CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II

(CDB 3052)
EXPERIMENT 1:
CSTR DYNAMICS

GROUP 1 MEMBERS :

1) NAZRIL DANIEL BIN ABDULLAH 18996

2) NOOR HAFIZAINIE BINTI MOHD ZOHAN 19323

3) SAIDATUL SYAFIQAH BTE ABDUL RASHID 19417

4) AHMAD FARHAN BIN AHMAD AZHAR 18806

5) KOI ZI KANG 18868

LAB DEMONSTRATOR : MR. MUHAMMAD ATHAR

DATE : 4th FEBRUARY 2016

 INDEX

No. Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 2

2 RESULTS 5

3 DISCUSSION 27

4 CONCLUSION 30

5 REFERENCES 32

6 APPENDICES 33

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1. INTRODUCTION

In the majority of industrial chemical processes, a reactor is the key item of

equipment in which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form desired products. The

design and operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the

industrial operation. Reactors can take a widely varying form, depending on the nature of

the feed materials and the products. Understanding non-steady behavior of process

equipment is necessary for the design and operation of automatic control systems. One

particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank reactor.

In this CSTR reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change in

concentration. This response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of

the system. Therefore, the objectives of this CSTR Dynamic experiment are to study the

transient behavior of three Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors connected in series by plotting

the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curve and to analyze how the real & ideal model

deviates from each other. RTD is the probability distribution function that describes the

amount of time a fluid element could spend inside a reactor. This information will help us to

determine the expected yield of a process/reaction of a reactor especially in industry.

Residence time, τ is the amount of time a fluid spends in a reactor. It is a

representation of how long it takes for the concentration to significantly change in the

sediment. The formula of residence time is given as:

[Eq 1.1]

whereby V is the volume of the reactor and q is the volumetric flow rate.

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RTD generally develop with 3 assumptions:

 The reactor is at steady state

 Transport of inlet & outlet fluid is by advection

 The flow is incompressible

Graph 1: RTD of a reasonably well mixed reactor

RTD is represented by exit age distribution that usually being represented by E(t)

with the unit of time¯¹. The area under the graph for E(t) vs t will give us the fraction of

substance that is in the reactor at specific time.

In this experiment, RTD is determined by introducing a non-reactive tracer (NaCl

solution) to the bulk fluid (de-ionised water). The response is then measured by the

concentration of the tracer at the outlet. There are 3 part of the experiment : A, B and C.

In experiment A, the main objective is to determine the effect of step change input

on the residence time. The concentration of tracer in experiment A is changed abruptly from

0 to 𝐶0 . The concentration of tracer at the outlet is measured and normalized to the

concentration of Cο to obtain the non dimensional curve. The progression of the tracer will

be monitored via the conductivity measurements in all the three reactors.

In experiment B, the objective is to determine the effect of pulse input on residence

time. A small amount of tracer would be introduced to the bulk fluid and the progression of

the tracer will be monitored via the conductivity measurements in all the three reactors.

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 In experiment C, a pulse input would be introduced in such a way that a fraction of it

passes through the dead time coil. This is analogous to the existing of a stagnation zone in a

real reactor. Then, the progression of the tracer will be monitored via the conductivity

measurements at the exit.

Figure 1.1: Three CSTRs

Figure 1.2: Tanks of deionized water (Left) & NaCl (Right)

Figure 1.3: Preparation of NaCl solution

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2. RESULTS

2.1 Determination of Concentration Values (M)

Concentration values are calculated using the gradient obtained from the graph of

concentration (M) vs conductivity (µS). The trend line of the graph is assumed to be linear

passing through the origin in order to obtain a more accurate result. The relationship

equation obtained is y = 0.00001x

Conductivity Concentration (M)

(µS)
814 0.005
1394 0.01
1969 0.015
2300 0.02
2880 0.025
5400 0.05
10100 0.1
15120 0.15
19300 0.2

Table 2.1: Table of concentration and conductivity

Graph 2.1: Graph of concentration vs conductivity

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2.2 Residence Time Distribution (RTD)

The distribution of residence times is represented by an exit age distribution, . The

function has the units of time−1 and is defined such that

[Eq 2.2.1]

The fraction of the fluid that spends a given duration, inside the reactor is given by the
value of .

The fraction of the fluid that leaves the reactor with an age less than is

[Eq 2.2.2]

The fraction of the fluid that leaves the reactor with an age greater than is

[Eq 2.2.3]

2.3 Step Input

The concentration of tracer in a step experiment at the reactor inlet changes abruptly from

0 to 𝐶0 , in which 𝐶0 = 0.025𝑀. The concentration of tracer at the outlet is measured and

normalized to the concentration 𝐶0 to obtain the non-dimensional curve F(t) which goes

from 0 to 1:

Therefore, the cumulative distribution, F(t) is simply:

Ct Ct [Eq 2.3.1]
F (t )  
C o 0.025

Then, the RTD is given by following and RTD curve is plotted as E(t) vs time, t.

[Eq 2.3.2]

[Eq 2.3.3]

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2.4 Pulse Input
This method required the introduction of a very small volume of concentrated tracer at the

inlet of the reactor, such that it approaches the dirac delta function. Although an infinitely

short injection cannot be produced, it can be made much smaller than the mean residence

time of the vessel. If a mass of tracer, M, is introduced into a vessel of volume V and an

expected residence time, the resulting curve of C(t) can be transformed into a dimensionless

residence time distribution curve by the following relation:

C (t )
E (t )   [Eq 2.4.1]
 C (t )dt
0

whereby the denominator is solved using Simpson’s one-third rule using 3 intervals and sum

up all the integral values.

2.5 Residence Time

Residence time is the average amount of time that a particle spends in a particular system.

This measurement varies directly with the amount of substance that is present in the

system. The formula for calculating residence time is as follow:

[Eq 2.5.1]

[Eq 2.5.2]

where is used as the variable for residence time, V is the capacity of the system, and q is

the flow for the system.

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Tabulation of Data and Graphs

Reactor 1

Concentration Residence Time

Conductivity Cumulative
Time, t (min) of Tracer, C(t) Distribution,
(µS) Distribution F(t)
(M) E(t) (min-1)

0 30.3000 0.0003 0.0121 0.0140

1 65.3000 0.0007 0.0261 0.0920
2 295.3000 0.0030 0.1181 0.1031
3 553.1000 0.0055 0.2212 0.1007
4 804.8000 0.0080 0.3219 0.0955
5 1043.6000 0.0104 0.4174 0.0907
6 1270.4000 0.0127 0.5082 0.0833
7 1478.6000 0.0148 0.5914 0.0766
8 1670.2000 0.0167 0.6681 0.0686
9 1841.7000 0.0184 0.7367 0.0540
10 1976.6000 0.0198 0.7906 0.0510
11 2104.2000 0.0210 0.8417 0.0461
12 2219.4000 0.0222 0.8878 0.0426
13 2325.9000 0.0233 0.9304 0.0401
14 2426.1000 0.0243 0.9704 0.0369
15 2518.4000 0.0252 1.0074 0.0343
16 2604.2000 0.0260 1.0417 0.0297
17 2678.4000 0.0268 1.0714 0.0294
18 2751.9000 0.0275 1.1008 0.0263
19 2817.6000 0.0282 1.1270 0.0238
20 2877.0000 0.0288 1.1508 0.0217
21 2931.3000 0.0293 1.1725 0.0172
22 2974.3000 0.0297 1.1897 0.0182
23 3019.7000 0.0302 1.2079 0.0161
24 3060.0000 0.0306 1.2240 0.0159
25 3099.8000 0.0310 1.2399 0.0136
26 3133.8000 0.0313 1.2535 0.0122
27 3164.3000 0.0316 1.2657 0.0118
28 3193.8000 0.0319 1.2775 0.0106
29 3220.4000 0.0322 1.2882 0.0103
30 3246.1000 0.0325 1.2984 0.0064
31 3262.0000 0.0326 1.3048 0.0080
32 3282.1000 0.0328 1.3128 0.0079
33 3301.8000 0.0330 1.3207 0.0070
34 3319.3000 0.0332 1.3277 0.0059
35 3334.1000 0.0333 1.3336 0.0062
36 3349.5000 0.0335 1.3398 0.0064
37 3365.4000 0.0337 1.3462 0.0051

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 38 3378.1000 0.0338 1.3512 0.0050
39 3390.7000 0.0339 1.3563 0.0042
40 3401.2000 0.0340 1.3605 0.0016
41 3405.1000 0.0341 1.3620 0.0039
42 3414.8000 0.0341 1.3659 0.0037
43 3424.0000 0.0342 1.3696 0.0029
44 3431.3000 0.0343 1.3725 0.0033
45 3439.5000 0.0344 1.3758

Table 2.2.1: Data of Experiment A (Reactor 1)

Reactor 2
Residence
Concentration
Time, t (min) Conductivity Cumulative Time
of Tracer, C(t)
(µS) Distribution F(t) Distribution,
(M)
E(t) (min-1)
0 78.4000 0.0008 0.0314 0.0120
1 108.5000 0.0011 0.0434 0.0173
2 151.8000 0.0015 0.0607 0.0215
3 205.6000 0.0021 0.0822 0.0265
4 271.9000 0.0027 0.1088 0.0274
5 340.3000 0.0034 0.1361 0.0326
6 421.8000 0.0042 0.1687 0.0330
7 504.4000 0.0050 0.2018 0.0340
8 589.5000 0.0059 0.2358 0.0337
9 673.8000 0.0067 0.2695 0.0324
10 754.9000 0.0075 0.3020 0.0331
11 837.6000 0.0084 0.3350 0.0328
12 919.6000 0.0092 0.3678 0.0318
13 999.1000 0.0100 0.3996 0.0310
14 1076.7000 0.0108 0.4307 0.0299
15 1151.5000 0.0115 0.4606 0.0288
16 1223.4000 0.0122 0.4894 0.0258
17 1287.9000 0.0129 0.5152 0.0279
18 1357.7000 0.0136 0.5431 0.0253
19 1420.9000 0.0142 0.5684 0.0242
20 1481.4000 0.0148 0.5926 0.0240
21 1541.4000 0.0154 0.6166 0.0203
22 1592.1000 0.0159 0.6368 0.0213
23 1645.4000 0.0165 0.6582 0.0207
24 1697.2000 0.0170 0.6789 0.0180
25 1742.1000 0.0174 0.6968 0.0188
26 1789.2000 0.0179 0.7157 0.0186
27 1835.7000 0.0184 0.7343 0.0154
28 1874.2000 0.0187 0.7497 0.0159

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 29 1913.9000 0.0191 0.7656 0.0139
30 1948.7000 0.0195 0.7795 0.0145
31 1985.0000 0.0199 0.7940 0.0133
32 2018.2000 0.0202 0.8073 0.0114
33 2046.8000 0.0205 0.8187 0.0128
34 2078.7000 0.0208 0.8315 0.0105
35 2104.9000 0.0210 0.8420 0.0109
36 2132.1000 0.0213 0.8528 0.0088
37 2154.0000 0.0215 0.8616 0.0100
38 2179.1000 0.0218 0.8716 0.0084
39 2200.0000 0.0220 0.8800 0.0080
40 2220.0000 0.0222 0.8880 0.0068
41 2236.9000 0.0224 0.8948 0.0081
42 2257.2000 0.0226 0.9029 0.0079
43 2277.0000 0.0228 0.9108 0.0066
44 2293.4000 0.0229 0.9174 0.0047
45 2305.1000 0.0231 0.9220

Table 2.2.2: Data of Experiment A (Reactor 2)

Reactor 3
Residence
Concentration
Time, t (min) Conductivity Cumulative Time
of Tracer, C(t)
(µS) Distribution F(t) Distribution,
(M)
E(t) (min-1)
0 142.5000 0.0014 0.0570 -0.0001
1 142.3000 0.0014 0.0569 0.0002
2 142.7000 0.0014 0.0571 -0.0003
3 142.0000 0.0014 0.0568 0.0017
4 146.3000 0.0015 0.0585 0.0042
5 156.7000 0.0016 0.0627 0.0056
6 170.8000 0.0017 0.0683 0.0093
7 194.0000 0.0019 0.0776 0.0112
8 221.9000 0.0022 0.0888 0.0152
9 260.0000 0.0026 0.1040 0.0151
10 297.8000 0.0030 0.1191 0.0161
11 338.1000 0.0034 0.1352 0.0190
12 385.5000 0.0039 0.1542 0.0192
13 433.5000 0.0043 0.1734 0.0202
14 484.0000 0.0048 0.1936 0.0220
15 539.0000 0.0054 0.2156 0.0206
16 590.5000 0.0059 0.2362 0.0219
17 645.2000 0.0065 0.2581 0.0225
18 701.5000 0.0070 0.2806 0.0210

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 19 753.9000 0.0075 0.3016 0.0246
20 815.3000 0.0082 0.3261 0.0204
21 866.3000 0.0087 0.3465 0.0238
22 925.9000 0.0093 0.3704 0.0206
23 977.4000 0.0098 0.3910 0.0217
24 1031.6000 0.0103 0.4126 0.0222
25 1087.0000 0.0109 0.4348 0.0213
26 1140.3000 0.0114 0.4561 0.0162
27 1180.9000 0.0118 0.4724 0.0238
28 1240.5000 0.0124 0.4962 0.0194
29 1288.9000 0.0129 0.5156 0.0184
30 1334.9000 0.0133 0.5340 0.0175
31 1378.7000 0.0138 0.5515 0.0169
32 1421.0000 0.0142 0.5684 0.0189
33 1468.3000 0.0147 0.5873 0.0173
34 1511.5000 0.0151 0.6046 0.0176
35 1555.5000 0.0156 0.6222 0.0146
36 1592.0000 0.0159 0.6368 0.0132
37 1624.9000 0.0162 0.6500 0.0138
38 1659.3000 0.0166 0.6637 0.0140
39 1694.3000 0.0169 0.6777 0.0143
40 1730.0000 0.0173 0.6920 0.0128
41 1761.9000 0.0176 0.7048 0.0130
42 1794.4000 0.0179 0.7178 0.0143
43 1830.1000 0.0183 0.7320 0.0079
44 1849.9000 0.0185 0.7400 0.0101
45 1875.2000 0.0188 0.7501

Table 2.2.3: Data of Experiment A, Reactor 3

Experiment A
Time (min) FT1(ml/min) Residence Time (s)
0 147.0000 11.9048
1 146.9000 11.9129
2 152.8000 11.4529
3 155.2000 11.2758
4 154.3000 11.3415
5 155.6000 11.2468
6 159.3000 10.9856
7 158.4000 11.0480
8 159.1000 10.9994
9 157.8000 11.0900
10 157.5000 11.1111
11 157.9000 11.0830
12 156.4000 11.1893

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13 154.7000 11.3122
14 150.9000 11.5971
15 152.4000 11.4829
16 150.2000 11.6511
17 150.5000 11.6279
18 150.4000 11.6356
19 148.1000 11.8163
20 147.6000 11.8564
21 146.0000 11.9863
22 145.3000 12.0440
23 145.8000 12.0027
24 143.6000 12.1866
25 145.1000 12.0606
26 144.0000 12.1528
27 144.0000 12.1528
28 142.4000 12.2893
29 141.7000 12.3500
30 140.4000 12.4644
31 140.0000 12.5000
32 139.8000 12.5179
33 137.4000 12.7365
34 136.2000 12.8488
35 135.2000 12.9438
36 135.6000 12.9056
37 134.3000 13.0305
38 132.6000 13.1976
39 132.7000 13.1876
40 131.6000 13.2979
41 130.9000 13.3690
42 130.8000 13.3792
43 130.9000 13.3690
44 129.5000 13.5135
45 130.1000 13.4512
46 129.2000 13.5449

Table 2.2.4: Table of flow rate and residence time for experiment A

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 E(t)(min^-1) vs TIME (min)
0.1200

RESIDENCE TIME E(t)/min

0.1000
0.0800
0.0600 REACTOR 1
0.0400 REACTOR 2
0.0200 REACTOR 3
0.0000
0 10 20 30 40 50
-0.0200
TIME (min)

Graph 2.2.1: RTD for experiment A for reactors 1, 2 and 3

CONCENTRATION (M) vs TIME(min)

0.0400
CONCENTRATION (M)

0.0350
0.0300
0.0250
0.0200 REACTOR 1
0.0150 REACTOR 2
0.0100
0.0050 REACTOR 3
0.0000
0 10 20 30 40 50
TIME (min)

Graph 2.2.2: Graph of concentration vs time for experiment A for reactors 1, 2 and 3

FLOW RATE VS TIME

170.0000
160.0000
FLOW RATE(ml/min)

150.0000
140.0000
130.0000
Experiment A
120.0000
110.0000
100.0000
0 10 20 30 40 50
TIME (min)

Graph 2.2.3: Graph of flow rate vs time for experiment A

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 REACTOR 1
Numerical Residence
Concentration
Evaluation Time
Time, t (min) Conductivity (µS) of Tracer, C(t)
of Distribution,
(M)
ʃC(t) dt E(t) (min-1)
0 30.2000 0.0003 0 0
1 38.2000 0.0004 0.0008 0.0082
2 61.1000 0.0006 0.0132
3 155.2000 0.0016 0.0030 0.0334
4 222.6000 0.0022 0.0480
5 214.6000 0.0021 0.0043 0.0463
6 200.8000 0.0020 0.0433
7 188.7000 0.0019 0.0038 0.0407
8 176.2000 0.0018 0.0380
9 165.3000 0.0017 0.0033 0.0356
10 155.5000 0.0016 0.0335
11 144.8000 0.0014 0.0029 0.0312
12 137.2000 0.0014 0.0296
13 129.8000 0.0013 0.0026 0.0280
14 122.9000 0.0012 0.0265
15 115.0000 0.0012 0.0023 0.0248
16 109.3000 0.0011 0.0236
17 104.0000 0.0010 0.0021 0.0224
18 97.8000 0.0010 0.0211
19 93.3000 0.0009 0.0019 0.0201
20 89.2000 0.0009 0.0192
21 85.3000 0.0009 0.0017 0.0184
22 81.4000 0.0008 0.0175
23 78.5000 0.0008 0.0016 0.0169
24 74.5000 0.0007 0.0161
25 71.6000 0.0007 0.0014 0.0154
26 69.9000 0.0007 0.0151
27 66.5000 0.0007 0.0013 0.0143
28 64.8000 0.0006 0.0140
29 62.0000 0.0006 0.0012 0.0134
30 60.8000 0.0006 0.0131
31 58.5000 0.0006 0.0012 0.0126
32 56.9000 0.0006 0.0123
33 56.2000 0.0006 0.0011 0.0121
34 54.0000 0.0005 0.0116
35 52.3000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0113
36 51.0000 0.0005 0.0110
37 51.1000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0110
38 50.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0108

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 39 48.9000 0.0005 0.0105
40 47.2000 0.0005 0.0102
41 47.1000 0.0005 0.0009 0.0102
42 45.8000 0.0005 0.0099
43 46.0000 0.0005 0.0009 0.0099
44 45.3000 0.0005 0.0098
45 45.4000 0.0005 0.0009 0.0098
46 45.4000 0.0005 0.0098
47 43.6000 0.0004 0.0009 0.0094
48 43.8000 0.0004 0.0094
49 42.0000 0.0004 0.0008 0.0091
50 42.1000 0.0004 0.0091
51 42.1000 0.0004 0.0008 0.0091
52 42.1000 0.0004 0.0091
53 42.1000 0.0004 0.0008 0.0091
54 41.5000 0.0004 0.0089
55 41.5000 0.0004 0.0007 0.0089
Area under the
curve 0.0464
Table 2.3.1: Data of Experiment B (Reactor 1)

REACTOR 2
Numerical Residence
Conductivity (µS) Concentration
Time, t (min) Evaluation Time
of Tracer, C(t)
of Distribution,
(M)
ʃC(t) dt E(t) (min-1)
0 82.2000 0.0008 0 0
1 82.2000 0.0008 0.0016 0.0089
2 81.0000 0.0008 0.0018 0.0087
3 89.7000 0.0009 0.0097
4 112.8000 0.0011 0.0028 0.0122
5 141.7000 0.0014 0.0153
6 168.1000 0.0017 0.0038 0.0181
7 188.9000 0.0019 0.0204
8 206.8000 0.0021 0.0044 0.0223
9 220.7000 0.0022 0.0238
10 230.4000 0.0023 0.0048 0.0249
11 238.5000 0.0024 0.0257
12 244.3000 0.0024 0.0049 0.0264
13 246.8000 0.0025 0.0266
14 248.5000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0268
15 249.7000 0.0025 0.0269
16 247.5000 0.0025 0.0049 0.0267

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 17 245.8000 0.0025 0.0265
18 243.0000 0.0024 0.0048 0.0262
19 239.0000 0.0024 0.0258
20 233.8000 0.0023 0.0046 0.0252
21 229.8000 0.0023 0.0248
22 225.2000 0.0023 0.0044 0.0243
23 221.3000 0.0022 0.0239
24 214.3000 0.0021 0.0042 0.0231
25 209.2000 0.0021 0.0226
26 204.5000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0221
27 198.8000 0.0020 0.0214
28 193.6000 0.0019 0.0037 0.0209
29 186.8000 0.0019 0.0202
30 181.5000 0.0018 0.0035 0.0196
31 174.6000 0.0017 0.0188
32 170.7000 0.0017 0.0033 0.0184
33 164.9000 0.0016 0.0178
34 160.9000 0.0016 0.0031 0.0174
35 155.1000 0.0016 0.0167
36 150.0000 0.0015 0.0029 0.0162
37 145.9000 0.0015 0.0157
38 142.5000 0.0014 0.0028 0.0154
39 137.3000 0.0014 0.0148
40 134.4000 0.0013 0.0026 0.0145
41 129.8000 0.0013 0.0140
42 126.4000 0.0013 0.0025 0.0136
43 123.5000 0.0012 0.0133
44 119.4000 0.0012 0.0023 0.0129
45 116.5000 0.0012 0.0126
46 113.4000 0.0011 0.0022 0.0122
47 111.4000 0.0011 0.0120
48 109.1000 0.0011 0.0021 0.0118
49 105.8000 0.0011 0.0114
50 103.9000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0112
51 101.0000 0.0010 0.0109
52 101.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0109
53 98.7000 0.0010 0.0106
54 97.0000 0.0010 0.0016 0.0105
55 94.7000 0.0009 0.0102
Area under the 0.0927
curve

Table 2.3.2: Data of Experiment B (Reactor 2)

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 REACTOR 3
Numerical Residence
Concentration of Evaluation Time
Time, t (min) Conductivity (µS)
Tracer, C(t) (M) of Distribution,
ʃC(t) dt E(t) (min-1)
0 153.6000 0.0015 0 0
1 153.6000 0.0015 0.0031 0.0146
2 149.3000 0.0015 0.0142
3 146.3000 0.0015 0.0029 0.0139
4 147.8000 0.0015 0.0141
5 147.0000 0.0015 0.0030 0.0140
6 149.4000 0.0015 0.0142
7 153.0000 0.0015 0.0030 0.0146
8 153.4000 0.0015 0.0146
9 159.8000 0.0016 0.0032 0.0152
10 167.2000 0.0017 0.0159
11 176.4000 0.0018 0.0035 0.0168
12 181.5000 0.0018 0.0173
13 184.8000 0.0018 0.0037 0.0176
14 190.9000 0.0019 0.0182
15 200.1000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0191
16 206.3000 0.0021 0.0196
17 207.6000 0.0021 0.0042 0.0198
18 212.4000 0.0021 0.0202
19 215.1000 0.0022 0.0043 0.0205
20 218.7000 0.0022 0.0208
21 221.3000 0.0022 0.0044 0.0211
22 222.8000 0.0022 0.0212
23 227.2000 0.0023 0.0045 0.0216
24 224.4000 0.0022 0.0214
25 227.5000 0.0023 0.0045 0.0217
26 227.1000 0.0023 0.0216
27 224.6000 0.0022 0.0045 0.0214
28 222.1000 0.0022 0.0212
29 220.7000 0.0022 0.0044 0.0210
30 222.1000 0.0022 0.0212
31 218.7000 0.0022 0.0044 0.0208
32 218.4000 0.0022 0.0208
33 213.9000 0.0021 0.0043 0.0204
34 212.6000 0.0021 0.0202
35 210.0000 0.0021 0.0042 0.0200
36 206.3000 0.0021 0.0196
37 202.0000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0192
38 200.5000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0191

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 39 197.7000 0.0020 0.0188
40 193.8000 0.0019 0.0185
41 191.3000 0.0019 0.0038 0.0182
42 185.5000 0.0019 0.0177
43 183.2000 0.0018 0.0037 0.0174
44 179.7000 0.0018 0.0171
45 178.8000 0.0018 0.0036 0.0170
46 173.9000 0.0017 0.0166
47 170.9000 0.0017 0.0034 0.0163
48 171.3000 0.0017 0.0163
49 168.1000 0.0017 0.0034 0.0160
50 166.5000 0.0017 0.0159
51 164.8000 0.0016 0.0033 0.0157
52 161.4000 0.0016 0.0154
53 158.5000 0.0016 0.0032 0.0151
54 156.6000 0.0016 0.0149
55 155.0000 0.0016 0.0026 0.0148
Area under the
curve 0.1050

Table 2.3.3: Data of Experiment B (Reactor 3)

18 | P a g e
 Experiment B
Time (min) FT1 (ml/min) Residence Time (s)
0 148.0000 11.8243
1 147.8000 11.8403
2 148.0000 11.8243
3 148.7000 11.7687
4 141.6000 12.3588
5 141.5000 12.3675
6 150.5000 11.6279
7 149.5000 11.7057
8 149.9000 11.6744
9 149.9000 11.6744
10 149.2000 11.7292
11 149.0000 11.7450
12 148.5000 11.7845
13 150.8000 11.6048
14 151.8000 11.5283
15 151.9000 11.5207
16 151.4000 11.5588
17 151.2000 11.5741
18 151.3000 11.5664
19 149.8000 11.6822
20 150.2000 11.6511
21 150.4000 11.6356
22 148.0000 11.8243
23 147.8000 11.8403
24 148.4000 11.7925
25 146.6000 11.9372
26 157.1000 11.1394
27 154.3000 11.3415
28 155.8000 11.2323
29 155.3000 11.2685
30 154.0000 11.3636
31 154.4000 11.3342
32 153.8000 11.3784
33 155.6000 11.2468
34 154.2000 11.3489
35 153.0000 11.4379
36 155.8000 11.2323
37 155.7000 11.2396
38 154.4000 11.3342
39 154.7000 11.3122
40 154.6000 11.3195
41 153.9000 11.3710

19 | P a g e
42 155.1000 11.2830
43 153.7000 11.3858
44 154.9000 11.2976
45 153.1000 11.4304
46 154.1000 11.3563
47 154.6000 11.3195
48 153.2000 11.4230
49 154.2000 11.3489
50 152.9000 11.4454
51 153.7000 11.3858
52 152.9000 11.4454
53 153.4000 11.4081
54 153.3000 11.4155
55 152.1000 11.5056

Table 2.3.4: Table of flow rate and residence time for experiment B

20 | P a g e
 E(t)(min^-1) vs TIME (min)

RESIDENCE TIME E(t)/min

0.0600
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300 REACTOR 1
0.0200
REACTOR 2
0.0100
REACTOR 3
0.0000
0 20 40 60
TIME (min)

Graph 2.3.1: RTD for experiment B for reactors 1, 2 and 3

CONCENTRATION (M) vs TIME

(min)
0.0040
CONCENTRATION (M)

0.0030

0.0020 REACTOR 1

0.0010 REACTOR 2
REACTOR 3
0.0000
0 20 40 60
TIME (min)

Graph 2.3.2: Graph of concentration vs time for experiment B for reactors 1, 2 and 3

FLOW RATE VS TIME

160.0000
FLOW RATE(ml/min)

150.0000
140.0000
130.0000
120.0000 Experiment B
110.0000
100.0000
0 20 40 60
TIME (min)

Graph 2.3.3: Graph of flow rate vs time for experiment B

21 | P a g e
 REACTOR 3
Residence
Numerical
Conductivity Concentration of Time
Time, t (min) Evaluation of
(µS) Tracer, C(t) (M) Distribution,
ʃC(t) dt
E(t) (min-1)
0 82.4000 0.0008 0 0
0.5 82.4000 0.0008 0.0008 0.0069
1 80.7000 0.0008 0.0068
1.5 80.6000 0.0008 0.0009 0.0068
2 118.3000 0.0012 0.0099
2.5 207.5000 0.0021 0.0021 0.0174
3 294.0000 0.0029 0.0246
3.5 364.9000 0.0036 0.0035 0.0306
4 374.6000 0.0037 0.0314
4.5 371.2000 0.0037 0.0037 0.0311
5 362.7000 0.0036 0.0304
5.5 352.3000 0.0035 0.0035 0.0295
6 342.7000 0.0034 0.0287
6.5 330.6000 0.0033 0.0033 0.0277
7 322.0000 0.0032 0.0270
7.5 311.1000 0.0031 0.0031 0.0261
8 300.8000 0.0030 0.0252
8.5 291.3000 0.0029 0.0029 0.0244
9 281.6000 0.0028 0.0236
9.5 272.7000 0.0027 0.0027 0.0228
10 265.3000 0.0027 0.0222
10.5 256.1000 0.0026 0.0026 0.0214
11 248.2000 0.0025 0.0208
11.5 241.2000 0.0024 0.0024 0.0202
12 233.2000 0.0023 0.0195
12.5 227.4000 0.0023 0.0023 0.0190
13 220.6000 0.0022 0.0185
13.5 214.4000 0.0021 0.0021 0.0180
14 208.6000 0.0021 0.0175
14.5 202.1000 0.0020 0.0020 0.0169
15 197.7000 0.0020 0.0166
15.5 192.5000 0.0019 0.0019 0.0161
16 186.8000 0.0019 0.0156
16.5 180.5000 0.0018 0.0018 0.0151
17 175.7000 0.0018 0.0147
17.5 170.7000 0.0017 0.0017 0.0143
18 167.9000 0.0017 0.0141
18.5 162.7000 0.0016 0.0016 0.0136
19 159.3000 0.0016 0.0016 0.0133

22 | P a g e
 19.5 155.9000 0.0016 0.0131
20 153.0000 0.0015 0.0128
20.5 149.5000 0.0015 0.0015 0.0125
21 146.7000 0.0015 0.0123
21.5 143.9000 0.0014 0.0016 0.0121
22 223.8000 0.0022 0.0187
22.5 318.2000 0.0032 0.0032 0.0266
23 423.0000 0.0042 0.0354
23.5 509.1000 0.0051 0.0051 0.0426
24 603.9000 0.0060 0.0506
24.5 678.3000 0.0068 0.0067 0.0568
25 674.3000 0.0067 0.0565
25.5 656.0000 0.0066 0.0066 0.0549
26 635.4000 0.0064 0.0532
26.5 613.7000 0.0061 0.0061 0.0514
27 590.7000 0.0059 0.0495
27.5 569.0000 0.0057 0.0057 0.0477
28 549.0000 0.0055 0.0460
28.5 531.2000 0.0053 0.0053 0.0445
29 509.4000 0.0051 0.0427
29.5 493.5000 0.0049 0.0049 0.0413
30 474.6000 0.0047 0.0397
30.5 456.9000 0.0046 0.0046 0.0383
31 440.7000 0.0044 0.0369
31.5 424.2000 0.0042 0.0042 0.0355
32 409.8000 0.0041 0.0343
32.5 395.0000 0.0040 0.0040 0.0331
33 381.2000 0.0038 0.0319
33.5 368.0000 0.0037 0.0037 0.0308
34 355.5000 0.0036 0.0298
34.5 343.4000 0.0034 0.0034 0.0288
35 332.5000 0.0033 0.0278
35.5 321.7000 0.0032 0.0032 0.0269
36 309.6000 0.0031 0.0259
36.5 301.9000 0.0030 0.0030 0.0253
37 291.8000 0.0029 0.0244
Area under the
curve 0.1194

Table 2.4.1: Table of data for experiment C

23 | P a g e
 Experiment C
Time (min) FT1 (ml/min) Residence Time (s)
0 150.2000 11.6511
1 150.1000 11.6589
2 151.3000 11.5664
3 136.6000 12.8111
4 136.0000 12.8676
5 138.5000 12.6354
6 151.4000 11.5588
7 151.5000 11.5512
8 151.3000 11.5664
9 151.9000 11.5207
10 152.5000 11.4754
11 152.2000 11.4980
12 152.1000 11.5056
13 150.2000 11.6511
14 151.5000 11.5512
15 151.0000 11.5894
16 150.8000 11.6048
17 151.2000 11.5741
18 151.5000 11.5512
19 151.0000 11.5894
20 149.8000 11.6822
21 151.5000 11.5512
22 150.1000 11.6589
23 151.9000 11.5207
24 142.7000 12.2635
25 151.1000 11.5817
26 147.7000 11.8483
27 149.2000 11.7292
28 147.4000 11.8725
29 148.3000 11.8004
30 151.6000 11.5435
31 150.2000 11.6511
32 150.6000 11.6202
33 150.3000 11.6434
34 150.3000 11.6434
35 149.5000 11.7057
36 148.8000 11.7608
37 148.5000 11.7845

Table 2.4.2: Table of flow rate and residence time for experiment C

24 | P a g e
 E(t)(min^-1) vs TIME (min)

0.0800

RESIDENCE TIME E(t)/min

0.0600
0.0400
0.0200 REACTOR 3

0.0000
0 10 20 30 40
TIME (min)

Graph 2.4.1: RTD for experiment C

CONCENTRATION(M) vs TIME
(min)
0.0080
CONCENTRATION (M)

0.0060

0.0040

0.0020 REACTOR 3

0.0000
0 10 20 30 40
TIME (min)

Graph 2.4.2: Graph of concentration vs time for experiment C

FLOW RATE VS TIME

160.0000
FLOW RATE(ml/min)

150.0000
140.0000
130.0000
120.0000 Experiment C
110.0000
100.0000
0 10 20 30 40
TIME (min)

Graph 2.4.3: Graph of flow rate vs time for experiment C

25 | P a g e
Errors and Recommendations

From the experiment that we have conducted, there are several errors and misconducts

that lead to inaccurate results of the experiment. Therefore, it is necessary to have some

recommendations to overcome the errors.

I. Error: The value of flow rate of de-ionized water that should be 150ml/min

sometimes varies due to the presence of bubbles in the pipeline.

Recommendation: The bubbles in the pipe should be removed by flowing the water

through the pipe to bleed off any trap before the experiment is started.

II. Error: There are some impurities left in the reactor from the previous experiment

that affect the conductivity in the experiment.

Recommendation: The reactor should be cleaned before and after the experiment.

We have to make sure that nothing is left in the reactor and clean it with distilled

water.

III. Error: The preparation of the 0.025M NaCl is not prepared accurately as it required

high volume of solution which is 10L.

Recommendation: To produce an accurate concentration of NaCl solution, we

should use small scale instrument such as volumetric flask or measuring cylinder

instead of using 10L tank.

IV. Error: The data obtained from the monitor and the ADC modules device beside the

reactor has a slight difference.

Recommendation: To maintain consistency of the results, the data should be

focused on the monitor only.

26 | P a g e
3. DISCUSSION

The transient behaviour of 3 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors connected in series is

being studied by using two types of solutions: Deionized water and a 0.025M NaCl Solution.

The conductivity at one point in each of the three reactors is measured using conductivity

meter and from the conductivity we can calculate the concentration at this point using the

relation from the graph of concentration vs conductivity. Concentration values are used to

plot concentration vs time graph and to determine E(t) for plotting Residence Time

Distribution (RTD). The flow rate measured is used to plot flow rate vs time graph and to

determine residence time for plotting residence time vs time graph.

The theory of residence time distributions generally begins with three assumptions:

1. the reactor is at steady-state,

2. transports at the inlet and the outlet takes place only by advection, and
3. the flow is incompressible.

Solutions of 0.025M NaCl are prepared continuously to prevent the NaCl tank from

exhausted. The initial conductivity at t=0 was recorded when there’s minimal variation

detected from current interval to the next interval for each experiment.

27 | P a g e
Experiment A: The Effect of Step Change Input

In this experiment, step change is introduced to the system by introducing 0.025M

NaCl to the deionized water. After concentration is calculated, we obtain the concentration

graphs which show that concentration increases rapidly in reactor 1 followed by reactor 2

and then reactor 3. From the graph of concentration vs time graph, we can see that reactor

1 is the fastest to achieve the new nominal steady state value followed by reactor 2 and

then reactor 3. It means that reactor 1 is the most stable, sensitive to changes and well

mixed reactor. The smooth curves of all 3 reactors indicate that the continuous CSTR system

is well mixed.

From the RTD graph, which is a probability distribution function that describes the

amount of time a fluid element could spend inside the reactor, it can be concluded that reactor 1

is the most well mixed reactor because its exit age distribution has increased and decreased

rapidly as compared to reactor 2 and reactor 3 and it has the lowest residence time.

Experiment B: The Effect of Pulse Input

The transient behavior of concentration vs time graph in this experiment is different

from the previous one. This is because the process is introduced with a sudden step change

and then it returns to its original value. However, reactor 1 remains as the most stable and

sensitive reactor as its concentration increases rapidly and then it decreases rapidly back to

its original steady state. The concentration change becomes slower in reactor 2 and even

slower in reactor 3. The trend of graph for pulse change and step change is different

because in pulse change the injection period of NaCl was different. It is injected in one shot

in the reactor feed stream for only 20 seconds compared to step change which is injected

continuously into the reactor.

28 | P a g e
 The RTD graph of experiment B is similar to that of experiment A, signifying that

reactor 1 is the most well mixed reactor.

Experiment C: The Investigation on Dead Time Coil

In this experiment, pulse input was introduced to the process by allowing a fraction

of NaCl solution flowing through the dead time coil. As a result, we can see that the

concentration vs time graph has a longer time delay and it is slower to react towards the

changes. This indicates a non-ideal CSTR and is similar to the existence of stagnation zone in

a real reactor in which rapid mixing is impossible to be achieved. The residence time

distribution curve also deviates from the ideal exponential decay.

Weaknesses & Possible Method to Improve

Throughout the experiment, one of the most significant weakness is the time for the

conductivity to reach its initial nominal steady state value and in fact it keeps fluctuating

from time to time. One of the reasons might be the deionized water is not well mixed in the

tank so the possible way to improve this weakness is to install baffle to promote mixing

before the deionized water flows into CSTR.

29 | P a g e
4. CONCLUSION

Throughout this CSTR Dynamic Experiment, we are able to observe and study the

transient behaviour of the CSTR system and also to analyse how the real & ideal model

deviates from each other. Besides, we are able to determine the concentration values using

linear equation from the graph of concentration vs conductivity.

From the experiment A, in which step change is employed, it results in a

concentration graph and RTD curve that show that reactor 1 is the fastest to achieve the

new nominal steady state value followed by reactor 2 and then reactor 3, signifying that

reactor 1 is the most stable and best mixed reactor among all. However, for experiment B in

which pulse input is introduced, the transient behaviour is different as the there’s only

sudden change and the process returns into its original steady state value after the sudden

change. The concentration graph and RTD curve of experiment B also shows that reactor 1 is

the most well mixed reactor. We also notice that the concentration change becomes slower

in reactor 2 and even slower in reactor 3. Residence time of reactor 1 is the lowest showing

it is the best mixed reactor.

From experiment c, we managed to identify the transient behaviour of the system

which is analogous to the real reactor in which stagnation zone exists. We found that there

is a longer time delay resulted and the RTD curve deviates from the ideal exponential decay.

It means that real reactor is impossible to present a well-mixed and ideal behaviour due to

stagnation factor and other possible disturbances.

Although there’s some deviation in the experimental results from the theoretical

results, it can be improved by employing some methods to improve the system and reduce

30 | P a g e
errors especially the instability of the conductivity and presence of impurities. All in all, the

objectives of the experiment are achieved.

31 | P a g e
REFERENCES

Leckner, Bo; Ghirelli, Frederico (2004). "Transport equation for local residence time of a

fluid.” Science Direct 59 (3): 513–523.

Nauman, E. Bruce (2004). "Residence Time Distributions". Handbook of Industrial Mixing:

Science and Practice. Wiley Interscience. pp. 1–17.

Levenspiel, O. (1972). Chemical Reaction Engineering, John Wiley.

Fogler, H.S. (1999). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall

PTR.

Smith, J.M., (1981). Chemical Engineering Kinetics, McGraw Hill.

Astarita, G. (1967). Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction, Elsevier.

32 | P a g e
APPENDICES

1. Preparation of 0.025M(10L) NaCl solution

M=58.44 g/mol

𝑔 𝑋
58.44 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.025

1.461𝑔
𝑋=( ) (10𝐿) = 14.61𝑔
𝐿

14.61g is the amount of solid NaCl needed to prepare 0.025M Nacl solution

2. The residence time is given by :

𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝜏=
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑣 1750
𝜏= = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄(𝑡) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑎 𝑄(𝑡)

3. Determination of concentration of tracer by the given value of conduction, C(t).

The graph of molarity vs. conduction is plotted using the given data as shown in

Table 2.1.

From the graph, the relation of concentration with conduction is given by:

y=0.00001x that pass through origin

note that: y-concentration

x-conductivity

Experiment A: The Effect of Step Change Input

Step 1 : Determine the concentration using experimentally-obtained conduction data, C(t)

From the graph, y=0.00001X - C(t)= 0.00001 x conduction

33 | P a g e
 𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)1 = 0.00001 ×0𝜇𝑠 =0𝑀
𝜇𝑠

𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)2 = 0.00001 × 65.3𝜇 𝑠 = 0.000653 𝑀
𝜇𝑠

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

Step 2: Calculation of cumulative distribution, F(t)

𝐶
Given that F(t)= 𝐶𝑇
0

Where 𝐶0 = 0.025

𝐶 𝑇 0 0.000653
F(t)=0.025 F(𝑡1 )=0.025=0 F(𝑡2 )= =0.02612
0.025

Step 3: Calculation of residence time, E(t)

𝑑𝐹(𝑡1 ) 0.02612−0
E(𝑡1 )= = =0.02612
𝑑𝑡 2−1

𝑑𝐹(𝑡2 ) 0.11812−0.02612
E(𝑡2 )= = =0.092
𝑑𝑡 3−2

Experiment B: The Effect of Pulse Input

Step 1 : Determine the concentration using experimentally-obtained conduction data, C(t)

From the graph, y=0.00001X - C(t)= 0.00001 x conduction

𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)1 = 0.00001 × 38.2 𝜇 𝑠 = 0.000382 𝑀
𝜇𝑠

𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)2 = 0.00001 × 61.1𝜇 𝑠 = 0.000611 𝑀
𝜇𝑠

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

34 | P a g e
Step 2 : Numerical Evaluation of ∫ 𝑪(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕

ℎ 𝑏−𝑎
Given ∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 3 [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ] = ∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
3

At t=1

𝑏−𝑎
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
3

2−1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶0 + 4𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ]
3

1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 3 [0.0003 + 4(0.000382) + 0.000611]

= 0.0008

At t=2

𝑏−𝑎
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
3

2−1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
3

1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 3 [0.000611 + 4(0.001552) + 0.002226]

= 0.003015

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

∞
∴ ∫ 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶(𝑡) = 0.0464
0

35 | P a g e
Step 3 : Calculation of Residence Time Distribution (RTD),E(t).

𝐶𝑡
Given that the relation of RTD by : 𝐸(𝑡) = ∞
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

At t=1

𝐶𝑡 𝐶 𝑡1
= 𝐸(𝑡1 ) = ∞ = 0.046322
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑡1 0.000382
=0.046322 = 0.0464

= 0.0082

At t=2

𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑡2
= 𝐸(𝑡2 ) = ∞ = 0.046322
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑡2 0.000611
=0.046322 = 0.0464

= 0.0132

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

36 | P a g e
Experiment C: The Investigation on Dead Time Coil

Step 1 : Determine the concentration using experimentally-obtained conduction data, C(t)

From the graph, y=0.00001X - C(t)= 0.00001 x conduction

𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)1 = 0.0001 × 82.4 𝜇 𝑠 = 0.000824 𝑀
𝜇𝑠

𝑀
𝐶(𝑡)2 = 0.0001 × 80.47𝜇 𝑠 = 0.000807 𝑀
𝜇𝑠

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

Step 2 : Numerical Evaluation of ∫ 𝑪(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕

ℎ 𝑎−𝑏
Given ∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 6 [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ] = ∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
6

At t=1

𝑎−𝑏
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
6

2−1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶0 + 4𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ]
6

1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 6 [0.0008 + 4(0.0008) + 0.0008]

= 0.0008

At t=2

𝑎−𝑏
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶𝑡−∆𝑡 + 4𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡+∆𝑡 ]
6

2−1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
6

1
=∫ 𝐶(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 6 [0.0008 + 4(0.0008) + 0.0008]

37 | P a g e
= 0.0009

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

∞
∴ ∫ 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶(𝑡) = 0.1194
0

Step 3 : Calculation of Residence Time Distribution (RTD),E(t).

𝐶𝑡
Given that the relation of RTD by : 𝐸(𝑡) = ∞
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

At t=1

𝐶𝑡 𝐶 𝑡1
= 𝐸(𝑡1 ) = ∞ = 0.1193
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑡1 0.000824
=0.1193 = 0.1194

= 0.0069

At t=2

𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑡2
= 𝐸(𝑡2 ) = ∞ = 0.1193
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶 𝑡1 0.000807
=0.1193 = 0.1193

= 0.0068

The rest of the calculations are evaluated in the table.

38 | P a g e