2CO D
Economic order quantity Q*n
ip n
Economic order quantity Q*n 1

2CO D
ip n 1

Minimum total yearly inventory cost

28
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

C D 1
TC Q j Dp j O Ch Q j
Qj
2

Simple Linear Regression Modelling


Estimates of parameters
1 Y b
a Y bX
n
SS
b XY
SS X
Sum of squares

SSX

2
i

i 1

SSXY Yi Xi

Test statistic
(a a 0 )
t
1 X2
SSRes
n SSX

(b b)

SSRes
SSX

t (n 2)

t (n 2)

Lower and upper confidence limits for b


SSRes
b L b t / 2
SSX

Y X

; i 1, 2,..., n
r residual = ri Yi Y
i
th

ri

ith standard residual = di

or

; i 1, 2,..., n

Lower and upper limits

(SSXY )2
SSY
SSX

2 SSRes

SSRes

SSRes
b U b t / 2
SSX

ri r

2
i

i 1

nk

i 1

nk

Variance of estimates

1 X
Var a
n SS
X

2
Var b
SSx

Var(Y)

2
n

1 (X0 X) 2
Y
t
Y
t
Y
V(Y)
SS

L
/2
/2
Res
n
SSX

1 (X0 X) 2
Y
t

U
/ 2 V(Y) Y t / 2 SSRes
n
SSX

Lower and upper limits for new value of Y=Y0

1 (X0 X)2
Y
t
) Y
t
Y
V(Y
SS
1
L
0
/2
0
0
/2
Res
n
SSX

1 (X0 X)2
Y
t
) Y
t
Y
V(Y
SS
1
U
0
/2
0
0
/2
Res
n
SSX

Coefficient of determination

SS

XY

R
2

SSX SSY

n 1
R 2 1 (1 R 2 )

n k 1
5

Multiple Linear Regression Modelling


jth normal equation

Y X
j

ij

B0

1j Xij

... Bp

B2

2 j X ij

pj Xij

For matrix method

Sum of squares
Variance of estimates
2
2

SSRe s ri r Y Y Y XB
2 1 (X 0 X)
V Y
n
2
SSX

SS
SS SS
/ SS

Res

XY

For matrix method

XX1 X Y
B

SST

XB
X X X X Y
Y
1

2
i

nY 2

Y
Y Y

Test statistics

B
j
tj
; j 0,1,...p
)
S.E.(B
j

SSReg

B Y ' X
j

nY 2

SSRes SST SSReg

2 1 1 (X 0 X)
V Y
0
n
SSX

SSRes
2
(n p 1)

)
V(B
j
jj

V B


SE B
j
jj
2

XX 1 ( jk ); j, k 0,1, 2...p

,B
) ;j k
Cov(B
j
k
jk

Probabilities for normal probability plot


Probability for ith ordered residual

Adjusted R2

29
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

1
i 2

pi
i 1, 2,..., n
n
Percentage probability for ith ordered residual
1
i 2
100;
Pi
i 1, 2,..., n
n
Coefficient of determination
p

B Y 'X nY
j

(n 1)(1 R 2 )
(n p 1)

Extra sum of squares


SS B1 B0 SSRes (B0 ) SSRes (B0 , B1 ) SS(B0 , B1 ) SS(B0 )

SS B2 B0 SSRes (B0 ) SSRes (B0 , B2 ) SS(B0 , B2 ) SS(B0 )


SS B1 B0 , B2 SSRes (B0 , B2 ) SSRes (B0 , B1 , B2 )

j0

R 2Adj 1

Y 'Y nY 2

SS(B0 , B1 , B2 ) SS(B0 , B2 )

SSReg

SS B2 B0 , B1 SSRes (B0 , B1 ) SSRes (B0 , B1 , B2 )

SST

SS(B0 , B1 ) SS(B0 , B1 , B2 )

SS B1 , B2 B0 SSRes (B0 ) SSRes (B0 , B1 , B2 )


SS(B0 , B1 , B2 ) SS(B0 )
6

Time Series Modelling


Time series values
Weighted moving average y t

w x

i q

t i

Estimated time series values yt w y t 1 w yt 1

Seasonal indices and seasonal relatives


y
Seasonal index i 100, for i 1, 2,...,12.
y

Seasonal index Median

Estimated time series values in linear form

k 100
Total of Indices

for i 1, 2,3,..., k

yt b j t j

yt
Tt Ct I t
St
Seasonal relative = S I 100 = (yt /MA(2) ) 100
Deseasonalised time series value Zt

j 0

Estimated time series values in non linear form

yt 0 1t
Auto-covariance and autocorrelation coefficient
Auto-covariance coefficient at lag k
Nk

ck yt y yt k y N k
t 1

Moving average processes


q

Variance of Xt in MA(q) : V X t a2 1 i2
i 1

Autocorrelation function for MA(q)

Auto-covariance coefficient at lag 0


N

c0 yt y yt y N , for all k
2
Y

t 1

Auto-correlation coefficient rk

ck
c0

1 k 1 ... q k q

2
1 i
i 1
q

2
2
Variance of Xt in MA(1) : V Xt a 1 1

Variance of Xt in MA(2) : V Xt a2 1 12 22
Autoregressive processes

Autoregressive moving average processes

Variance of Xt in AR(1)

Auto-covariance function for ARMA at lag 0

2x a2 1 12

Variance of Xt in AR(2)

2x a2 1 11 22

Autocorrelation function of AR (2) process


k 1k 1 2k 2
Partial auto-covariance function of AR(1)

Partial auto-covariance function of AR(1)

Auto-covariance function for ARMA at lag 1


1 0 a2
Auto-covariance function for ARMA at lag k
k k 1 , k 2
Auto-correlation function for ARMA at lag 0

pacf (1) 1 1

a2 1 2 2

Auto-correlation function for ARMA at lag k


k k 1 , k 2

30
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

pacf (2)


1
2

2
1

2
1

Limits =
2

2
N

Statistical
Tables

31
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 1

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

LOGARITHMS

43

86

128

170

212

253

294

334

414

453

492

531

569

607

645

682

792

828

864

899

934

969

1004

1139

1173

1206

1239

1271

1303

1461

1492

1523

1553

1584

1761

1790

1818

1847

1875

2041

2068

2095

2122

2304

2330

2355

2553

2577

2788
3010

Mean Difference
1

374

12

17

21

25

29

33

37

719

755

11

15

19

23

26

30

34

1038

1072

1106

10

14

17

21

24

26

31

1335

1367

1399

1430

10

13

16

19

23

26

29

1614

1644

1673

1703

1732

12

15

18

21

24

27

1903

1931

1959

1987

2014

11

14

17

20

22

25

2148

2175

2201

2227

2253

2279

11

13

16

18

21

24

2380

2405

2430

2455

2480

2504

2529

10

12

15

17

20

22

2601

2625

2648

2672

2696

2718

2742

2765

12

14

16

19

21

2810

2833

2856

2878

2900

2923

2945

2967

2989

11

13

16

18

20

3032

3054

3075

3096

3118

3139

3180

3181

3201

11

13

15

17

19

3222

3243

3263

3284

3304

3324

3345

3365

3385

3404

10

12

14

16

18

3424

3444

3464

3483

3502

3522

3541

3560

3579

3598

10

12

14

15

17

3617

3636

3655

3674

3692

3711

3729

3747

3766

3784

11

13

15

17

3802

3820

3838

3856

3874

3892

3909

3927

3945

3962

11

12

14

16

3979

3997

4014

4031

4048

4065

4082

4099

4116

4133

10

12

14

15

4150

4166

4183

4200

4216

4232

4249

4265

4281

4298

10

11

13

15

4314

4330

4346

4362

4378

4393

4409

4425

4440

4456

11

13

14

4472

4487

4502

4518

4533

4548

4564

4579

4594

4609

11

12

14

4624

4639

4654

4669

4683

4698

4713

4728

4742

4757

10

12

13

4771

4786

4800

4814

4829

4843

4857

4871

4886

4900

10

11

13

4914

4928

4942

4955

4969

4983

4997

5011

5024

5038

10

11

12

5051

5065

5079

5092

5105

5119

5132

5145

5159

5172

11

12

5185

5198

5211

5224

5237

5250

5263

5276

5289

5302

10

12

5315

5328

5340

5353

5366

5378

5391

5403

5416

5428

10

11

5441

5453

5465

5478

5490

5502

5514

5527

5539

5551

10

11

5563

5575

5587

5566

5611

5623

5635

5647

5658

5670

10

11

5682

5694

5705

5717

5729

5740

5752

5763

5775

5786

10

5798

5809

5821

5832

5843

5855

5866

5877

5888

5899

10

5911

5922

5933

5944

5955

5966

5977

5988

5999

6010

10

6021

6031

6042

6053

6064

6075

6085

6096

6107

6117

10

6128

6138

6149

6160

6170

6180

6191

6201

6212

6222

6232

6243

6253

6263

6274

6284

6294

6304

6314

6325

6335

6345

6355

6365

6375

6385

6395

6405

6415

6425

6435

6345

6454

6464

6474

6484

6493

6503

6513

6522

6532

6542

6551

6561

6571

6580

6590

6599

6609

6618

6628

6637

6646

6656

6665

6675

6684

6693

6702

6712

6721

6730

6739

6749

6758

6767

6776

6785

6794

6803

6812

6821

6830

6839

6848

6857

6866

6875

6884

6893

6902

6911

6920

6928

6937

6946

6955

6964

6972

6981

6990

6998

7007

7016

7024

7033

7042

7050

7059

7067

7078

7084

7093

7101

7110

7118

7126

7135

7143

7152

7160

7168

7177

7185

7193

7202

7210

7218

7226

7235

7243

7251

7259

7267

7275

7284

7292

7300

7308

7316

7324

7332

7340

7348

7356

7364

7372

7380

7388

7396

32
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

7404

7412

7419

7427

7435

7443

7451

7459

7466

7474

7482

7490

7497

7505

7513

7520

7528

7536

7543

7551

7559

7566

7574

7582

7589

7597

7604

7612

7619

7627

7634

7642

7649

7657

7664

7672

7679

7686

7694

7701

7709

7716

7723

7731

7738

7745

7752

7760

7767

7774

7782

7789

7769

7803

7810

7818

7825

7832

7839

7846

7853

7860

7869

7875

7882

7889

7896

7903

7910

7917

7924

7931

7938

7945

7952

7959

7966

7973

7980

7987

7993

8000

8007

8014

8021

8028

8035

8041

8048

8055

8062

8069

8075

8082

8089

8096

8102

8109

8116

8122

8129

8136

8142

8149

8156

8162

8169

8178

8182

8189

8195

8202

8209

8215

8222

8228

8235

8241

8248

8254

8261

8267

8274

8280

8287

8293

8299

8306

8312

8319

8325

8331

8338

8344

8351

8357

8383

8370

8376

8382

8388

8395

8401

8407

8414

8420

8426

8432

8439

8445

8451

8457

8463

8470

8476

8482

8488

8494

8500

8506

8513

8519

8525

8531

8537

8543

8549

8555

8561

8567

8573

8579

8585

8591

8597

8603

8609

8615

8621

8627

8633

8639

8645

8651

8657

8663

8669

8675

8681

8686

8692

8698

8704

8710

8716

8722

8727

8733

8739

8745

8751

8756

8762

8768

8774

8779

8785

8791

8797

8802

8808

8814

8820

8825

8831

8837

8542

8848

8854

8859

8865

8871

8876

8882

8887

8893

8899

8904

8910

8915

8921

8927

8932

8938

8943

8949

8954

8960

8965

8971

8976

8982

6937

8993

8998

9004

9009

9015

9020

9025

9031

9036

9042

9047

9053

9058

9063

9069

9074

9079

9085

9090

9096

9101

9106

9112

9117

9122

9128

9133

9138

9143

9149

9154

9159

9165

9170

9175

9180

9186

9191

9196

9201

9206

9212

9217

9222

9227

9232

9238

9243

9248

9253

9258

9263

9269

9274

9279

9284

9289

9294

9299

9304

9309

9315

9320

9325

9330

9335

9340

9345

9350

9355

9360

9365

9370

9375

9380

9385

9390

9395

9400

9405

9410

9415

9420

9425

9430

9435

9440

9445

9450

9455

9460

9465

9469

9474

9479

9484

9489

9494

9499

9504

9509

9513

9518

9523

9528

9533

9538

9542

9547

9552

9557

9562

9566

9571

9576

9581

9586

9590

9595

9600

9605

9609

9614

9619

9624

9628

9633

9638

9643

9674

9652

9657

9661

9666

9671

9675

9680

9685

9689

9694

9699

9703

9708

9713

9717

9722

9727

9731

9736

9741

9745

9750

9754

9759

9763

9766

9773

9777

9782

9786

9791

9795

9800

9805

9809

9814

9818

9823

9827

9832

9836

9841

9845

9850

9854

9859

9863

9868

9872

9877

9681

9886

9890

9894

9899

9903

9908

9912

9917

9921

9926

9930

9934

9939

9843

9948

9952

9956

9961

9965

9969

9974

9978

9983

9987

9991

9996

Mean Difference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3

7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

33
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

TABLE 2

ANTILOGARITHMS

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1122
1148
1175
1202
1230
1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549
1585
1622
1660
1698
1738
1778
1820
1862
1905
1950
1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455
2512
2570
2630
2892
2754
2818
2884
2951
3020

1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1125
1151
1178
1205
1233
1262
1291
1321
1352
1304
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552
1289
1626
1663
1702
1742
1782
1824
1868
1910
1954
2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2244
2296
2350
2404
2480
2518
2576
2836
2898
2761
2825
2891
2958
3027

1005
1028
1052
1076
1102
1127
1153
1180
1208
1236
1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556
1592
1629
1667
1706
1746
1786
1828
1871
1914
1959
2004
2051
2090
2148
2198
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466
2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
2831
2897
2965
3034

1007
1030
1054
1079
1104
1130
1156
1183
1211
1239
1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560
1596
1633
1671
1710
1750
1791
1832
1875
1919
1963
2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472
2529
2588
2849
2710
2773
2838
2904
2972
3041

1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1132
1159
1188
1213
1242
1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563
1600
1637
1675
1714
1754
1795
1837
1879
1923
1968
2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
2259
2312
2366
2421
2477
2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2844
2911
2979
3048

1012
1035
1059
1084
1109
1135
1161
1189
1216
1245
1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567
1603
1641
1679
1718
1758
1799
1841
1884
1928
1972
2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483
2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2851
2917
2985
3055

1014
1038
1062
1086
1112
1138
1164
1191
1219
1247
1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570
1607
1644
1683
1722
1762
1803
1845
1888
1932
1977
2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489
2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2858
2924
2992
3062

1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1140
1167
1194
1222
1250
1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574
1611
1648
1687
1726
1766
1807
1849
1892
1936
1982
2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495
2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2864
2931
2999
3096

1019
1042
1067
1091
1117
1143
1169
1197
1225
1253
1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578
1614
1652
1690
1730
1770
1811
1854
1897
1941
1986
2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500
2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2871
2938
3006
3076

49

3090

3097

3105

3112

3119

3126

3133

3141

Mean Difference

1021
1045
1069
1094
1119
1146
1172
1199
1227
1256
1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581
1618
1656
1694
1734
1774
1816
1858
1901
1945
1991
2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
2286
2339
2393
2449
2508
2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
2877
2944
3013
3083

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4

6
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5

8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6

9
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

3148

3155

34
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

3162
3238
3311
3388
3467
3548
3631
3715
3802
3890
3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898
5012
5129
5248
5370
5495
5823
5754
5888
6026
6166
6310
6457
6607
6761
6918
7079
7244
7413
7586
7762
7943
8128
8318
8511
8710
8913
9120
9333
9550
9772

3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3556
3639
3724
3811
3899
3990
4083
4176
4276
4375
4477
4581
4686
4797
4909
5023
5140
5260
5383
5508
5636
5768
5902
6039
6180
6324
6471
6622
6776
6934
7096
7261
7430
7603
7780
7962
8147
8337
8531
8730
8933
9141
9354
9572
9795

3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3565
3648
3733
3819
3908
3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920
5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194
6339
6486
6637
6792
6950
7112
7278
7447
7621
7798
7980
8166
8358
8551
8750
8954
9162
9376
9594
9817

3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3573
3656
3741
3828
3917
4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932
5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209
6353
6501
6653
6808
6966
7129
7295
7464
7638
7816
7998
8185
8375
8570
8770
8974
9183
9397
9616
9840

3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3581
3664
3750
3837
3926
4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943
5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223
6368
6516
6668
6823
6982
7145
7311
7482
7656
7834
8017
8204
8395
8590
8790
8995
9204
9419
9638
9863

3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3589
3673
3758
3846
3936
4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955
5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237
6383
6531
6683
6839
6998
7161
7328
7499
7674
7852
8035
8222
8414
8610
8810
9016
9226
9441
9661
9886

3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3597
3681
3767
3855
3945
4036
4130
4227
4325
4426
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966
5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252
6397
6546
6699
6855
7015
7178
7345
7516
7691
7870
8054
8241
8433
8630
8831
9036
9247
9462
9683
9908

3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3606
3690
3776
3864
3954
4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977
5093
5212
5333
5459
5585
5715
5848
5984
6124
6299
6412
6561
6715
6871
7031
7194
7362
7534
7709
7889
8072
8260
8453
8650
8851
9057
9268
9484
9705
9931

3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
3614
3698
3784
3873
3963
4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989
5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281
6427
6577
6730
6887
7047
7211
7379
7551
7727
7907
8091
8279
8472
8670
8872
9078
9290
9506
9727
9954

3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
3622
3707
3793
3882
3972
4064
4159
4256
4355
4457
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000
5117
5236
5358
5438
5610
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295
6442
6592
6745
6902
7063
7228
7396
7568
7745
7925
8110
8299
8492
8690
8892
9099
9311
9528
9750
9977

Mean Difference
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9

5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11

6
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14

7
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16

8
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18

9
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20

1 2 3 4

35
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7

VALUES OF e (FOR COMPUTING POISSON PROBABILITIES) (0 < < 1)

TABLE 3

0.0

1.0000

0.9900

0.9802

0.9704

0.9608

0.9512

0.9418

0.9324

0.9231

0.9139

0.1

0.9048

0.8958

0.8860

0.8781

0.8694

0.8607

0.8521

0.8437

0.8353

0.8270

0.2

0.7187

0.8106

0.8025

0.7945

0.7866

0.7788

0.7711

0.7634

0.7558

0.7483

0.3

0.7408

0.7334

0.7261

0.7189

0.7118

0.7047

0.6970

0.6907

0.6839

0.6771

0.4

06703

0.6636

0.6570

0.6505

0.6440

0.6376

0.6313

0.6250

0.6188

0.6125

0.5

0.6065

0.6005

0.5945

0.5886

0.5827

0.5770

0.5712

0.5655

0.5599

0.5543

0.6

0.5448

0.5434

0.5379

0.5326

0.5278

0.5220

0.5160

0.5113

0.5066

0.5016

0.7

0.4966

0.4916

0.4868

0.4810

0.4771

0.4724

0.4670

0.4630

0.4584

0.4538

0.8

0.4493

0.4449

0.4404

0.4360

0.4317

0.4274

0.4232

0.4190

0.4148

0.4107

0.9

0.4066

0.4026

0.3985

0.3946

0.3906

0.3867

0.3829

0.3791

0.3753

0.3716

(=1, 2, 3, ...,10)

10

0.3679

0.1353

0.0498

0.0183

0.0070

0.0028

0.0009

0.0004

0.0001

0.00004

Note: To obtain values of e for other values of , use the laws of exponents, i.e.,
a b
e e a .e b e.g. e 2.25 e 2 .e 0.25 (0.1353)(0.7788) 0.1054

36
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

COMMONLY USED VALUES OF


STANDARD NORMAL VARIATE Z

TABLE 4
Confidence Interval

99%

98%

95%

90%

Level of Significance ()

0.01 (1%)

0.02 (2%)

0.05 (5%)

0.10 (10%)

z/2 = 2.576

z/2 = 2.326

z/2 = 1.960

z/2 = 1.645

One (right)-Tailed

z = 2.326

z = 2.054

z = 1.645

z = 1.282

One ( left)-Tailed

z = 2.326 2

z = 2.054

z = 1.645

z = 1.282

Two-Tailed

37
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 5

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (Z TABLE)

The first column and first row of the table indicate the values of standard normal variate Z
at first and second place of decimal. The entry represents the upper tail area under the
curve or probability, i.e., P[0 Z z] for different values of Z.
Z

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0000

0.0040

0.0080

0.0120

0.0160

0.0199

0.0239

0.0279

0.0319

0.0359

0.1

0.0398

0.0438

0.0478

0.0517

0.0557

0.0596

0.0636

0.0675

0.0714

0.0753

0.2

0.0793

0.0832

0.0871

0.0910

0.0948

0.0987

0.1026

0.1064

0.1103

0.1141

0.3

0.1179

0.1217

0.1255

0.1293

0.1331

0.1368

0.1406

0.1443

0.1480

0.1517

0.4

0.1554

0.1591

0.1628

0.1664

0.1700

0.1736

0.1772

0.1808

0.1844

0.1879

0.5

0.1915

0.1950

0.1985

0.2019

0.2054

0.2088

0.2123

0.2157

0.2190

0.2224

0.6

0.2257

0.2291

0.2324

0.2357

0.2389

0.2422

0.2454

0.2486

0.2517

0.2549

0.7

0.2580

0.2611

0.2642

0.2673

0.2704

0.2734

0.2764

0.2794

0.2823

0.2852

0.8

0.2881

0.2910

0.2939

0.2967

0.2995

0.3023

0.3051

0.3078

0.3106

0.3133

0.9

0.3159

0.3186

0.3212

0.3238

0.3264

0.3289

0.3315

0.3304

0.3365

0.3389

1.0

0.3413

0.3438

0.3461

0.3485

0.3508

0.3531

0.3554

0.3577

0.3599

0.3621

1.1

0.3643

0.3665

0.3686

0.3708

0.3729

0.3749

0.3770

0.3790

0.3810

0.3830

1.2

0.3849

0.3869

0.3888

0.3907

0.3925

0.3944

0.3962

0.3980

0.3997

0.4015

1.3

0.4032

0.4049

0.4066

0.4082

0.4099

0.4115

0.4131

0.4147

0.4162

0.4177

1.4

0.4192

0.4207

0.4222

0.4236

0.4251

0.4265

0.4279

0.4292

0.4306

0.4319

1.5

0.4332

0.4345

0.4357

0.4370

0.4382

0.4394

0.4406

0.4418

0.4429

0.4441

1.6

0.4452

0.4463

0.4474

0.4484

0.4495

0.4505

0.4515

0.4525

0.4535

0.4545

1.7

0.4554

0.4564

0.4573

0.4582

0.4591

0.4599

0.4608

0.4616

0.4625

0.4633

1.8

0.4641

0.4649

0.4656

0.4664

0.4671

0.4678

0.4686

0.4693

0.4699

0.4706

1.9

0.4713

0.4719

0.4726

0.4732

0.4738

0.4744

0.4750

0.4756

0.4761

0.4767

2.0

0.4772

0.4778

0.4783

0.4788

0.4793

0.4798

0.4803

0.4808

0.4812

0.4817

2.1

0.4821

0.4826

0.4830

0.4834

0.4838

0.4842

0.4846

0.4850

0.4854

0.4857

2.2

0.4861

0.4864

0.4868

0.4871

0.4875

0.4878

0.4881

0.4884

0.4887

0.4890

2.3

0.4893

0.4896

0.4898

0.4901

0.4904

0.4906

0.4909

0.4911

0.4913

0.4916

2.4

0.4918

0.4920

0.4922

0.4925

0.4927

0.4929

0.4931

0.4932

0.4934

0.4936

2.5

0.4938

0.4940

0.4941

0.4943

0.4945

0.4946

0.4948

0.4949

0.4951

0.4952

2.6

0.4953

0.4955

0.4956

0.4957

0.4959

0.4960

0.4961

0.4962

0.4963

0.4964

2.7

0.4965

0.4966

0.4967

0.4968

0.4969

0.4970

0.4971

0.4972

0.4973

0.4974

2.8

0.4974

0.4975

0.4976

0.4977

0.4977

0.4978

0.4979

0.4979

0.4980

0.4981

2.9

0.4981

0.4982

0.4982

0.4983

0.4984

0.4984

0.4985

0.4985

0.4986

0.4986

3.0

0.4987

0.4987

0.4987

0.4988

0.4988

0.4989

0.4989

0.4989

0.4990

0.4990

3.1

0.4990

0.4991

0.4991

0.4991

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4993

0.4993

3.2

0.4993

0.4993

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

3.3

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4997

3.4

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4998

3.5

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

3.6

0.4998

0.4998

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

3.7

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

3.8

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

3.9

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

Note: The area for negative values of Z is taken as the same as that for positive values, since the curve is
symmetrical.

38
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 6

STUDENTS t DISTRIBUTION (t TABLE)

The first column of this table indicates the degrees of freedom and first row indicates a specified
upper tail area (). The entry represents the value of the t-statistic such that area under
the curve of the t-distribution to its upper tail is equal to .
One-Tailed Test
=
0.10
Two-Tailed Test
=
0.20
=1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.10

0.05

0.02

0.01

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

Note: The area for negative values of Z is taken as the same as that for positive values, since the curve is symmetrical.

39
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION (2 TABLE)

TABLE 7

The first column of this table indicates the degrees of freedom and first indicates row a
specified upper tail area (). The entry represents the value of chi-square statistic
such that the area under the curve of the chi square distribution to its upper tail is
equal to .

0.995
--=1
0.01
2
0.07
3
0.21
4
0.41
5

0.99
--0.02
0.11
0.30
0.55

0.975
--0.05
0.22
0.48
0.83

0.95
--0.10
0.35
0.71
1.15

0.90
0.02
0.21
0.58
1.06
1.61

0.10
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24

0.05
3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
11.07

0.025
5.02
7.38
9.35
11.14
12.83

0.01
0.01
6.63
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09

0.005
7.88
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75

6
7
8
9
10

0.68
0.99
1.34
1.73
2.16

0.87
1.24
1.65
2.09
2.56

1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70
3.25

1.64
2.17
2.73
3.33
3.94

2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
4.87

10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99

12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31

14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48

16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21

18.55
20.28
21.96
23.59
25.19

11
12
13
14
15

2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07
4.60

3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66
5.23

3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63
6.26

4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57
7.26

5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
8.55

17.28
18.55
19.81
21.05
22.31

19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00

21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49

24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58

26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80

16
17
18
19
20

5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84
7.43

5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63
8.26

6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91
9.59

7.96
8.67
9.39
10.12
10.85

9.31
10.09
10.86
11.65
12.44

23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41

26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41

28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17

32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57

34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00

21
22
23
24
25

8.03 8.90
8.64 9.54
9.26 10.20
9.89 10.86
10.52 11.52

10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12

11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61

13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47

29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38

32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65

35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65

38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31

41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93

26
27
28
29
30

11.16
11.81
12.46
13.12
13.79

12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
14.95

13.84
14.57
15.31
16.05
16.79

15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
18.49

17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
20.60

35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26

38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77

41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98

45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89

48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34
53.67

40
50
60
70
80

20.71
27.99
35.53
43.28
51.17

22.16
29.71
37.48
45.44
53.54

24.43
32.36
40.48
48.76
57.15

26.51
34.76
43.19
51.74
60.39

29.05
37.69
46.46
55.33
64.28

51.81
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58

55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77


67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49
79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95
90.53 95.02 100.42 104.22
101.88 106.63 112.33 116.32

59.20 61.75
67.33 70.06
83.85 86.92

65.65
74.22
91.58

69.13 73.29 107.56


77.93 82.36 118.50
95.70 100.62 140.23

113.14 118.14 124.12 128.30


124.34 129.56 135.81 140.17
146.57 152.21 158.95 163.64

90
100
120

40
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 8

F DISTRIBUTION (F TABLE)

F-table contains the values of the F-statistic for different set of degrees of freedom (1 , 2 ) of numerator and
denominator such that the area under the curve of the F-distribution to its right (upper tail) is equal to .

F values for = 0.1


Degrees of
Freedom for
Denominator
(2)

40

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator(1)


1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

24

30

40

60

120

39.86

49.50

53.60

55.83

57.23

58.21

58.91

59.44

59.86

60.20

60.47

60.70

60.91

61.07

61.22

61.35

61.47

61.57

61.66

61.74

62.00

62.26

62.53

62.79

63.06

63.33

8.53
5.54
4.54
4.06
3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29
3.23
3.18
3.14
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.97
2.96
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92
2.91
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.88
2.84
2.79
2.75
2.71

9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78
3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92
2.86
2.81
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.49
2.44
2.39
2.35
2.30

9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62
3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.66
2.61
2.56
2.52
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.31
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.23
2.18
2.13
2.08

9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52
3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61
2.54
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.94

9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45
3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85

9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40
3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77

9.35
5.27
3.98
3.37
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.51
2.41
2.34
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.13
2.10
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.72

9.37
5.25
3.96
3.34
2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38
2.30
2.24
2.20
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.83
1.77
1.72
1.67

9.38
5.24
3.94
3.32
2.96
2.72
2.56
2.44
2.35
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.12
2.09
2.06
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.79
1.74
1.68
1.63

9.39
5.23
3.92
3.30
2.94
2.70
2.54
2.42
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.14
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.76
1.71
1.65
1.60

9.40
5.22
3.91
3.28
2.92
2.68
2.52
2.40
2.30
2.23
2.17
2.12
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.74
1.68
1.63
1.57

9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27
2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28
2.21
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.02
1.99
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.88
1.86
1.85
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.71
1.66
1.60
1.55

9.41
5.21
3.89
3.26
2.89
2.65
2.49
2.36
2.27
2.19
2.13
2.08
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.52

9.42
5.20
3.88
3.25
2.88
2.64
2.48
2.35
2.26
2.18
2.12
2.07
2.02
1.99
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.88
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.68
1.62
1.56
1.51

9.42
5.20
3.87
3.24
2.87
2.63
2.46
2.34
2.24
2.17
2.10
2.05
2.01
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.66
1.60
1.55
1.49

9.43
5.20
3.86
3.23
2.86
2.62
2.45
2.33
2.23
2.16
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.96
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.65
1.59
1.53
1.47

9.43
5.19
3.86
3.22
2.86
2.61
2.45
2.32
2.22
2.15
2.08
2.03
1.99
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.52
1.46

9.44
5.19
3.85
3.22
2.85
2.61
2.44
2.31
2.22
2.14
2.08
2.02
1.98
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.44

9.44
5.19
3.85
3.21
2.84
2.60
2.43
2.31
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.61
1.55
1.49
1.43

9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21
2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20
2.12
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.61
1.54
1.48
1.42

9.45
5.18
3.83
3.19
2.82
2.58
2.40
2.28
2.18
2.10
2.04
1.98
1.94
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.57
1.51
1.45
1.38

9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17
2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16
2.08
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.54
1.48
1.41
1.34

9.47
5.16
3.80
3.16
2.78
2.54
2.36
2.23
2.13
2.05
1.99
1.93
1.89
1.85
1.81
1.78
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.63
1.61
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.51
1.44
1.37
1.30

9.47
5.15
3.79
3.14
2.76
2.51
2.34
2.21
2.11
2.03
1.96
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.47
1.40
1.32
1.24

9.48
5.14
3.78
3.12
2.74
2.49
2.32
2.18
2.08
2.00
1.93
1.88
1.83
1.79
1.75
1.72
1.69
1.67
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.42
1.35
1.26
1.17

9.49
5.13
3.76
3.11
2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06
1.97
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.38
1.29
1.19
1.00

41
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

F values for = 0.05


Degrees of
Freedom for
Denominator

(2)

41

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator(1)


1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

24

30

40

60

120

161

199

216

225

230

234

237

239

240

242

243

244

245

245

246

246

247

247

248

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

18.51

19.00

19.16

19.25

19.30

19.33

19.35

19.37

19.39

19.40

19.40

19.41

19.42

19.43

19.43

19.43

19.44

19.44

19.44

19.45

19.45

19.46

19.47

19.48

19.49

19.50

10.13

9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00

9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

9.12
6.39
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69
2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.42
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.10

8.89
6.09
4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29
3.14
3.01
2.91
2.83
2.76
2.71
2.66
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.39
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.33
2.25
2.17
2.09
2.01

8.85
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

8.81
6.00
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18
3.02
2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65
2.59
2.54
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.28
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.21
2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88

8.79
5.96
4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14
2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38
2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83

8.76
5.94
4.70
4.03
3.60
3.31
3.10
2.94
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.57
2.51
2.46
2.41
2.37
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.26
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.17
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.04
1.95
1.87
1.79

8.74
5.91
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75

8.73
5.89
4.66
3.98
3.55
3.26
3.05
2.89
2.76
2.66
2.58
2.51
2.45
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.14
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.06
1.97
1.89
1.80
1.72

8.72
5.87
4.64
3.96
3.53
3.24
3.03
2.86
2.74
2.64
2.55
2.48
2.42
2.37
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.22
2.20
2.17
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
1.95
1.86
1.78
1.69

8.70
5.86
4.62
3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85
2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01
1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67

8.69
5.84
4.60
3.92
3.49
3.20
2.99
2.83
2.70
2.60
2.51
2.44
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.90
1.82
1.73
1.64

8.68
5.83
4.59
3.91
3.48
3.19
2.97
2.81
2.69
2.58
2.50
2.43
2.37
2.32
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.98
1.89
1.80
1.71
1.62

8.67
5.82
4.58
3.90
3.47
3.17
2.96
2.80
2.67
2.57
2.48
2.41
2.35
2.30
2.26
2.22
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.10
2.08
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.87
1.78
1.69
1.60

8.67
5.81
4.57
3.88
3.46
3.16
2.95
2.79
2.66
2.56
2.47
2.40
2.34
2.29
2.24
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.85
1.76
1.67
1.59

8.66
5.80
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

8.64
5.77
4.53
3.84
3.41
3.12
2.90
2.74
2.61
2.51
2.42
2.35
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.52

8.62
5.75
4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70
2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.25
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46

8.59
5.72
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
2.66
2.53
2.43
2.34
2.27
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03
1.99
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.79
1.69
1.59
1.50
1.39

8.57
5.69
4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.74
1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

8.55
5.66
4.40
3.70
3.27
2.97
2.75
2.58
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.70
1.68
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22

8.53
5.63
4.37
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

7.71
6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

42
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

F values for = 0.025


Degrees of
Freedom
for
Denominator
(2)

42

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator(1)


1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

24

30

40

60

120

648

800

864

900

922

937

948

957

963

969

973

977

980

983

985

987

989

990

992

993

997

1001

1006

1010

1014

1018

38.51

39.00

39.17

39.25

39.30

39.33

39.36

39.37

39.39

39.40

39.41

39.41

39.42

39.43

39.43

39.44

39.44

39.44

39.45

39.45

39.46

39.47

39.47

39.48

39.49

39.50

17.44

16.04

15.44

15.10

14.88

14.73

14.62

14.54

14.47

14.42

14.37

14.34

14.30

14.28

14.25

14.23

14.21

14.20

14.18

14.17

14.12

14.08

14.04

13.99

13.95

13.90

12.22
10.01
8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94
6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20
6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87
5.83
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69
5.66
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.57
5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02

10.65
8.43
7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46
5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77
4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46
4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29
4.27
4.24
4.22
4.20
4.18
4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69

9.98
7.76
6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83
4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15
4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69
3.67
3.65
3.63
3.61
3.59
3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

9.60
7.39
6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47
4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80
3.73
3.66
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35
3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25
3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79

9.36
7.15
5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24
4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58
3.50
3.44
3.38
3.33
3.29
3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13
3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03
2.90
2.79
2.67
2.57

9.20
6.98
5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07
3.88
3.73
3.60
3.50
3.41
3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.97
2.94
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87
2.74
2.63
2.52
2.41

9.07
6.85
5.70
4.99
4.53
4.20
3.95
3.76
3.61
3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.05
3.01
2.97
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.75
2.62
2.51
2.39
2.29

8.98
6.76
5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.66
3.51
3.39
3.29
3.20
3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65
2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19

8.90
6.68
5.52
4.82
4.36
4.03
3.78
3.59
3.44
3.31
3.21
3.12
3.05
2.98
2.93
2.88
2.84
2.80
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.45
2.33
2.22
2.11

8.84
6.62
5.46
4.76
4.30
3.96
3.72
3.53
3.37
3.25
3.15
3.06
2.99
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.77
2.73
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.39
2.27
2.16
2.05

8.79
6.57
5.41
4.71
4.24
3.91
3.66
3.47
3.32
3.20
3.09
3.01
2.93
2.87
2.81
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.59
2.56
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.33
2.26
2.22
2.10
1.99

8.75
6.52
5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62
3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96
2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.45
2.48
2.41
2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94

8.72
6.49
5.33
4.63
4.16
3.83
3.58
3.39
3.24
3.12
3.01
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.73
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.43
2.41
2.43
2.37
2.25
2.13
2.01
1.90

8.68
6.46
5.30
4.60
4.13
3.80
3.55
3.36
3.21
3.08
2.98
2.89
2.82
2.75
2.70
2.65
2.60
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.42
2.39
2.37
2.39
2.34
2.21
2.09
1.98
1.87

8.66
6.43
5.27
4.57
4.10
3.77
3.52
3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86
2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.36
2.34
2.36
2.31
2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83

8.63
6.40
5.24
4.54
4.08
3.74
3.50
3.30
3.15
3.03
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.38
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.28
2.15
2.03
1.92
1.80

8.61
6.38
5.22
4.52
4.05
3.72
3.47
3.28
3.13
3.00
2.90
2.81
2.74
2.67
2.62
2.57
2.52
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.34
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.26
2.13
2.01
1.89
1.78

8.59
6.36
5.20
4.50
4.03
3.70
3.45
3.26
3.11
2.98
2.88
2.79
2.72
2.65
2.60
2.55
2.50
2.46
2.43
2.39
2.36
2.34
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.11
1.98
1.87
1.75

8.58
6.34
5.18
4.48
4.02
3.68
3.44
3.24
3.09
2.96
2.86
2.77
2.70
2.63
2.58
2.53
2.48
2.44
2.41
2.37
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.09
1.96
1.84
1.73

8.56
6.33
5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.20
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71

8.51
6.28
5.12
4.42
3.95
3.61
3.37
3.17
3.02
2.89
2.79
2.70
2.63
2.56
2.50
2.45
2.41
2.37
2.33
2.30
2.27
2.24
2.22
2.19
2.17
2.15
2.14
2.01
1.88
1.76
1.64

8.46
6.23
5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31
3.12
2.96
2.84
2.73
2.64
2.57
2.50
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.69
1.57

8.41
6.18
5.01
4.31
3.84
3.51
3.26
3.06
2.91
2.78
2.67
2.59
2.51
2.44
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.88
1.74
1.61
1.48

8.36
6.12
4.96
4.25
3.78
3.45
3.20
3.00
2.85
2.72
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.38
2.32
2.27
2.22
2.18
2.15
2.11
2.08
2.05
2.03
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39

8.31
6.07
4.90
4.20
3.73
3.39
3.14
2.94
2.79
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.38
2.32
2.26
2.20
2.16
2.11
2.08
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.87
1.72
1.58
1.43
1.27

8.26
6.02
4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08
2.88
2.73
2.60
2.49
2.40
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.64
1.48
1.31
1.00

43
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

F values for = 0.01


Degrees of
Freedom
for
Denominator

(2)

43

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator (1)


1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

24

30

40

60

120

4063

4992

5404

5637

5760

5890

5890

6025

6025

6025

6025

6167

6167

6167

6167

6167

6167

6167

6167

6167

6235

6261

6287

6313

6339

6366

98.50

99.00

99.15

99.27

99.30

99.34

99.34

99.38

99.38

99.38

99.42

99.42

99.42

99.42

99.42

99.42

99.46

99.46

99.46

99.46

99.46

99.47

99.47

99.48

99.49

99.50

34.11

30.82

29.46

28.71

28.24

27.91

27.67

27.49

27.34

27.23

27.13

27.05

26.98

26.92

26.87

26.83

26.79

26.75

26.72

26.69

26.60

26.51

26.41

26.32

26.22

26.13

21.20

18.00

16.69

15.98

15.52

15.21

14.98

14.80

14.66

14.55

14.45

14.37

14.31

14.25

14.20

14.15

14.11

14.08

14.05

14.02

13.93

13.84

13.75

13.65

13.56

13.46

16.26

13.27

12.06

11.39

10.97

10.67

10.46

10.29

10.16

10.05

13.75

10.92

12.25

9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42
5.29
5.19
5.09
5.01
4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54
4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99
5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.70
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.85
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87
3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

8.26
6.99
6.18
5.61
5.20
4.89
4.64
4.44
4.28
4.14
4.03
3.93
3.84
3.77
3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.50
3.46
3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.30
3.12
2.95
2.79
2.64

8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32
3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20
3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35
4.94
4.63
4.39
4.19
4.03
3.89
3.78
3.68
3.60
3.52
3.46
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.26
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.12
3.09
3.07
2.89
2.72
2.56
2.41

7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26
4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94
3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.06
3.03
3.00
2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32

9.96
7.79
6.54
5.73
5.18
4.77
4.46
4.22
4.02
3.86
3.73
3.62
3.52
3.43
3.36
3.29
3.24
3.18
3.14
3.09
3.06
3.02
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.91
2.73
2.56
2.40
2.25

9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67
3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.19

9.83
7.66
6.41
5.61
5.05
4.65
4.34
4.10
3.91
3.75
3.61
3.50
3.40
3.32
3.24
3.18
3.12
3.07
3.02
2.98
2.94
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.79
2.61
2.44
2.28
2.13

9.77
7.60
6.36
5.56
5.01
4.60
4.29
4.05
3.86
3.70
3.56
3.45
3.35
3.27
3.19
3.13
3.07
3.02
2.97
2.93
2.89
2.86
2.82
2.79
2.77
2.74
2.56
2.39
2.23
2.08

9.72
7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56
4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
3.52
3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85
2.82
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70
2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04

9.68
7.52
6.28
5.48
4.92
4.52
4.21
3.97
3.78
3.62
3.49
3.37
3.27
3.19
3.12
3.05
2.99
2.94
2.89
2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.48
2.31
2.15
2.00

9.64
7.48
6.24
5.44
4.89
4.49
4.18
3.94
3.75
3.59
3.45
3.34
3.24
3.16
3.08
3.02
2.96
2.91
2.86
2.82
2.78
2.75
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.63
2.45
2.28
2.12
1.97

9.61
7.45
6.21
5.41
4.86
4.46
4.15
3.91
3.72
3.56
3.42
3.31
3.21
3.13
3.05
2.99
2.93
2.88
2.83
2.79
2.75
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.60
2.42
2.25
2.09
1.94

9.58
7.42
6.18
5.38
4.83
4.43
4.12
3.88
3.69
3.53
3.40
3.28
3.19
3.10
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.76
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.39
2.22
2.06
1.91

9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57
2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

9.47
7.31
6.07
5.28
4.73
4.33
4.02
3.78
3.59
3.43
3.29
3.18
3.08
3.00
2.93
2.86
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.59
2.55
2.52
2.50
2.47
2.29
2.12
1.95
1.79

9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25
3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.78
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58
2.54
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70

9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57
4.17
3.86
3.62
3.43
3.27
3.13
3.02
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.70
2.64
2.58
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.42
2.38
2.35
2.33
2.30
2.11
1.94
1.76
1.59

9.20
7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08
3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05
2.93
2.84
2.75
2.67
2.61
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.21
2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47

9.11
6.97
5.74
4.95
4.40
4.00
3.69
3.45
3.26
3.09
2.96
2.85
2.75
2.66
2.58
2.52
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14
2.11
1.92
1.73
1.53
1.33

9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01
1.81
1.60
1.38
1.00

11.26
10.56
10.04

9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.19
8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.64

44
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

F values for = 0.005


Degrees of
Freedom
for
Denominator

(2)

44

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator (1)


1
16211

2
19999

3
21615

4
22500

5
23056

6
23437

7
23715

8
23925

9
24091

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

24

30

40

60

120

24224

24334

24426

24505

24572

24630

24681

24727

24767

24803

24836

24940

25044

25148

25253

25359

25464

198.50 199.00 199.17 199.25 199.30 199.33 199.36 199.37 199.39 199.40 199.41 199.42 199.42 199.43 199.43 199.44 199.44 199.44 199.45 199.45 199.46 199.47 199.47 199.48 199.49 199.50

55.55
31.33
22.78
18.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83
12.23
11.75
11.37
11.06
10.80
10.58
10.38
10.22
10.07
9.94
9.83
9.73
9.63
9.55
9.48
9.41
9.34
9.28
9.23
9.18
8.83
8.49
8.18
7.88

49.80
26.28
18.31
14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43
8.91
8.51
8.19
7.92
7.70
7.51
7.35
7.21
7.09
6.99
6.89
6.81
6.73
6.66
6.60
6.54
6.49
6.44
6.40
6.35
6.07
5.79
5.54
5.30

47.47
24.26
16.53
12.92
10.88
9.60
8.72
8.08
7.60
7.23
6.93
6.68
6.48
6.30
6.16
6.03
5.92
5.82
5.73
5.65
5.58
5.52
5.46
5.41
5.36
5.32
5.28
5.24
4.98
4.73
4.50
4.28

46.19
23.15
15.56
12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34
6.88
6.52
6.23
6.00
5.80
5.64
5.50
5.37
5.27
5.17
5.09
5.02
4.95
4.89
4.84
4.79
4.74
4.70
4.66
4.62
4.37
4.14
3.92
3.72

45.39
22.46
14.94
11.46
9.52
8.30
7.47
6.87
6.42
6.07
5.79
5.56
5.37
5.21
5.07
4.96
4.85
4.76
4.68
4.61
4.54
4.49
4.43
4.38
4.34
4.30
4.26
4.23
3.99
3.76
3.55
3.35

44.84
21.97
14.51
11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54
6.10
5.76
5.48
5.26
5.07
4.91
4.78
4.66
4.56
4.47
4.39
4.32
4.26
4.20
4.15
4.10
4.06
4.02
3.98
3.95
3.71
3.49
3.28
3.09

44.43
21.62
14.20
10.79
8.89
7.69
6.88
6.30
5.86
5.52
5.25
5.03
4.85
4.69
4.56
4.44
4.34
4.26
4.18
4.11
4.05
3.99
3.94
3.89
3.85
3.81
3.77
3.74
3.51
3.29
3.09
2.90

44.13
21.35
13.96
10.57
8.68
7.50
6.69
6.12
5.68
5.35
5.08
4.86
4.67
4.52
4.39
4.28
4.18
4.09
4.01
3.94
3.88
3.83
3.78
3.73
3.69
3.65
3.61
3.58
3.35
3.13
2.93
2.74

43.88
21.14
13.77
10.39
8.51
7.34
6.54
5.97
5.54
5.20
4.94
4.72
4.54
4.38
4.25
4.14
4.04
3.96
3.88
3.81
3.75
3.69
3.64
3.60
3.56
3.52
3.48
3.45
3.22
3.01
2.81
2.62

43.69
20.97
13.62
10.25
8.38
7.21
6.42
5.85
5.42
5.09
4.82
4.60
4.42
4.27
4.14
4.03
3.93
3.85
3.77
3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.49
3.45
3.41
3.38
3.34
3.12
2.90
2.71
2.52

43.52
20.82
13.49
10.13
8.27
7.10
6.31
5.75
5.32
4.99
4.72
4.51
4.33
4.18
4.05
3.94
3.84
3.76
3.68
3.61
3.55
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.36
3.32
3.29
3.25
3.03
2.82
2.62
2.43

43.39 43.27 43.17 43.08 43.01 42.94 42.88 42.83 42.78 42.62 42.47 42.31 42.15 41.99 41.83
20.70 20.60 20.51 20.44 20.37 20.31 20.26 20.21 20.17 20.03 19.89 19.75 19.61 19.47 19.32
13.38 13.29 13.21 13.15 13.09 13.03 12.98 12.94 12.90 12.78 12.66 12.53 12.40 12.27 12.14
10.03 9.95 9.88 9.81 9.76 9.71 9.66 9.62 9.59 9.47 9.36 9.24 9.12 9.00 8.88
8.18 8.10 8.03 7.97 7.91 7.87 7.83 7.79 7.75 7.64 7.53 7.42 7.31 7.19 7.08
7.01 6.94 6.87 6.81 6.76 6.72 6.68 6.64 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.29 6.18 6.06 5.95
6.23 6.15 6.09 6.03 5.98 5.94 5.90 5.86 5.83 5.73 5.62 5.52 5.41 5.30 5.19
5.66 5.59 5.53 5.47 5.42 5.38 5.34 5.31 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.97 4.86 4.75 4.64
5.24 5.16 5.10 5.05 5.00 4.96 4.92 4.89 4.86 4.76 4.65 4.55 4.45 4.34 4.23
4.91 4.84 4.77 4.72 4.67 4.63 4.59 4.56 4.53 4.43 4.33 4.23 4.12 4.01 3.90
4.64 4.57 4.51 4.46 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.30 4.27 4.17 4.07 3.97 3.87 3.76 3.65
4.43 4.36 4.30 4.25 4.20 4.16 4.12 4.09 4.06 3.96 3.86 3.76 3.66 3.55 3.44
4.25 4.18 4.12 4.07 4.02 3.98 3.95 3.91 3.88 3.79 3.69 3.58 3.48 3.37 3.26
4.10 4.03 3.97 3.92 3.87 3.83 3.80 3.76 3.73 3.64 3.54 3.44 3.33 3.22 3.11
3.97 3.90 3.84 3.79 3.75 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.61 3.51 3.41 3.31 3.21 3.10 2.98
3.86 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 2.99 2.87
3.76 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.31 3.21 3.11 3.00 2.89 2.78
3.68 3.61 3.55 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.32 3.22 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.81 2.69
3.60 3.54 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.73 2.61
3.54 3.47 3.41 3.36 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.18 3.08 2.98 2.88 2.77 2.66 2.55
3.47 3.41 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.82 2.71 2.60 2.48
3.42 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.16 3.12 3.09 3.06 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 2.43
3.37 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.61 2.50 2.38
3.33 3.26 3.20 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.45 2.33
3.28 3.22 3.16 3.11 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.83 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.41 2.29
3.25 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.89 2.79 2.69 2.59 2.48 2.37 2.25
3.21 3.15 3.09 3.04 2.99 2.95 2.92 2.88 2.86 2.76 2.66 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.21
3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.82 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.42 2.30 2.18
2.95 2.89 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.93
2.74 2.68 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.29 2.19 2.08 1.96 1.83 1.69
2.54 2.48 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.19 2.09 1.98 1.87 1.75 1.61 1.43
2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.90 1.79 1.67 1.53 1.36 1.36

45
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 9

CRITICAL VALUES OF WILCOXON TEST

One-Tailed Test:
=

0.005

0.01

0.025

0.05

0.10

Two-Tailed Test:
=
n=3

0.01
0

0.02
0

0.05
0

0.10
0

0.20
0

11

10

11

15

11

11

14

18

12

10

14

18

22

13

10

13

18

22

27

14

13

16

22

26

32

15

16

20

26

31

37

16

20

24

30

36

43

17

24

28

35

42

49

18

28

33

41

48

56

19

33

38

47

54

63

20

38

44

53

61

70

21

44

50

59

68

78

22

49

56

67

76

87

23

55

63

74

84

95

24

62

70

82

92

105

25

69

77

90

101

114

46
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 10

CRITICAL VALUES OF RUNS TEST


Part-I (Lower Critical Values)
( = 0.025)

n2
n1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5

2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6

2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6

2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7

2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8

2
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9

2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9

2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10

2
2
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10

2
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
12
10
10
11
11

2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12

2
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12

2
3
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
1
1
12
12
13

2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13

2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
1
11
12
12
13
13
13

2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
14

Part-II (Upper Critical Values)


( = 0.025)
n2
n1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

9
9

9
10
10
11
11

9
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
13

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

11
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15

11
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17

13
14
14
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18

13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20

13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21

13
14
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22

15
16
17
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23

15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
23
23
24

15
16
18
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25

17
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
24
25
25
25

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
25
26
26

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
26
27

17
18
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
27

17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
27
28

47
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

48
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

CRITICAL VALUES OF KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST


FOR ONE SAMPLE

TABLE 11
One-Tailed Test:
=
0.10
0.05
Two-Tailed Test:
=
0.20
0.10

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.20

0.10

0.05

0.02

0.01

n = 21 0.226

0.259

0.287

0.321

0.344

n=1

0.900

0.950

0.975

0.990

0.995

0.684

0.776

0.842

0.900

0.929

22

0.221

0.253

0.281

0.314

0.337

0.565

0.636

0.708

0.785

0.829

23

0.216

0.247

0.275

0.307

0.330

0.493

0.565

0.624

0.689

0.734

24

0.212

0.242

0.269

0.301

0.323

0.447

0.509

0.563

0.627

0.669

25

0.208

0.238

0.264

0.295

0.317

0.410

0.468

0.519

0.577

0.617

26

0.204

0.233

0.259

0.290

0.311

0.381

0.436

0.483

0.538

0.576

27

0.200

0.229

0.254

0.284

0.305

0.358

0.410

0.454

0.507

0.542

28

0.197

0.225

0.250

0.279

0.300

0.339

0.387

0.430

0.480

0.513

29

1.193

0.221

0.246

0.275

0.295

10

0.323

0.369

0.409

0.457

0.489

30

0.190

0.218

0.242

0.270

0.290

11

0.308

0.352

0.391

0.437

0.468

31

0.187

0.214

0.238

0.266

0.285

12

0.296

0.338

0.375

0.419

0.449

32

0.184

0.211

0.234

0.262

0.281

13

0.285

0.325

0.361

0.404

0.432

33

0.182

0.208

0.231

0.258

0.277

14

0.275

0.314

0.349

0.390

0.418

34

0.179

0.205

0.227

0.254

0.273

15

0.266

0.304

0.338

0.377

0.404

35

0.177

0.202

0.224

0.251

0.269

16

0.258

0.295

0.327

0.366

0.392

36

0.174

0.199

0.221

0.247

0.265

17

0.250

0.286

0.318

0.355

0.381

37

0.172

0.196

0.218

0.244

0.262

18

0.244

0.279

0.309

0.346

0.371

38

0.170

0.194

0.215

0.241

0.258

19

0.237

0.271

0.301

0.337

0.361

39

0.168

0.191

0.213

0.238

0.255

20

0.232

0.265

0.294

0.329

0.352

40

0.165

0.189

0.210

0.235

0.252

Approximation
for n > 40
1.07 1.22

1.36

1.52

1.63

49
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 12
One-Tailed Test:
=
0.10
0.05
Two-Tailed Test:
=
0.20
0.10
n = 3 2/3
2/3
4
3/4
3/4
5 3/5
3/5
6
3/6
4/6
7
4/7
4/7
8
4/8
4/8
9
4/9
5/9
10
4/10
5/10
11
5/11
5/11
12
5/12
5/12
13
5/13
6/13
14
5/14
6/14
15
5/15
6/15
16 6/16
6/16
17
6/17
7/17
18
6/18
7/18
19
6/19
7/19

CRITICAL VALUES OF KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST FOR


TWO SAMPLES OF EQUAL SIZE
0.025

0.01

0.005

0.05

0.02

0.01

3/4
4/5
4/6
5/7
5/8
5/9
6/10
6/11
6/12
6/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
8/18
8/19

4/5
5/6
5/7
5/8
6/9
6/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
8/15
8/16
8/17
9/18
9/19

4/5
5/6
5/7
6/8
6/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
8/13
8/14
8/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/19

0.10

=
0.20
n = 20
6/2
21
6/21
22
7/22
23
7/23
24
7/24
25
7/25
26
7/26
27
7/27
28
8/28
29
8/29
30
8/30
31
8/31
32
8/32
34
8/34
36
9/36
38
9/38
40
9/40
Approximation
for n > 40

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.10
7/2
7/21
8/22
8/23
8/24
8/25
8/26
8/27
9/28
9/29
9/30
9/31
9/32
10/34
10/36
10/38
10/40

0.05
8/20
8/21
8/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
10/31
10/32
11/34
11/36
11/38
12/40

0.02
9/20
9/21
10/22
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/26
11/27
11/28
11/29
11/30
11/31
12/32
12/34
12/36
13/38
13/40

0.01
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
11/24
11/25
11/26
11/27
12/28
12/29
12/30
12/31
12/32
13/34
13/36
14/38
14/40

1.52

1.73

1.92

2.15

2.303

50
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

CRITICAL VALUES OF KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST


FOR TWO SAMPLES OF UNEQUAL SIZES

TABLE 13
One -Tailed Test:
Two Ttailed Test:
n1 = 1
n1 = 2

n1 = 3

n1 = 4

n1 = 5

n1 = 6

n1 = 7

n1 = 8

n1 = 9

n1 = 10

n1 = 12

n1 = 14
n1 = 16
Large-sample
approximation

n2 = 9
10
n2 = 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n2 = 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
n2 = 5
6
7
8
9
10
12
16
n2 = 6
7
8
9
10
15
20
n2 = 7
8
9
10
12
18
24
n2 = 8
9
10
14
28
n2 = 9
10
12
16
32
n2 = 10
12
15
18
36
n2 = 15
20
40
n2 = 15
16
18
20
n2 = 20
n2 = 20
1.07

= 0.10
= 0.20

0.05
0.1

17/18
9/10
5/6
3/4
4/5
5/6
5/7
3/4
7/9
7/10
3/4
2/3
2/3
2/3
5/8
2/3
3/5
7/12
3/5
7/12
17/28
5/8
5/9
11/20
7/12
9/16
3/5
4/7
11/20
5/9
1/2
8/15
1/2
23/42
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
4/9
11/24
27/56
31/63
33/70
3/7
3/7
4/9
19/40
11/24
7/16
13/32
7/15
4/9
19/45
7/18
13/36
2/5
2/5
7/20
23/60
3/8
13/36
11/30
7/20
27/80

4/5
5/6
6/7
7/8
8/9
4/5
3/4
4/5
2/3
5/7
3/4
2/3
7/10
2/3
3/4
2/3
5/7
5/8
2/3
13/20
2/3
5/8
2/3
23/35
5/8
3/5
3/5
3/5
11/20
4/7
7/12
5/9
17/30
7/12
5/9
1/2
33/56
5/9
39/70
1/2
13/28
13/24
21/40
1/2
1/2
7/16
1/2
1/2
22/45
4/9
5/12
7/15
9/20
2/5
9/20
7/16
5/12
5/12
2/5
33/80

n1 n2
n1n2

1.07

n1 n2
n1n2

0.25
0.05

0.01
0.25

0.005
0.01

7/8
8/9
9/10
4/5
5/6
6/7
3/4
7/9
4/5
3/4
4/5
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/10
2/3
11/16
2/3
5/7
47/40
31/45
7/10
2/3
3/5
29/42
2/3
2/3
19/30
7/12
11/18
7/12
5/8
40/63
43/70
4/7
15/28
5/8
23/40
7/12
9/16
1/2
26/45
5/9
8/15
1/2
17/36
1/2
1/2
9/20
1/2
23/48
17/36
7/15
13/30
17/40
1.36

n1 n2
n1n2

6/7
7/8
8/9
9/10
5/6
4/5
5/6
6/7
7/8
7/9
4/5
3/4
3/4
5/6
29/35
4/5
7/9
7/10
11/15
7/10
5/7
3/4
13/18
7/10
2/3
2/3
5/8
41/56
5/7
7/10
9/14
17/28
2/3
27/40
5/8
5/8
9/16
2/3
11/18
3/5
5/9
19/36
17/30
11/20
1/2
11/20
13/24
19/36
31/60
29/60
19/40
1.52

n1 n2
n1n2

51
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

8/9
9/10
11/12
5/6
6/7
7/8
8/9
4/5
5/6
13/16
5/6
6/7
4/5
4/5
4/5
11/15
3/4
5/6
3/4
7/9
11/15
3/4
13/18
2/3
3/4
47/63
5/7
5/7
9/14
3/4
7/10
2/3
5/8
19/32
31/45
2/3
29/45
11/18
5/9
19/30
3/5
7/12
7/12
5/9
17/30
31/60
41/80
1.63

n1 n2
n1n2

TABLE 14

CRITICAL VALUES OF MANN WHITNEY U TEST


(Lower Critical Values)

n1

10

n2 = 2

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10

3
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
11
15
15
15
15
16
17
21
21
21
21
22
23
28
28
28
28
29
30
36
36
36
37
38
39
45
45
45
46
47
48
55
55
55
56
57
59

3
3
3
3
3
4
6
6
6
6
7
8
10
10
10
10
11
12
15
15
15
16
17
18
21
21
21
23
24
25
28
28
29
30
31
33
36
36
37
39
40
42
45
46
47
48
50
51
55
56
57
59
60
62

3
3
3
3
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
10
10
10
11
12
14
15
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
32
33
35
36
38
39
41
42
44
45
47
49
50
52
55
56
58
59
61
63
66

3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
15
15
16
17
18
20
21
21
23
24
25
27
29
28
30
32
34
35
37
37
39
41
43
45
47
47
49
51
53
55
58
57
60
62
64
67
69

3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
16
15
17
18
19
21
23
21
24
25
27
29
31
29
32
33
35
37
40
38
41
43
45
47
50
48
51
53
56
58
61
59
62
64
67
70
73

3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
11
10
11
12
14
15
17
15
17
19
21
22
24
21
25
26
28
30
33
30
33
35
37
40
42
39
43
44
47
50
53
49
53
55
58
61
64
61
65
67
70
73
77

3
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
7
9
10
12
10
12
13
15
16
18
16
18
20
22
24
26
23
26
28
30
32
35
31
35
36
39
42
45
41
44
46
50
52
53
51
55
57
61
64
68
62
67
69
73
76
80

3
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
11
12
10
12
14
15
17
20
17
19
21
23
25
28
24
27
29
32
34
37
32
36
38
41
44
47
42
46
48
52
55
59
53
57
60
63
67
71
64
69
72
76
80
84

3
3
3
4
5
7
6
7
8
10
11
13
11
13
14
16
18
21
17
20
22
24
27
29
25
28
30
33
36
39
34
38
40
43
46
50
43
48
50
54
57
61
54
59
62
66
70
74
66
72
75
79
83
88

3
3
3
5
5
7
6
7
8
10
12
14
11
13
15
17
19
22
18
21
23
25
28
31
26
29
31
35
38
41
35
39
41
45
48
52
45
50
52
56
60
64
56
62
64
69
73
77
68
74
78
82
87
92

3
3
3
5
6
8
6
8
9
11
12
15
11
14
16
18
20
23
18
22
24
27
29
33
26
31
33
36
39
43
36
41
43
47
50
55
46
52
54
59
63
67
58
64
67
72
76
81
70
77
80
85
90
95

3
3
4
5
6
8
6
8
9
11
13
16
12
14
16
19
21
24
19
23
25
28
31
34
27
32
34
38
41
45
37
42
45
49
53
57
48
54
56
61
65
70
60
66
69
74
79
84
73
80
83
89
93
99

3
3
4
5
7
8
6
8
9
12
14
17
12
15
17
20
22
26
19
23
26
29
32
36
28
33
35
39
43
47
38
44
46
51
55
60
49
55
59
63
68
73
61
68
72
77
82
87
75
82
86
92
97
103

3
3
4
5
7
9
6
9
10
12
14
17
12
16
18
21
23
27
20
24
27
30
34
38
29
34
37
41
45
49
39
45
48
53
57
62
51
57
61
66
70
76
63
70
74
80
85
91
77
85
89
95
100
107

3
3
4
5
7
9
6
9
10
13
15
18
13
16
18
22
25
28
21
25
28
31
35
39
30
35
38
43
47
51
40
47
50
55
59
65
52
59
63
68
73
79
65
73
77
83
88
94
79
87
92
98
104
110

3
3
4
6
7
10
7
9
11
13
16
19
13
17
19
22
26
29
21
26
29
33
36
41
31
37
40
44
48
53
42
48
52
57
62
67
54
61
65
71
76
82
67
75
79
85
91
98
81
90
94
101
107
114

3
3
4
6
8
10
7
9
11
14
16
20
14
17
20
23
27
31
22
27
30
34
38
43
32
38
41
46
50
56
43
50
53
59
64
70
55
63
67
73
78
85
69
77
82
88
94
101
83
93
97
104
111
118

3
4
5
6
8
11
7
10
11
14
17
21
14
18
20
24
28
32
23
28
31
35
39
44
33
39
42
47
52
58
44
51
55
61
66
72
57
65
69
75
81
88
71
79
84
91
97
104
85
95
100
108
114
122

3
4
5
6
8
11
7
10
12
15
18
22
14
19
21
25
29
33
23
29
32
36
41
46
34
40
44
49
54
60
45
53
57
63
68
75
58
67
71
78
84
91
72
82
86
94
100
108
88
98
103
111
118
126

52
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

n1

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05

n2 = 2
66
66
66
67
68
70
78
78
78
80
81
83
91
91
92
93
94
96
105
105
106
107
109
110
120
120
121
122
124
126
136
136
137
138
140
142
153
153
154
156
157
160
171
171
172
174
176
178
190
191
192
193
195
198
210
211
212
213
215

3
66
67
68
70
72
74
78
80
81
83
84
87
91
93
94
96
98
101
105
107
108
111
113
116
120
123
124
126
128
131
136
139
140
143
145
148
154
156
158
160
163
166
172
174
176
179
181
185
191
194
195
198
201
205
211
214
216
219
222

4
67
69
71
73
75
78
79
82
84
86
88
91
93
95
97
100
102
105
107
110
112
115
117
121
122
126
128
131
133
137
139
142
144
148
151
154
156
158
160
163
166
172
174
176
179
181
185
191
194
195
198
201
205
211
214
219
221
225
229

5
69
72
74
76
79
82
81
85
87
90
92
96
95
99
101
104
107
110
109
113
116
119
122
126
125
129
132
135
139
143
142
146
149
152
156
160
159
164
167
171
174
179
178
183
186
190
194
199
198
203
206
210
214
219
218
224
227
231
236

6
71
74
76
80
83
86
83
88
90
93
96
100
97
102
104
108
111
115
112
117
119
123
127
131
128
133
136
140
144
148
145
150
153
158
162
166
163
169
172
176
180
185
182
188
191
196
200
206
202
208
211
216
221
227
223
229
233
238
243

7
73
77
79
83
86
90
86
91
93
97
100
105
100
105
108
112
116
120
115
121
123
128
132
137
133
137
140
145
149
154
148
155
158
163
167
173
167
173
177
182
187
192
186
193
196
202
207
213
206
213
217
223
228
234
227
235
239
245
250

8
75
80
82
86
90
94
88
94
96
101
105
109
103
109
112
116
120
125
118
124
128
132
137
142
135
141
145
150
154
160
152
159
163
168
173
179
171
178
182
188
193
199
190
198
202
208
213
220
211
219
223
229
235
242
232
241
245
2512
258

9
77
83
85
90
94
98
91
97
100
105
109
114
106
112
115
120
125
130
121
128
132
137
142
147
138
145
149
155
160
166
156
164
168
174
179
185
175
183
187
193
199
206
195
203
208
214
220
227
216
224
229
236
242
249
237
247
251
259
265

10
79
85
89
93
98
103
93
100
103
108
111
118
109
116
119
125
129
135
125
132
136
142
147
153
142
150
154
160
165
172
160
168
173
179
185
191
179
188
192
199
205
212
199
209
213
220
227
234
220
230
235
243
249
257
243
253
258
266
273

11
82
88
92
97
101
107
96
103
107
112
117
123
112
119
123
129
134
140
128
136
140
146
152
158
145
154
158
165
171
178
164
173
178
184
191
198
183
193
198
205
211
219
204
214
219
227
233
241
225
236
241
249
256
264
248
259
264
273
280

12
84
91
95
100
105
111
98
106
110
116
121
128
115
123
127
133
139
145
131
140
144
151
157
164
149
158
163
170
176
184
168
178
183
190
197
204
188
198
203
211
218
226
209
219
225
233
240
249
231
242
247
256
263
272
253
265
271
280
288

13
87
94
98
104
109
115
102
110
114
120
126
132
118
126
131
137
143
150
135
144
149
156
162
169
153
163
168
175
182
189
172
182
188
196
202
211
192
203
209
217
224
233
214
225
231
239
247
256
236
248
254
263
271
280
259
271
278
287
295

14
89
97
101
107
113
119
104
113
117
124
130
137
121
130
135
142
148
155
138
148
153
161
167
175
157
167
172
180
187
195
176
187
193
201
208
217
197
208
214
223
231
239
218
230
237
246
254
263
241
254
260
269
278
288
265
278
284
294
303

15
91
100
104
111
117
124
106
116
121
128
134
142
124
134
139
146
153
160
142
152
157
165
172
180
161
172
177
185
193
201
180
192
198
207
214
223
201
214
220
229
237
246
223
236
242
252
260
270
246
260
266
276
285
295
270
284
291
301
311

53
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

16
94
103
108
114
121
128
110
120
125
132
139
146
127
137
143
151
157
166
145
156
162
170
177
186
164
176
182
191
198
207
185
197
203
212
220
230
206
219
225
235
243
253
228
242
248
258
267
278
251
265
273
283
292
303
276
290
298
309
318

17
96
106
111
118
124
132
113
123
128
136
143
151
130
141
147
155
162
171
149
160
166
175
183
191
168
181
187
196
204
213
189
202
208
218
226
236
211
224
231
241
250
260
233
247
254
265
274
285
257
272
279
290
300
311
281
297
304
316
326

18
99
109
114
122
128
136
116
126
132
140
147
156
134
145
151
159
167
176
152
164
171
180
188
197
172
185
191
201
209
219
193
207
213
223
232
243
215
229
236
247
256
267
238
253
260
271
281
292
262
278
285
297
307
319
287
303
311
323
334

19
101
112
117
125
132
140
118
130
135
144
151
160
137
149
155
164
172
181
156
169
175
184
193
203
176
190
196
206
215
225
197
211
219
229
238
249
220
235
242
253
263
274
243
259
266
278
288
300
268
284
292
304
314
326
293
310
318
330
341

20
104
115
120
129
136
145
121
133
139
148
156
165
140
152
159
168
176
186
160
173
179
189
198
208
180
194
201
211
221
231
202
216
224
235
244
256
224
240
247
259
269
281
248
264
272
284
295
307
243
290
298
310
321
334
299
316
325
338
349

0.10

218

226

233

241

249

257

265

273

281

289

297

305

313

321

330

338

346

354

362

(Upper Critical Values)


n1

n2= 2

10
0.001
10
0.005
10
0.01
2
10
0.025
10
0.05
10
0.10
18
0.001
18
0.005
18
0.01
3
18
0.025
18
0.05
18
0.10
28
0.001
28
0.005
28
0.01
4
28
0.025
28
0.05
28
0.10
40
0.001
40
0.005
40
0.01
5
40
0.025
40
0.05
40
0.10
54
0.001
54
0.005
54
0.01
6
54
0.025
54
0.05
54
0.10
70
0.001
70
0.005
70
0.01
7
70
0.025
70
0.05
70
0.10
88
0.001
88
0.005
88
0.01
8
88
0.025
88
0.05
88
0.10
108
0.001
108
0.005
108
0.01
9
108
0.025
108
0.05
108
0.10
130
0.001
130
0.005
130
0.01
10
130
0.025
130
0.05
130
0.10
n1

n2= 2
154
11
0.001

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

9
9
9
9
9
8
15
15
15
15
14
13
22
22
22
22
21
20
30
30
30
29
28
27
39
39
39
37
36
35
49
49
48
47
46
44
60
60
59
57
56
54
72
71
70
69
67
66
85
84
83
81
80
78
3
99

11
11
11
11
10
8
18
18
18
17
17
16
26
26
26
25
24
22
35
35
34
33
32
30
45
44
43
42
41
39
56
55
54
52
51
49
68
66
65
63
62
60
81
79
77
76
74
71
94
92
91
89
87
84
4
109

13
13
13
13
12
11
21
21
21
20
19
18
30
30
29
28
27
25
40
39
38
37
35
34
51
49
48
47
45
43
63
61
59
57
56
54
75
73
71
69
67
65
88
86
84
82
80
77
103
100
98
96
93
91
5
118

15
15
15
15
14
13
24
24
24
22
21
20
34
33
32
31
30
28
45
43
42
41
39
37
57
54
53
51
49
47
69
66
65
63
61
58
82
79
77
75
73
70
96
93
91
88
86
83
111
108
106
103
100
97
6
127

17
17
17
17
16
15
27
27
26
25
24
22
38
37
36
34
33
31
50
48
46
44
43
41
63
59
58
56
54
51
75
72
70
68
65
63
89
85
84
81
78
75
104
100
98
95
92
89
119
115
113
110
107
103
7
136

19
19
19
18
17
16
30
30
29
27
26
24
42
40
39
37
36
34
54
52
50
48
46
44
67
64
62
60
58
55
81
77
76
73
70
67
95
92
90
86
84
83
111
107
105
101
98
94
128
123
121
117
114
110
8
145

21
21
21
20
19
18
33
32
31
30
28
27
46
44
42
41
39
36
58
56
54
52
50
47
72
69
67
64
62
59
87
83
81
78
75
72
102
98
96
92
89
85
118
114
111
108
104
100
136
131
128
124
120
116
9
154

23
23
23
22
21
19
36
35
34
32
31
29
49
47
46
44
42
39
63
60
58
56
53
51
77
74
72
69
66
63
92
88
86
83
80
76
109
104
102
98
95
91
126
121
118
114
110
106
144
138
135
131
127
122
10
163

25
25
25
23
23
21
39
38
37
35
33
31
53
51
49
47
45
42
67
64
62
60
57
54
82
79
77
73
70
67
98
94
92
88
85
81
115
110
108
104
100
96
133
127
125
120
116
112
152
146
142
138
133
128
11
171

27
27
27
25
24
22
42
40
39
37
36
33
57
54
52
50
48
45
72
68
66
63
61
57
88
83
81
78
75
71
104
99
97
93
90
85
122
116
114
109
105
101
140
134
131
126
122
117
160
153
150
145
140
135
12
180

29
29
28
27
26
24
45
43
42
40
38
35
60
58
56
53
51
48
76
72
70
67
64
61
93
88
86
82
79
75
110
105
102
98
94
90
128
122
120
115
111
106
147
141
138
133
128
123
167
160
157
151
147
141
13
188

31
31
30
29
27
26
48
46
45
42
40
37
64
61
59
56
54
50
81
77
74
71
68
64
98
93
91
87
83
79
116
110
108
103
99
94
135
129
125
121
116
111
155
148
144
139
134
129
175
168
164
158
153
147
14
197

33
33
32
31
29
27
51
48
47
45
43
40
68
64
62
59
57
53
85
81
78
75
71
67
103
98
95
91
87
83
122
116
113
108
104
99
141
135
131
126
122
116
162
155
151
145
140
134
183
175
171
165
160
153
15
206

35
35
34
33
31
29
54
51
50
47
45
42
71
68
66
62
59
56
89
85
82
79
75
71
108
103
100
95
91
87
128
121
118
113
109
103
148
141
137
132
127
121
169
161
157
151
146
140
191
183
178
172
166
160
16
214

37
37
36
34
33
30
56
54
52
50
47
44
75
71
69
66
62
59
94
89
86
82
79
74
113
107
104
100
96
91
133
127
123
118
113
108
154
147
143
137
132
126
176
168
164
158
152
145
199
190
186
179
173
166
17
223

39
39
38
36
34
32
59
57
55
52
50
46
78
75
72
69
65
61
98
93
90
86
82
77
118
112
109
104
100
94
139
132
129
123
118
112
161
153
149
143
138
131
183
175
170
164
158
151
207
197
193
186
179
172
18
231

41
40
39
38
36
33
62
59
58
55
52
48
82
78
76
72
68
64
102
97
94
90
86
81
123
117
114
109
104
98
145
138
134
128
123
117
167
159
155
149
143
136
190
182
177
170
164
157
215
205
200
192
186
178
19
240

43
42
41
40
38
35
65
62
60
57
54
50
86
81
79
75
71
67
107
101
98
94
89
84
128
122
118
113
108
102
151
143
139
133
128
121
174
165
161
154
148
141
198
188
184
176
170
162
222
212
207
199
192
184
20
248

54
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.10

154
154
154
154
154
180
180
180
180
180
180
208
208
208
208
208
208
238
238
238
238
238
238
270
270
270
270
270
270
304
304
304
304
304
304
340
340
340
340
340
340
378
378
378
378
378
378
418
418
418
418
418
418
460
460
460
460
460
460

98
97
95
93
91
114
112
111
109
108
105
130
128
127
125
123
120
147
145
144
141
139
136
165
162
161
159
157
154
184
181
180
177
175
172
203
201
199
197
194
191
224
222
220
217
215
211
246
243
242
239
236
232
269
266
264
261
258
254

107
105
103
101
98
125
122
120
118
116
113
141
139
137
134
132
129
159
156
154
151
149
145
178
174
172
169
167
163
197
194
192
188
185
182
218
216
214
211
208
202
240
238
235
233
229
223
262
261
258
255
251
245
286
281
279
275
271
267

115
113
111
108
105
135
131
129
126
124
120
152
148
146
143
140
137
171
167
164
161
158
154
190
186
183
180
176
172
210
206
203
200
196
192
232
227
224
220
217
212
254
249
246
242
238
233
277
272
269
265
261
256
302
296
293
289
284
279

124
122
118
115
112
145
140
138
135
132
128
163
158
156
152
149
145
182
177
175
171
167
163
202
197
194
190
186
182
223
218
215
210
206
202
245
239
236
232
228
223
268
262
259
254
250
244
292
286
283
278
273
267
317
311
307
302
297
291

132
130
126
123
119
154
149
147
143
140
135
173
168
165
161
157
153
193
187
185
180
176
171
212
208
205
200
196
191
236
229
226
221
217
211
258
252
248
243
238
233
282
275
272
266
261
255
307
300
296
290
285
279
333
325
321
315
310
303

140
138
134
130
126
164
158
156
151
147
143
183
177
174
170
166
161
204
198
194
190
185
180
225
219
215
210
206
200
248
241
237
232
227
221
271
264
260
254
249
243
296
288
284
278
273
266
321
313
309
303
297
290
348
339
332
330
322
315

148
146
141
137
133
173
167
164
159
155
150
193
187
184
179
174
169
215
208
204
199
194
189
237
230
226
220
215
209
260
252
248
242
237
231
284
276
272
266
260
253
309
301
296
290
284
277
335
327
322
315
309
302
363
353
349
341
335
327

157
153
149
144
139
183
176
173
168
165
158
203
196
193
187
183
177
225
218
214
208
203
197
248
240
236
230
225
218
272
264
259
253
247
241
297
288
284
277
271
264
323
313
309
302
295
288
350
340
335
327
321
313
377
367
362
354
347
339

165
161
156
152
146
192
185
181
176
171
165
213
206
202
196
191
185
236
228
224
218
212
206
260
251
247
240
234
227
284
275
270
264
257
250
310
300
295
288
282
274
336
326
321
313
307
299
364
353
348
340
333
325
392
381
376
367
360
351

173
169
164
159
153
202
194
190
184
179
172
223
215
211
205
199
193
247
238
234
227
221
214
271
262
257
250
244
236
296
286
281
274
267
260
322
312
307
299
292
284
349
339
333
325
318
309
377
366
361
352
345
336
407
395
389
380
372
363

181
177
171
166
160
210
202
198
192
186
180
233
225
220
214
208
201
257
248
243
236
230
223
282
272
267
260
253
246
308
298
292
284
278
269
335
324
318
310
303
294
362
351
345
337
329
320
391
379
373
364
356
347
421
409
402
393
385
375

189
185
179
173
167
220
211
207
200
194
187
243
234
229
222
216
209
268
258
253
245
239
231
293
283
278
270
263
255
320
309
303
295
288
279
347
336
330
321
313
305
376
364
357
348
340
331
405
392
386
377
368
358
435
422
416
406
397
387

197
193
186
180
173
230
220
215
208
202
194
253
243
238
231
224
217
278
268
263
255
248
240
304
293
288
280
272
264
332
320
314
305
298
289
360
347
341
332
324
315
389
376
370
360
352
342
419
405
399
389
380
370
450
436
429
419
409
399

55
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

205
200
194
187
180
238
228
223
216
209
202
263
253
247
239
233
224
289
278
272
264
257
248
316
304
298
289
282
273
343
331
325
316
308
298
372
359
353
343
335
325
402
388
382
372
363
352
433
419
411
401
392
381
464
450
442
431
422
410

213
208
201
195
187
247
237
232
224
217
209
273
262
256
248
241
232
299
288
282
273
265
257
327
314
308
299
291
282
355
342
336
326
318
308
384
371
364
354
345
335
415
401
394
383
374
363
446
431
424
413
403
392
479
463
456
444
434
422

221
216
208
202
194
256
246
240
232
225
216
282
271
265
257
249
240
310
298
291
282
274
265
338
325
319
309
301
291
367
353
347
337
328
317
397
383
376
365
356
345
428
413
406
395
385
374
460
444
437
425
415
403
493
477
469
457
446
434

229
224
216
209
201
266
254
249
240
233
224
292
280
274
265
257
248
320
307
301
292
283
273
349
335
329
319
310
300
379
365
357
347
338
327
409
394
387
376
366
355
441
425
418
406
396
384
473
457
449
437
427
415
507
490
482
470
459
446

237
232
223
216
207
275
263
257
248
240
231
302
290
283
274
266
256
330
317
311
301
292
282
360
346
339
329
319
309
390
376
368
357
348
336
422
406
399
387
377
365
454
438
430
418
407
395
517
470
462
450
439
426
521
504
495
482
471
458

TABLE 15

CRITICAL VALUES OF KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST

n1

n2

n3

= 0.1

0.05

0.025

0.01

2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5

2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5

4.571
4.286
4.500
4.571
4.556
4.622
4.500
4.458
4.056
4.511
4.709
4.167
4.555
4.545
4.654
4.200
4.373
4.018
4.651
4.533
3.987
4.541
4.549
4.668
4.109
4.623
4.545
4.523
4.560

4.714
5.143
5.361
5.600

5.333
5.208
5.444
5.791
4.967
5.455
5.598
5.692
5.000
5.160
4.960
5.251
5.648
4.985
5.273
5.656
5.657
5.127
5.338
5.705
5.666
5.780

5.556
5.956

5.500
5.833
6.000
6.155
6.167
6.327
6.394
6.615

6.000
6.044
6.004
6.315
5.858
6.068
6.410
6.673
6.000
6.346
6.549
6.760
6.740

7.200

6.444
6.745
6.667
7.036
7.144
7.654

6.533

6.909
7.079
6.955
7.205
7.445
7.760
7.309
7.338
7.578
7.823
8.000

Notes: 1. The critical values in the above table are approximated values.
2. When this table is not applicable, we use the Chi-square table for critical values of the
Kruskal-Wallis test.

56
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 16
n

CRITICAL VALUES OF FRIEDMAN TEST


k=3

k=4

k=5

k=6

= 5%

= 1%

= 5%

= 1%

= 5%

= 1%

= 5%

= 1%

6.00

9.14

9.71

6.00

7.40

9.00

7.60

8.00

9.86

11.76

6.50

8.00

7.80

9.60

8.53

10.13

10.29

12.71

6.40

8.40

7.80

9.96

8.80

11.20

10.49

13.23

7.00

9.00

7.60

10.20

8.96

11.68

10.57

13.62

7.14

8.86

7.80

10.54

9.07

11.87

10.67

13.86

6.25

9.00

7.65

10.50

9.14

12.11

10.71

14.00

6.22

9.56

7.67

10.73

9.20

13.20

10.78

14.14

10

6.20

9.60

7.68

10.68

9.24

12.44

10.80

14.23

11

6.55

9.46

7.69

10.75

9.28

12.48

10.84

14.32

12

6.50

9.50

7.70

10.80

9.31

12.58

10.86

14.38

13

6.62

9.39

7.80

10.85

9.33

12.60

10.89

14.45

14

6.14

9.14

7.71

10.89

9.35

12.68

10.90

14.49

15

6.40

8.93

7.72

10.92

9.37

12.74

10.92

14.54

16

6.50

9.38

7.80

10.95

9.39

12.80

10.96

14.57

17

6.12

9.29

7.80

10.05

9.40

12.85

10.95

14.61

18

6.33

9.00

7.73

10.93

9.42

12.89

10.95

14.63

19

6.42

9.58

7.86

11.02

9.43

12.88

11.00

14.67

20

6.30

9.30

7.80

11.80

9.40

12.92

11.00

14.66

Note: When this table is not applicable, we use the Chi-square table for critical values of the Freidman test.

57
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

TABLE 17
POISSON PROBABILITY
For a given value of entry indicates the probability of obtaining a specified value of X
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

= 0.1
0.9048
0.0905
0.0045
0.0002
0
0
0
0
= 1.1
0.3329
0.3662
0.2014
0.0738
0.0203
0.0045
0.0008
0.0001
0
0
= 2.1
0.1225
0.2572
0.27
0.189
0.0992
0.0417
0.0146
0.0044
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 3.1
0.045
0.1397
0.2165
0.2237
0.1734
0.1075
0.0555
0.0246
0.0095
0.0033
0.001
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 4.1
0.0166
0.0679
0.1393
0.1904
0.1951
0.16
0.1093
0.064
0.0328
0.015
0.0061
0.0023
0.0008

0.2
0.8187
0.1637
0.0164
0.0011
0.0001
0
0
0
1.2
0.3012
0.3614
0.2169
0.0867
0.026
0.0062
0.0012
0.0002
0
0
2.2
0.1108
0.2438
0.2681
0.1966
0.1082
0.0476
0.0174
0.0055
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
3.2
0.0408
0.1304
0.2087
0.2226
0.1781
0.114
0.0608
0.0278
0.0111
0.004
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
4.2
0.015
0.063
0.1323
0.1852
0.1944
0.1633
0.1143
0.0686
0.036
0.0168
0.0071
0.0027
0.0009

0.3
0.7408
0.2222
0.0333
0.0033
0.0003
0
0
0
1.3
0.2725
0.3543
0.2303
0.0998
0.0324
0.0084
0.0018
0.0003
0.0001
0
2.3
0.1003
0.2306
0.2652
0.2033
0.1169
0.0538
0.0206
0.0068
0.0019
0.0005
0.0001
0
0
3.3
0.0369
0.1217
0.2008
0.2209
0.1823
0.1203
0.0662
0.0312
0.0129
0.0047
0.0016
0.0005
0.0001
0
0
4.3
0.0136
0.0583
0.1254
0.1798
0.1933
0.1662
0.1191
0.0732
0.0393
0.0188
0.0081
0.0032
0.0011

0.4
0.6703
0.2681
0.0536
0.0072
0.0007
0.0001
0
0
1.4
0.2466
0.3452
0.2417
0.1128
0.0395
0.0111
0.0026
0.0005
0.0001
0
2.4
0.0907
0.2177
0.2613
0.209
0.1254
0.0602
0.0241
0.0083
0.0025
0.0007
0.0002
0
0
3.4
0.0334
0.1135
0.1929
0.2186
0.1858
0.1264
0.0716
0.0348
0.0148
0.0056
0.0019
0.0006
0.0002
0
0
4.4
0.0123
0.054
0.1188
0.1743
0.1917
0.1687
0.1237
0.0778
0.0428
0.0209
0.0092
0.0037
0.0014

0.5
0.6065
0.3033
0.0758
0.0126
0.0016
0.0002
0
0
1.5
0.2231
0.3347
0.251
0.1255
0.0471
0.0141
0.0035
0.0008
0.0001
0
2.5
0.0821
0.2052
0.2565
0.2138
0.1336
0.0668
0.0278
0.0099
0.0031
0.0009
0.0002
0
0
3.5
0.0302
0.1057
0.185
0.2158
0.1888
0.1322
0.0771
0.0385
0.0169
0.0066
0.0023
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
0
4.5
0.0111
0.05
0.1125
0.1687
0.1898
0.1708
0.1281
0.0824
0.0463
0.0232
0.0104
0.0043
0.0016

0.6
0.5488
0.3293
0.0988
0.0198
0.003
0.0004
0
0
1.6
0.2019
0.323
0.2584
0.1378
0.0551
0.0176
0.0047
0.0011
0.0002
0
2.6
0.0743
0.1931
0.251
0.2176
0.1414
0.0735
0.0319
0.0118
0.0038
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
3.6
0.0273
0.0984
0.1771
0.2125
0.1912
0.1377
0.0826
0.0425
0.0191
0.0076
0.0028
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
0
4.6
0.0101
0.0462
0.1063
0.1631
0.1875
0.1725
0.1323
0.0869
0.05
0.0255
0.0118
0.0049
0.0019

0.7
0.4966
0.3476
0.1217
0.0284
0.005
0.0007
0.0001
0
1.7
0.1827
0.3106
0.264
0.1496
0.0636
0.0216
0.0061
0.0015
0.0003
0.0001
2.7
0.0672
0.1815
0.245
0.2205
0.1488
0.0804
0.0362
0.0139
0.0047
0.0014
0.0004
0.0001
0
3.7
0.0247
0.0915
0.1692
0.2087
0.1931
0.1429
0.0881
0.0466
0.0215
0.0089
0.0033
0.0011
0.0003
0.0001
0
4.7
0.0091
0.0427
0.1005
0.1574
0.1849
0.1738
0.1362
0.0914
0.0537
0.028
0.0132
0.0056
0.0022

0.8
0.4493
0.3595
0.1438
0.0383
0.0077
0.0012
0.0002
0
1.8
0.1653
0.2975
0.2678
0.1607
0.0723
0.026
0.0078
0.002
0.0005
0.0001
2.8
0.0608
0.1703
0.2384
0.2225
0.1557
0.0872
0.0407
0.0163
0.0057
0.0018
0.0005
0.0001
0
3.8
0.0224
0.085
0.1615
0.2046
0.1944
0.1477
0.0936
0.0508
0.0241
0.0102
0.0039
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001
0
4.8
0.0082
0.0395
0.0948
0.1517
0.182
0.1747
0.1398
0.0959
0.0575
0.0307
0.0147
0.0064
0.0026

58
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.9
0.4066
0.3659
0.1647
0.0494
0.0111
0.002
0.0003
0
1.9
0.1496
0.2842
0.27
0.171
0.0812
0.0309
0.0098
0.0027
0.0006
0.0001
2.9
0.055
0.1596
0.2314
0.2237
0.1622
0.094
0.0455
0.0188
0.0068
0.0022
0.0006
0.0002
0
3.9
0.0202
0.0789
0.1539
0.2001
0.1951
0.1522
0.0989
0.0551
0.0269
0.0116
0.0045
0.0016
0.0005
0.0002
0
4.9
0.0074
0.0365
0.0894
0.146
0.1789
0.1753
0.1432
0.1002
0.0614
0.0334
0.0164
0.0073
0.003

1.0
0.3679
0.3679
0.1839
0.0613
0.0153
0.0031
0.0005
0.0001
2.0
0.1353
0.2707
0.2707
0.1804
0.0902
0.0361
0.012
0.0034
0.0009
0.0002
3.0
0.0498
0.1494
0.224
0.224
0.168
0.1008
0.0504
0.0216
0.0081
0.0027
0.0008
0.0002
0.0001
4.0
0.0183
0.0733
0.1465
0.1954
0.1954
0.1563
0.1042
0.0595
0.0298
0.0132
0.0053
0.0019
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
5.0
0.0067
0.0337
0.0842
0.1404
0.1755
0.1755
0.1462
0.1044
0.0653
0.0363
0.0181
0.0082
0.0034

X
13
14
15
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

= 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
0.0002 0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0001 0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0
0
0
0
0.0001
= 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
0.0061
0.0055
0.005
0.0045
0.0041
0.0311
0.0287
0.0265
0.0244
0.0225
0.0793
0.0746
0.0701
0.0659
0.0618
0.1348
0.1293
0.1239
0.1185
0.1133
0.1719
0.1681
0.1641
0.16
0.1558
0.1753
0.1748
0.174
0.1728
0.1714
0.149
0.1515
0.1537
0.1555
0.1571
0.1086
0.1125
0.1163
0.12
0.1234
0.0692
0.0731
0.0771
0.081
0.0849
0.0392
0.0423
0.0454
0.0486
0.0519
0.02
0.022
0.0241
0.0262
0.0285
0.0093
0.0104
0.0116
0.0129
0.0143
0.0039
0.0045
0.0051
0.0058
0.0065
0.0015
0.0018
0.0021
0.0024
0.0028
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0011
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
= 6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0.0022
0.002
0.0018
0.0017
0.0015
0.0137
0.0126
0.0116
0.0106
0.0098
0.0417
0.039
0.0364
0.034
0.0318
0.0848
0.0806
0.0765
0.0726
0.0688
0.1294
0.1249
0.1205
0.1162
0.1118
0.1579
0.1549
0.1519
0.1487
0.1454
0.1605
0.1601
0.1595
0.1586
0.1575
0.1399
0.1418
0.1435
0.145
0.1462
0.1066
0.1099
0.113
0.116
0.1188
0.0723
0.0757
0.0791
0.0825
0.0858
0.0441
0.0469
0.0498
0.0528
0.0558
0.0245
0.0265
0.0285
0.0307
0.033
0.0124
0.0137
0.015
0.0164
0.0179
0.0058
0.0065
0.0073
0.0081
0.0089
0.0025
0.0029
0.0033
0.0037
0.0041
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
= 7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0059
0.0054
0.0049
0.0045
0.0041
0.0208
0.0194
0.018
0.0167
0.0156
0.0492
0.0464
0.0438
0.0413
0.0389
0.0874
0.0836
0.0799
0.0764
0.0729
0.1241
0.1204
0.1167
0.113
0.1094
0.1468
0.1445
0.142
0.1394
0.1367
0.1489
0.1486
0.1481
0.1474
0.1465
0.1321
0.1337
0.1351
0.1363
0.1373
0.1042
0.107
0.1096
0.1121
0.1144
0.074
0.077
0.08
0.0829
0.0858
0.0478
0.0504
0.0531
0.0558
0.0585
0.0283
0.0303
0.0323
0.0344
0.0366
0.0154
0.0168
0.0181
0.0196
0.0211
0.0078
0.0086
0.0095
0.0104
0.0113
0.0037
0.0041
0.0046
0.0051
0.0057
0.0016
0.0019
0.0021
0.0024
0.0026
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.001
0.0012
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0
0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0

4.6
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
5.6
0.0037
0.0207
0.058
0.1082
0.1515
0.1697
0.1584
0.1267
0.0887
0.0552
0.0309
0.0157
0.0073
0.0032
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
0
6.6
0.0014
0.009
0.0296
0.0652
0.1076
0.142
0.1562
0.1472
0.1215
0.0891
0.0588
0.0353
0.0194
0.0098
0.0046
0.002
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0
7.6
0.0005
0.0038
0.0145
0.0366
0.0696
0.1057
0.1339
0.1454
0.1382
0.1167
0.0887
0.0613
0.0388
0.0227
0.0123
0.0062
0.003
0.0013
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0

4.7
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
5.7
0.0033
0.0191
0.0544
0.1033
0.1472
0.1678
0.1594
0.1298
0.0925
0.0586
0.0334
0.0173
0.0082
0.0036
0.0015
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
6.7
0.0012
0.0082
0.0276
0.0167
0.1034
0.1385
0.1546
0.148
0.124
0.0923
0.0618
0.0377
0.021
0.0108
0.0052
0.0023
0.001
0.0004
0.0001
0
7.7
0.0005
0.0035
0.0134
0.0345
0.0663
0.1021
0.1311
0.1442
0.1388
0.1187
0.0914
0.064
0.0411
0.0243
0.0134
0.0069
0.0033
0.0015
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0

4.8
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
5.8
0.003
0.0176
0.0509
0.0985
0.1428
0.1656
0.1601
0.1326
0.0962
0.062
0.0359
0.019
0.0092
0.0041
0.0017
0.0007
0.0002
0.0001
6.8
0.0011
0.0076
0.0258
0.0584
0.0992
0.1349
0.1529
0.1486
0.1263
0.0954
0.0649
0.0401
0.0227
0.0119
0.0058
0.0026
0.0011
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
7.8
0.0004
0.0032
0.0125
0.0324
0.0632
0.0986
0.1282
0.1428
0.1392
0.1207
0.0941
0.0667
0.0434
0.026
0.0145
0.0075
0.0037
0.0017
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0

59
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

4.9
0.0011
0.0004
0.0001
5.9
0.0027
0.0162
0.0477
0.0938
0.1383
0.1632
0.1605
0.1353
0.0998
0.0654
0.0386
0.0207
0.0102
0.0046
0.0019
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
6.9
0.001
0.007
0.024
0.0552
0.0952
0.1314
0.1511
0.1489
0.1284
0.0985
0.0679
0.0426
0.0245
0.013
0.0064
0.0029
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
7.9
0.0004
0.0029
0.0116
0.0305
0.0602
0.0951
0.1252
0.1413
0.1395
0.1224
0.0967
0.0695
0.0457
0.0278
0.0157
0.0083
0.0041
0.0019
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0

5.0
0.0013
0.0005
0.0002
6.0
0.0025
0.0149
0.0446
0.0892
0.1339
0.1606
0.1606
0.1377
0.1033
0.0688
0.0413
0.0225
0.0113
0.0052
0.0022
0.0009
0.0003
0.0001
7.0
0.0009
0.0064
0.0223
0.0521
0.0912
0.1277
0.149
0.149
0.1304
0.1014
0.071
0.0452
0.0264
0.0142
0.0071
0.0033
0.0014
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
8.0
0.0003
0.0027
0.0107
0.0286
0.0573
0.0916
0.1221
0.1396
0.1396
0.1241
0.0993
0.0722
0.0481
0.0296
0.0169
0.009
0.0045
0.0021
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001

X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

= 8.1
0.0003
0.0025
0.01
0.0269
0.0544
0.0882
0.1191
0.1378
0.1395
0.1256
0.1017
0.0749
0.0505
0.0315
0.0182
0.0098
0.005
0.0024
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
= 9.1
0.0001
0.001
0.0046
0.014
0.0319
0.0581
0.0881
0.1145
0.1302
0.1317
0.1198
0.0991
0.0752
0.0526
0.0342
0.0208
0.0118
0.0063
0.0032
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
= 11
0
0.0002
0.001
0.0037
0.0102
0.0224
0.0411
0.0646
0.0888
0.1085
0.1194
0.1194
0.1094
0.0926
0.0728

8.2
0.0003
0.0023
0.0092
0.0252
0.0517
0.0849
0.116
0.1358
0.1392
0.1269
0.104
0.0776
0.053
0.0334
0.0196
0.0107
0.0055
0.0026
0.0012
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
9.2
0.0001
0.0009
0.0043
0.0131
0.0302
0.0555
0.0851
0.1118
0.1286
0.1315
0.121
0.1012
0.0776
0.0549
0.0361
0.0221
0.0127
0.0069
0.0035
0.0017
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0
12
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.0018
0.0053
0.0127
0.0255
0.0437
0.0655
0.0874
0.1048
0.1144
0.1144
0.1056
0.0905

8.3
0.0002
0.0021
0.0086
0.0237
0.0491
0.0816
0.1128
0.1338
0.1388
0.128
0.1063
0.0802
0.0555
0.0354
0.021
0.0116
0.006
0.0029
0.0014
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0
9.3
0.0001
0.0009
0.004
0.0123
0.0285
0.053
0.0822
0.1091
0.1269
0.1311
0.1219
0.1031
0.0799
0.0572
0.038
0.0235
0.0137
0.0075
0.0039
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
13
0
0
0.0002
0.0008
0.0027
0.007
0.0152
0.0281
0.0457
0.0661
0.0859
0.1015
0.1099
0.1099
0.1021

8.4
0.0002
0.0019
0.0079
0.0222
0.0466
0.0784
0.1097
0.1317
0.1382
0.129
0.1084
0.0828
0.0579
0.0374
0.0225
0.0126
0.0066
0.0033
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0
9.4
0.0001
0.0008
0.0037
0.0115
0.0269
0.0506
0.0793
0.1064
0.1251
0.1306
0.1228
0.1049
0.0822
0.0594
0.0399
0.025
0.0147
0.0081
0.0042
0.0021
0.001
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
14
0
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.0013
0.0037
0.0087
0.0174
0.0304
0.0473
0.0663
0.0844
0.0984
0.106
0.106

8.5
0.0002
0.0017
0.0074
0.0208
0.0443
0.0752
0.1066
0.1294
0.1375
0.1299
0.1104
0.0853
0.0604
0.0395
0.024
0.0136
0.0072
0.0036
0.0017
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
9.5
0.0001
0.0007
0.0034
0.0107
0.0254
0.0483
0.0764
0.1037
0.1232
0.13
0.1235
0.1067
0.0844
0.0617
0.0419
0.0265
0.0157
0.0088
0.0046
0.0023
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0
15
0
0
0
0.0002
0.0006
0.0019
0.0048
0.0104
0.0194
0.0324
0.0486
0.0663
0.0829
0.0956
0.1024

8.6
0.0002
0.0016
0.0068
0.0195
0.042
0.0722
0.1034
0.1271
0.1366
0.1306
0.1123
0.0878
0.0629
0.0416
0.0256
0.0147
0.0079
0.004
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
9.6
0.0001
0.0007
0.0031
0.01
0.024
0.046
0.0736
0.101
0.1212
0.1293
0.1241
0.1083
0.0866
0.064
0.0439
0.0281
0.0168
0.0095
0.0051
0.0026
0.0012
0.0006
0.0002
0.0001
0
16
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0003
0.001
0.0026
0.006
0.012
0.0213
0.0341
0.0496
0.0661
0.0814
0.093

8.7
0.0002
0.0014
0.0063
0.0183
0.0398
0.0692
0.1003
0.1247
0.1356
0.1311
0.114
0.0902
0.0654
0.0438
0.0272
0.0158
0.0086
0.0044
0.0021
0.001
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
9.7
0.0001
0.0006
0.0029
0.0093
0.0226
0.0439
0.0709
0.0982
0.1191
0.1284
0.1245
0.1098
0.0888
0.0662
0.0459
0.0297
0.018
0.0103
0.0055
0.0028
0.0014
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0
17
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0005
0.0014
0.0034
0.0072
0.0135
0.023
0.0355
0.0504
0.0658
0.08

8.8
0.0002
0.0013
0.0058
0.0171
0.0377
0.0663
0.0972
0.1222
0.1344
0.1315
0.1157
0.0925
0.0679
0.0459
0.0289
0.0169
0.0093
0.0048
0.0024
0.0011
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
9.8
0.0001
0.0005
0.0027
0.0087
0.0213
0.0418
0.0682
0.0955
0.117
0.1274
0.1249
0.1112
0.0908
0.0685
0.0479
0.0313
0.0192
0.0111
0.006
0.0031
0.0015
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
18
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0007
0.0018
0.0042
0.0083
0.015
0.0245
0.0368
0.0509
0.0655

60
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

8.9
0.0001
0.0012
0.0054
0.016
0.0357
0.0635
0.0941
0.1197
0.1332
0.1317
0.1172
0.0948
0.0703
0.0481
0.0306
0.0182
0.0101
0.0053
0.0026
0.0012
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
9.9
0.0001
0.0005
0.0025
0.0081
0.0201
0.0398
0.0656
0.0928
0.1148
0.1263
0.125
0.1125
0.0928
0.0707
0.05
0.033
0.0204
0.0119
0.0065
0.0034
0.0017
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
19
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0004
0.001
0.0024
0.005
0.0095
0.0164
0.0259
0.0378
0.0514

9.0
0.0001
0.0011
0.005
0.015
0.0337
0.0607
0.0911
0.1171
0.1318
0.1318
0.1186
0.097
0.0728
0.0504
0.0324
0.0194
0.0109
0.0058
0.0029
0.0014
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
10.0
0
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0189
0.0378
0.0631
0.0901
0.1126
0.1251
0.1251
0.1137
0.0948
0.0729
0.0521
0.0347
0.0217
0.0128
0.0071
0.0037
0.0019
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
20.0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.0013
0.0029
0.0058
0.0106
0.0176
0.0271
0.0387

X
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

= 11
0.0534
0.0367
0.0237
0.0145
0.0084
0.0046
0.0024
0.0012
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

12
0.0724
0.0543
0.0383
0.0256
0.0161
0.0097
0.0055
0.003
0.0016
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

13
0.0885
0.0719
0.055
0.0397
0.0272
0.0177
0.0109
0.0065
0.0037
0.002
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

14
0.0989
0.0866
0.0713
0.0554
0.0409
0.0286
0.0191
0.0121
0.0074
0.0043
0.0024
0.0013
0.0007
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

15
0.1024
0.096
0.0847
0.0706
0.0557
0.0418
0.0299
0.0204
0.0133
0.0083
0.005
0.0029
0.0016
0.0009
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

16
0.0992
0.0992
0.0934
0.083
0.0699
0.0559
0.0426
0.031
0.0216
0.0144
0.0092
0.0057
0.0034
0.0019
0.0011
0.0006
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0

17
0.0906
0.0963
0.0963
0.0909
0.0814
0.0692
0.056
0.0433
0.032
0.0226
0.0154
0.0101
0.0063
0.0038
0.0023
0.0013
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0

18
0.0786
0.0884
0.0936
0.0936
0.0887
0.0798
0.0684
0.056
0.0438
0.0328
0.0237
0.0164
0.0109
0.007
0.0044
0.0026
0.0015
0.0009
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
0
0

61
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

19
0.065
0.0772
0.0863
0.0911
0.0911
0.0866
0.0783
0.0676
0.0559
0.0442
0.0336
0.0246
0.0173
0.0117
0.0077
0.0049
0.003
0.0018
0.001
0.0006
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0

20.0
0.0516
0.0646
0.076
0.0844
0.0888
0.0888
0.0846
0.0769
0.0669
0.0557
0.0446
0.0343
0.0254
0.0181
0.0125
0.0083
0.0054
0.0034
0.002
0.0012
0.0007
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001

TABLE 18

CONSTANTS/FACTORS FOR VARIABLE CONTROL CHARTS

60

Sample
Size (n)

c4

d2

d3

A2

A3

B3

B4

D1

D2

D3

D4

0.798

1.128

0.853

2.121

1.880

2.659

3.267

3.686

3.267

0.886

1.693

0.888

1.732

1.023

1.954

2.568

4.358

2.574

0.921

2.059

0.880

1.500

0.729

1.628

2.266

4.698

2.282

0.940

2.326

0.864

1.342

0.577

1.427

2.089

4.918

2.114

0.952

2.534

0.848

1.225

0.483

1.287

0.030

1.970

5.078

2.004

0.959

2.704

0.833

1.134

0.419

1.182

0.118

1.882

0.204

5.204

0.076

1.924

0.965

2.847

0.820

1.061

0.373

1.099

0.185

1.815

0.388

5.306

0.136

1.864

0.969

2.970

0.808

1.000

0.337

1.032

0.239

1.761

0.547

5.393

0.184

1.816

10

0.973

3.078

0.797

0.949

0.308

0.975

0.284

1.716

0.687

5.469

0.223

1.777

11

0.975

3.173

0.787

0.905

0.285

0.927

0.321

1.679

0.811

5.535

0.256

1.744

12

0.978

3.258

0.778

0.866

0.266

0.886

0.354

1.646

0.922

5.594

0.283

1.717

13

0.979

3.336

0.770

0.832

0.249

0.850

0.382

1.618

1.025

5.647

0.307

1.693

14

0.981

3.407

0.763

0.802

0.235

0.817

0.406

1.594

1.118

5.696

0.328

1.672

15

0.982

3.472

0.756

0.775

0.223

0.789

0.428

1.572

1.203

5.741

0.347

1.653

16

0.984

3.532

0.750

0.750

0.212

0.763

0.448

1.552

1.282

5.782

0.363

1.637

17

0.985

3.588

0.744

0.728

0.203

0.739

0.466

1.534

1.356

5.820

0.378

1.622

18

0.985

3.640

0.739

0.707

0.194

0.718

0.482

1.518

1.424

5.856

0.391

1.608

19

0.986

3.689

0.734

0.688

0.187

0.698

0.497

1.503

1.487

5.891

0.403

1.597

20

0.987

3.735

0.729

0.671

0.180

0.680

0.510

1.490

1.549

5.921

0.415

1.585

62
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

n x
CUMULATIVE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION P X c n cx p x 1 p
x0

TABLE 19
x

0
1

0.01
0.9900
1.0000

0.02
0.9800
1.0000

0.03
0.9700
1.0000

0.04
0.9600
1.0000

0.05
0.9500
1.0000

0.06
0.9400
1.0000

0.07
0.9300
1.0000

0.08
0.9200
1.0000

0.09
0.9100
1.0000

0.10
0.9000
1.0000

0.11
0.8900
1.0000

0.12
0.8800
1.0000

0.14
0.8600
1.0000

0.16
0.8400
1.0000

0.18
0.8200
1.0000

0.20
0.8000
1.0000

0.50
0.5000
1.0000

0
1
2

0.9801
0.9999
1.0000

0.9604
0.9996
1.0000

0.9409
0.9991
1.0000

0.9216
0.9984
1.0000

0.9025
0.9975
1.0000

0.8836
0.9964
1.0000

0.8649
0.9951
1.0000

0.8464
0.9936
1.0000

0.8281
0.9919
1.0000

0.8100
0.9900
1.0000

0.7921
0.9879
1.0000

0.7744
0.9856
1.0000

0.7396
0.9804
1.0000

0.7056
0.9744
1.0000

0.6724
0.9676
1.0000

0.6400
0.9600
1.0000

0.2500
0.7500
1.0000

0
1
2
3

0.9703
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

0.9412
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000

0.9127
0.9974
1.0000
1.0000

0.8847
0.9953
0.9999
1.0000

0.8574
0.9928
0.9999
1.0000

0.8306
0.9896
0.9998
1.0000

0.8044
0.9860
0.9997
1.0000

0.7787
0.9818
0.9995
1.0000

0.7536
0.9772
0.9993
1.0000

0.7290
0.9720
0.9990
1.0000

0.7050
0.9664
0.9987
1.0000

0.6815
0.9603
0.9983
1.0000

0.6361
0.9467
0.9973
1.0000

0.5927
0.9314
0.9959
1.0000

0.5514
0.9145
0.9942
1.0000

0.5120
0.8960
0.9920
1.0000

0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4

0.9606
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.9224
0.9977
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8853
0.9948
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.8493
0.9909
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.7807
0.9801
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000

0.7481
0.9733
0.9987
1.0000
1.0000

0.7164
0.9656
0.9981
1.0000
1.0000

0.6857
0.9570
0.9973
0.9999
1.0000

0.6561
0.9477
0.9963
0.9999
1.0000

0.6274
0.9376
0.9951
0.9999
1.0000

0.5997
0.9268
0.9937
0.9998
1.0000

0.5470
0.9032
0.9902
0.9996
1.0000

0.4979
0.8772
0.9856
0.9993
1.0000

0.4521
0.8491
0.9798
0.9990
1.0000

0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
0.9984
1.0000

0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.9510
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.9039
0.9962
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8587
0.9915
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8154
0.9852
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7738
0.9774
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7339
0.9681
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.6957
0.9575
0.9969
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.6591
0.9456
0.9955
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0.6240
0.9326
0.9937
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

0.5905
0.9185
0.9914
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.5584
0.9035
0.9888
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000

0.5277
0.8875
0.9857
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000

0.4704
0.8533
0.9780
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000

0.4182
0.8165
0.9682
0.9971
0.9999
1.0000

0.3707
0.7776
0.9563
0.9955
0.9998
1.0000

0.3277
0.7373
0.9421
0.9933
0.9997
1.0000

0.0313
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.9415
0.9985
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8858
0.9943
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8330
0.9875
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7828
0.9784
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6899
0.9541
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6470
0.9392
0.9942
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6064
0.9227
0.9915
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5679
0.9048
0.9882
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5314
0.8857
0.9842
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.4970
0.8655
0.9794
0.9982
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.4644
0.8444
0.9739
0.9975
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.4046
0.7997
0.9605
0.9955
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

0.3513
0.7528
0.9440
0.9925
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.3040
0.7044
0.9241
0.9884
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000

0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000

0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6563
0.8906
0.9844
1.0000

0
1
2
3

0.9321
0.9980
1.0000
1.0000

0.8681
0.9921
0.9997
1.0000

0.8080
0.9829
0.9991
1.0000

0.7514
0.9706
0.9980
0.9999

0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0.9998

0.6485
0.9382
0.9937
0.9996

0.6017
0.9187
0.9903
0.9993

0.5578
0.8974
0.9860
0.9988

0.5168
0.8745
0.9807
0.9982

0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973

0.4423
0.8250
0.9669
0.9961

0.4087
0.7988
0.9584
0.9946

0.3479
0.7444
0.9380
0.9906

0.2951
0.6885
0.9134
0.9847

0.2493
0.6323
0.8846
0.9769

0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667

0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000

61

63
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.12
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.9971
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.9227
0.9973
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8508
0.9897
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7837
0.9777
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7214
0.9619
0.9969
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6634
0.9428
0.9942
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6096
0.9208
0.9904
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5596
0.8965
0.9853
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5132
0.8702
0.9789
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4703
0.8423
0.9711
0.9966
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3937
0.7829
0.9513
0.9929
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3596
0.7520
0.9392
0.9903
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2992
0.6889
0.9109
0.9832
0.9979
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2479
0.6256
0.8774
0.9733
0.9962
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2044
0.5634
0.8392
0.9603
0.9935
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
1.0000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.9135
0.9966
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8337
0.9869
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7602
0.9718
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6925
0.9522
0.9955
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6302
0.9288
0.9916
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5730
0.9022
0.9862
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5204
0.8729
0.9791
0.9977
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4722
0.8417
0.9702
0.9963
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4279
0.8088
0.9595
0.9943
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3874
0.7748
0.9470
0.9917
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3504
0.7401
0.9328
0.9883
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3165
0.7049
0.9167
0.9842
0.9979
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2573
0.6343
0.8798
0.9731
0.9959
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2082
0.5652
0.8371
0.9580
0.9925
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1676
0.4988
0.7895
0.9385
0.9875
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1342
0.4362
0.7382
0.9144
0.9804
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
0.7461
0.9102
0.9805
0.9980
1.0000

10

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.9044
0.9957
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.8171
0.9838
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.7374
0.9655
0.9972
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.6648
0.9418
0.9938
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5987
0.9139
0.9885
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5386
0.8824
0.9812
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4840
0.8483
0.9717
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4344
0.8121
0.9599
0.9942
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3894
0.7746
0.9460
0.9912
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3487
0.7361
0.9298
0.9872
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3118
0.6972
0.9116
0.9822
0.9975
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2785
0.6583
0.8913
0.9761
0.9963
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2213
0.5816
0.8455
0.9600
0.9927
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1749
0.5080
0.7936
0.9386
0.9870
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1374
0.4392
0.7372
0.9117
0.9787
0.9963
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1074
0.3758
0.6778
0.8791
0.9672
0.9936
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.0010
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.9990
1.0000

62

4
5
6
7

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

64
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

n
11

63

x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.01
0.8953
0.9948
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8864
0.9938
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8775
0.9928
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
0.8007
0.9805
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7847
0.9769
0.9985
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7690
0.9730
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
0.7153
0.9587
0.9963
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6938
0.9514
0.9952
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6730
0.9436
0.9938
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
0.6382
0.9308
0.9917
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6127
0.9191
0.9893
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5882
0.9068
0.9865
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
0.5688
0.8981
0.9848
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5404
0.8816
0.9804
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5133
0.8646
0.9755
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
0.5063
0.8618
0.9752
0.9970
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4759
0.8405
0.9684
0.9957
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4474
0.8186
0.9608
0.9940
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
0.4501
0.8228
0.9630
0.9947
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4186
0.7967
0.9532
0.9925
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3893
0.7702
0.9422
0.9897
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
0.3996
0.7819
0.9481
0.9915
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3677
0.7513
0.9348
0.9880
0.9984
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3383
0.7206
0.9201
0.9837
0.9976
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.3544
0.7399
0.9305
0.9871
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3225
0.7052
0.9134
0.9820
0.9973
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2935
0.6707
0.8946
0.9758
0.9959
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.3138
0.6974
0.9104
0.9815
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2824
0.6590
0.8891
0.9744
0.9957
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2542
0.6213
0.8661
0.9658
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.2775
0.6548
0.8880
0.9744
0.9958
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2470
0.6133
0.8623
0.9649
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2198
0.5730
0.8349
0.9536
0.9903
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

65
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
0.2451
0.6127
0.8634
0.9659
0.9939
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2157
0.5686
0.8333
0.9536
0.9905
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1898
0.5262
0.8015
0.9391
0.9861
0.9976
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
0.1903
0.5311
0.8085
0.9440
0.9881
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1637
0.4834
0.7697
0.9250
0.9819
0.9967
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1408
0.4386
0.7296
0.9033
0.9740
0.9947
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.1469
0.4547
0.7479
0.9154
0.9793
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1234
0.4055
0.7010
0.8886
0.9690
0.9935
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1037
0.3604
0.6537
0.8586
0.9562
0.9896
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.1127
0.3849
0.6836
0.8803
0.9666
0.9932
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0924
0.3359
0.6298
0.8448
0.9511
0.9884
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0758
0.2920
0.5769
0.8061
0.9319
0.9817
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.0859
0.3221
0.6174
0.8389
0.9496
0.9883
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0687
0.2749
0.5583
0.7946
0.9274
0.9806
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0550
0.2336
0.5017
0.7473
0.9009
0.9700
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0.1133
0.2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.9941
0.9995
1.0000
0.0002
0.0032
0.0193
0.0730
0.1938
0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.9807
0.9968
0.9998
1.0000
0.0001
0.0017
0.0112
0.0461
0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095
0.8666
0.9539
0.9888

64

x
11
12
13
14 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8687
0.9916
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8601
0.9904
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7536
0.9690
0.9975
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7386
0.9647
0.9970
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6528
0.9355
0.9923
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6333
0.9270
0.9906
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5647
0.8941
0.9833
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5421
0.8809
0.9797
0.9976
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4877
0.8470
0.9699
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4633
0.8290
0.9638
0.9945
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4205
0.7963
0.9522
0.9920
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3953
0.7738
0.9429
0.9896
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3620
0.7436
0.9302
0.9864
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3367
0.7168
0.9171
0.9825
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3112
0.6900
0.9042
0.9786
0.9965
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2863
0.6597
0.8870
0.9727
0.9950
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2670
0.6368
0.8745
0.9685
0.9941
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2430
0.6035
0.8531
0.9601
0.9918
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2288
0.5846
0.8416
0.9559
0.9908
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2059
0.5490
0.8159
0.9444
0.9873
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1956
0.5342
0.8061
0.9406
0.9863
0.9976
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1741
0.4969
0.7762
0.9258
0.9813
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

66
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1670
0.4859
0.7685
0.9226
0.9804
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1470
0.4476
0.7346
0.9041
0.9735
0.9943
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1211
0.3969
0.6889
0.8790
0.9641
0.9918
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1041
0.3583
0.6480
0.8524
0.9522
0.9879
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0871
0.3193
0.6068
0.8258
0.9406
0.9843
0.9968
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0731
0.2821
0.5608
0.7908
0.9222
0.9773
0.9948
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0621
0.2531
0.5256
0.7649
0.9093
0.9727
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0510
0.2187
0.4766
0.7218
0.8833
0.9613
0.9898
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0440
0.1979
0.4481
0.6982
0.8702
0.9561
0.9884
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0352
0.1671
0.3980
0.6482
0.8358
0.9389
0.9819
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.8491
0.9408
0.9824
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

n
16

65

x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

0.01
0.8515
0.9891
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8429
0.9877
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
0.7238
0.9601
0.9963
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7093
0.9554
0.9956
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
0.6143
0.9182
0.9887
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5958
0.9091
0.9866
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
0.5204
0.8673
0.9758
0.9968
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4996
0.8535
0.9714
0.9960
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
0.4401
0.8108
0.9571
0.9930
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4181
0.7922
0.9497
0.9912
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
0.3716
0.7511
0.9327
0.9868
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3493
0.7283
0.9218
0.9836
0.9974
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
0.3131
0.6902
0.9031
0.9779
0.9962
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2912
0.6638
0.8882
0.9727
0.9949
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
0.2634
0.6299
0.8689
0.9658
0.9932
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2423
0.6005
0.8497
0.9581
0.9911
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.2211
0.5711
0.8306
0.9504
0.9889
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2012
0.5396
0.8073
0.9397
0.9855
0.9973
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.1853
0.5147
0.7892
0.9316
0.9830
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1668
0.4818
0.7618
0.9174
0.9779
0.9953
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.1550
0.4614
0.7455
0.9093
0.9752
0.9947
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1379
0.4277
0.7142
0.8913
0.9679
0.9925
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.12
0.1293
0.4115
0.7001
0.8838
0.9652
0.9918
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1138
0.3777
0.6655
0.8617
0.9554
0.9886
0.9977
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

67
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.14
0.0895
0.3227
0.6074
0.8237
0.9382
0.9829
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0770
0.2901
0.5676
0.7935
0.9222
0.9766
0.9944
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.0614
0.2487
0.5162
0.7540
0.9012
0.9685
0.9920
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0516
0.2187
0.4734
0.7159
0.8776
0.9577
0.9882
0.9973
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.0418
0.1885
0.4302
0.6777
0.8542
0.9473
0.9847
0.9964
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0343
0.1621
0.3867
0.6331
0.8225
0.9305
0.9780
0.9943
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.0281
0.1407
0.3518
0.5981
0.7982
0.9183
0.9733
0.9930
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0225
0.1182
0.3096
0.5489
0.7582
0.8943
0.9623
0.9891
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
0.7728
0.8949
0.9616
0.9894
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

n
18

66

x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0.01
0.8345
0.9862
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8262
0.9847
0.9991
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
0.6951
0.9505
0.9948
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6812
0.9454
0.9939
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
0.5780
0.8997
0.9843
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5606
0.8900
0.9817
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
0.4796
0.8393
0.9667
0.9950
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4604
0.8249
0.9616
0.9939
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
0.3972
0.7735
0.9419
0.9891
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3774
0.7547
0.9335
0.9868
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
0.3283
0.7055
0.9102
0.9799
0.9966
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3086
0.6829
0.8979
0.9757
0.9956
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
0.2708
0.6378
0.8725
0.9667
0.9933
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2519
0.6121
0.8561
0.9602
0.9915
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
0.2229
0.5719
0.8298
0.9494
0.9884
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2051
0.5440
0.8092
0.9398
0.9853
0.9971
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.1831
0.5091
0.7832
0.9277
0.9814
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1666
0.4798
0.7585
0.9147
0.9765
0.9949
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.1501
0.4503
0.7338
0.9018
0.9718
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1351
0.4203
0.7054
0.8850
0.9648
0.9914
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.1227
0.3958
0.6827
0.8718
0.9595
0.9898
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1092
0.3658
0.6512
0.8510
0.9498
0.9865
0.9970
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

68
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
0.1002
0.3460
0.6310
0.8382
0.9442
0.9846
0.9966
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0881
0.3165
0.5968
0.8133
0.9315
0.9798
0.9952
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
0.0662
0.2602
0.5287
0.7618
0.9041
0.9690
0.9919
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0569
0.2331
0.4911
0.7292
0.8842
0.9599
0.9887
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.0434
0.1920
0.4327
0.6771
0.8518
0.9449
0.9833
0.9959
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0364
0.1682
0.3941
0.6380
0.8238
0.9300
0.9772
0.9939
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.0281
0.1391
0.3462
0.5888
0.7884
0.9111
0.9694
0.9914
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0230
0.1191
0.3090
0.5451
0.7524
0.8890
0.9589
0.9874
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.0180
0.0991
0.2713
0.5010
0.7164
0.8671
0.9487
0.9837
0.9957
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0144
0.0829
0.2369
0.4551
0.6733
0.8369
0.9324
0.9767
0.9933
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.9519
0.9846
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
0.9904
0.9978
0.9996

67

x
17
18
19
20 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8179
0.9831
0.9990
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8097
0.9815
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6676
0.9401
0.9929
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6543
0.9347
0.9919
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5438
0.8802
0.9790
0.9973
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5275
0.8701
0.9760
0.9968
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4420
0.8103
0.9561
0.9926
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4243
0.7956
0.9503
0.9911
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3585
0.7358
0.9245
0.9841
0.9974
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3406
0.7170
0.9151
0.9811
0.9968
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2901
0.6605
0.8850
0.9710
0.9944
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2727
0.6382
0.8716
0.9659
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2342
0.5869
0.8390
0.9529
0.9893
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2178
0.5622
0.8213
0.9449
0.9867
0.9975
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1887
0.5169
0.7879
0.9294
0.9817
0.9962
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1736
0.4906
0.7663
0.9181
0.9775
0.9950
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1516
0.4516
0.7334
0.9007
0.9710
0.9932
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1380
0.4246
0.7081
0.8856
0.9646
0.9912
0.9982
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1216
0.3917
0.6769
0.8670
0.9568
0.9887
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1094
0.3647
0.6484
0.8480
0.9478
0.9856
0.9967
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0972
0.3376
0.6198
0.8290
0.9390
0.9825
0.9959
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0865
0.3111
0.5887
0.8060
0.9269
0.9777
0.9944
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

69
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0776
0.2891
0.5631
0.7873
0.9173
0.9740
0.9933
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0683
0.2637
0.5302
0.7604
0.9017
0.9672
0.9910
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0490
0.2084
0.4550
0.6959
0.8625
0.9493
0.9847
0.9962
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0421
0.1861
0.4205
0.6622
0.8392
0.9372
0.9797
0.9945
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0306
0.1471
0.3580
0.5990
0.7941
0.9130
0.9696
0.9912
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0257
0.1285
0.3243
0.5604
0.7629
0.8940
0.9606
0.9877
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0189
0.1018
0.2748
0.5026
0.7151
0.8644
0.9463
0.9823
0.9951
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0155
0.0869
0.2437
0.4616
0.6769
0.8375
0.9316
0.9758
0.9928
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0115
0.0692
0.2061
0.4114
0.6296
0.8042
0.9133
0.9679
0.9900
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0092
0.0576
0.1787
0.3704
0.5860
0.7693
0.8915
0.9569
0.9856
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998

0. 50
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0.1316
0.2517
0.4119
0.5881
0.7483
0.8684
0.9423
0.9793
0.9941
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0036
0.0133
0.0392
0.0946
0.1917
0.3318
0.5000
0.6682

68

x
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 0
1
2

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8016
0.9798
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7936
0.9780
0.9985

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6412
0.9290
0.9907
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6283
0.9233
0.9895

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5117
0.8598
0.9728
0.9962
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4963
0.8493
0.9695

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4073
0.7808
0.9441
0.9895
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3911
0.7658
0.9376

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3235
0.6982
0.9052
0.9778
0.9960
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3074
0.6794
0.8948

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2563
0.6163
0.8576
0.9602
0.9913
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2410
0.5947
0.8431

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2026
0.5381
0.8032
0.9362
0.9838
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1884
0.5146
0.7846

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1597
0.4652
0.7442
0.9059
0.9727
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1469
0.4408
0.7219

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1256
0.3988
0.6826
0.8696
0.9575
0.9888
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1143
0.3742
0.6570

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0985
0.3392
0.6200
0.8281
0.9379
0.9818
0.9956
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0886
0.3151
0.5920

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0770
0.2864
0.5582
0.7821
0.9136
0.9721
0.9926
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0685
0.2634
0.5283

70
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0601
0.2403
0.4983
0.7328
0.8847
0.9593
0.9881
0.9971
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0529
0.2186
0.4673

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0362
0.1659
0.3877
0.6283
0.8144
0.9235
0.9738
0.9925
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0312
0.1478
0.3566

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0216
0.1120
0.2929
0.5226
0.7305
0.8730
0.9499
0.9834
0.9954
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0181
0.0976
0.2640

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0127
0.0740
0.2154
0.4224
0.6381
0.8086
0.9147
0.9679
0.9898
0.9972
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0104
0.0630
0.1900

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0074
0.0480
0.1545
0.3320
0.5429
0.7326
0.8670
0.9439
0.9799
0.9939
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0059
0.0398
0.1332

0. 50
0.8083
0.9054
0.9608
0.9867
0.9964
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0022
0.0085
0.0262
0.0669
0.1431
0.2617
0.4159
0.5841
0.7383
0.8569
0.9331
0.9738
0.9915
0.9978
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

69

x
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

0.01
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7857
0.9761
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6158
0.9174
0.9882
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
0.9955
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4814
0.8388
0.9659
0.9947
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
0.9877
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3754
0.7508
0.9307
0.9857
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
0.9742
0.9951
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2920
0.6608
0.8841
0.9702
0.9940
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
0.9541
0.9895
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2265
0.5735
0.8282
0.9474
0.9873
0.9975
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
0.9269
0.9805
0.9958
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1752
0.4918
0.7657
0.9170
0.9767
0.9947
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
0.8930
0.9674
0.9920
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1352
0.4173
0.6994
0.8793
0.9614
0.9900
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.8528
0.9496
0.9860
0.9968
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1040
0.3508
0.6316
0.8352
0.9409
0.9827
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.8073
0.9269
0.9774
0.9942
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0798
0.2925
0.5643
0.7857
0.9149
0.9723
0.9925
0.9983
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.7575
0.8991
0.9656
0.9903
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0610
0.2420
0.4992
0.7323
0.8835
0.9583
0.9876
0.9969
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

71
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
0.7047
0.8665
0.9504
0.9847
0.9960
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0465
0.1987
0.4375
0.6762
0.8471
0.9403
0.9806
0.9947
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
0.5946
0.7884
0.9082
0.9667
0.9899
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0268
0.1315
0.3274
0.5613
0.7612
0.8914
0.9585
0.9866
0.9963
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.4859
0.6972
0.8502
0.9376
0.9780
0.9934
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0152
0.0849
0.2374
0.4504
0.6634
0.8257
0.9236
0.9716
0.9910
0.9976
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.3851
0.5993
0.7779
0.8956
0.9583
0.9858
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0085
0.0535
0.1671
0.3500
0.5607
0.7458
0.8744
0.9470
0.9809
0.9941
0.9984
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.2965
0.5007
0.6947
0.8402
0.9285
0.9727
0.9911
0.9975
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0331
0.1145
0.2639
0.4599
0.6559
0.8111
0.9108
0.9638
0.9874
0.9962
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.0002
0.0013
0.0053
0.0173
0.0466
0.1050
0.2024
0.3388
0.5000
0.6612
0.7976
0.8950
0.9534
0.9827
0.9947
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0033
0.0113
0.0320
0.0758
0.1537
0.2706
0.4194
0.5806
0.7294
0.8463

70

x
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7778
0.9742
0.9980
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6035
0.9114
0.9868
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4670
0.8280
0.9620
0.9938
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3604
0.7358
0.9235
0.9835
0.9972
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2774
0.6424
0.8729
0.9659
0.9928
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2129
0.5527
0.8129
0.9402
0.9850
0.9969
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1630
0.4696
0.7466
0.9064
0.9726
0.9935
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1244
0.3947
0.6768
0.8649
0.9549
0.9877
0.9972
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0946
0.3286
0.6063
0.8169
0.9314
0.9790
0.9946
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0718
0.2712
0.5371
0.7636
0.9020
0.9666
0.9905
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0543
0.2221
0.4709
0.7066
0.8669
0.9501
0.9844
0.9959
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

72
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0409
0.1805
0.4088
0.6475
0.8266
0.9291
0.9757
0.9930
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0230
0.1168
0.3000
0.5286
0.7332
0.8732
0.9491
0.9827
0.9950
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0128
0.0737
0.2130
0.4163
0.6293
0.7998
0.9080
0.9639
0.9879
0.9965
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0070
0.0454
0.1467
0.3171
0.5228
0.7125
0.8512
0.9339
0.9748
0.9917
0.9976
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0038
0.0274
0.0982
0.2340
0.4207
0.6167
0.7800
0.8909
0.9532
0.9827
0.9944
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.9242
0.9680
0.9887
0.9967
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0020
0.0073
0.0216
0.0539
0.1148
0.2122
0.3450
0.5000
0.6550
0.7878
0.8852
0.9461
0.9784
0.9927
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

n
26

71

x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.01
0.7700
0.9723
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7623
0.9703
0.9976
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
0.5914
0.9052
0.9852
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5796
0.8989
0.9836
0.9981
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
0.4530
0.8172
0.9580
0.9929
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4394
0.8063
0.9538
0.9918
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
0.3460
0.7208
0.9160
0.9811
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3321
0.7058
0.9082
0.9785
0.9960
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
0.2635
0.6241
0.8614
0.9613
0.9915
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2503
0.6061
0.8495
0.9563
0.9900
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
0.2001
0.5323
0.7973
0.9326
0.9823
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1881
0.5123
0.7814
0.9245
0.9793
0.9954
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000

0.07
0.1516
0.4481
0.7272
0.8952
0.9679
0.9920
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1409
0.4274
0.7076
0.8834
0.9628
0.9903
0.9979
0.9996
0.9999

0.08
0.1144
0.3731
0.6543
0.8499
0.9477
0.9851
0.9965
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1053
0.3524
0.6318
0.8342
0.9398
0.9821
0.9956
0.9991
0.9998

0.09
0.0861
0.3076
0.5813
0.7979
0.9211
0.9747
0.9932
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0784
0.2876
0.5567
0.7784
0.9100
0.9699
0.9916
0.9980
0.9996

0.10
0.0646
0.2513
0.5105
0.7409
0.8882
0.9601
0.9881
0.9970
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0581
0.2326
0.4846
0.7179
0.8734
0.9529
0.9853
0.9961
0.9991

0.11
0.0483
0.2036
0.4435
0.6807
0.8493
0.9410
0.9806
0.9946
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0430
0.1865
0.4171
0.6546
0.8307
0.9309
0.9762
0.9931
0.9983

73
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
0.0360
0.1637
0.3814
0.6189
0.8051
0.9168
0.9701
0.9909
0.9976
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0317
0.1484
0.3553
0.5904
0.7827
0.9034
0.9637
0.9884
0.9968

0.14
0.0198
0.1037
0.2743
0.4966
0.7046
0.8536
0.9385
0.9780
0.9932
0.9982
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0170
0.0919
0.2504
0.4654
0.6755
0.8327
0.9266
0.9725
0.9911

0.16
0.0107
0.0640
0.1907
0.3838
0.5952
0.7725
0.8906
0.9550
0.9840
0.9951
0.9987
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0090
0.0555
0.1704
0.3529
0.5614
0.7441
0.8717
0.9447
0.9794

0.18
0.0057
0.0385
0.1285
0.2864
0.4858
0.6783
0.8263
0.9190
0.9674
0.9886
0.9966
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0326
0.1123
0.2580
0.4499
0.6437
0.7996
0.9023
0.9587

0.20
0.0030
0.0227
0.0841
0.2068
0.3833
0.5775
0.7474
0.8687
0.9408
0.9768
0.9921
0.9977
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0024
0.0187
0.0718
0.1823
0.3480
0.5387
0.7134
0.8444
0.9263

0. 50
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0012
0.0047
0.0145
0.0378
0.0843
0.1635
0.2786
0.4225
0.5775
0.7214
0.8365
0.9157
0.9622
0.9855
0.9953
0.9988
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0008
0.0030
0.0096
0.0261

72

x
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7547
0.9682
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5680
0.8925
0.9820
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4262
0.7953
0.9494
0.9907
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3189
0.6909
0.9001
0.9757
0.9953
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2378
0.5883
0.8373
0.9509
0.9883
0.9977
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1768
0.4929
0.7652
0.9159
0.9760
0.9944
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1311
0.4073
0.6880
0.8711
0.9573
0.9884
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0968
0.3326
0.6094
0.8180
0.9314
0.9787
0.9945
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0713
0.2688
0.5325
0.7585
0.8982
0.9645
0.9896
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0523
0.2152
0.4594
0.6946
0.8579
0.9450
0.9821
0.9950
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0383
0.1707
0.3917
0.6285
0.8114
0.9199
0.9713
0.9912
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

74
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0279
0.1344
0.3305
0.5622
0.7597
0.8889
0.9565
0.9855
0.9958
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
0.9975
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0147
0.0814
0.2282
0.4353
0.6461
0.8107
0.9135
0.9660
0.9885
0.9966
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
0.9933
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0076
0.0480
0.1520
0.3237
0.5280
0.7149
0.8513
0.9330
0.9738
0.9911
0.9974
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
0.9848
0.9951
0.9986
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0039
0.0276
0.0979
0.2318
0.4153
0.6088
0.7716
0.8839
0.9486
0.9801
0.9933
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
0.9696
0.9890
0.9965
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0019
0.0155
0.0612
0.1602
0.3149
0.5005
0.6784
0.8182
0.9100
0.9609
0.9851
0.9950
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.0610
0.1239
0.2210
0.3506
0.5000
0.6494
0.7790
0.8761
0.9390
0.9739
0.9904
0.9970
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0019
0.0063
0.0178
0.0436
0.0925
0.1725
0.2858
0.4253
0.5747
0.7142
0.8275

73

x
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7472
0.9660
0.9970
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5566
0.8860
0.9802
0.9975
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4134
0.7842
0.9447
0.9894
0.9984
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3061
0.6760
0.8917
0.9726
0.9946
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2259
0.5708
0.8249
0.9452
0.9864
0.9973
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1662
0.4739
0.7489
0.9069
0.9724
0.9933
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1219
0.3880
0.6684
0.8583
0.9512
0.9862
0.9967
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0891
0.3138
0.5873
0.8013
0.9223
0.9749
0.9932
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0649
0.2510
0.5087
0.7381
0.8856
0.9585
0.9873
0.9967
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0471
0.1989
0.4350
0.6710
0.8416
0.9363
0.9784
0.9938
0.9984
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0341
0.1562
0.3674
0.6024
0.7912
0.9079
0.9656
0.9890
0.9970
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

75
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0245
0.1216
0.3069
0.5344
0.7360
0.8734
0.9484
0.9820
0.9946
0.9986
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0126
0.0721
0.2077
0.4064
0.6166
0.7877
0.8991
0.9587
0.9854
0.9955
0.9988
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0064
0.0416
0.1354
0.2962
0.4953
0.6850
0.8295
0.9199
0.9673
0.9883
0.9964
0.9990
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0032
0.0233
0.0853
0.2077
0.3823
0.5740
0.7423
0.8636
0.9369
0.9744
0.9909
0.9972
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0015
0.0128
0.0520
0.1404
0.2839
0.4634
0.6429
0.7903
0.8916
0.9507
0.9803
0.9931
0.9978
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.9075
0.9564
0.9822
0.9937
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0012
0.0041
0.0121
0.0307
0.0680
0.1325
0.2291
0.3555
0.5000
0.6445
0.7709
0.8675
0.9320
0.9693
0.9879
0.9959
0.9988
0.9997

74

x
24
25
26
27
28
29
30 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

0.01
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7397
0.9639
0.9967
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.02
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5455
0.8795
0.9783
0.9971
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.03
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4010
0.7731
0.9399
0.9881
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.04
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2939
0.6612
0.8831
0.9694
0.9937
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.05
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2146
0.5535
0.8122
0.9392
0.9844
0.9967
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.06
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1563
0.4555
0.7324
0.8974
0.9685
0.9921
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.07
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1134
0.3694
0.6487
0.8450
0.9447
0.9838
0.9960
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.08
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0820
0.2958
0.5654
0.7842
0.9126
0.9707
0.9918
0.9980
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.09
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0591
0.2343
0.4855
0.7175
0.8723
0.9519
0.9848
0.9959
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0424
0.1837
0.4114
0.6474
0.8245
0.9268
0.9742
0.9922
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.11
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0303
0.1427
0.3442
0.5766
0.7705
0.8951
0.9593
0.9865
0.9961
0.9990
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

76
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.12
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0216
0.1100
0.2847
0.5071
0.7118
0.8569
0.9394
0.9779
0.9931
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.14
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0108
0.0638
0.1887
0.3785
0.5871
0.7637
0.8835
0.9503
0.9816
0.9941
0.9983
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.16
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0054
0.0359
0.1204
0.2705
0.4635
0.6547
0.8064
0.9055
0.9597
0.9850
0.9951
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.18
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0026
0.0197
0.0741
0.1856
0.3509
0.5395
0.7120
0.8418
0.9237
0.9677
0.9880
0.9960
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.20
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0012
0.0105
0.0442
0.1227
0.2552
0.4275
0.6070
0.7608
0.8713
0.9389
0.9744
0.9905
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0. 50
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0026
0.0081
0.0214
0.0494
0.1002
0.1808
0.2923
0.4278
0.5722
0.7077
0.8192
0.8998
0.9506
0.9786
0.9919
0.9974
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

TABLE 20
x
0
1
2
3
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

=0
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 0.1
0.9048
0.9953
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 1.1
0.3329
0.6990
0.9004
0.9743
0.9946
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 2.1
0.1225
0.3796
0.6496
0.8386
0.9379
0.9796
0.9941
0.9985
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 3.1
0.0450
0.1847
0.4012
0.6248
0.7982
0.9057
0.9612
0.9858
0.9953

CUMULATIVE POISSON PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION P X c

0.01
0.9900
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2
0.8187
0.9825
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.2
0.3012
0.6626
0.8795
0.9662
0.9923
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.2
0.1108
0.3546
0.6227
0.8194
0.9275
0.9751
0.9925
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.2
0.0408
0.1712
0.3799
0.6025
0.7806
0.8946
0.9554
0.9832
0.9943

0.02
0.9802
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.3
0.7408
0.9631
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.3
0.2725
0.6268
0.8571
0.9569
0.9893
0.9978
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.3
0.1003
0.3309
0.5960
0.7993
0.9162
0.9700
0.9906
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.3
0.0369
0.1586
0.3594
0.5803
0.7626
0.8829
0.9490
0.9802
0.9931

0.03
0.9704
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.4
0.6703
0.9384
0.9921
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.4
0.2466
0.5918
0.8335
0.9463
0.9857
0.9968
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.4
0.0907
0.3084
0.5697
0.7787
0.9041
0.9643
0.9884
0.9967
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.4
0.0334
0.1468
0.3397
0.5584
0.7442
0.8705
0.9421
0.9769
0.9917

0.04
0.9608
0.9992
1.0000
1.0000
0.5
0.6065
0.9098
0.9856
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.5
0.2231
0.5578
0.8088
0.9344
0.9814
0.9955
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
2.5
0.0821
0.2873
0.5438
0.7576
0.8912
0.9580
0.9858
0.9958
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.5
0.0302
0.1359
0.3208
0.5366
0.7254
0.8576
0.9347
0.9733
0.9901

0.05
0.9512
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
0.6
0.5488
0.8781
0.9769
0.9966
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.6
0.2019
0.5249
0.7834
0.9212
0.9763
0.9940
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
2.6
0.0743
0.2674
0.5184
0.7360
0.8774
0.9510
0.9828
0.9947
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.6
0.0273
0.1257
0.3027
0.5152
0.7064
0.8441
0.9267
0.9692
0.9883

0.06
0.9418
0.9983
1.0000
1.0000
0.7
0.4966
0.8442
0.9659
0.9942
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.7
0.1827
0.4932
0.7572
0.9068
0.9704
0.9920
0.9981
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
2.7
0.0672
0.2487
0.4936
0.7141
0.8629
0.9433
0.9794
0.9934
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
3.7
0.0247
0.1162
0.2854
0.4942
0.6872
0.8301
0.9182
0.9648
0.9863

0.07
0.9324
0.9977
0.9999
1.0000
0.8
0.4493
0.8088
0.9526
0.9909
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.8
0.1653
0.4628
0.7306
0.8913
0.9636
0.9896
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
2.8
0.0608
0.2311
0.4695
0.6919
0.8477
0.9349
0.9756
0.9919
0.9976
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
3.8
0.0224
0.1074
0.2689
0.4735
0.6678
0.8156
0.9091
0.9599
0.9840

77
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

0.08
0.9231
0.9970
0.9999
1.0000
0.9
0.4066
0.7725
0.9371
0.9865
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.9
0.1496
0.4337
0.7037
0.8747
0.9559
0.9868
0.9966
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
2.9
0.0550
0.2146
0.4460
0.6696
0.8318
0.9258
0.9713
0.9901
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
3.9
0.0202
0.0992
0.2531
0.4532
0.6484
0.8006
0.8995
0.9546
0.9815

e x

x
x 0
c

0.09
0.9139
0.9962
0.9999
1.0000
1.0
0.3679
0.7358
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
2.0
0.1353
0.4060
0.6767
0.8571
0.9473
0.9834
0.9955
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
3.0
0.0498
0.1991
0.4232
0.6472
0.8153
0.9161
0.9665
0.9881
0.9962
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
4.0
0.0183
0.0916
0.2381
0.4335
0.6288
0.7851
0.8893
0.9489
0.9786

x
9
10
11
12
13
14
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

= 3.1
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 4.1
0.0166
0.0845
0.2238
0.4142
0.6093
0.7693
0.8786
0.9427
0.9755
0.9905
0.9966
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 5.1
0.0061
0.0372
0.1165
0.2513
0.4231
0.5984
0.7474
0.8560
0.9252
0.9644
0.9844
0.9937
0.9976
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 6.1
0.0022
0.0159
0.0577
0.1425
0.2719
0.4298
0.5902

3.2
0.9982
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.2
0.0150
0.0780
0.2102
0.3954
0.5898
0.7531
0.8675
0.9361
0.9721
0.9889
0.9959
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.2
0.0055
0.0342
0.1088
0.2381
0.4061
0.5809
0.7324
0.8449
0.9181
0.9603
0.9823
0.9927
0.9972
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
6.2
0.0020
0.0146
0.0536
0.1342
0.2592
0.4141
0.5742

3.3
0.9978
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.3
0.0136
0.0719
0.1974
0.3772
0.5704
0.7367
0.8558
0.9290
0.9683
0.9871
0.9952
0.9983
0.9995
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.3
0.0050
0.0314
0.1016
0.2254
0.3895
0.5635
0.7171
0.8335
0.9106
0.9559
0.9800
0.9916
0.9967
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
6.3
0.0018
0.0134
0.0498
0.1264
0.2469
0.3988
0.5582

3.4
0.9973
0.9992
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.4
0.0123
0.0663
0.1851
0.3594
0.5512
0.7199
0.8436
0.9214
0.9642
0.9851
0.9943
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.4
0.0045
0.0289
0.0948
0.2133
0.3733
0.5461
0.7017
0.8217
0.9027
0.9512
0.9775
0.9904
0.9962
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.4
0.0017
0.0123
0.0463
0.1189
0.2351
0.3837
0.5423

3.5
0.9967
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.5
0.0111
0.0611
0.1736
0.3423
0.5321
0.7029
0.8311
0.9134
0.9597
0.9829
0.9933
0.9976
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.5
0.0041
0.0266
0.0884
0.2017
0.3575
0.5289
0.6860
0.8095
0.8944
0.9462
0.9747
0.9890
0.9955
0.9983
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.5
0.0015
0.0113
0.0430
0.1118
0.2237
0.3690
0.5265

3.6
0.9960
0.9987
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.6
0.0101
0.0563
0.1626
0.3257
0.5132
0.6858
0.8180
0.9049
0.9549
0.9805
0.9922
0.9971
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.6
0.0037
0.0244
0.0824
0.1906
0.3422
0.5119
0.6703
0.7970
0.8857
0.9409
0.9718
0.9875
0.9949
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.6
0.0014
0.0103
0.0400
0.1052
0.2127
0.3547
0.5108

3.7
0.9952
0.9984
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.7
0.0091
0.0518
0.1523
0.3097
0.4946
0.6684
0.8046
0.8960
0.9497
0.9778
0.9910
0.9966
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.7
0.0033
0.0224
0.0768
0.1800
0.3272
0.4950
0.6544
0.7841
0.8766
0.9352
0.9686
0.9859
0.9941
0.9977
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.7
0.0012
0.0095
0.0371
0.0988
0.2022
0.3406
0.4953

3.8
0.9942
0.9981
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
4.8
0.0082
0.0477
0.1425
0.2942
0.4763
0.6510
0.7908
0.8867
0.9442
0.9749
0.9896
0.9960
0.9986
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5.8
0.0030
0.0206
0.0715
0.1700
0.3127
0.4783
0.6384
0.7710
0.8672
0.9292
0.9651
0.9841
0.9932
0.9973
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.8
0.0011
0.0087
0.0344
0.0928
0.1920
0.3270
0.4799

78
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

3.9
0.9931
0.9977
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
4.9
0.0074
0.0439
0.1333
0.2793
0.4582
0.6335
0.7767
0.8769
0.9382
0.9717
0.9880
0.9953
0.9983
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
5.9
0.0027
0.0189
0.0666
0.1604
0.2987
0.4619
0.6224
0.7576
0.8574
0.9228
0.9614
0.9821
0.9922
0.9969
0.9988
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
6.9
0.0010
0.0080
0.0320
0.0871
0.1823
0.3137
0.4647

4.0
0.9919
0.9972
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
5.0
0.0067
0.0404
0.1247
0.2650
0.4405
0.6160
0.7622
0.8666
0.9319
0.9682
0.9863
0.9945
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
6.0
0.0025
0.0174
0.0620
0.1512
0.2851
0.4457
0.6063
0.7440
0.8472
0.9161
0.9574
0.9799
0.9912
0.9964
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.0
0.0009
0.0073
0.0296
0.0818
0.1730
0.3007
0.4497

X
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

= 6.1
0.7301
0.8367
0.9090
0.9531
0.9776
0.9900
0.9958
0.9984
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 7.1
0.0008
0.0067
0.0275
0.0767
0.1641
0.2881
0.4349
0.5838
0.7160
0.8202
0.8942
0.9420
0.9703
0.9857
0.9935
0.9972
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 8.1
0.0003
0.0028
0.0127
0.0396
0.0940
0.1822
0.3013
0.4391
0.5786
0.7041
0.8058
0.8807
0.9313
0.9628
0.9810
0.9908

6.2
0.7160
0.8259
0.9016
0.9486
0.9750
0.9887
0.9952
0.9981
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.2
0.0007
0.0061
0.0255
0.0719
0.1555
0.2759
0.4204
0.5689
0.7027
0.8096
0.8867
0.9371
0.9673
0.9841
0.9927
0.9969
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.2
0.0003
0.0025
0.0118
0.0370
0.0887
0.1736
0.2896
0.4254
0.5647
0.6915
0.7955
0.8731
0.9261
0.9595
0.9791
0.9898

6.3
0.7017
0.8148
0.8939
0.9437
0.9723
0.9873
0.9945
0.9978
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.3
0.0007
0.0056
0.0236
0.0674
0.1473
0.2640
0.4060
0.5541
0.6892
0.7988
0.8788
0.9319
0.9642
0.9824
0.9918
0.9964
0.9985
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.3
0.0002
0.0023
0.0109
0.0346
0.0837
0.1653
0.2781
0.4119
0.5507
0.6788
0.7850
0.8652
0.9207
0.9561
0.9771
0.9887

6.4
0.6873
0.8033
0.8858
0.9386
0.9693
0.9857
0.9937
0.9974
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
7.4
0.0006
0.0051
0.0219
0.0632
0.1395
0.2526
0.3920
0.5393
0.6757
0.7877
0.8707
0.9265
0.9609
0.9805
0.9908
0.9959
0.9983
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.4
0.0002
0.0021
0.0100
0.0323
0.0789
0.1573
0.2670
0.3987
0.5369
0.6659
0.7743
0.8571
0.9150
0.9524
0.9749
0.9875

6.5
0.6728
0.7916
0.8774
0.9332
0.9661
0.9840
0.9929
0.9970
0.9988
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.5
0.0006
0.0047
0.0203
0.0591
0.1321
0.2414
0.3782
0.5246
0.6620
0.7764
0.8622
0.9208
0.9573
0.9784
0.9897
0.9954
0.9980
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.5
0.0002
0.0019
0.0093
0.0301
0.0744
0.1496
0.2562
0.3856
0.5231
0.6530
0.7634
0.8487
0.9091
0.9486
0.9726
0.9862

6.6
0.6581
0.7796
0.8686
0.9274
0.9627
0.9821
0.9920
0.9966
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.6
0.0005
0.0043
0.0188
0.0554
0.1249
0.2307
0.3646
0.5100
0.6482
0.7649
0.8535
0.9148
0.9536
0.9762
0.9886
0.9948
0.9978
0.9991
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.6
0.0002
0.0018
0.0086
0.0281
0.0701
0.1422
0.2457
0.3728
0.5094
0.6400
0.7522
0.8400
0.9029
0.9445
0.9701
0.9848

6.7
0.6433
0.7673
0.8596
0.9214
0.9591
0.9801
0.9909
0.9961
0.9984
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.7
0.0005
0.0039
0.0174
0.0518
0.1181
0.2203
0.3514
0.4956
0.6343
0.7531
0.8445
0.9085
0.9496
0.9739
0.9873
0.9941
0.9974
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.7
0.0002
0.0016
0.0079
0.0262
0.0660
0.1352
0.2355
0.3602
0.4958
0.6269
0.7409
0.8311
0.8965
0.9403
0.9675
0.9832

6.8
0.6285
0.7548
0.8502
0.9151
0.9552
0.9779
0.9898
0.9956
0.9982
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
7.8
0.0004
0.0036
0.0161
0.0485
0.1117
0.2103
0.3384
0.4812
0.6204
0.7411
0.8352
0.9020
0.9454
0.9714
0.9859
0.9934
0.9971
0.9988
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.8
0.0002
0.0015
0.0073
0.0244
0.0621
0.1284
0.2256
0.3478
0.4823
0.6137
0.7294
0.8220
0.8898
0.9358
0.9647
0.9816

79
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

6.9
0.6136
0.7420
0.8405
0.9084
0.9510
0.9755
0.9885
0.9950
0.9979
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
7.9
0.0004
0.0033
0.0149
0.0453
0.1055
0.2006
0.3257
0.4670
0.6065
0.7290
0.8257
0.8952
0.9409
0.9687
0.9844
0.9926
0.9967
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
8.9
0.0001
0.0014
0.0068
0.0228
0.0584
0.1219
0.2160
0.3357
0.4689
0.6006
0.7178
0.8126
0.8829
0.9311
0.9617
0.9798

7.0
0.5987
0.7291
0.8305
0.9015
0.9467
0.9730
0.9872
0.9943
0.9976
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
8.0
0.0003
0.0030
0.0138
0.0424
0.0996
0.1912
0.3134
0.4530
0.5925
0.7166
0.8159
0.8881
0.9362
0.9658
0.9827
0.9918
0.9963
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
9.0
0.0001
0.0012
0.0062
0.0212
0.0550
0.1157
0.2068
0.3239
0.4557
0.5874
0.7060
0.8030
0.8758
0.9261
0.9585
0.9780

x
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

= 8.1
0.9958
0.9982
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
= 9.1
0.0001
0.0011
0.0058
0.0198
0.0517
0.1098
0.1978
0.3123
0.4426
0.5742
0.6941
0.7932
0.8684
0.9210
0.9552
0.9760
0.9878
0.9941
0.9973
0.9988
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
= 11
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0049
0.0151
0.0375
0.0786
0.1432
0.2320
0.3405
0.4599
0.5793
0.6887
0.7813
0.8540
0.9074
0.9441
0.9678

8.2
0.9953
0.9979
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9.2
0.0001
0.0010
0.0053
0.0184
0.0486
0.1041
0.1892
0.3010
0.4296
0.5611
0.6820
0.7832
0.8607
0.9156
0.9517
0.9738
0.9865
0.9934
0.9969
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
12
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0203
0.0458
0.0895
0.1550
0.2424
0.3472
0.4616
0.5760
0.6815
0.7720
0.8444
0.8987
0.9370

8.3
0.9947
0.9977
0.9990
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.3
0.0001
0.0009
0.0049
0.0172
0.0456
0.0986
0.1808
0.2900
0.4168
0.5479
0.6699
0.7730
0.8529
0.9100
0.9480
0.9715
0.9852
0.9927
0.9966
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
13
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0011
0.0037
0.0107
0.0259
0.0540
0.0998
0.1658
0.2517
0.3532
0.4631
0.5730
0.6751
0.7636
0.8355
0.8905

8.4
0.9941
0.9973
0.9989
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.4
0.0001
0.0009
0.0045
0.0160
0.0429
0.0935
0.1727
0.2792
0.4042
0.5349
0.6576
0.7626
0.8448
0.9042
0.9441
0.9691
0.9838
0.9919
0.9962
0.9983
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0018
0.0055
0.0142
0.0316
0.0621
0.1094
0.1757
0.2600
0.3585
0.4644
0.5704
0.6694
0.7559
0.8272

8.5
0.9934
0.9970
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.5
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0149
0.0403
0.0885
0.1649
0.2687
0.3918
0.5218
0.6453
0.7520
0.8364
0.8981
0.9400
0.9665
0.9823
0.9911
0.9957
0.9980
0.9991
0.9996
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0028
0.0076
0.0180
0.0374
0.0699
0.1185
0.1848
0.2676
0.3632
0.4657
0.5681
0.6641
0.7489

8.6
0.9926
0.9966
0.9985
0.9994
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.6
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0138
0.0378
0.0838
0.1574
0.2584
0.3796
0.5089
0.6329
0.7412
0.8279
0.8919
0.9357
0.9638
0.9806
0.9902
0.9952
0.9978
0.9990
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
16
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0014
0.0040
0.0100
0.0220
0.0433
0.0774
0.1270
0.1931
0.2745
0.3675
0.4667
0.5660
0.6593

8.7
0.9918
0.9962
0.9983
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.7
0.0001
0.0007
0.0035
0.0129
0.0355
0.0793
0.1502
0.2485
0.3676
0.4960
0.6205
0.7303
0.8191
0.8853
0.9312
0.9609
0.9789
0.9892
0.9947
0.9975
0.9989
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
17
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0021
0.0054
0.0126
0.0261
0.0491
0.0847
0.1350
0.2009
0.2808
0.3715
0.4677
0.5640

8.8
0.9909
0.9957
0.9981
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9.8
0.0001
0.0006
0.0033
0.0120
0.0333
0.0750
0.1433
0.2388
0.3558
0.4832
0.6080
0.7193
0.8101
0.8786
0.9265
0.9579
0.9770
0.9881
0.9941
0.9972
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
18
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0010
0.0029
0.0071
0.0154
0.0304
0.0549
0.0917
0.1426
0.2081
0.2867
0.3751
0.4686

80
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

8.9
0.9899
0.9952
0.9978
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
9.9
0.0001
0.0005
0.0030
0.0111
0.0312
0.0710
0.1366
0.2294
0.3442
0.4705
0.5955
0.7081
0.8009
0.8716
0.9216
0.9546
0.9751
0.9870
0.9935
0.9969
0.9986
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
19
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0005
0.0015
0.0039
0.0089
0.0183
0.0347
0.0606
0.0984
0.1497
0.2148
0.2920
0.3784

9.0
0.9889
0.9947
0.9976
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
10.0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0028
0.0103
0.0293
0.0671
0.1301
0.2202
0.3328
0.4579
0.5830
0.6968
0.7916
0.8645
0.9165
0.9513
0.9730
0.9857
0.9928
0.9965
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
20
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0008
0.0021
0.0050
0.0108
0.0214
0.0390
0.0661
0.1049
0.1565
0.2211
0.2970

x
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

= 11
0.9823
0.9907
0.9953
0.9977
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

12
0.9626
0.9787
0.9884
0.9939
0.9970
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

13
0.9302
0.9573
0.9750
0.9859
0.9924
0.9960
0.9980
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

14
0.8826
0.9235
0.9521
0.9712
0.9833
0.9907
0.9950
0.9974
0.9987
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

15
0.8195
0.8752
0.9170
0.9469
0.9673
0.9805
0.9888
0.9938
0.9967
0.9983
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

16
0.7423
0.8122
0.8682
0.9108
0.9418
0.9633
0.9777
0.9869
0.9925
0.9959
0.9978
0.9989
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

17
0.6550
0.7363
0.8055
0.8615
0.9047
0.9367
0.9594
0.9748
0.9848
0.9912
0.9950
0.9973
0.9986
0.9993
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

18
0.5622
0.6509
0.7307
0.7991
0.8551
0.8989
0.9317
0.9554
0.9718
0.9827
0.9897
0.9941
0.9967
0.9982
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

81
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

19
0.4695
0.5606
0.6472
0.7255
0.7931
0.8490
0.8933
0.9269
0.9514
0.9687
0.9805
0.9882
0.9930
0.9960
0.9978
0.9988
0.9994
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

20
0.3814
0.4703
0.5591
0.6437
0.7206
0.7875
0.8432
0.8878
0.9221
0.9475
0.9657
0.9782
0.9865
0.9919
0.9953
0.9973
0.9985
0.9992
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000

TABLE 21
03339
97971
16779
12675
55804
16835
84544
63230
33564
57461
91645
78305
97888
67286
53610
52965
25336
73078
31797
47772
54153
93745
81686
79788
92112
87542
37535
95957
34642
50413
53312
16302
96357
38529
45939
02300
59750
21285
93703
15576
12752
89038
62411
45853
84558
45272
68015
13263
66309
56348

RANDOM NUMBER TABLE


19233
19968
47712
95993
72742
56263
14327
41243
93563
55618
42451
63797
55122
09001
59459
76189
39735
44371
52244
22798
70832
99871
51330
02193
61235
28171
48342
96668
85350
31008
73768
64092
98654
89095
05014
23739
14131
53607
60164
76654
33321
53455
56968
68103
24272
58388
99001
92240
31446
05291

50911
31709
33846
08790
16237
53062
07580
90765
10770
40570
83776
26995
65545
09718
89945
68892
25594
77616
38354
36910
37575
37129
58828
33250
68760
45150
48943
69380
53361
09231
59931
76045
01909
89538
06099
68485
24973
82657
19090
19775
69796
93322
08379
38927
84355
69131
11832
89559
97705
38713

14209
40197
84716
13241
72550
71543
48813
08867
10595
72906
99246
23146
02904
67231
72102
64541
50557
49296
47800
39986
31898
55032
74199
05865
61201
75523
07719
49091
63940
46516
55182
28958
58799
15600
76041
98567
05962
22053
63030
77518
03625
25069
40159
77105
00116
61075
39832
66545
46996
82303

39594
16313
49870
71260
10570
67632
30161
08033
71323
30794
45548
56071
40042
54033
66595
02225
96257
55882
48454
34033
39212
94444
87214
53018
02189
66790
20407
90182
79546
61672
43761
21182
87374
33687
57638
77035
83215
88931
88931
43259
37328
88186
27419
65241
68344
80192
80462
06433
69059
26293

68368
80020
59670
16558
31470
30337
10746
05038
84243
49144
02457
97081
70653
24185
02198
09603
59700
71507
43304
39868
63993
17884
13727
62394
09424
63963
33748
13205
89956
79954
59424
30050
53184
86353
55342
91533
25950
84439
84439
82790
75200
45026
12024
70387
92805
45959
70468
38634
33771
61319

97742
01588
46946
83316
92612
28739
96470
10908
09402
65239
74804
22376
24483
52097
26968
59304
27715
30168
14256
24009
05419
27082
80539
56997
24156
13903
93650
71802
96836
01291
79775
96256
87233
61917
41269
62500
43867
94747
94747
08193
77262
31020
99694
01634
52618
76992
89929
36645
95004
45285

36252
21654
71716
68482
94917
17582
60680
00633
62877
21788
49536
09819
31258
78713
88467
38179
42432
31876
74281
97123
77565
23502
95037
41534
10368
68498
39356
35482
91313
72278
17772
85737
55275
63876
96173
31548
75213
77982
77982
63007
99004
52540
68668
59665
51584
19210
55695
22350
89037
72784

82
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

27671
50328
50623
10294
48822
40924
63507
21740
49762
38288
89815
56855
96475
95910
46939
75920
27652
28283
82279
59151
73150
06136
73536
01953
26257
02891
01011
27973
80712
55658
41552
86962
59572
52367
94872
09511
21500
61932
61932
68824
96705
10838
73039
30512
75901
27126
77524
81169
38054
50043

55091
04577
38681
45137
79794
32434
14435
55450
56151
29180
74285
97424
77668
84400
52318
80486
88151
53424
28882
27583
98537
89476
16862
13763
89107
25219
22099
46814
73572
84893
45236
27067
56476
79032
35605
80252
17758
21928
21928
75315
15540
72490
87682
66161
53021
45525
20675
97417
80853
44438

93108
28271
21841
09210
90552
01130
22604
06690
59809
56475
02730
74482
19793
19020
69565
69274
83658
14980
63172
71167
78530
98324
55793
05674
15643
66750
42320
73752
97546
32569
36048
40455
33597
22828
00631
75722
80577
10524
93185
81867
64649
55768
38080
22360
40521
19292
64138

77033
08589
35545
20779
71129
06995
56719
01800
69982
02726
34870
33990
22487
27856
60635
23208
14204
74158
28010
37984
56410
03774
30055
34471
22245
19609
74314
73818
02188
52162
93973
36702
47071
96380
95925
36478
01771
20900
69446
97119
07689
09210
49460
16332
09057
40078
27983

68325
83279
11148
02994
03621
20258
21784
34272
71809
58511
83209
13509
94238
60526
65709
61035
09445
78216
29405
52737
19195
07573
08373
61967
07592
70358
50222
15470
46373
38444
82596
38965
55618
35883
19324
07634
61510
65463
75253
93446
16711
52439
48137
05343
00239
06838
84048

10160
48838
25255
02258
20517
10351
68788
65479
64984
95405
03138
92588
81054
24144
77887
84263
40430
38985
91554
06869
34434
67864
32652
91266
22078
03622
82339
04914
21486
42004
28739
56042
51796
15910
31497
63114
17099
83680
51915
20862
12169
33355
61589
34613
51284
05509
42635

38667
60935
50283
86978
16908
99248
38358
94891
48709
70293
07715
10462
95488
98021
42766
15034
54072
60838
75195
38122
83712
06497
02654
38814
73628
64898
51564
24936
28221
78011
86985
80023
71027
17211
88118
27164
28731
05005
97839
46591
15238
57884
42742
24013
71556
68581
58658

62441
70541
94037
85092
06668
51660
59827
14537
43991
84971
31557
76546
23617
60564
86698
28717
82164
82806
51183
95322
20758
20758
75980
44728
60902
82220
42885
65514
08155
16909
58144
28169
46690
42358
06283
15467
41426
11611
75427
97677
74106
36791
92035
98831
22605
39400
62243

87023
53814
57463
54052
29916
38861
19270
91358
24987
06676
55242
46097
15539
46373
14004
76146
68977
49777
65805
41356
83454
83454
02095
32455
41561
69304
50482
56633
23486
94194
65007
04174
08002
14056
84596
03983
18853
64426
90685
42704
60655
00853
21766
17157
41293
85615
82572

94372
95588
92925
18354
51537
49668
99287
21587
69246
44075
61308
01825
94335
86928
94577
22021
95583
85321
87525
19391
22756
22756
87545
17057
54608
46235
98501
72030
66134
79732
08786
65533
45066
55438
72091
09141
41523
59065
60352
13718
56289
49969
19435
44089
54854
52314
45211

83
Copyright, Indira Gandhi National Open University

06164
05832
12042
20914
93658
74742
81193
95765
86400
32338
26507
20153
73822
52135
27936
23779
11765
90463
35952
96787
83959
83959
88815
08339
41023
97332
00245
30856
88799
47114
14826
52718
02870
98148
53987
60562
14914
06758
96288
44975
74166
74814
92579
07366
39736
83202
37060

30700
80235
91414
28460
29525
47181
43366
72605
29559
31980
06186
36271
93481
74919
47220
98562
81072
11813
83204
64410
96347
96347
80086
93997
98345
64539
88990
85183
49496
23919
04896
55255
60012
35384
01477
65725
76661
02892
34248
67145
78561
09270
27683
66196
05113
40313
15017

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