Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Construction
Design
History
Birkhauser
Contents
lc-rrain
18 Retrospective
Cabl Bridges
214
Footbridges
248
References
250
Index
255
Picture Credits
Er nst Werner com me nte d succi nc tly : "It is the fate of bridges th at
serv e only th e ped estrian sim ply to be overl ooked in th e chrono logy of
br idgebuilding." It was not until th e new m illennium that th is began to
change somewhat
Approach
This book pr esents arou nd
90
"late nt ", we mean that we have not blindl y foll ow ed th eir exact dat es,
bri dges car r ied out in th e German Nati onal Library at th e beginning of
20 0 7
2, 5 0 0
particula r per iod s, while other appr oac hes to deSign belon g to ages with a
huge discr epancy in the results is partly explaine d by the fact that bridges
have a gr eat metaphorical and symbo lic value , and thu s appe ar in count-
dam aged townscape, and at yet anothe r th e br idge as a tech ni cal ar tefact
less titles relating to politics and soc iety. The lit erature on footbridges is
sparse at an int ernational level too . Apart from th e published pro ceed ing s
20 0 5,
mad e to focus exclusively on this sm all and impressively var ied type of
str uct ure . With this book , we hop e to have mad e a mod est star t .
T he idea of writing a book about bridges that ar e for th e sole use of
peopl e on foot - or at m ost on bicycles - excite d us grea tly. We hop e th at
take into acco unt th e complex int erplay bet ween t hem.
The speciali st knowledge of the struct ural eng inee r co mes to th e
fore in essays that ex plain th e technical aspects in stra ightfor wa rd and
under st and able langu age, so th at anybo dy ca n underst and th e aesth eti c
engi nee rs, architect s, land scape ar ch itect s and tow n planner s will find it
sti mulating , and that the lay reade r will find it ju st as appealing.
120
no space to dis cu ss in detail. We hop e it will provide a sta rting point for
co nstruct ion in Europe without being tied to any cur rent ideology or
rea de rs who want to disco ver more for th em selves aft er t h is fir st glimpse
do ct rine. Br idges that str ive for perfection as structures alone have as
Selection
Acknowledgements
hiding the fact that one of this book's authors works for Schlaich
Bergermann and Partners, a practice which to date has built more than
not been able to count on assistance from many quarters. For their
50 footbridges, but as a quick glance at the book will confirm, there was
appealed to us both (or to one of us, at least); bridges that are unequalled
Auyon Roy, Simone Hiibener and Andrea Wiegelmann, this book would
2007 -
2008.
and come back with seven. During the last few years he has taken new
overestimated.
2007
Bridges and
Pictures
At th e age of IS, with the fir st singl e-l ens reflex ca me ra of my ver y
expec t ing to find on the basis of th e source material. On my trav els, alm ost
every one I talked to about the objects of my inter est had a suggest ion to
make . And so the itinerary became ever longer and, at the sam e t im e,
course, it would be going too far to say that this was the origin of my
Do sw ald, from whos e ex pe r t ise I ben efited in Engl and and Switzerland.
med ium of photography was (re -)awakened 30 years later on, when I
It can, on the other hand, be quite frustrating to have to ask for in-
in my work. This changed with the building of the Storeba elt (Great Belt)
bridge in Denmark : I visit ed th e site many times between [996 and 1998
to record the exciting process of building what was, for a br ief period,
words like "susp ension cabl e", "con cret e" or "ne w" were of mu ch help in
th e susp ension bridge with th e long est fr ee span in the world . I managed
finding out which way to go . Not to m ention th e name of th e bridge 's en-
to get a lot of int eresting shots , some of which were shown in th e briicken-
gineer, Jiri Strasky. Ever yone who we asked direct ed us to a cabl e-stayed
schlag exhibition in
2004,
2000,
bridge, wh ich , although it was also called the Mill ennium Bridge, had
nothing in com mon with the one that I was looking for, except that it,
too, crossed th e River Medway - at th e other end of the town .
Int ernet route planners are also of limited use , since th eir purpose
tion about the Trav ersiner footbridge. At the same tim e, plans for this
th e decision that my camera and I should take an activ e part her e too .
but th ey ar e not alwa ys to hand - or, at least, not all of those that ar e
Vagli di Satt a, bridge by Riccard o Morandi. 5 June 2007, 12.20 and 13.27
of get t ing th ere . In ot her word s: th e next villag e , and not a bridge
old brid ge , how mu ch of it has sur vived and in what co nd it ion - and how
wh ich is set exqu isitely in th e land scap e . Th e fir st , whi ch I took sho r tl y
2 0 07 .
lc, Illay appc ar t o hang fro m its chains, but it is now suppo r ted in a
in th e previou s three yea rs. Did it perh aps cros s th e Ncrvion r iver ? In
swaying and oscill ating badl y - not dangerously so any more, but not
ever y sto m ach can co pe w ith it. Aft er a taking a fir st look around, I
check o ut th e bri dge . Go o n it ; look dow n. Walk across. Get dow n off it
at t he ot her side , if possibl e . See w hat is suppo r t ing it and how - t hen
next sur pr ise came hard o n its heels, wh en I t ra cked down th e place in
Bilbao where , acco rdi ng to t he hot el sta ff, th e bridge had o nce st ood .
20 0
bridges
t he abutme nts . Fir st I look , th en I t ake t he ph otos. The weat her and th e
plan e to cat ch at Heath row air por t . Even in r ain , the bridge it self m akes
Wilfried D ech au , 20 07
Cha racterization
(with all of the consequences that this involves for large-scale bridge
times less - and this is one of the aspects that make it so interesting to
study the footbridge on its own, as a type of bridge in its own right. In
a longer history than the road bridge, we need to look at when its typology
with ever-higher standards required for road and rail. These new, high-
live with the awkward fact that people react to oscillations and heights in
very different ways: some may become dizzy with euphoria, while others
changes and from this point onwards their development took a course of
one place to another. Only in very rare cases is it the thrill of danger, or
its own. After all, trains today may reach speeds of 400 km/h or more
and the volume of road traffic may require six, eight, or even ten lanes
them.
12
Characterization
Maki ng th ese shor tc uts not onl y safe enough even for sleepwalkers,
during their studies. Mer ely calling upon th e rep eatedly quot ed Vitruvian
should be st r uct urally sound , easy to maintain and che ap . All th e sam e, a
terms utilitas, firm itas and venustas is not of th e slight est help in enriching
lot more can be achi eved by paying attention to cr ite r ia such as an appro-
priate route , attractive view s, a co m for table environ ment and a memo-
a structure be useful and sta ble and beautiful mak es them selve s as
rable app earance. A footbr idge's balu strades , parapets , hand rails , surfac-
ing, niches and balconies should take into accou nt that people will not
helpful and good . Even when th ey do not app ear banal , Vitruvius' terms
onl y walk across it, but would also like to stop for a moment, lean against
it, rest on it, sit down and look around, or just be alon e - and tha t what-
ever th ey do, they will touch it . Thus, a footbridge does not remain just a
structural th eory as stude nts , but rarely devel op it into an ability to design
pla ce for a rendezvous and , finally, a landmark . Last but not least, light-
ing design has a prominent part to play, as pedestrians expe r ience night-
t ime illumination in a completely differ ent way from a car driver conce n -
trating on the road. W ith such a variety of tasks, standard solutions seldom
defend ing a source of income; the other is hungry for new one s.
prov e satisfa ctory. The basic types of structure as such ar e in no way adequ ate to meet all of th e differ ent requirem ents. In order to achi eve a de-
sign that is more than just the shortest way of con nec ti ng two points, it is
du e and we can recommend, both from our own expe r ience and in gen -
eral, aiming for amity and lively debate. The fact that the footbridge, such
th e ar chitect and the landscape designer also feel called upon to take over
rules and red tap e makes building a complicated and expensive business.
A simple suspension bridge (c. 1890) near Ardez in Switzerland. It can be crossed by only one person at a time.
13
14
Characten anon
design.
Dimensions
Most pedestrian bridges are narrow, with
TheThird Dimension
traffic.
pathways.
Load testing - where numerical calculations cannot replace the intuition and experience of the engineer, here on site for the construction of the footbridge in Sassnitz
15
16
Charactenzanon
Freedom of design
Bridge desig n has long been regarded asthe
covered footbridges.
the project.
Retros pective
Heinrich Heine
footbridges. The search for the origins of bridgebuilding has so far taken
more slowly and with greater immediacy on foot than they do in cars or
with a steady head for heights, small timber beam bridges and stone slab
walkways for people and animals, like those at Tarr, Exmoor, or in Post-
They do not replace each other in sequence, but rather add to a growing
wealth of design and structural concepts, which the present age can
20
Retrospective
canal and bridgebuilding from the hands of the ari sto cracy, tradesm en' s
innovation in large-scale bridge constr uction , th e footb rid ge has devel oped
associ ations and religious orders . His aim was to make it better and ,
along a re cognizably sepa rate path. The small-scale structure for human
abov e all , efficie nt , as part of a poli cy of centr aliz at ion under the absolute
be ings and animals g radually became som ething special. Build ing it
ment of an engineer ing corps, from which the l:cole Nationale des Ponts
et Ch aussees was later cre ate d . Man y parts of th e country be cam e mor e
th eoreti cal knowledge grew expo nent ially and economics put pr essure
France had number ed ar ou nd 600 , but by 1790, 400 more had been bu ilt,
of ro adbui lding and for t ress construct ion in th e 17th century; th ese
also an ext raordi nar ily tal ented organizer and an important contributor
(wh ich even now we keep wanting to see as an inviolate who le) and split it
with an axe that has continued in use to this day: eco nomics. Adm itted ly,
bec ame an aesthet ic cr iterion, the fir st step on a path that was to have
oyer reverenc e for Antiquity and the mod ern spir it of innovation th at
thi s da y. Ther e is, aft er all , no agreem ent about what a true construction
had broken out in liter ary cir cles half a ce nt ur y earl ier, was join ed by
T he aes t het ics of eco nomy and th e truth of co nst r uct ion were
niqu e for more acad emi c st ud ies. On th e cont ra ry: th e th eoret ical and
monk, C arlo Lodoli (16 90 -1761), who promoted th e opinion that arc h i-
pra cti cal branch es of th e new profession , t he eng inee r, drift ed eyer
furth er apart. 4
t hi n k of se par ate ly as engineer ing con str uc t ion) shou ld be func t io nal. In
his w ritings, Lodoli relates fun ct ion less to th e ar ran gem ent of spa ces th an
Truth of Construction
to o .\ It is also worth r em embering that a Jesuit sign ifican tly influen ced
st r uc t ural eng ineer ing professio n (in a narrow sense) was becoming
more sharply foc use d: intuition and ex pe r ience ; scienc e and eco no my.
m id-rxth century. In 17B , Marc Antoin e Laugi er, who was livin g in Pari s
(;rdon , Stu ck, 1994, p. 171'.
ibid. , p. X5"
6
lodoli
7 Sc-hu t te. Ul rich, Baumeister
It sho uld not be forgott en th at, for bridgebuilding espe cia lly,
way to visual appea rance had no part to play th ere , fun ctionality and
fulmina tes against pomp and di spla y and, taking as an exa mple a
effic iency being th e sole criteria for a way of building that event ually
tou chingly primitive hut co ns ist ing of four tree trunks , a pitched roo f and
21
22
Retrospective
gallico
p. 202fT.
23
Schaffhausen, 1795
Et her idge foll ow ed it so o n aft e r wa rds w ith a lar ger wood en br idge : Old
Walt o n Br idg e, which sur vives on ly' in th e w cll-kn own pai ntin g of it by
Ca nalet to from IH4 . It w as a lar ger vers ion of th e "m athemati cal bridge"
Soa ne and hi s assist ant s pain st aki ngly dre w th e covere d wood en
br id ges in Schaff haus en (1757 ) , Wettinge n (17(,0 ) and m any others t hat ,
[ l ie \\ '~ T k c
ruuhonmann, l ell'\" , P: V,
l'
1 1I 1" tln- v.u-icd n-an [c-r
,>1 d r'1\\ ing" o r hridg, {rom
' I I itN rl.lnd to fn glalld ,
" T :" ,H el l h' , :\ i, olJ.:Th,"
\ igh l" ,n th l '{'nt ur .\ l.urop c.m
r"]H lt'lt io ll oj t he (irubc-nm an n
1' I", ltl h T S. ill :
John
p. )d .
, Hum ", 11\1\\ .1["(1: lrom Julius
l ',W ";,l r t o
111(' Crubcnm.mn
zoo j ,
p. 19
... Bu rn ..., p. ?o
'I
'cra.k-l m an u , We rner:
1'1 '1 0 :
10
Kille-r.
19 "'+ .
p.n
lost almost all of th em along with his d rawing equ ipm ent. h As well as
br idge construct ion had mat ured to a sur pr ising deg ree in t he hand s of
inte r p lay be t wee n t he str uct ure and appea ra nce of a br idge an d t he
goo d e ng inee r, but a bad ar chi t ect , saying t hat th e Pont de Ne u illy
\ Villiam Coxc, ano t her Eng lishm an, in hi s sket ches a/ the
and Civil Stat e a/ SWitzerland (sic) , writes of t he bri dge in Sc haffha use n :
g row ing t ra d it io n of woo de n br idge co nst r uctio n , whi ch reac hed a peak
Ulr ich Grube nm ann (17 9 - 1783) a nd Joh ann es Gr ube nma nn ( 1707 -1771).9
br idges wa s ce rta in ly adva nced . The fir st han gin g t ru ss brid ge had been
uncom m onl y g r eat natu r al skilfu lne ss and an asto ni shing apt it ude for
mostly fro m
t he prac t ica l par t of m ech ani cs; he has prog r essed so e xce pt io nally far in
20
to
~o
24
Retrospective
Also worthy of note ar e th e Kumma bridge of 1720 in Hittisau and th e Rosanna bridge of 1765 in Streng en . Hans Ulrich Grubenmann , in particular, became astonishingly ambitious in spanning great distances with timber structures, be cause bridges with found ations in th e water were re peatedly wash ed away by floods . Only t wo of his bridges have survived in
the App cnzcll canton : the Urnasch bridge of 1778 , between Hundwil and
Herisau, and th e Urnasch bridge of 1780 , between Herisau and Stein im
Kubel. Both of them ar e narrow, covere d bridges with a span of around
30 m and ar e designed to carry horse -drawn traffic as well.' The structu-
of th eir str uct ure, which could only be seen from within - and then on ly
Teuf en .
with diffi culty in the dim light . To this day, it is precisely as footbridges
200~,
p. 47
25
26
Retrospective
It was an oth er project for a pe des t r ian bri dge th at gave Antoine
and w rought iro n in a co m bin ation of arc hes and susp ensio n bridge, wi th
furnaces in whi ch pig ir on was smelte d wer e fire d w ith woo d . T hey
a fr ee spa n of [00 m . J
desir e for techn ologi cal progress, co upled with t he ec onom ic pro spect s
Then , in 1709 , Abr aham D arb y (1678- 1717) had th e idea of firing t he
dep endent up on it. Perh aps surpr ising lv, t hese interest s played along
with th e arc hitect ural ex pectations of abso lut ist r ul ers up t o t he end of
1500 "C to be obtaine d. Th is produ ced r unny, m alleable iron for cas ti ng -
a mil estone for br idgebuilding, t oo , alt ho ugh th e iron thu s m anu factured
garde ns dem on st rate per fectl y. Before th e efficie ncy of iro n (an d lat er on ,
for a wooden bridge span n ing 30 m was built u sin g cas t -iron co m po ne nts
steel) was consis te ntly and m ethod ically improved , every kn own ty pe of
bridge had been in corp orated int o th e ran ge of availabl e design s for foo t -
Pari s
2000,
P:
2 11
Pont des Arts, built 1802-04 wit h nine arches; reconstructed in 1984 with seven arches, each span ning 22 m
27
Retrospective
28
Avington Park, around 5 km northeast of Winchester - iron bridqe, built c. 1845, repaired in 1996
":il~ ,
$.~
early 19th century. The maximum free spans that could be achieved with
sheer number of bridges and var iety of bridges in its design programme .
stability. All the same, bridges such as the Coalbrookdale Bridge were of
bridges and, above all, of th eir settings may well have been influenced by
the Ecole des Arts in Paris, later visiting Rom e to see its Classi cal and
the art of bridge deSign; there is a focus on aesthetic issues , which were
carefully composed gardens : visitors are led along a "beauty line" from
is still - or rather, onc e again - possible to see one of the best examples
one enchant ing view to another - and small bridges ar e an integral part
of this fashion for footbridges : the Gartenreich ar ea bet ween Dessau and
Worlitz, the first landscaped park to be laid out in a German state.' This
model agricultural area and the landscaped garden at its heart were laid
Typ es of bridge from different eras and cultures with different methods
out on a grand scale by Leopold III Friedrich Franz von Anhalt- Dessau,
who came of age in 175"8, and his ar chitect Friedrich Wilhelm von
wat erways . The topography of the former flood plain has been artificially
Berlin 100~
2
Trauzette l, Ludwig:
pr. 27 - 218
Wbrlltz
path lead s t o th e swi ng br idge and so on . T his ri ch and var ied desig n pro g ram me has been desc ribed in deta il by Berthold Bu rckhardt , wh o was
in charge of t he r e cent rep ai r an d reconst ruc tion of the Wiirl it z br id ges. 4
Landscap ed garde ns like thi s on e co uld well be th ou gh t o f as a
pr e fig u ring so me of the id eas in Di sn eyland . O n th e ot he r hand , it is a lso
clear t hat t he sma ll -sca le br idge wa s ga in ing a d eg re c o f autonom y, albei t
p r im arily in th e sens e o f or nament a nd edu cation a nd less be cause of it s
pot en ti al fo r st r uct u ra l cx pe r imc nta t io n .
Regrettably, no t all o f t hc park 's m oveabl e b r idg es have su r vived ,
alt ho ugh the Ag ne s Bri dgc, a D u tc h sw ing br idgc , m ay st ill perhap s be
r ccons t r ucted . It is also re ma rkable that alt hough , besid es Chinoiserie , it
was Swi ss sce nes that were co nside re d t o be part icul arl y pictu resqu e ,
wo o den bridges o f the Swi ss t ype and even Alpin e -stvlc , covered, wood en
bridges ar e mi ssing in W orlitz .
29
30
Retrospective
pp. 699-7 0
fri end .'" From a histori cal po int of view, th is crit icism ignores th e holi sti c
significance oflate rxth -ccntur y landscaped parks, in whi ch br idges also
demonstrated struct ura l kn owl edg e .
Sun Bridge, 1796, spann ing 8 m; the rolled iron of the springings came from England
31
32
Retrospective
Int er est in sce n ic land scapes, whi ch should not be without br idges,
revived per iod ically . In th e 19th ce nt ury , Fri edrich Ludwig von Sckell
(1750-1823), Pet er Jos eph Lenne (1789-1866) and Herrmann von Piickl erMusk au (1785-1871) designed gardens that delight in eclect icism to an
aston ishi ng degree, with a tend ency to give th e "natural" its due . Although
footbridges no long er played th e rol e that the y had in Dessau-W orlitz.
th ey wer e not negl ected as a design feature in pa rk s, as is illu strated here
by Ferdinand von Tri est 's 12 m span, cast-iron bridge of 1801 in Ch arlottenburg Park, Berlin, and the Devil 's Bridge of 1852 in Kassel, t o name
but tw o. In England, th e home of th e lands cap ed park , th er e ar e co untl ess
examples of bridges being used as the centre piece s of sceni c compos it ions.
The national ga rde n festivals held at regular interval s in d ifferent
plac es, have th ei r roots in a different tradition: that of th e rxth- century
botanical collec tion. They too sometimes provide opportunit ies to build
high -quality footbr idges as part of urban improvem ent schemes , as is
shown on page 196.
The Devil's Bridge, Wilhelmshbhe Park, Kassel, 1792-93, by Heinrich Christoph Jussow
33
34
Winch Bridge - second version of the bridgefirst built in 1741 , sketch by Cumm ing, 1824, from Peters
Fisch er von Erlach to expre ss sheer aston ishm ent, when he reports on
iron had be en used structurally in th e same way as timber ; the iron was
bridges in far -off China certainly ex pre ss admiration . Fischer von Erlach 's
brittle and could not be subj ected to any ten sile load. Improving th e
source of infor ma t ion for th e Chinese ch ain hridge was a work published
tensile st rength of this material went hand in hand with the development
of chain , wire rop e and wi re cable suspe nsion bridges . It quickly becam e
clear that th e limits of what was po ssible had not yet been reached, by any
means. ' In connection with th e earliest chain, wire rope and wire cable
tak e off in Eu rope until the 19th cent ur y, when it became technologicall y
susp ension bridges, the footbridge acquired a rol e that earned it incr easing
and econom ically attract ive to produce iron and steel for th e manufacture
invention came together. In the following secti ons, we will tak e a look at
th e early chain susp ension hridges, then the wire cable and wire rop e
Erla ch, writing in 1721, treats bridges in th e first -ever outline of ar ch itec-
tural history as such . In his second book, which conce rns th e art of build-
suspe nsion hridges that wer e built, wher eas wire rope was experimented
monumental stone bridge with dimen sions suitabl e for a herd of elephants)
and Hadrian 's bridge to th e Castel Sant 'Angelo, wh ich is som ewhat more
modest. Fischer von Erla ch is mu ch mor e deepl y impress ed, how ever, by
bridges made in other ways and by other cult u res, which he considers in
I
Chain bridges
The Scholl encn ravine on th e St Gotthard pass in Swit zerland was
his third book. This is ded icat ed to th e arch itecture of th e Ar abs and
Turks , th e Persians , the Chinese and Japan ese. One t ype of bridge mov es
1] 21,
35
field, ar c th ree suspe nsio n br idge designs described in a boo k on mec ha n ics by Fau stus Vcran ti u s in 1615-17. Hi s chain br idge is more like an eye bar b r idge , hanging fro m m assive t ow ers, and in pa r ts it ant icipat es t he
cha in -stayed br idge . Vcra nti us' Maclunae Novae was soo n trans late d into
man y langu ages, whic h was consistent in view of Verant ius ' (155 1-1617)
person a as a mult ilingu al polym ath and aut hor of dict io nar ies.
Incid entall y, th e wo rd th at he used for cast iron tran slat es as " bell food" . 1
T he next oldes t bridge becam e surpris ingly well kn o wn . It was th e
legen dar y ped estri an cha in suspension bridge th at spa nned 21 m across
t he River Tees ncar M idd leto n , in Cu mbr ia. It was built in 1741 to shorte n
th e jou rn ey fo r wo rk ers go ing to Midd leton fr om Holwi ck , o n t he ot he r
side of t he rive r. 4 Th e wa lkway, wh ich co ns iste d of timber boards lyin g
on chai ns , wa s apparently given a modicu m of sta bil ity by four tensi le
chains anc hore d do wn in t he valley ; onl y o n o ne side wa s t here a hand r ail
lor safety. T he br idge att rac te d visit ors from far and w ide, many of
wh o m were greatly alar me d by th e degr ee t o whi ch it swaye d . A poet
[rom Ne wcastle described it as a "da nci ng br idge".\ In 1802, t he chai ns
par ted und er t he weight of ni ne people and alt ho ugh it was subsequently
re pa ire d , it was replace d in 1830 by a new bridge site d a little farther
up stream , whi ch aga in re qu ire d a spa n Of21 m . T his second br idge was
com pletely resto re d in 1974 . T he span t hat could be achieve d with cha ins
had been demon strat ed by t he Chinese muc h earl ie r, in 170 6, wit h t he
han gin g Tat u bridge in Lutingch ao ; st ill stand ing today, it has ni ne eve bar
chains and it spa ns aro un d 100 m . h
Meh r t en s,
19 0 0,
p. ~f.
Marrcv, 19 9 0 , P: 116
[ wer t , 20 0 3, p. P
36
Retrospective
be part of th e urban fabri c , wher eas th e steel fra me portals, such as th ose
o f th e bridge in Peebl es, belon g com pletely to th e bridge as a unit .
The Glasgow br idge , parts of wh ich had to be renewed in 1871, is highl y
rega rded nowadays and is illuminated as a city land mark . The bridge in
Melrose was rest or ed in [991, befor e which it had been limited to car ry ing
no mor e th an eight peopl e at a tim e.
37
The fat es of these earl y cases make it quite clear that th e main
structural problem for suspension bridges was oscillation . Pr act it io ners
well versed in chai n bridges, suc h as James Dredge (1794 -1863) and
Rol and Mason Audish certainly built co untless chain bridges, but m ost
of th em collapsed aft er a fairl y short tim e .
Retrospect
38
su spen sion bridge de signed for larger loads was built in Bamberg, with
restriction was introduced for reasons of safety and in 1891 this br idg e
which is suspended from three parallel ch ains on each side and spans
with if the bridge deck were to be suspended, for whi ch Loscher re com-
a mere 14 .8 m.
p. 7r;
Vcr han d lungc n des Vcrei ns zur
pp. 308 ~3 11
4 Pclkc, p. JJ
The t ale of th e small pedestrian bridge spann ing 28.1 m across the
upper Ruhr in the park of Laer manor in Mesched e is an interesting on e.
consist of tension rods with hooked ends and eyelets . Its original oak
pylons were replaced in 1909 by steel truss m ast s - a change that caus ed
problems with d yn amic loads : pin joints and riv ets worked loose, not
August Robling, contain ing a detailed de scription and calculat ion s for
least because it had become a popular amusem ent to set th e deck os-
a 75" m suspension bridge across the Ruhr near Freicnohl. 6 Robling had
cillating. In [931, both secti ons of th e bridge were stabilized w ith two
which he had proposed an alt ernative des ign with lengths of wire cabl e
instead of chains . The manuscript, from 1828, gives th e young Robling 's
5 Hauausfiihrungen des
public celebration . 4
In spite of the occasional bad expe r ience , German engineers were
soon con structing chain bridges of larger dimensions that could also car r y
until its significance was reali zed in 1998, wh en it was giv en listed monu ment status." Th is did not prevent a tree from falling on on e of its pylons
during a stor m in 2007. Although temporary m easures were immediately
I,
Andreas Kahlo w]
6 Schm itz, Ch risto ph,
Di e Ruhrbrii ck en , Mu nster,
2004,
P: 126
7 Gr unsky, Eberhard,
Von den Anfange n des
Il angch riickenb aus in \Ves tfalen,
in : Z ci tschrift w cstfalcn, vol.
] 6, Munich, 1998,
pp. 100-159 ;
Laer, 1838-39
\ 0 1.
Rl, 200S
39
40
Retrospective
bridge was th e Drac river bridge near Gr en obl e, built by Crozet and
Jourdan in 1827 .1 In 1839 , Berdoly and Dupouy built a chain bridge across
th e Agen with a span of 174 m , but tests showed that it would be un able to
car ry the planned load s, so it had to be rein forced, finally being reopened
in 1841. Even so, it failed to last long, and in 1882 th e chains wer e repla ced
(17~8-1824), a
Wilhelm von Traitteur (1788 -18~9) and Carl Fr iedrich von Wiebeking
2~ ;
19~os,
been in need of repair in any case , leading to incr easing doubts about it s
Bazaine, who had come to St Petersburg before Traitteur, expe r ime nte d
gin eer with an aptit ude for business : Gustave Eiffcl (1832 -1923). In 1867,
with cable suspension bridges as early as 1823. The bridge built in th e park
he built a 63.86 m span chain suspe nsion bridge in the park of Buttes -
of Catherine Palac e in th e sam e year was, however, a chain susp ens ion
in Russia, chain susp ension bridges had not been unknown th er e before
that : Nikolaus Fuss from Swit zerland (Euler 's succ esso r at the St Pet ers bu rg Academy of Sciences) had deSigned a susp ension bridge spanning
300 m across th e r iver Ne va many years earlie r. Traitteur worked on
May 197), p. 50
chain bridges on a larg e and a small scale simult aneously. His three pe-
80
Moyka r iver and th e Lion and Bank br idges of 182, - 26 over Catheri ne
hesit at e to atte mpt large , high -m aintenance cha in bri dges, som e of
whi ch are st ill in use to day, the chain suspension bri dge was not des t ine d
gineer Henri Gu illa ume Du fou r had sent pl ans to St Peter sburg - t hese
for a glor io us fut ure . The fata l co llaps e of a chain br idge in Angers in
[8, 0 , designed by th e h ighl y ex per ienced engineers Joseph Cha ley and
Th eodore Bordillon , was a serious set back . Better prospects were offere d
In 1823, Trait teu r began designi ng this sm all bridg e, span ning 35 m ; in
by the developm ent of wire cab le and wire rope brid ges, in which advances
o rder to r educe osci llat ions, t he main suspensio n cha ins were to be fixed
we re made by t he Segu in broth ers and Henri Gui llaume D ufo ur in France
and Switz erland , an d by Bri x and (lat er) Roblin g in Ge rmany - alt hough
I : 16).
Two
cha ins consisti ng of 19 eyeba rs each sup port t he br idge via 36 hangers,
t hey run over
41
42
Retrospective
--..,.....,....._...-_M
tion methods opened up new perspe ctives for what had, until then, been
alt ernative, in the form of flexible and durable rope of wrought iron w ires .
more efficient means of ext ract ion at th e pithead . The problem was
Banque de France in 1802at the age of 29. Shortly before that, he had set
strands of four wires each .' In the construction industry, the aerial
link between his house and th e factory premises . In [824, work went
USA, m et with success where long (and thus heavy) cabl es were needed,
main suspension elem ents we re four bundles of 100 wires each , alongside
19th cent ur y, the most important t yp es of cable or wire rope were already
two chains made up of iron bars 4 m long and 2 cm thick. They ran over th e
top of two wooden towers, behind which t hey wer e anchored in massive
Del es sert, however, did not want to become a bridge builder and he
counsell ed anyone with an interest in su spension bridges to seek advice
2003 .
p. )8
P: 68
wire cable , began with (yet again) a footbridge : the first-ever cable
from Navier, Seguin, Dufour, Dupin and Cordier - w ith good r eason :
after r ead ing an article about cabl e suspe nsio n bridges published in the
Its impressiv e span of 124 m would not be exceeded for decades , alt hough
it did coll apse shortly after being built, under the weight of a snowfall.
ingenieu r s, p.
' 987.
510
p. 68 f.
p. 124 r.
p. 122
Marre y, 19 9 0,
18 22 ,
ncar Vcrnosc lcs Annonay, on a propert y belon ging to Mar c Seg uin off
wh at is now th e
[) 27 0
spa n of 18 m .? It was car r ied by six cable bundles of eight wires eac h ,
\\ ith t lu- deck resting o n four of th em and th e ot he r t wo serYing
add it ion all x as hand rail s. In th e middle , it was g uye d down t o lar ge ro ck s
in th e ri vcr to pr e\ ent it fro m sway ing badl y. Today th e brid ge , whi ch
wax later st re ngt hen ed with t w iste d wire rop es, is a sor ry sight : it is falling
apar t, as arc th e buildi ngs of th e form er paper facto r y. It is, how ever,
st ill po ssible to mak e o ut th e rudim ent s of th e wire assembly. Furt he r
ex per ience lor th e Tain -Tournon bridge was gained with th e co nst r uct io n
of a nar r o w footb rid ge span n ing 30 m ac ro ss th e Gal au re at St Vallier,
\\ hich stood until 1844 , S and a bridge acro ss th e Eyr ieux between
St Fo rt unat and St Lau re nt , th e sto ne portals of whi ch sti ll exist.
Another It)()tbridge with an expe r ime ntal cha rac ter was built
rou ghl\ at th e sam e tim e by Bruno Plagniol. H is so n Fran coi s lat er w rote
th at it had been
18
m lon g and
90
43
Retrospective
44
published in 1824 in Des ponts enfi l defer [O n iron wire bridges J. That
summer , work began on the Pont de Tournon across the River Rh on e, for
Rh one and Saone river s was endo wed wi th several historically signi fica nt
The fir st cable suspe nsion br idge for public use, how ever , was built
in Sw itze rl and, by Seguin in coope rat ion w it h Henri Dufour. Seguin's
of 1852. Th e latter two suspe nsio n br idges were blown up by German tro-
(1787 -1875) suffic iently to awak en his int er est in th e w ire cable br idge. '
in Geneva . With a width of 2 m and a length of 84 rn, this foot br idge was
19 9 0 .
p. 122; Pet er s ,
Pelk c , '98 7, p. 69
3 For a co mpilatio n of th e first
p. 69
21
f.
each ; it was calculate d for a load of approximately 160 peop le and was
19 83- 84 , and furth er south th e Passer elle Saint Georges , whi ch delights
th e visitor with its beaut iful proportions and its wa lled steps leading up
whi ch is suspended from two sto ne pylon s that st and in th e river bcd ,
cro sses the Rho ne in the east of th e inner city. Renovated in 19 9 6 , it has
Claud e Henri Navier (1780 -1836) , that ce me nte d co n fide nce in th e new
benefit ed gre atly from vehicle ban on th e banks of th e Rhone, whi ch have
typ es of str uct u re . 2 Articles abo ut this t yp e of bridge ar e few and far
The 2.8 m wid e Passer elle Saint Vince nt has connect ed th e old part
Ther e wer e ris ks involved in build ing larger bridges for great er
'9 87, p. 70 f.
2 L'Art de l'ingeni eur, p. p 8;
footbridges ove r a shor t period . They incl ude th e Passer elle Saint Vince nt
of 1832, th e Passer elle du Co llege of 1844 , and the Passer ell e Saint Geor ges
wire cables, th e Pont St Antoine, was inau gurat ed by Dufour and Seguin
n ight- ti me lighting schem es for the three aforeme ntione d bridges, keeping
member s from single wires in th eir final positi on on site , with th e load
in harmon y with th eir famil iar app ear ance by day. They have also man aged
brilliantly to avoid da zzlin g passer s-by, or forci ng them to inch their way
45
46
Retrospective
Peebles, 1905
IIkley, 1934
300
wide range of appl ication s, even th ough engineeri ng received nothing like
as mu ch support ther e as it d id in France .' The approach taken by British
engineers can be describ ed as pr act ical and pr agm atic; for building bri dges,
they placed the ir trust in chain systems rath er t han in novel wi re cable .
p. 6 ~;
2
Charles St uart Drewry ([ S05 -I SS[) maintained tha t w ire was impractica l
Dumfnes, 1875
cable -suppo r te d brid ge t hen und erwent a number of utterl y incon gru ou s
vari ati on s. Engla nd and Scotland lacked a st ro ngly rooted acade m ic
traditi on in en g inee r ing - in co ntrast to th e sit uat io n in Fra nce, wh er e
t he eng inee r ing pr ofession had t he self-con fide nce to develop an aesth eti c
approach of its ow n. Th e arc he ty pal suspe ns ion bridge w ith a st iffene d
dcck girder was g iyen an indi vidual characte r by pylon s with a h ist orical
to uc h, suc h as th e colum ns an d ar ch itraves adde d to th e bridge of 187 \"
ac ross th e River Nit h in Dumfri es, nco - Gothic fili gree work at Peebl es
in 19 0 \" and I1kley in 1934 (Da vid Rowell Engineers), and castel late d tow er s
on th e bridge ove r th e River D ee at In vercauld in 19 24 (James Abe rn et hy
Eng inee rs ). Here, it becom es evident th at th e approach t o de sign in g
bridges was yer y mu ch an architectural on e .
T he rela tion ship between (en gi neering) st r uc t u re and (ar chitec tural ) det ail s wa s a co nt rovers ial subjec t that led to violent di sputes
int ernati on all y, as it st ill does. The design of portals was subjec t to som e
ler;' odd fli ght s offa ncy ind eed , whi ch , in th e case of larger br idges
es pec ialI;, attrac te d deri sive co m me nts from far and wide . 4
Invercauld, 1924
47
Retrospective
48
, ibid., p-r
J lbid. , p. 76
jr
wid e suspe nsion bridge with a wooden deck, spanning 17.3 m . In 1958, it
was rest or ed and given pr ot ect ed monument stat us. Whether it was based
attit ude taken th er e towards suspe nsion bridges was described clearl y in
on th e Lion Bridge (Lavo v most) in St Pet ersburg is not known for cer ta in.
' 900 by Mehrtens, who wrot e that they wer e no t able to carry th e heavy
bridge played a significant part in large- scale bridge const r uct ion in Ger -
the Niagar a had shown . I All th e sam e, th e potential of iron wire, for
many. The deSign s ente re d for co mpe t it ions incre asingly featured sus -
pension bridges and finall y it was acknowl edg ed th at for di st ances of 200
(1780 -1870) was officiall y com mi ssioned to car ry ou t exper ime nts using
iron wire, th e re sult of wh ich was a small footbr idge in Berlin's Tiergarten,
arched bridges, "name ly, when th e site being conside r ed is one at wh ich
In 1898, Kubler and Lcibbrand bui lt a cable br idge 6.2m wide , span ning
6 rn in height, sta nd ing o n recta ng u lar masonr y abut me nts . Alt ho ug h the
h rid ge was rest ri cted to car ry ing ped est ri an t raffic in [9 82-83. One of
beaut iful st r uc t ure sta nds in a water catc hme nt area, wh ich it has been
across t he Hud so n R iver. Ea rl ier , in [885, a ca ble f()()t bri dge wi th a spa n
forb idde n t o e nte r since 19 p . It seems that whe never somebo dy st ud ies a
water way sys t e matica lly, t hey come across ped est rian b r idge s that have
In man v places, th e value of o ld footbridges was not r ecogni zed es pecia l" wh en t hey stoo d on pr ivat e pr op ert y, where ga in ing acces s
\\as bu ilt in [87\" on land hel on ging to a screw manu factu rer near Hen gstey.
It \\as dem oli shed bet ween [926 and [928, wh en th e prop ert ) w as so ld to
th e reg io na l \\..1(('1' uti lit y co m pany. \
Ano t he r exa m ple is Am Kaltcnborn fo otbridge in W et t er , No rt h
parti cul ar, succee de d in b uilding ped estrian bri dges o f a unique lightness
Ruh I'
\\
49
4 Mehrt en s,
Schmitz , 2004 , p. ~q
2004, p. B7 r.,
Grun sky, E., Ein Dcnkmal
~
6 Schmi tz,
Dvr
Hangchruckcll im fruhcn
20 .
[ahrhundcrt in Ix-utschla ud , in :
B,:lUi ng\'n il: ur , ]<)9 ~, pp. ~ 0 7 -~ 1 4
50
Retrospective
Lingenau . Initially suspe nde d from four wire rop es, with bra cin g in each
pp. 16 1-1]1
ibid., p. 16 J
1 ibid., p.16,
hay bet w een th e han ger s, it did not exac tl y perform " ell in a loading t est
th at wa s carr ied out in 19 08 with 30 sheep and, after th at , up to nin e
people . Since then , th e main sus pe ns ion ropes have bee n repl aced , and in
'9 88 th e hridge wa s r enovat ed in an exe m plary mann er. '
An other sm all foothridge dat ing r oug hly from th e second half of
th e 19th ce nt ury cr osses th e Ri ver Bolge nac h between th e \ill age of th at
nam e and H it ti sau . With a spa n of 30 .6 m and a width of 86 e rn, it ca n be
cla ssed as an ar ch aicall y sim ple st r uct ure , as the det ail o f th e ver t ical
sus pe nde r bar shows all too clearl y. Thi s sim plic ity was ca re fully retaine d
wh en th e par ish of Hitti sau had th e bridge repaired in 1 9 8 ~ -- no wada ys it
is co nsta nt ly in usc, as it lie s o n a trekkin g rout e .{
The hridges arc maint ain ed hv th e region al gOH>rn me nt s of Vorarl herg and Tyro l. T he ap preciat ion of bridge c u lt ure in lmver-I yin g r egion s
is demonst r at ed by other exa m ples , suc h as th e Dorcn-Albcr sch wcndc
wire ro pe f(lOtbridge of 1914 and th e Lan gen-Buch w ire rop e l(lOthridge
of 19 05 - both ac ross t he Bregen zerach . So me of t he det ail s a rc st un n ing ly
sim ple, alt ho ug h it wo uld be h ighl y inadvisable to imitat e th em and not
all of t he m would sat isfy c urre nt reg u lat ions. T hey d cscr v high pr aise
non etheless - and no t just o n account of th eir h ist orical valu e . Local
indigen ou s building prefigu red man ) inventio ns th at suppose d ly dat e
fr om m or e rece nt tim es. In an ast o nis h ing number of classic footbridpes,
on e is impressed hy th e use of c hain-link railings, whi ch impro ve th e
t ra ns pa re ncy and th e damping of a brid ge , light weight tran slucent
gr at ings for floor ing, an d th e consiste ntly mi n imi zed use of m at erial in
lightweight co ns truc t ion . The eng ineers of tod ay, eq uippe d wi th
po werful co m put e rs and th e best ana lysis me t ho ds, ca n on ly t ak e t he ir
hat s off t o th eir forerunner s in ad m ira t ion .
51
52
Retrospective
cd . Cornel Doswald
2006
192~,
122 ) .
212)
53
54
Retrospective
Concrete
Alt ho ug h th e early cha in and cable -s uppo r te d bridges co ped eq ua lly
well with lo ng spans and hi gh load s, ded ica ted ama te urs (ye t again) were
bu syin g them selves w ith the p o ssibiliti es offere d by ano t he r m at erial.
The sea rch for m o rtars that w ould set und erwat er had int e nsifie d as ea rly
building th e Edd ysto ne lighthou se off Plym outh . Afte r 1810, ex planations
built in O ffe nbac h 's Drcieichpark by a lo cal Portland cem ent fact o r y,
Feeg e & Go t t har d t. This had been co nc eive d as a t emporar y st ruct ure for
adver t ising purposes, but it w as left sta nd ing any w ay. In th e 197 0s, it s
building a bridge acro ss t he Dordogne in So uillac . ' Patents for new binders
foundation s and prestressed bands were rep aired , and in 2007 it underwent
wer e taken out very qui ck ly : by Joh n Aspdin for Portland ce ment in 1824;
by Joseph Louis Lambot for ferroceme nt in 184 8 and by Fra nco is COign et
for beton aBB/ornere (a com pact conc ret e) in 1847. The gr eat drawback was
evide nt. 4 O ne year aft er th e Offenba ch bridge , D yck erhoff & W idmann
that thi s promising co nst r uct io n m at erial possessed negli g ible tensile
built a sm all , ste pped bridge at the 1880 t r ad e and ar t fair in Du sseldo r f.
hi st oricist sty le , with a bal dachin -like st r uc t ure at the ce nt re . ' Anot he r
little atte nt io n .' O f g re ate r co n seq ue nce were the ex pe r ime nt s car ri ed
temporary, ex pe r ime nt al st r uc t ure was built for th e Sw iss Nat iona l Ex-
hib itio n of 1883 in Z ur ich : the D ev il 's Brid ge, wh ich spa nne d just 6 m a nd
pat e nt in 1867 for plant pots ma de of co nc re te w ith iro n wires laid in side
was o nly 10 e m thick at the cro w n. " It w as fo llowed in 1890 by a proto t ype
1875" , Mon ier built the world 's fir st r ein forced co ncr ete bridge on the
es t ate of the Marquis de Tiltere at Cha zele t. Spa n ni ng 16.5" m across the
Stiglat,
J Stig lat .
200).
200) .
p_t;7
p . )8;
7 Troyano ,
2QO J.
p. 182
p. 318f. ;
Straub, 19 9 2, p. 2S,)f.
ba sis for using reinforced co nc rete, but thi s wa s st ill far from a br e ak through in construction practice . " Le bcton restait un rnat eri au suspect "
(Concrete remained a sus pec t material) wa s th e sobe r ing conclusion
noted down about a sma ll con cr et e bridge, 3.5 m wid e with a span of
j9 m and a crown thickness of just 2j c m , that was built in th e g ro u nds of
th e Wildegg cem ent fact or y in 18 90 . Sin 1893, Fran cois Hcnnebiquc (18431921) was grant ed th e first pat ent for hi s Tvbeam sys te m , whi ch Gu stav e
p.
lrovano . 200~,
')
tc
)1 ;
200{ .
P: ~I S
l' : !";
55
56
Retrospective
Nessental, 1931
Robert Maillart
in Ladh olz. ! whi ch sadly has been destroyed , th e Toss steg seem s lik e a
qu antum leap: t he scu lptu ral ene rgy t hat wa s so important to Maill art
Maill art's teach er at th e Eidgen ossi sch e Polyt echnisch e Schu le in Zurich ,
st r uct ural sta bilit y and eco no my, but also in form .' After receiving hi s
dipl om a in 1894, Maill art worked in ot her pr act ices for eight yea rs , before
Maill art 's effor ts to ach ieve a smoot h tran siti on bet ween th e brid ge and
fir m ground . At one end , whi ch leads to a bu sy roa d, th e need for some sor t
outst andi ng const r uc tion com pan ies, with which he worked well.
case , it is clea r t hat more attract ive design s for barri er s need to be fou nd .
Maill ar t beca me th e fath er of a particu lar bri dgebuilding trad it ion and ,
Maill art 's sm all p ed estrian br idges ar e exce lle nt early exam ples of
his co nt r ibut ion to fin ding for ms for co nc re te (re in forced w ith iro n or
enginee r. The und erl ying re ason wh y th is relati vely mod est project
steel) that ar e app ropri ate to th e materi al. O ne decisive ste p tow ard s
Maill art's design took into acco unt all of th e bridge' s com ponents. This
app roach was evide nt beforeh and in a sma ll , un assuming beam footbridge,
for t his principle, whi ch he made kn own in t he 1935 lect ure Une revoluti on
th e Triftwasser steg of 1931 in Nessental near Gad men : a sim ple T-b cam of
for const r uct ing large bridges were exploite d in ea rnest after th e Seco nd
sect ion of thi s book , whi ch focu ses on individual projects, begin s at thi s
point in tim e .
br ief one , a lar ge part of th e st r uct ura l, for mal and fun cti on al var iet y of
th is t ype of struct ure is alread y evide nt. Abo ve all, th e fact th at eng inee rs
Billington. 19 9 0 , p. IX
1 Hill. Max, ' 955, pp. ] 6-77
\ Maillar t , Rober t , Einige
neu e Eisenbcto nbriickcn, in:
I: 10.84)
with a st iff
deck girder th at also for me d a base for t he iro n railings. The elegance of
expe riment explains th e shee r range of exa m ples - one th at exte nds yet
further after th e mi d -zoth ce nt u ry, as is ill ust rat ed by foo tbr idges fro m
grow n her e by itsel f and had sought a way across t he r iver ."4The ar ch slab
and th e cross wall s ar e each 14 em th ick and th e st iffen ing girde r is 54 ern
th ick . Thanks to a slight rever se curvat ure at bot h ends, th e tran sit ion to
P: ,p f.
by Fritz Leonhardt, in particular, who like Fritz Todt had already seen
history, but the theory that things began entirely from scratch in Germa-
ny after the Second World War has long been discredited among
times, under the National Socialists. Leonhardt liked using terms such
as "beauty" and "elegance" and with these two categories (which were
much the same way as they had beforehand. Franz Dischinger (1897-1953)
(which Paul Bonatz still thought right on occasion) was avoided as far as
who worked for many years in the USA, Ove Arup (1895-1988) and Fritz
countries.
namely, that insecurity was leading engineers to slip ever more frequently
the 1950S and 1960s. These were the years of Germany's economic
which, for the time being, was not called into question. The argument
all was still more or less well in the engineer's world, as the following
pages show.
60
built a stiffene d pol ygona l ar ch bri dge with a 100 m span over the Storms
River in South Afr ica. The high Vagli di Sotto footbridge has a fanta st ic
setting in the Tuscan landscap e, and its refl ection in th e st ill water s of
th e reservoir is fascin at ing.
70m
61
62
city admin istration decid ed to cover the waterpipes with a deck for
ped est rian and bic ycle traffic . Fr itz Leonhardt , one of th e mo st expe r i-
abrasive coat ing was re cently add ed to th e walking sur face . Leon hardt
coope rat ion with th e arc hitect Paul Bon atz, and later Gerd Lohmer; they
had ori ginally sm oothe d the con crete walking surface and refused th e
add it ional sur facing. Apart from this, the footbridge is un changed to this
demands of th e br idge .
day and bea rs wit ness to Fritz Leonhardt's original design int ention s: to
his career , with th e reali zat ion of th e et hical re spon sibi lit ies of th e design
While the scientific and technical work with reinforc ed and pr estressed
eng inee r.
concre te was being carried out in France and Swit zerland, Leonhardt's
book Spannbet onJiir die Praxi s becam e a work of "t owe ring imp ortan ce"
(Christian Menn) .
12
cm
With a 50 em girder and a slab of only 12 em, the 46.2 m Enzsteg is light asgossamer
l~~ /J~r
,
/
26 m
1 /
;.-
0.5 m
63
64
In 1964 , as Dyckerhoff Ce ment Works cele brate d th eir 100th anniversary in W iesbaden- Amoncburg, th e company offered to constr uct a
const r uct ion - a developm ent that was already fu r t her advanced in th e
USA. Fin sterwalder (1897-1988) led th e co nst r uct ion office of Dyckerhoff
a pathway th at had been interrupted for decad es and leave th e Rhin e river-
& W idman n in Munich , a po sition he took over fro m Franz D ischi nger in
banks even more sceni c than ever: th e bridge should becom e a landmark .
and worked from 193 6 to 1942 with Paul Bon atz ; he conce ntrate d on the
Although th e technical advan ces of th e st r uct ure were not classified , the y
Nor ma l-weight concre te was chose n for th e ramps and low er arc hes. The
arch itsel f d id not need to be pr estressed , but th e ca nt ileve r ing ramp s and
tim e along with Fr itz Leo nhardt - learned of th e ambit ious plan s and the
triangular t rus ses. The upp er ramp acts as a tension memb er, whil e th e
extraor di nar y and formall y challe nging, Fin stcr wald er sou ght th e co u n-
sel of hi s friend , the Cologne architect Gerd Lohm er, as he often had
-;/
~-'~28.2 m
96.4 m
28.2 m
Widm ann in Muni ch benefited. Larg er spans in ligh tweight co ncrete were
3.0 m at t he supports .
fir st possible in th e 1970s , with th e ped estrian bridge over Lake Fiihling
pr . 22 -2~
12, 20 0 ~ .
66
bea ut y in design . The doubl e V-formed supports cant ilever high abo ve
also used in thi s footbridge , th e Kin gsgate Bri dge over the We ar. T he
Arup found ed his own office in 1946 and developed his multifaceted talent
re sembles a butler's hand car ry ing a t ray. The path layout is parti cularly
to becom e th e most successful eng ineer of hi s ge nerat ion . Arup was born
interesting; a ped estrian appro ach ing from th e cit y is offered a view of
in 1895 and was not much younger th an Di sch ing er or Fin sterwalder.
Arup ben efited greatly from his sophistic at ion , comprehen sive skills, and
his early reali zation of th e fruitfulness of cooperat ion with arc hitects.
Mor andi 's co nst r uc t ion methods for Vagli di Sotto footbridge in th at the
able to de sign himself. His tal ent lay in his ability to lead his team as he
t wo bridge halves wer e fabri cat ed on land parallel to the riv erbank and
recogni zed that good arc h itect ure is only possible when th e owner 's,
engineer's, arc hit ec t's and contrac tor's interests are coo rd inate d. Hi s
work was - t ypi call y or almost stereotypically for hi s generation - given
an et hical connat ion : design should be "logic al", true and honest, natu ral,
econom ical and efficient . Ove Arup , like Fritz Leonhardt, did not
at tempt to ex plain th e motto "Truth and honest y in design", but his well
thought-out designs were appropriat e to th e materials and for ces , and
68
joints between segme nt s wer e co nc r ete d in sit u . A slid ing support was
led to highways in urban ar eas that can be ca lled unfriendly at best for
formwork with a supe re levat ion to co mpe nsa te for th e anticipated deform -
69
A pure structure with a sim ple railing: in 2007 it was painted blue
16.3 m
78.66 m
3m
16.3m
In
his hands.
After the heady economic upturn of the post-war decades, the oil
crisis of 1973 brought the Western world back to reality in a series of
almost unreal experiences: houses lit only by candlelight in some coun-
tries; car-free Sundays in others, the tarmac empty of all but curious
pedestrians and gleeful cyclists. The limits of growth and the finite
tes: our fear is not that the cable could snap, but that the performers (or,
the world, economy and efficiency took over as the main production
just structural detail. They also both bring with them one unwelcome
the tradition of Buckminster Fuller and other pioneers showed that they
even slightly, even though the structures concerned (often flexible ones)
long before they jeopardize the stability of the bridge. Bracing and stif-
methods were adapted to optimize the use of material. The design voca-
Simplicity of line that gives such delicate structures their poetic air.
72
The first of its kind: with its gradient of about 15 percent, the stress ribbon bridge overthe N3 at Pfaffikon, 2006
The first con cr et e st re ss ribbon br idge for ped estrians was built in
Bircherweid, Switz erl and, in the mid -I96 0s. Rene Walther and Han s
for decades, even though th e str uct ure is consider ed ver y lively. Rene
Walther 's fri end and collea gue Christian Menn referred to the structure
Mor y had founded th eir ow n office in Basel ju st two years before, and
"robust mountain men " of the ar ea. As the recent Swiss code has requ ired
were able to solve with a technical approach. The photos show that th e
mediate piers were not permitted . Ren e Walther fir st design ed a skew ed
t russ structure but th e aesthet ics of th e st r uc t ure did not suit the
Ren e Walther rem embered Ulrich Finster w alder's repeated rec om men-
dat ions for stress ribbon structures for br idges , and decid ed to propose a
73
2.8m
74
The pip elin e runs along side the west ern railing. For m aint enance
reason s, placing th e pip eline below th e deck - as in Fr itz Leo nhardt's
Loex near Gen eva. The Rh on e divides th e ver y differ ent worlds: multi-
Miihl acker Bridge - was not considere d. It is unfortunate that the pipe-
idyllic cou nt ry land scap e. In 1962 , the city of Ge neva de cided to build a
tunn el test ing showed th at th e ope n ing between th e pip elin e and th e
th ou sand inh abitants in Lignon; it was fin ished in 19 7'- It was th erefor e
avoid dyn ami c osci llatio ns . Th e tw o abut ment s are broken down into
obvious to link the co nst r uc t ion of the pipel ine st r uct ure with a
co m press ion and ten sion member s. T he footings arc ancho re d with 2.s- m
foot bridge to join Ligno n w it h the recrea tion al area of Loex to th e south.
For th e free -spanning str uct ure, the eng inee rs of H. Weisz from
Geneva and Otto Wenaweser + Rudol fWolfen sber ger from Zurich
elem ents of the co nstr uc tion . As the anchorage for ces are inver sely
design ed a stress ribbon structu re, supp orte d by four pr estressed cables
ma ximum po ssible sag and decided to con st ruct stress ribbon bridges in
ribbon s ar e limited to 6 per cent , producing mu ch grea ter te nsion for ces .
After 30 years, the br idge's formal rese rve co nti nues to be convincing.
wh ich were laid on th e suppo r ti ng cables. This process took .s- days, aft er
whi ch th e join ts betw een the segme nts wer e concre ted in situ to crea te a
undisturbed .
136 rn
I~
2.
. 1J
I I
[WI
\l2gf]
3.1 m
76
great local bendi ng mom ents near th e abut ments . T he decks ar e t herefo re
ste el raili ng wi th sta in less cablene t in fill ing aid cont r ibute to t he light
ribbon bri dge w ith a change of d irect ion at m idspan . T he Kent Messen ger
Mill enn ium Brid ge and ex pa nde d park con ne cts th e area between th e
Drainage is pro vided by st eel gra ti ng , whic h allo ws water and su nlight to
railw ay and ri ver, wh ich had been diffi cult to access. A natural enviro n-
ment can be found her e not far fr om th e cit y ce nt re . The design idea was
stress r ibbo n bridges: in 19 85" near Pragu e , Strasky built a multi -sp an
to free up th e ped est rians ' view from th e br idge deck co m pletely, so th at
st r uc t ura l systems using pylons , ma st and cables wer e out of th e que sti on.
A thin st ress ribbon bridge where th e han gin g deck act s as the main
st ruct u re was th e obvi ous choice. The total len gth of the co nst r uc t ion is
101.5" m is divided into two halves , one 4-9 .5" m and th e ot he r 37.5" m, by a
1.4 m
st ruct ure consists of 3 m lon g prefabr icated segme nts hu ng on steel cables .
T he joi nts between the seg me nts were conc re te d in sit u and pr etcn sion ed
w ith addi tion pr est ressing tendon s. T his stress ribb on design is t ypi cal o f
3.1 m
O.8m
pr . 1I 0 -] 1I
77
Unusual for a stress ribbon bridge - the oppos ite bridgehead is not in sight
/
//
///
/////
//////
"-"-
/mml
-,
-c-, "-
//
" "'"
////
/////
37.5 m
49.5 m
"-
" "
78
67.7 m
hallmark of Sch laich Bergermann and Par t ner 's work. Two thin metal
plates (4 80 /40 mm , St 52-3) ar e hun g between th e abutm ents. Lightweight
co ncre te plat es are th en bolted onto th e ribbon s (d
per cent for wheelcha ir user s. Each plate ribbon was tran sported to th e
site in three seg me nts, wh ich wer e then welded to gether on site . T he
2.9 m
r ailings, co nsisti ng of steel tubes with a chain link fill ing, co ntri bute the
dynamic damping of th e st ruct ure. Th e tran sparent rail ing makes little
visual impac t. As th e curvat ure of the deck incr eases near the abutme nts,
th e co ncre te plates becom e shorter. The cr it ical area of a stress ri bbo n
bridge is near th e abutm en t. Live loads cre ate bending moments in th e
ten sion me mbers if th ey ar e ri gidl y co nnecte d to the abutme nt , causing
fati gu e to becom e an issue . To avoid th is, th e ribbons are suppor te d by a
saddle with a large eno ugh radius to limit th e cyclica l loading to below
th e fatig ue limit . In total , four new pe des trian bridges tha t re animate th e
att rac t ive riverbanks wer e built for the ga rde n show.
pp.2\6 -'17
79
38m
27m
27m
Ol ymp ics of gardening" would have us believe . It was at suc h an occas ion ,
th e 2003 Int ernationa l Garden Sho w in Rostock , Ger ma ny, th at se veral
4m
foothridges wer e built over th e wat erways that t raver se th e site. Sch laich
I
I
I
I
for t he Nort h Bridge over a t r ibu tar y of th e l.lnterwa r now near Schmarl.
Each of t he three spans has a lengt h Of 27 m . Two plat e ribbon s are hu ng
between t he abut me nts and over t wo int ermediat e bridge piers. Th ese
int ermedi at e piers co nsist of ar t icu lated colum ns with a car r iage spr ing
elast ic sadd le. Concrete slabs, 12em t hi ck, are holtcd to th e ribbon s. T he
effects o f span co nt inuit y mu st he taken int o accou nt for suc h a st re ss
r ihhon : as on e spa n is load ed , ten sion increases in th e adjace nt spans to
resist th e deformat ion . Sch laich Bergerm ann and Partner agai n proved
th em selves exper ienced m ast er s of st ress ribbo n st r uc t ures.
10, 200J
?
I
I
I
I
80
W estern abutment
ISm I
40 m
6.3m
200 6 ,
Er e ction p ro cedure : first , the abu t me nts were pr e ci sel y con cret ed ,
10
and the nat pegs to w hic h the ste el bands wo uld a nc ho r we re conc re ted
dire ctly into th e ab ut ments . Th e g ra n ite slabs we re successive ly la id o n
th e steel plates beginn in g fro m the lowest point. The tr ick is that th e
The steel bands' attachment to the vertical members of the railing can be clearly seen from below
1 1 ru
granite slabs were attached to the ribbons using the vertical members of
the railing. The bands wedge against one another during tensioning and
the vertical railing attachments are tightened and the handrails is
precisely installed.
The dynamic behaviour of the 4-0 m long bridge could not be
predicted, for vertical oscillations in particular. Hikers however enjoy
the raw attractions of the rocky landscape and are not fearful when the
bridge vibrates, although it does so much less that the slender silhouette
would lead one to expect. Near the abutments, carriage spring saddles
soften the transition to the anchorage. The horizontal oscillations of the
structure, which can be excited by a single hiker, are naturally larger
than the lateral vibrations of Foster and Arup's Millennium Bridge in
London. This small bridge unites the finest aesthetic elements : the raw
rocks in the Hinter Rhine, the flat, glittering gneiss slabs, and the
shining chrome steel suit each other. The overall visual impression of the
bridge leads one to believe that the structure has bypassed all limits of
slenderness - even though its surface is of stone. Altogether, the stress
ribbon bridge is a masterpiece of minimal art.
81
82
q. f, and H
83
\\C;ijjj)
Analysis, Forces
hyperboli c for m.
s= H=
q12 /8 f
stress ribbon.
84
15
CFKflL: 1170
CFKflL=1/S0
0.5
/'
/'
,/
/'
....
-.. ~
.... .
Stahlftl= 1no
/'
5tahllll =lt50
UK fl1:1120
dehnungslos
Stahl f/l=1I20
.
"2
Deflection, strain
with
0H
K=
strength.
M/EI = l /R
M-h/2
w here
Cross-sectional area
85
3000
\
\
\
2500
\
2000
"
~
-,
-,
1500
-,
<,
<,
1000
h: t .a mm
h = 1 2mm
500
~-====:::===:::;:========
50
100
h :Ol1 mm
250
200
'50
Radius Imrn]
Concrete slabs
Stress nbbons
Bolted plates
As shown in the equation above, the bending stress is indirectly proportion al to the sa ddle
L = 2 it Ra/360
Art iculated
bearing
where
follow s:
Lateral bracing
All stress ribbons are susceptible to dynamic
The advantage of high-strength materials is
Stress nbbon
Saddle size
86
Cable Stiffening
==Reductionof sag
Additionalmass
Stiffening girder
logies.
Additional cables
Eibl, Josef and Klem ens Pel le , Z ur Bcrcchnung von Spannba ndhruckcn . Hache I hin ge-b and er , Du sse ldo rf, 197~
O st e r, Han s, Fu13gangerhru cketl von Jiir g Sc-hlaich lind Rud ol f BlTger mann , Exhibiti o n catalog ue , 199 2
Schl aic-h , Jorg and Ste phan Engt'!sm ann , St ress Ribb o n Co nc-ret e
Brid gt.'s, Str uct ura l Fng inecring lntc rna tion al, 4 , Novem ber 1996
Schlaich , f\.\ ikc ct ai. , Gu ide line s for th e (k sign of foo t br idges, lib,
federat io n int crn ation alc d u bcton , bu llet in p , l ausann e, Nove m be r
200)
Stras kv, Jir i, Str ess r-ibbon and cable-suppo rte d pedes tr ian br idg es,
87
88
68.6m
light and slender structures quickly set a high standard for structural
design . Th e rel evance of the ideals of lightness and slend erness to German
culture were explicitly laid out, but th ese ideals th e opp osite th e National
Socialist monumental aestheti c. Steel , and later pre stressed conc re te ,
enabled th e engineers to embody th e lightweight ideal in structural
design . The Enz Footbridge is a wonder ful example ofthis (see P: 62) .
Th e engineers in the office of Leonhardt & Andra would not rest until
they had reduced th e depth of th e deck slab from
)2
to
)0
em . The
(9)2
in th e
S5m
24 m
Typical 1970s block s of flats required pedestrian access to the city centre . The deck w idens around the pylons.
56.5 rn
1390 m
56.5 rn
10
Ixl
at the base. The depth of the pylon cross section increases in longitudinal
direction to 1.4 m at the head of the pylon to make room for the cable
anchorages. The wide Flood plane of the Neckar and main span of 139.6 m
may have contributed to Leonhardt's choice of a fan arrangement for the
sta y cables, but the brittle, linear appearance of the bridge does not
bring elegance to mind . The Neckar footbridge does not have a modelled
appearance, despite the widening of the deck at the base of the pylon .
The visual impression remains linear, comparable to a line drawing.
89
90
27m
51 . 1 m
sim ple square cross section of fo ur weld ed plat es to avoid high costs . This
footbridge was built as a cable truss bridge , with th e su rface slabs laid
91
92
The const r uct ion of the cable suspension bridge m arked the parting
of Fritz Leonhardt and Jorg Schlaich , who found ed an office with Rudolf
Berg ermann in 1980 . T he bridge crosses high above th e Neckar and co nnects a residential zon e near th e river with th e Max Eyth Lake recr eational
area. At on e bank, a narrow path conti nue s up a st eep hillside vin eyar d .
The wid e floodplains of th e Neckar extend to the other bank. Jorg Schlai ch
design ed a suspen sion bridge with 20 to 25 m high m ast s (round hollow
incl ined along th e length of the deck , which help s to stiffen the deck
girder . The railing consists of a wire net simply clamped to cables running parallel to the edge of th e deck , on e of whi ch serves as the handrail.
The main cables and backstays are full y locked coil strand (d = 106 mm)
and th e hanger s ar e thin st ainless helical strand
(d = 16 mm) . Prefabricated deck elem ents wer e susp end ed from the main
114m
FuBgangcrbruckebei Stuttgart,
The firstsuspension bridge with a curved deck -Ji qhtweiqht and logical ly designed to the lastdetail
93
94
30m
2S2 m
30m
'00,
Solid anchorblocks
9.6 m
95
\ "
96
rein for ced plastics, so testing was required to ver ify th e st r uct ural
integ r ity. The bearing stre ngt h of th e bolt ed anchor age of th e han ger int o
highl y co r ros ive environment. These requirem ents led th e eng ineers of
Flint & Neill from London, known for th eir expe r ime ntat ion , to sugg est
lin k railin g wer e suffici ent to hamper dyn ami c osc ill at ions .
m high wire net railings are in stainless steel. The railings are so high
)0
=12 , 8 0 0
produced sandw ich pan els have high er st iffness (E = 22 , 0 0 0 Nzrn m") . Th e
deck is flexible enough to be monolithically co nnecte d to th e side
abut me nts without cre at ing high st ress fro m constraining forces und er
temper ature loading.
The erec t ion of the deck was car r ied out in one night with th e 31 m
long mids ection of th e bridge was hung fr om th e susp ension cables . The
bridge was op ened to th e public in July 2001. Shou ld t hese plastic bridges
tru ly have lower maintenance costs and erec t ion time, we w ill surely see
579 m
47 m
3.7 m
97
98
68m
21 m
26.4m
The bridge currently ends in no man's land, a hiking trail will be added shortly
99
100
of pedestrian bridges.
most structures, the loading that acts on the structure is considered to be stationary, w hich means
While staticsare largelysufficient for analysing a heavystone arch, the dynamic behaviour of
a lightweight footbridge must be considered carefully. Not all phenomena in the dynamicsof struc-
Frequencies
Loading behaviour
FplG IkN]
1.5
15
vs
Is
[Hz]
[rn/s]
[m]
slow pace
1.7
1.0
0.60
normal pace
20
1.5
0.75
fast pace
2.3
2.3
1.00
no rmal running
2.5
3.1
125
spnntmg
> 3.2
5.5
1.75
as
t [kNI
02
0.4
0.6
08
frequencies.
Damping
101
102
Comfort
Degree of comfort
Level
Vertical
Horizontal
acceleration
acceleration
0.5 rn/s?
CL 1
maximum
<
CL2
mean
0.5 - 1 mis'
CL3
minimum
1 - 2.5 m/s>
CL4
unacceptable
>
<0. 1 rn/s ?
2.5 m/s2
uncomfortable.
The acceleration of the structure iscommonly
used to measure the comfort of a pedestrian.
Rough ly 10 percent of gravitational acceleration or
1 m/s>is considered as being easily perceived by
the pedestrian. Accelerations greater than 2.5 rn/s?
tion limits,
there is no lock-in effect or horizontal
oscillation,
intentional excitation such asjumping or
may be exceeded, provisions for the possible installation of dampers should be taken into account
in the structural design. This allows for the subse-
Viscoelasti c dampers
a serviceability problem.
It
IS only
air flows that a str uct ure may be pushed t o collapse. The most fam ous example of this is the
Tacoma Narrow s Bridge. This w as an 850 m long
suspension road bridge . Four mon ths after it s inauguration, the bridge collapsed due t o an aerodynamic Instability th at w as unknown at th e time.
This instability w as such t hat the energy of excitano n from th e win d wa s always great er than t he
energy dissipated by t he dam ping, t hereby leadIng to collapse. In oraer t o avo id flutt er, bridge
decks are designed to be thi n, aerodynamic cross
sections fo r w hich the to rsional nat ural frequ ency
is very far from th e natu ral frequency in bend ing.
The crit ical win d speeds above w hich flutt er
occurs can be determ ined by w ind tu nnel testing.
It must be show n t hat th e crit ical w ind speed lies
above th e high est wind speed expected at the site .
root
lw idgcs ( Svn p c x} .
2006
2:006
103
Experiments in Construction
Equilibrium
IS
It
collapses
106
Experiments in Construction
116ml
43.5 m
54 m
The bri dge was origin ally r ed and had t o m ake way for th e [992
Olym pic ga mes in Barcelona. T he st r uc t ure is ju st no r th of t he For um ,
a newl y co nc eived cu lt ura l ce nt re for t he cit y. As t he cables co u ld not be
disma ntle d, th e ent ire br idg e was lifte d by jacks so th at th e cable s co uld
be cut . For th e r econstr uct ion, t he steel box gi rder was placed o n tempor ar y t r estl es as it had been in 1974 . The cables were th en install ed and
stress ed . Ca ble -staye d structures are no r m all y installed by fr ee ca nt ilevering. Th is met hod co uld no t be u sed du e to th e un ilat eral suspe nsion
and curve d r amp s. Leon ardo Fern ande z Troya no design ed symm etr ica l
ramps in re inforc ed con crete for th e tran sit ion t o t he st raig ht bridge
seg m ent and the ne w site .
A visit to th e bridge sho ws th at th e str uct ure , alt ho ugh perfectl y
ma inta ine d and pa inted , is hardly us ed d ue t o it s posit ion in t he urb an
enviro n me nt an d diffi cult r el at ion s w ith t he su rrounding pat hw ays.
In spite of t his and its age , we ca n o n ly hop e t hat t h is elegant bri dge will
soon ente r tain a greate r number of users.
0.7 m
3.7 m
lQ7
108
Experiments In Construction
The ped estrian bridge in Kehlheim can r ightly be called an expe ri mental const r uct ion . This is th e fir st st r uct ure based on th e r eali zati on
that a ring girder could be unilaterally suspe nde d along its entire length
without torsional moments.
The idyllic ri ver land scape suffere d as th e Altrnuhl River was
exte nde d and becam e part of the Main-Danub e Can al. Shipping lan es
required it. Kehlhcim is an histo r ic place with a well-preserv ed city
cent re and, high on a hill overl ooking th e city , th e Bifrciun8shall c th at
King Ludwig I of Bavaria had Leo von Klenze build (18,P-63) to
comme mo rate the war of independ enc e from Napoleon .
Schlaich Berg ermann and Partner , with th e arch itect Kur t Ackermann, design ed a suspensi on bridge in th e histo r ically and environmentally important area near the Tor hausplat z. T he str uctur al syste m is a
susp ension bridge anchored partly in th e deck and partly in th e abutments with th e plan of t he deck in an arc and long appro ach ramps. Th e
structure spans a distan ce of 60 m and th e deck is longer becaus e of its
cur vat ure. Th e ring girder prov ed it self as an efficient structural syste m .
A mast at each rive rbank supports th e m ain suspension cable and th e
hang er s run along th e inner edge of the deck. Th e ma sts wer e required
000
p. 246
4.2 m
47m
6184 rn
110
Experiments
In
Construction
140
4.5 - 5.5 m
~ " " 7~
(see p . II6) .
112
Experiments In Construction
centre of the German coa l and steel industries. T he envi ronment suf-
However, th e defl ect ion of th e structu re changes wit h each load case ,
fered and th e internat iona l co mpetition for ste el and for ot her energy
indust ry began wit h th e IBA Ems cher Park, and w ill conti nue for deca -
113
120 m
3m
114
Experiments in Construction
into a continuous beam on multiple supports as th e cur vat ure and slop e
of th e terrain de cr ease .
The structure's distinctive feature is that th e hanger cables are at -
city that overlook the Balt ic from a high hillside . The island of Rugen has
tached to cantilevers projecting from the inside edge of the bridge deck .
The height of th e cant ilevers was chosen so th at the re sulting force of the
was built in
hang ers passes through the ce nt re of gravity of th e deck . With this prin-
2006
link th e city cent re with th e port. The bridge would have to overcome a
and the various streets at the site. With the curvature of th e bridge deck,
mally, it would have been poss ible to leave th e 40 m high m ast without
minimize the defle ctions of the deck under live load s, four backsta ys
wer e installed . The backstays ar e the same cable as th e suspe nsion cable ,
the port. A 7 m high portion of ramp proj ects from th e railway st at ion ,
a Galfan-coated full y locked coil with a diamet er of 95 mm. For ped estri -
ans in a hurry, a stairway was built at the end of th e susp ension bridge
Connecting with th e transit station was not only a gesture of forgiv eness,
that also serves as an abutment for the horizontal for ce s from the deck .
but also allowed the bridge to exploit the ex ist ing railway station ramps
and, with a length of "only" 240 m , limit the gradient to
percent.
115
What appears In perspective as a cable carousel isa safe pathway to the sea
3m
- = - - - =------
353m
118.2 m
lOx 12 37m
12m
116
Experiments In Construction
Hanger
Glass surfacing
\Pi"8:'J"':::::III:""",,==;;;:::::;!'!.J!!!~
Tension member
Compression chord
Curved Bridges
taneously.
Straight girder and circular ring girdersw ith central and eccentric supports
horizontal axis.
sion ring are laid atop one another, the two rings
of forces mayhowever be
117
118
Experiments in Construction
",.
~:
. .. ..
~:
/
.. . ...
-
119
Instable
/~:
1>-
1?~'
L
backstayed mast
stable
"
-L
free mast
Spatial Arches
Just as the suspension bridge supported by
a main cable can be interpreted as the inversion of
120
Expenments
In
Construction
20 0 5
St r-askv, [ h-i, Stress ribbo n and cable -sup po r ted ped estrian bridges,
Lo ndon,
2 00 ~
122
Experiments In Construction
The view into the depths of the canyon is eased by the intermediate view of the bridge structure
1.2
wide deck with massive railings. The bridge is a truss structure with upper compression chord. The su spension cables are splayed by up to 4- m to
stabilize the compression member for side wind forces. To prevent the
suspension structure from swinging laterally from its point supports, the
railing was created as a massive railing, which can transfer torsional moments to the abutments. The two structural systems are thus overlaid .
Larchwood and chrome nickel steel would stand up to weathering conditions on site. Individual compression struts could be replaced on the unload structure due to a high level of redundancy that created multiple
load paths.
I; ,
II
1/
The footbridge would have su r ely fulfilled its purpose for many
Str uct u re as Span ', 2006,
pp.1 20 - 12 S-
db dc u tscbc hauzdlUn g,
S", 1998 , pp. 62 -6 9
decades, but nothing can be done against act s of nature suc h as falIing
boulders. The structure wiII re st in the memory of hik ers and in photographs for th e experts so that its historical importance is not forgotten.
~6 9
124
Experiments in Construction
19
99
O n Let-ida: Structural
125
126
Experiments in Construction
ple of a design app roach that particularly su its th e material. The bridge
crosses th e Vesterelven River. Hydraulic cylinders lift and low er th e tw o
halves of th e bridge. Each of th e
28
20
t and is
O.8m
10
sandwich panel filled with an int erlayer of balsa wood. These panels can
support vehicl es with up to
into th e sandwich panels , to prevent ice formation in the winter. The exterior of th e girder is tran slucent, whi ch mean s it can be lit from th e inside of th e sec tion .
This br idge dem onstrates th e po ssibilities of cont inued development in fibr e-reinforced plastic bridges .
56m
127
Ca
lUI S
The car has not completely chased away all pedestrians in our cities,
Many cities have neglected their rivers. Fallow industrial areas and
but since the Second World War, they have chased them into depressing
pathways and dark underpasses. City planning has been designed to suit
tial and service centres. In order to improve the quality of the environ-
traffic flows since the beginning of the 20th century, an approach that
ment along the riverbanks, pedestrians should be offered the most direct
this approach to urban planning were recognized early on but too late to
ment. In this development, footbridges not only create pathways, but can
be corrected. Cities were maimed, made inhospitable and lost their ori-
130
pp 49"
z=:s===~
11 m
33 m
-----.--r-r-
39.5 m
:x:===
42 m
11 m
~ 30
131
8m
51.2 m
132
60
floWing river below does not di sturb the user. Walther Bieler heeds the
fundamental rules of timber construction and follow s a holistic design
approach . The footbridge is supported by girders that are protected from
the weather that attacks on all sides: six 6S- c m high laminated spruce
beams are pressed together using prestressing bolts to form one ,,~ ern
Seraina, Carl, Schlossmiihlesteg
in Frauenfeld . Fragile Korperhaftigkeit , in: architektur aktuell ,
10 . 20 3.
20
of 2 percent covers the top of the girder. The su r faci ng segments consist
of steel and timber components and placed on the main girder. The foot bridge is elegantly lit at night.
133
FJl
r-'1
1.2 m
134
1.1 )
m . The edge s
10 0)
16 0)
T he ver ticals and di agon als of th e t russ are cre ated an d in corporated in
an at t ract ive orna m entation made usin g an auto matic CA D -c on trolle d
laser c ut ter in t he 4 mm thi ck plat e . T he pla tes ar e galvanized . T he o rnam entation follo ws th e shea r diagram of the structure and t he di agon al s
becom e th icker nea r t he suppo r ts .
An up side-down chann el sec ti o n acting as a handrail is bol ted to
t he upp er cho r d of th e gir der. The bridg e playfully unites ornament ati on
and st r uc t ure . T he design is co nvinci ng and th e t ot al vis ua l effec t, including th e interplay of light and shade , ben efits fro m th e combi nati on .
135
LI
0
0
136
ate d . As part of thi s rejuv en ati on , Wi thby & Bird design ed a swee ping
solut ions an d almost ever y con tempo rary foot br idge -buil der has
arch bridge th at won a des ign co mpeti tion for th e site w ith its po werful
design ed o ne. This book sho ws incli ned arc hes by Santiago Ca latrava,
ges ture . T he struc t ure crosses the ri ver and qu ays w ith a swe ep ing, ca n -
Jir i Strasky, W ilki nso n Eyr e wi t h Flint & Nei l an d Javier Mant erol a.
til ever ing arc. T he bridge' s eleva t ion is suc h th at th e struc t ure would be
co ntinua lly viewe d from below, so th e design of its undersid e was a pa rticular focu s. T he abut m ent s are elegantl y place d and m atc h t he for mal
langu age of th e design . A sym bol of rebirth of the indust r ial zone, th e
st r ucture is paint ed whi te.
W e sho u ld not e th at t he incli nati on of t he arches in many rece nt
bridges has been m ad e for aes t het ic r easons. The incline of th e hanger ca hIes increases wh ile t he load ing st ays th e same .
T he dead load of th e arc h no lo nger lies in th e plan e of th e arch and
has an eccentricity at t he apex , thereby re quiring the arch to be fixed at
t he footi ng to sup po r t a m om ent . An other way t o co mpe nsate for th is
m oment is to give t he arc h a spatial curvat ure to foll o w its funicu lar lin e .
O ne -side d arches are par t icul arly problematic. The in clina tion of
th e hangers creates hori zont al forces and bending abo ut t he vert ical axis
in t he deck girder. In add iti on, th e eccentric sup port creates torsion in
t he deck . In t he exam ple of th e Mercha nts Bridge, th e to rsio n is
137
138
pp. 6J -6i
D etail , 8. 1999. pp. 1474-1478
128m
139
140
64m
110 m
64m
The arch offset at the midspan cuts the optical impression of the length of the bridge in half
141
142
Paris , wh ere legends sur rou nd the bridges. Its bridges are also the subject
19 91
th e story, th e Pont Neuf is closed for renovation and the bridges becomes
a refuge for a penniless circus performer and a painter who is going blind .
Mim ram created a str uct u re wher e both th e arch and the deck ar e
110
m span, Mar c
ped estrian walkways . In order to keep the arc h for ces within reason and
to resp ect boat clearances belong, a certain ris e of the arch is necessary.
th e Pont Neuf follows th e ped estrian bridge Pont des Arts, th e road
The nec essary r ise leads to a slope of over 10 percent, making steps nee -
Solferino spanning between the Tuil eries and the Quay Anatole France,
play bet ween light and shadow are the result of merging the arch and
walkway. Th e bridge had the sam e fat e as the Mill ennium Bridge in
devices . This event is long forgotten and pedestrians now use th e bridge
of the view of the Seine. The execut ion is a bit more diffi cult : on e route
cont inuously.
at street level, two walkways at quay level that should meet at the midspan
143
-r__~
106 m
...J'--'
144
Grand Bibliotheque. the Finance Ministry, the Palais Omnisport, and the new bridge- symbolsof urban transformation
and ten sion cho rds are join ed with a co lumn of four stee l rod s every 7 m .
The arc h and ten sion chord cross one ano ther ar ound th e qu arter point s
f eichtinger Architectes,
By th e t ime th e Fre nch Ministry of Fina nce had moved fro m th e Lou vr e
of th e spa n, dividing th e bri dge into three main sec tions: a 106 m lon g
19 90 S,
for spec ta cular event s, th e Pa re de Bercy had been created , and finall y
41
the four tower s of the Gr and e Bibliot he que Nationale had been co n-
world of heavy publi c tra ffic em er ged to the left and ri ght of th e Seine ,
via th e No r t h Sea to the Seine and hung from th e t wo cant ile ver ti ps .
lead ing to the co nstruct ion of th e Passer elle Simon e de Beau voir. T he
commission w as awa rde d to an Aust r ian arc hitect practi sing in fra nce,
f eichtinger Arc hite kten, working w ith the eng ineers of RF R - Rice
f ra ncis Ritchie . Urban re novat ion in Ber cy ent ails a co mplete change
of neighbourhood at mos phe re .
The con nectio n of thre e ele vations at eac h side is unusual : qu ay,
street and parking or library level. Th e struct ure is worthwhile as it
allows ped est r ians to pass from the libr ar y to t he park withou t crossing
a major ro adw ay. The free span of the st ructure is 194 m long and a ver y
slende r combinat ion of arch and stress ribbon . The struct ure lies in tw o
parallel ver tical planes at a di st ance of ) . 2 m on cen tre . An arc h in co m pr ession and a tension chord lie in th ese plan es. T he arch is m ade of a
we lde d bo x sect ion co to
70
10
and
I)
cm T he arch
20 0 6
145
47 m
106m
6m
11.7 m
41 m
146
1992
20 0 4
wer e th e catalysts to connect the city centre with th e coa st in a ped estrianfr iendly manner . An urban ma ster plan was develop ed, cre at ing a marina
with around
1000
main building of th e yacht harbour and the ped estrian bridge linking the
Esplanada with the Parque Litoral No r este were designed by Mam en
Domingo and Ern est Ferre and th e engine er Angel C . Apari cio .
Th e bridge has a total length of
197
197 m
with a free span of 148 m . The structure cr eate s an envelope , whi ch whil e
not providing a roof, creates th e visual impression of being in inter ior
space . The var ying depth, with an aver age of 6 m, pr events the structure
from appearing as a strict tubular gangway. Offset balc oni es and seating
make th e structure an attractive pla ce to pass th e time . As the development continues, th ere will be more and more to see from th e bridge bal conies, making the bridge a de stination in itself.
pr 19 3- 20 0
20 0 ) .
With its solid portal, the bridge isdesigned as a dominating structure in the new harbor area
147
IS
evident within.
Bridges built in the same manner as housing, with a roof and sidewalls, originally served as structural timber protection. It was and still is
prudent to protect connections of sensitive material from weather. It is
no wonder that the covered bridge developed into a classical bridge
archetype in the raw mountainous settings.
Covered bridges are often also necessary in densely p..opulated cities:
When buildings are to be joined above a roadway, the bridge becomes a
de facto continuation of building space: to the foyer, corridor, conference
room. The dizzying heights of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur,
with a covered pedestrian bridge joining two 90-storey high-rises
roughly at the level of the 40th floor, have not yet been matched in Europe.
Last but not least, air traffic requires elaborate swinging, telescoping
motorized walkways so that passengers reach their seat with dry feet.
The criterion for the structure and form of such a bridge is the
interior space. The structure can create and interior space, but the user's
experience also depends on the views and on lighting. It is much more
the work of architects than engineers to set the scene of such a covered
structure. In certain settings, footbridges may be asked to house shops
and multiple pathways, as was the case for Zaha Hadid's extravagant
design direction for the 2008 Expo in Zaragoza. The line between a
complete building structure
becoming more fluid.
150
The other end of the bridge is not in sight, but t he view to the exterior isconstant
S~ curve
c reate an e legantly d esign ed tran sit ion . This is anot her example of th e
coo pe ra t ive e ffo r t between architect s and en gineers: G eninasca Dele fortrie of Nc uc hatc ] wer e the ar chitects of the project, and C hablais et
Polle t olEst avaver -Ic -L ac th e eng ineers .
Exceptional pilots in a Russian helicopter flew th e pr efabricat ed
tru ss g irde r into th e vall ey, wh er e th e bridge span n ing 2] .r; m wa s built
within two da ys. At t ac h me nts for the wooden slat s were in corporated
into th e ver t ica l stee l fram es.
Th e variation of t he c ros s sect io n - with a depth of between 2.r; and
J.o m and a w idt h of bet we en
I.I r;
151
152
The structure is even visible from the inside of the covered structure
bridge' s com pact volume us es th e modern archi tectu ral var iant of th e fl at
roof as th e gabl e roofs of old er covered bridges (see p. 24-) as an integral
part of th e arc hitect ure - th e product of th e co o pe rat io n between ar chitect Hermann Kaufmann and engineer Fra nk D ickbauer .
With a span of 4-4- m and a w idth of 4- ., m , th e bridge crosses t he
border between Austria and Switzerland . Although th e Swiss em ban km ent is low er than the Austrian on e , th e roof remains horizontal, giving
th e st r uct ure a conical elevation. The two main girders made of glued
timber sect io ns create th e sid es of th e enclosure . The steel tension m ember from four flat steel plates com plete s the su spended girder syst em .
153
Edge glued timber and steel are combined in optimal manner with respect to structural demands
. -.....7
20
m lo ng bridge dcck
and roofing e leme nts ar e stressed toget her with di agon al te ns io n mem ber s of high-st rength steel. Using th e "plank pack lamin ation method",
th e mor e in exp en sivc ex ter ior sectio ns of th e t ree may be used . T he
resulting st iff, strong wood en plat es ca n be sim ply nailed toget her.
Thc st r uc t u re can be cla ssified as a Fin k tru ss. Both main tru ss
member s th er efor e lack a low er cho re . Tr an sverse g irde rs con nec t th e
bridge deck or t o th e vertical m ember s of th e fink t ru ss by stee l plates
th at do no pen etrat e any pa rt of t he vert ical sectio n d ir cctl y ex posed
to th e weath er. The loading of all st r uct ur al members increa ses as on c
approach es th e mid span . Th e di agonals are pr estressed at th c abut me nts
to add stiffness to th e syste m. Addition al pr estressing oft he syste m
co u nteracts snow load s, as th e ten sion members co ntract du e to low er
temperatures during th e wi nter mon th s.
60m
154
200 1 ,
Proceed ings,
Pl': 174 - 18 6
db dc ut schc bauzeitun g, 6, 20 04 ,
pp. S28 l
movement of a da ncer. T he geometry of the enclosure gives the bri dge its
char ming visual aspec t form both int ernally and ex te rn ally - t he str uct ure
plays an almost secondary role and is hard ly noti ced in th e int eract ion
bet ween int er ior and ex terior.
155
156
traverses a ce ntra l atriu m as if a spid er had spu n its a glis te n ing net ,
symbo lizes th e th em e of the gallery. T he st rength of glass and ste el were
pushed to the limit - this materi al -speci fic design approac h comes form
th e team of Wilkinson Eyre in coo pera tion w ith the engi neers W hit by
Bird . In or der to intensify th e relationship bet ween th e pedest r ian and
16 m
the st r uc t ure , th e aud io artist Ron Geesi n develop ed a co mpute r co m posit ion that react s to the movem ents of the bridge and its ped estrian s.
Th e struct ure ha s a span of 16 m and is suppor te d by 186 except ionally th in sta inless steel wires (d = I..s-8 mm) that overla p along th e dec k .
Th e dec k co nsists of a to ta l of 828 glass strips . Every fifth glass str ip is
glue d to a strip runn ing parallel to th e edge . A downward backst ay
syste m sta bilizes th e st r uct ure suffic iently against dynami c osci llations .
T he form of th e stai n less stee l w ires expands th roughout t he inter ior
spac e and provides a fabul ou s co n nec tion between th e br idge and th e
su r rounding space .
Detail, 8 , 19 9 9 ;
Pearce, 20 02, pp. 204- 20 9
The thin ca bles create a delicatespatial net that however solidly supports the walkway
157
158
Fu nctions
fires.
(see p. 154).
ments somet imes call for side roof ing and cov-
w eat her pro tect ion , these struc tures must provide
159
160
Typical structures that integrate t he structure into the formal design of the bridge
lZ:= LKl
I
Structural archetypes
Load ing
possible.
structure.
LeRicolas's gi rder
Mc-Clcar v, Pe-t er, Rob e r t Lc Ricol ai auf dcr Suc hc nach del'
un vc- rsto rb arc n Idee , in; Archplu x, ~ ,200 1, pp. f,4 - 6 oS
M ur t-av, Peter and Ma r v Anne StcH'IlS, LiYing Bridges, Munich, 19 9 6
19 9 2
Sc-hlaic-h, Mike ct al., Guidelines for the deSign o f foo tbridges , fib,
fede rat ion intor nano nalc du bct on , b ullet in ~ 2, Lausanne , No vember
2 00~
200 1
161
city attempted to mark the turn of the century with a special event,
of the city. Bridges with unique designs can create great local identity
ry are among the best examples of this. Footbridges were some of the
164
165
44m
3m
166
No fear of grand gestures: the symbolic requires courage in design with a span of 75m
One essentia l point makes th e struct ure unique : the arc h and
curved deck plate do not lie abo ve one ano ther in one plan e, but eross
opposi te th e museum had on frighte ned eng ineers . The Cata lan arc hit ec t
each other. Half of th e hanger s run abo ve t he deck and seem to offer
and civ il enginee r - born in 19S1 - st udie d in Valencia and at the Swis s
som e pr otection for th e ped estrian s. T he incli ned par abol ic arc h spans
Fed eral Inst itute of Tec hno logy ( ET H Zur ich) . A better co nste llat ion
over 7S m and cre ates a stable spatia l str uc t ure together wi th it s hanger
cables . T he slen derness of t he arch indi cates that it s form is not ra ndo m,
Ca latrava is familiar wit h t he Spanish bridgebu ild ing trad iti on from Jose Eugenio Riber a to Eduar do Torroja and Carlos Fernand ez
Casa do - as well as th e Swiss tradi tio n where struct ure and form are not
ment . The tran sit ion from th e promen ade to t he st r uct ure must be
th eatrical and echo th e mo vem ent of the struct ure in th e urban environ-
In br idge co nstruc tion, the inclined arc h domi nates Calat rava's
wor k - as seen her e in Bilbao wh er e a lively ri ver prom enade over the
Nerv ion would be co n nected to a war ehous e zone - in an attem pt, as
seen so often, to rev ita lize and re juvenate an industr ial are a. Bilbao
requ ir ed a symb oli c gest ure to cr eate an atmosphere of change in the
co untry, and Santiago Ca latrava was able to deliver it . The ex pre ssive
arc h , th e da zzling white colour, and the th eatri cal lighti ng together offer
ever yth ing necessar y to creat e a symb ol from its power ful visual image .
Torre s Arcila,
2002,
Art ificial lighting is part of urban renew al, Calatra va's w hite bridges are predest ined for their role
~
4m
75 m
168
design : the change in the ent ire urban zon e character ized by Herzog &
de Meuron's conv ersion of the old power plant into th e Tate Mod ern is
furth er symbolized by a footbridge . The new millennium brought a con nection between the south side of th e river and the city centre ; the pic tures abov e demonstrate the chall eng e facing many footbridges as part of
its rol e as a landmark and in urban ren ewal: th ey must provide a response
to complet ely differ ent urban situation s at each shore . The offices of
Fost er Asso ciat es and Arup were able to meet this challenge with th eir
competition laureat e, slend er structure .
The first bridge built in London since Tow er Bridg e in 1894 - and
th e first pedestrian bridge - was requi red to be techni cally refined in the
pr esence of th e new millennium . The bridge is 330 m long with a ce ntral
span of 144 m and a deck width of 4 m. It has be en referred to as "probably the most delicate susp ension bridge of our time". The shallow cable
sag accentuates this effec t . The ratio of span to sag is here 60, wher eas
for a normal ratio for suspension bridge is IO! This gr eatly affects its cost,
due to th e much higher cabl e forc es . The inclination of th e hangers
mak es the bridge suscept ible to lateral oscillations . Th e bridge wa s
clo sed, as mentioned abov e , due to high lateral vibration through
pedestrian excitation (see "sailor's roll", P: 101) . The problem dis app eared only after th e installation of numerous damper s.
The view from the Tate Modern, the approach ramps become an observation deck - span 144 rn, total length 370 m, cable sag 2.30 m
169
170
The contrasting form of each side of the bridge is an essential part of the design
36 4m
com ing too visually brazen . The approach that begins in th e h istoric cit y
centre cont inues over the riv er to th e form er po rt, whi ch has be en mad e
into a cit y park . The structure is 47 m long w ith a free span of 35.7 m .
The vertical 3.15 m and 1.15 m wid e upright con cr et e slabs proj ect to a
1.1 m
height of 12 m . The de ck co nsists of a closed bo x section in steel , an alu minium plat e surfacing, and railings from safety glass with wo od en hand -
0.7 m
rails . A specially designed cr ane was used to place th e 150 t deck ; th e ebb
5.4 m
of th e tid e help ed to allow th e deck to pass below two ex ist ing st r uct ures .
The concre te piles below th e abutments exte nd 17 m int o th e soil. Parti cular attenti on was paid to the details and surfacing.
The structure rem inds on e of the small but famous stone br idge
from 1566 in Mostar, whi ch was sens elessl y destroyed during the 1993
Balkan War; it wa s re constructed for symbolic reasons and inaugurated
in 2004 .
db dcutsche bauzeitung. ~,
pp. )8 -45
20 0 3,
Symbolic bridges can almost only be imagined with theatrical lighting systems
171
172
and powd er coate d with a mi caceous iron or e. The sections lie tran sver se
to th e deck on th e piles. Continuous timber beams lie 1 em apart from
on e another and ar e sta bilized every
2 .,)
3.2 m
IF
The pilgrim's pathway with a high wall toward the protected natural sanctuary
173
174
32 m
sem ble insec t wings fro m afar. As one app roa ches , th e arches see m to
lure passers -by w ith an invit ing , sympat hetic gesture . They are not
co nnec te d overhe ad , leaving the sky op en above th e deck . The de sign is
completely arbitrary, and refl ects the adjac ent brid ge by J .J. Webster ,
built in 1888 . Both ar ches ar e stable du e to th eir rig id fix ation at th e abutments. T he bending moments transferred to the abutments from each
side cance l on e another ou t and do no t load the superstructure. The horizo nta l for ces from th e hang ers at each side are also equal and opposed.
Th e presence of th e bridge is further accentuated by th e professionally
developed lighting design, a requir em ent for all such symbo lic bridges .
Pearce ,
20 02,
pp. 200- 20 3
176
248m
177
Sta irsand ramps on the Weil am Rhein side with a view toward Huningue
effor t to make t he m suita ble for their ro les. T he Rhin e Bridge in Kchl -
hcirn (see p . lOS) d emon strat es the d iffic ulti es tha t ar ise wh e n fu nc t io na l
e ng ineer ing cha lle nge. The bridge w as built in a manner sim ilar to the
Passerell e Simone d e Beauv oir in Par is (see p . (44) . The sections o f the
titio n was held to a footbridge between Fra nce and Germany to prov id e
ce ntra l segme nt was lifted int o place and suspende d from the cantilevers .
e re ct io n o f t he ce ntral section.
230
II
23
m w as a co ns iderable
10 0 0
r espected in the plan n ing . T he par t icipan t s suffe re d unde r the di sco rd
of bu re au cr acy.
178
II
May to
26
October,
2003.
179
The red arch was also spectacu larly set in scene at night
Temporary Bridge for Archit ekt urw oche A 1, Munich, Germany, 2002
T he fir st A rch itela urwoche was held in Mun ich
12 - 21
Jul y 2002 : th e
public was t o be m ade awar e t hat th e ex am inat io n of ar chitecture is im por tant for e\ 'er yone , It was clear t hat so me t hing mu st he st aged in th e
publ ic space in t he ce nt ra l ex hibit io n ar ea . Ar ch ite ct Pet er Hai merl and
eng ineers Biel meier & Wenzl create d a fir e -r ed arch footb ridge based o n
a con ce pt hv Matthi as Ca storph , r ising from street level to t he fir st floor
of t he cx hihit ion hal l.
G lued t imh er beam s - sim ila r to a bow - we re used fo r t he supporti ng spine of t he st r uct u re . T he cross sect io n (lI O x 30 em ) is co nstant
alo ng th e to ta l len gth and can be shor tene d t o any len gth . T his is im portant as, after th e Architekt urwoch e , t he hr idge was to prov ide a cr oss ing
23.5 m
wit h a spa n so m e 7 m sho rter over t he Riedb ach cree k in Viechta ch.
1m
Play Stations
The selected projects considered here are only a fraction of the design
possibilities of small footbridges.
One aspect that a book can unfortunately demonstrate only indi-
that allowed clearance for ship masts would be absurd. A second reason
rectly, and that plays an important but often overlooked roll in the de-
would be the fear of attackers: the ancients already had drawbridges for
sign of moveable bridges: their noise. They clap, grind, squeak, crack,
snap, buzz - as with barking dogs, the loudest bridge is usually the
their fortresses.
Faustus Verantius (1551-1617) was also naturally familiar with the
smallest. The noise and movement are an allure for the designer. The
bridge becomes a type of toy - as everything that moves and makes noise
r Sth century: during the construction of the Grand Canal du Nord that
was to connect the Rhine and Maas between Venlo and N euss, and then
in the direction of Antwerp, Napoleon had
II
182
Play Stations
nation ally recogni zed sailing events . O n th e other hand, waterways subject to high traffic can be as mu ch as a swa th through th e urban fabri c as
a highw ay or ra ilway. The challe nge is to make a vir tu e of necessit y. Kiel ,
a beautiful city on th e Balti c Sea, is div ided into east and west by t he
Fir th o f Kiel. In th e early ' 9 9 0 S, th e Scan di nav ian ferries wanted to move
to th e less sought-afte r easte rn area, th ey firs t waited for a bridge to be
const ru cte d
[ 20
p. ) 0
183
85m
8.3 m
8.9m
9.7m
124 ml
184
Play Stations
The suspension cable lifts the deck upward, the shipping clearance isthereby increased by 8.1 m
73.7 m
185
186
Play Stations
The bridge can be inclined within seven minutesto allow shipsto pass
This sp ectacu lar st r uct ure complet es a series of bridges construc ted over th e ce nt ur ies over t he Tyn e between Gat esh ead and New castl e .
again st t he det erior ati on of th e r iverbank area. A cur ved bridge deck
with par aboli c arch cre ates an impressive form . T he fact that th is form
Of 4 , ~ 0 0
KN,
Such an incre dible m ach ine , whi ch is co ns tantl y in serv ice , can no t
sim ply be hidden in th e dark of night . From th e beginn ing , th e eng ines
has a clearance of 2~ m .
t he arch st r uct ure and its refl ecti ons in th e wat er below.
MU ll-onium Bridge, U K,
in: St r uctu ral Enginc('ring
International, 4.. 200 1,
pp. 214 -2 16
187
8.2 m
188
Play Stations
2002
Cultural Capital of
hidd en under mov eab le cover ings. This bridge form seems primal , with
th e mechanics of its movement . The material chos en for the pilla r s and
for cyclis ts and ped estrians throughout th e city of canals . As part of thi s
Coupurc Bridge shows its youth mostly in th e fin e exec ution of detail.
proj ect , a bridge was necessary over th e Coupure Canal. The structure
was to be moveab le to allow ships from th e city to cro ss to the GhentO stend Canal via th e Coupure Can al. The Swiss engi nee r Jiirg Con zett
design ed a vertical lift bridge w ith a lightweight 2 .5 m wide deck for pe destrians and cyclists . The deck plat e is suspended from two stationary
steel tubes 6 m above th e deck , wh ich ca n rot ate about th eir axes . In
order to lift the superstructure, th e 17 hang er cables to each side are wound
around th e steel tubes like to a coil. The bridge can be opened with little
for ce , as the deck onl y moves up and down and sta ys in plac e. The supports for th e tubes at th e top of th e plate-shaped pillars have an elastic
pr ecamber at the midspan . Two bearings are th erefore necessary parallel
2.9m
4 .75 m
Structur e as Space,
2006 ,
P: 24 1 and p. 298
dh deutschc bauzeitung. !l. rooj,
pp.4 6-n
The bridge acts like a ratation switch and rotates along wi t h th e pedestrians on the deck.
189
i'8fS
190
Play Stations
191
192
Play Stations
Moveable Bridges
Bascule bridge
~===IF=I[==:J
~-
Types
The classic moveable bridgesare the draw-
(see p. 189).
in plan.
Descriptions of the many variations of bascule bridges can be found in the literature. The
193
194
Play Stations
Swing
VerticaI lift
- --~
Folding
Pontoon
-- -
Transporter
deck sections.
water level.
Portable bridges: These are oft en pon-
Arching
Telescopi ng
~I
<J--
==1
cases.
:--J
FtU
-(>
Sw ing bridge
Passenger br idge
Ld pzig, 1907
Schlaich, Mike ct al.. Guidel ines for the design of foothri dges, fib,
federation internationalc du bct on , bullet in p , Lausanne ,
Novembe r
20 0 5'
I'
r-
1-----------\ \
I"
195
Landscape, Gardens
The choice of materials can depend on what can be locally found and is
therefore least expensive.
The seasonal change can more readily affect such structures. Some
the city, and hikers audaciously explore the most removed areas. Every
198
Landscape, Gardens
20
ha s co ns tr uc te d m ore than
3 00
bridges w it h spa ns o f up to
260
m in areas
199
200
Landscape, Gardens
201
15 m
202
Landscape, Gardens
3m
203
204
Landscape, Gardens
1400 :
Rin g girder and stairway In one - the bridging of the embankment protectsthe vegetation and sets the stairway in scen e
205
206
Landscape, Gardens
33.6m
22
600
abov e th e Sog nefjord . The 4-m wid e footbr idge leads 3 0 m out from solid
ground and co uld not be more dram atic. The massive railings to th e side
give th e user a sense o f to tal security; but one may feel a sense of vertigo
as th e view st ra ight ahead lead s to a void. The swee p of th e bridge is
re m inisce nt of a ski jump , and th e visito r has to recogn ize th e bar ely
notic eable glass barrier at th e end befor e fee ling safe and enjoy ing th e
view . Th e bra vest visito rs lean over th e glass bar ri er and enjoy th e view to
th e bott om . T he struct ure is deSign ed for heavy wi nds and a snow load of
7 m - Nod e Engi neers fro m Ber gen wer e th e engineers.
207
----_. _ -
4 .3 m
208
Landscape, Gardens
It is str iki ng that the separa tion between str uct ure and envelo pe
can be useful even for simple typ es of foot brid ges t hat appea r to be a single st r uct u re .
185m
209
H
H
H
2 10
Landscape, Gardens
The endof the bridge can hardly beseen - the path leads to the unknown
230
I Andreotti &
Partners, Locarno, was conceived in three sections each with a fre e span
of 82.8 m . A long suspension bridge with a sufficiently braced walking
surface, three thin cabl es as railing and handrails to protect pede strians
from th e worst, and ever y now and again a bracing guy - that's it. This is
pr ecisely th e allure of the bridge: it do es not dress itself up in an attempt
to compete with the beauty of th e landscape . The bridge swings of
course, so you can't be squeamish . Hopping and jumping create mov ement in the st ructure, but the bridge' s flexibility makes it very stable .
The view downward steers one's attention to different sections of
th e floodplain. The structure is similar to th e walkways above archaeo logical sites; it protects the natural surroundings whil e offering views of
the beauty and complexity of the environme nt. One cannot see both
ends of the bridge from any point of th e deck, so that one idyllic surprise
after another awaits the user.
Vegetation and landscape change constantly below the bridge, the view below alow the hiker to experience this
211
212
Landscape, Gardens
122 )
a second bri dge was built only two yea rs lat er w ith
help of comm unal and priv at e investment : th e Viamala hiking trail is too
beauti ful to stop her e. The new sta irway bridge , with a free span of 56.6 m ,
co n nec ts th e trail. Th e dia gonal length of the bridge is 61.2 m and the
main suspe nsion cable is 95 m lon g.
Inspired by th e top ography, th e Jiirg Co nze tt and Rolf Bachofn er
decid ed on a pr estressed cable tru ss in two parallel and vertical plan es.
The challe nge : th e two cable anchorag es are at different heights and the
deck leads fro m a low er approach upwards to th e oppos ite cli ff. Diagonal
cables ar e stressed between th e main suspe nsion cables and th e deck . To
find the form of the cable , th e positi on of th e cable clamps, and th e
lengt h of th e secondary cables , we require th e help of graphic str uct ura l
ana lysis and a Cre mo na d iagr am . Jiirg Co nzett is well ver sed in th ese
matter s, in th e t radition of Swiss eng inee r ing. Erec t ion procedures: a
temporary cableway was constr uc te d to transpo rt con cr et e for th e abut men ts , the cable and th e pr efabr icated br idge deck seg ments from a
for est trail to the const r ucti on site 50 m above . The lower abutment to
th e south was concrete d fir st , afte r whi ch the northern abutment was
co mplete d to serve as anchorages for th e ma in suspension cables. T he
mass of th e abutme nts, incr eased wit h soil ballast , works as a co unte rweight to th e cable forces . A sec t ion of rock was used at the nor th ern
abutmen t to aid in anchor ing the cables . The third abutment at th e
sout hern end of the bri dge deck was on ly required to transfer ver tica l
co m pression forces to the soil below .
The two main suspe nsio n cables (Ga lfan-coate d spira l strand ,
d=36 mm diam eter) ar e ancho red in th e abutments. A spe lte r soc ket is
provid ed at eac h end of th e cables, whi ch are stressed with stee l plates
Structure as Space,
2006 ,
p. ree f
Dechau , Wtlfr tcd,
Traver sinersteg. Fot ografisches
A not to be recreated, magical stage- the cable structure before loading in Ju ly 2005
56.6 m
and shi ms to the abutment using hydr auli c oil jacks. Two ex pe rie nced
cable expe r ts carefully insta lled the cable clamp s t hat join th e d iagon al
change th e fin al geo me try. Trans verse g irders in steel, 3.6 m long, are
ges. Most bridge designers stay true to one str uct ura l form th roughou t
gir ders . T hese beam s provid e sufficient stiffness to prev ent unpleasant
t heir career. T his is not the case wit h ]ii rg Co nzett, who has no fear of
dynam ic osci llations . Th e main cab les ar e also prest ressed to create
the spectac ular. His readi ness to st udy th e co mplex ity of see mi ngly
additiona l compression forces in the woo den deck. Bracing from diagon al
steel tension ro ds in co njunct ion wit h the wooden beam s guara ntee t he
lateral sti ffeni ng effects of th e deck. Also not iceable in the sec tio n : t wo
sma ll bea ms are also bolt ed to the two in ner lamin ated beam s to serve as
attachments for th e sta irs.
T he positi on, height and design of the railin gs g re atly affect the
overa ll design of a foot bri dge of this scale . T he hand rail is at a height of
213
214
Footbridges
1-1I,01Olt
France
Nothing - no picture, no description - can replace personal observation. The abundance of footbridges we have been able to see in the last
several years can no longer be stuffed between two book covers to invite
you to visit. But we want to deprive the reader of as few of these beautiful bridges as possible. The bridges described here briefly have been selected subjectively - as has the rest of the book - and are arranged alphabetically according to country, and then sorted by city name. The index
of names and places on page
and travel arrangements.
250
216
Footbridges
A, 1989
A, 1992
A, 199 5
plat z
200" p .
Ar chitekten , Zurich
hand r ail
11,
wcrk , bauen
Total lengt h : 44 m
Maximum spa n : 36 m
deck and cant ile ver ing ends , integ rated light ing
timber
W idth : 4m
To tal length : 89 .3 m
Wi dt h: 4 .4 m
Width : 3.4 m
Schma l, Pet er C . (ed.) , workflow : St r ukt ur Arc h ite kt ur, Basel, 2002, pp . 98 -101
217
A,17 65
A,1999
A, 1900
flu ss
cycl ists
Ohman n
Ar ch bridge
bridge to th e right
Width : 7.6 m
+' m
Fr ee span:
Width : I .sm
balu strade)
218
"
res
A, 1994
A, 2003
8,2003
8,2002
ger Linde
cent re
Total length : 30 m
cross section
Vienna
Total length: 85 m
Free span: 26 m
Free span : 70 m
Vien na.
Engineer : Wolfdi etrich Zi esel , Vienna
Maximum spa n : 53 m
Width : 2 x 3 m
Width : 3.7 m
load ed member s
Material: t imber
Total length: 64 m
Maximum span : 26 m
W idth : 4 .5 m
I,
219
CH, 1865
CH,
c. 1365
Lattice st r uct ur e
Maxi mu m span : 9 .3 m
Width: 3.2 m
220
Footbridges
..
CH, 1882
CH, 1997
reser ve
Bhutanese br idges
Fr ee spa n: 6). 7 m
Fr ee spa n : lJ4 m
Total length:
Wi dt h : 1 m
2)
W idt h :
m
12 . )
Width :
Abut m ent : co nc re te
1. 9
1. 2
Materi al : iron
Literat ure: Stad elma nn, W ern er, St . Ga ller
Brii cken, S1. Gallen , 19 87 , pp . 4 6 -47
deel gird er
Tota l len gt h : 9 8 m
Maximum span : 74 m
Width : qm
Mat er ial: Pylon and Cab les: stee l, Br idge deck
an d hand rail: lar ch
221
1.
Expo-Bridge in Yverdon-Ies-Bains
e H, 2006
CH,2002
CZ,1986
ti on Expo 2002
fr am e
Width: 3.8 m
free spa n:
22
Fr ee span : 21111
Free span: 12 m
Wi dth :
111
I.2
Mat eri al : laminat ed timber, Su r facing : lamin ated ti mb er plat e su r faced with bitumen ,
W idth :
1. 1
Maximum spa n : 96 m
Width : 2 , S m
2ooS, p 76
pp . 18-21
Sch\\Tize r Hol zbau 7, 2007
222
Footbridges
Footbridge in Bensheim
D,2006
D, 1915, 1949
D, 1996
\\'ay
Stuttgart
Simple girder, fabricated next to th e auto bahn,
Stuttgart
traffic
Total length : 76 m
Free spa n : 40 m
Free span : 46 m
Material : steel
width : 6.9 m
Width : 2.5" m
Width : 5" m
Gabbro
concre te
with limestone
Liter ature : Senator fur Bau- und Wohnu ngswesen (pub.), Gerickest eg uber di e Spr ee, in :
Fu 13gangerbr ucken in Berlin , Berlin, ' 976,
pp . 24- 25"
223
D, 19 16
D,19 57
D, 1999
D, 1995
Bochum
Abt ci Island
lin gen
:\eukolln
filling
,6.' m
tow er st r uc t u res
Free spa n :
Wid th : 2,R m
Free spa n :
100
W idth :
m to 3.8 m
Fr ee span:
' 0 0 rn
7~,7
\Vidth : l .R m
, ~m
2. 2
Width : 2 . 8 m
per ed glass
wcsen (pub. ), Elsens teg in Ne uko lln , in : Fu ligange rbr iicke n in Berlin , Berlin , 197 6 , pp . H -H
14 . 8
Lit e ratu re : Janson, Alban and Sophie WolfLite rat ure : Schmal, Pet er C . (cd .) , wo r kflow:
Struktur - Ar chitcktur, Basel ,
2002,
pp . 142 -'4~
224
Footbridges
Footbridge in Duisbu rg
D,2 001
D, 2000
D, 2001
D,1958
city ce nt re wi t h th e zoo
Berlin
haven
Tubular arch with suspended cur ved deck
For est
gi rder
Tot al lengt h : 24 .2 m
integrated lighting
Fr ee spa n : 111. 3 m
metric m ast.
Width : 2.9 m
Total leng t h : 42 m
Width: 2.8 m
Width : 3.5 m to 7 m
Material : steel
ber
Width : 4 m to 4 . 4 m
225
D,1986
D, 1869, 1946
D,1990
D, Project
th e Zoll Canal
Rampf, Ulm
Truss brid ge
Stuttgart
Rich ard
J.
Wid th : 5.4m
T im ber st ress ribb on brid ge
Material : steel
Maximum span : 14 2 m
lighting.
Width : \ .1m
Width : 2.4 m
Maximum spa n : 40 m
Width : 2.3 m to 4 .2 m
I -II
Material : steel
Footbridges
226
Skywalk in Hanover
0 , 1998
0,2 000
0,2 006
0,2000
Werre
Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Hamburg
St uttga rt
Of7s m x7 s m
bent in plan
Total length: 96 m
Maximum span: 28 m
Total length : 82 m
Maximum span: 35 m
Width : 8.8 m
Width : 3.Sm
Width: 3 m to r m
pp . 60-69
pp .4-72-4-81
pp .ls o-IB
227
Footbridge in Minden
0 , 1994
0,1985
0,2005
0,2006
Sl' r
sc
ex posit io n 20 0 6
G r afe lfi ng
St uttgart
Span: aro u nd 10 5 m
Wid th: j . 6 m
Fr ee span : 69 m
Fr ee span : 38 m
M at er ial : ste el
Width : j.5m
Width : 4- m
Fr e e span : 8. 6 m
Width: 2.5 m
ment
ni ch , 19 9 8 , pp . 214--219
pp . 7 29 - 734-
>-
228
Footbridges
0,2001
0,2006
0,2 002
0, 2002
The bridge crea tes the shor tes t pos sible con-
cent r e
St utt gart
Ingolstadt
Free span : 13 m
Total length: 2E m
W idth: 3 m
Max im um span : 65 m
W idt h: 4 .4 m
W idth : j m
concrete
ste el
2,2001 , p. 42
II ,
229
Bridge in Schnaittach
D, 2002
D, 2000
D, 199 2
Ne us chwanst ei n
Ec ke nta l
St uttgart
W einhei rn
de r n ti mb er co nst r uc t io n
To t al lengt h : 24 .4 m
Fr ee span : 34 .9 m
W idth : l .6 m
in two segment s
Free sp an : 52 m
ill1()IT ed co nc re te
Fr e e spa n : 28.2 m
W idth : 4 .5m
Width : 2.2 m
Ma t eri al : t imber
Br idg e 11 :
To ta l length : 83.9 m
Wi dth: 4m
230
Footbridges
Footbridge in Stuttgart-Vaihingen
Footbridge in Stuttgart-Pragstrar5e
D, 1992
D,1992
D, 1992
Cablen et Footb r idge for t he Int ern at ion al
11 8, 1993, p . 33
St uttgart
Stuttgart
Fr ee spa n: 34 m
bau,
Width : 3.2 m
W idth : 5 m
Fr ee span : ca. 75 m
II,
1994 , pp . 337-342
pp . 1459- 1461
Width : 3.1m
Mat erial : Cablenet : steel
1999, pp . 19 6 - 197
231
Footbridge in Waiblingen
Footbridge in Waiblingen
Backpack Bridge
D,1 978
D, 1980
D,1999
Er lcninsel a nd Br u h lw ies c n
ins cl
person
Architect : Ma ximilian Ruttige r, Unterwo ssen
D,200 1
Ped es t ri an and cycle bridge over the Halde n rain st raBe
Andra, Stuttgart
Ar ch bridge
Arch bridge
To t al length : 23m
Fr e e span : 10 m
Fr ee spa n : 28 m
W eight : 38 kg
Mat er ial : alumin ium
w it ho ut be arings or joints
Wid th : 3.7 m
Width : 2.4 m
Width : J.5 m
Material: r einforced co nc re te , Pi ers: cas t st eel,
st e-el. Rail in g: st a in less ste el
st r al3e in St uttgar t , in : Bet on - und Stahl-b et on bau , No vem be r 2002, pp . 609 - 614
232
Faathr Jges
Bridge in Assens
PontVeil in Alfarra s
Bridge in Bilbao
DK, 1850
E,2007
E, 2005
E.1 997
Suspension bridge
Free spa n : 22 .9 m
Tot al length : 68 m
Los Angeles
Wi dth : 3.6 m
Free span:
Width : 7.3 m
(3)
dern , 1997
233
E, 2003
E,1877
E,1916
E,1996
Velles
Tr uss gird er
Material : iron
Totallcngth :
14.2. ~
Gi ron a
Simple girder frame structure
Ma ximum spa n: 84 m
Fr ee span : ~8 .4 m
\V idth : 4 .1 m to
EilTel, Dusseldorf,
Width : 3 .~m
II m
20 0 3 ,
pp.
3 8 -43
pa cho t im be r
forced concrete
3 , 20 0 4 ,
pp.
na , Spain , in : Footbridge
2002 ,
Nov.
20 -22 , 2002,
26 - 4 9
Spain
20 0 4 ,
pp .
18 - 20
( 19 9 6 ),
234
Footbr dges
Footbridge in L1eida
E, 2001
E, 2002
E,2003
E, 2004
Footbridge in th e city ce nt re
D os Agu as spo r ts ce nt re
Eng ine er : Fheco r Ingen ieros Co nsu lto res,
Mad r id
Fr ee span : 86 m
Fr ee span : 14 7 m
Width : 2 x 4 m
Width : 3 m
Material : steel
Width : 3 m
Fr ee spa n : 7 0. 7 m
Width : 3 m
20 02 .
20 02,
Paris, proceedings ,
ni eria, Z aragoza,
2;- 27
O cto ber
20 0 6
235
Bridge in Pontevedra
E,1997
E, 11 th century
E, 2003
E, 2007
cit y cent re
Mad r id
system
Total lengt h: 72 m
G e samtla ng c : 100 m
Maximum span: 2+ m
Fr ee span : 3 x 33 m
Fr ee spa n: 82., m
W idt h: + m
W idth : 3.+ m
736
r:ootl:Jrldges
Bridge in Zaragoza
Footbridge in Agen
E, 2002
F,2000
Engineer: Ar up , Madrid
Brassie , Agen
Free spa n : 56 m
han gers
Arc h br idge
Width : 4m
Free span: 4 4 m
Width : 2.3 m
Width :
II
m t o 30 m
4 , 2002
7,200 6
2, 2002
237
Footbridge in Dole
F,1 947
F, 1988
F, 200 5
F, 2003
wa s dest ro yed in
194 0 ;
a renovation of th e cu r-
2007
Tr uss arc h
Maximu m span : H m
sim p le gi rder
Fre e spa ns :
Free spa n : 70 m
Wi dt h : 3 m t o 5 m
114 . 2
Wi dth : 3 m
Lit eratu re : Ca lat rava , Santiago , Des bow-
W idt h: J m
[996, pp . 4 4 -53
2005,
200 [ ,
p.
121
p.
13
2 x 2[
238
Footbridges
Bridge in Meylan
F,1920
F,1969
F,1980
F,1900
199 1
Jean Resal
Ca ble -stayed bri dge w it h up sid e down Y-shaped
pylon
Width : 5.5 m
Maximum spa n: 79 m
Width : 6.7 m
Maximum span : 75 m
Width : 8 m
239
F, 1994
F,2001
F,1 998
new
Casi no park
ze th e cana l bank
Stu ttgart
Virlo geux
T Ol I T
Granite in Na nte r re
Totallcngt h : 4-0 m
Ar ch bri dg e
Free span : 4-3 m
Fr ee span:
W idth : 3.5 m to 5 m
Width : 3.5 m
ped e str-ian s
12 m
90
Fr ee spa n: 88 m
19 9 8
W idth : 4-., m
im pr inted glass
m etalliqucs,
ques,
Lit erature: La passerell e Gra n it e en chant ier,
in : l.c Moniteur des Tra vaux Publics et du Bati m en t , 8 September
2006 ,
P: 20
1,2 0 01 ,
pp .
JI6 - 127
19 9 9
2, 2002
Janu ar y 20 0 1, pp . 59 - 63
740
FC'otbr dqes
F, 1997
F,2004
F,1988
F,1980
promena de
deck
Free span : 7S m
Free span : 56 m
Width : 2.5m
ce ntre of th e bridge
timber
Free spa n : 3 x 37 m
Width : 3.) m to 7 m
Material: steel
1998 , pp . 36 -37
241
GB , scheduled 2009/ 10
GB, c. 1900
GB,2002
eac h side
Maximum spa n : 79 m
Width: 1.4m
Free spa n : 60 m
Fr ee span : 54 m
Width : 2.7 m to 3 m
W idth : 3 m
Mat erial : Pylon, bridge gir der and cab les: steel,
cre te
December 2005, p . 18
Footbridges
242
Bridge in Kingston-upon-Hull
UK, 2005
UK,1820
UK, 2006
Term inal
112
Width : s.sm
128
Maximum width:
II.S
10 , 18 21
24
June
2004,
Mill er, Gordon, Uni on Chain Bridge, in : Co nfere nce Rep ort of th e Institution of Civil Eng ineers
159 ,
May 200 6 , pp .
8 8 -95
May
14
2006
12
May
20 06
200 6
243
UK, 1994
UK,1996
UK,1996
UK,1997
London
hangers
Fr ee span : 180 m
Width : 6 m
Material : st ee l
20 0 2,
p . ' 39
2002,
pp .
1I0 -117
244
Footbr dges
UK, 1999
UK,2001
UK, 200 3
UK, Project
pp . 3 0-3 5"
Wells, Matthew and Hugh Pearman,
Dogs
Engineer : Techni ker , London
Archit ect : Birds Portchm outh Russum
Arch itects, Lond on
Moveable brid ge , Sout h bridge: Two part sw ing
br idge , No r th brid ge: bascul e bri dge
Free spa n : South bridge: 32 m , No r th bridge :
23 m
245
UK, 1999
UK,2005
UK, 1995
UK, Project
45"0
PI" 26 -3 2
Pearce , Martin , Bridge Builders, Lond on , 200 2,
199 8 ,
pp . 216 -22 1
pp . [4 8 -[5[
246
Footbridges
Trepponti in Comacchio
1,2003
1, 1634
I, Project
1,2006
Free span: 75 m
Width : 4 m
Material : ste el , timber
247
Bridge in Venice
Nesciobrug in Amsterdam
1,1963
NL,2 006
PL,2006
Arch br idge
Free span: 8 m
Width : 1.6 m
Material : Arch and railin g: iron, Several
stairs: stone, Surfacing and hand rail : timber
Cable-stayed brid ge
Tot al length : 1) 0 m
Maximum span: 9 0 m
Width: 3,) m
Material : Pylon , half frams and wind
protecti on : steel, Deck girder: laminated
timber, Sur facing: sto ne pin e timber
Liter ature : Russell , Lisa, Elega nt footbri dge
co nnects bord er resorts, in : Bridge Design &
Eng ineer ing , vol. 12 , December 200 6, p. 8
248
References
References
The bibliographic references for individual
194 1)
pro ce edings
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CARAMELLE, Franz, HistorischeBriickenbauten
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23
GRUNDMANN, Friedheim, Hamburg - Stadt der
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KAHLOW, Andreas, Briicken in der Stadt . Der
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WIRTH, H ermann, Technik. Ze upnisse der
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[9 84
1933
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RUSSEL, Lisa, Footbridqe Awards 2005, in :
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Berlin , 1 9 9 .~
[9 21
1999
im
Stuttgart , [9 92
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Paris , 200 6
St iglat , Geschichte der Briicken. Zeit der lnq enieure,
e u re (pub .) , We8bereiter der Ba ut echn ik : herausragende Bau iriqenieure utul technische Pioni erleistun gen in ihr er Zeit, Dusseldorf, [9 9 0 (ser ies
r ep rint 1983-1989)
www.structurae .com
www.bridjjemei st er.com
Hi stor y, vol. 4 , [9 88
INTERNETSOURCE
[9 9 0
Dusseldorf, 2005
Poiticrs , [9 86
250
Architects, Engmeers
Architects, Engineers
A BE RN ET HY, J ame s
47
B O BR O W SKI > J AN B O BR O W SK I
B O LLI N G ER + G RO HMANN
22 7
108
BONAT Z, P aul
246
14 0
AS SOCI AT ES
242
Stepha ne
BR U NS, A .
APA R ICIO , A n g el
C.
A RSA C
36
A R UP
24 4
14 6
71
28
CA RLO S F ER N A ND EZ C ASAD O
26
PARTNERS
CHAB LA IS ET P O FF ET
1)0
CH AM BER S, William
28
as p A RCH IT EKT EN
ATELI ER ON E
231
20 2
CO NZ ETT, J ii r g
212
C ROZ ET
41,42 ,44
) 4, 6 4, 13 0
&
WIDM AN N
34
)2
EIFF EL, G u s ta v e
E SSEX , J a m e s
40
224
40 , 233
22
EST UD IO G UADIANA
23 3
ET H ERID G E, William
22
F EI C H TI N G ER ARC H IT E KTEN
F EIC HTIN GE R , Di e t mar
40
F ICHNTER + K OP P L
)2
D A P O N T E, A n to nio
200
1) 8
228
138
F INLEY , J am e s
26
23 4 , 23)
10 6
36
26
28
Fm sco
126
D AU N ER , J O LI AT & AS SO C I ES 98
D AV ID R O W EL L ENGI N EERS 4 7
F LI N T & N EILL P A RT N ER SH I P
BI ELER , Wa lte r
B ER G ER M A N N , Rudol f
BI E LM EI ER
&
132, 17 2 , 220
W EN Z L 17 9
BILI SZC ZU K , J AN
BI LL, M a x
92
BIRo , A .
D ESLAU GI ER S,
247
217
Francois
DE LE SSER T , B enj am in
244
239
42
24 1
FO HL, Klau s
24)
)6
28
177
FH ECO R I N G EN I ER O S C ON SULTOR ES
J O U R DAN
D A R BY I , Abrah a m
40
B ED N A R SK I > ST U D IO B ED N AR SKI
2 16
E I ERM AN N , Egon
F IN K , Albe rt
B AZAI N E , P i e r r e- Dom i n iq u e
Dur-o uv
140
B ER D O LY ET
&
C ULMANN , K arl
24
46
C O R AY, R ichard
B ALM O N D , C eci l
17 0
8 o , 122, 18 8 , 212 ,
216 ,22 1
243
BACHOF N ER, R ol f
36
238
III , 234, 23 6
C HALEY, J o seph 41
224,236, 242,247
226
&
DR ED G E, J a m e s
181
216
D R EW R Y, C ha r le s S t uart
CALATRAVA, Sa ntiago
)9, 66
A R UP > aV E A RUP
DOSWA LD , Cor n el
EGGE R , H a r al d
238
A R U P, ave N iq u is t
2 2)
2 10
26
38
B URY , C laus
49
22),227,22 8
D O MI N G O F ERR E A R CH IT ECT S 14 6
48
36,242
BURKH AR DT , B erthold
A LBY, Am ed e e
23 8
1)2
DILL ER S COFID IO + R EN FR O , 22 1
236
B R U N EI. , Is a m ba rd King d o m
22)
17
DI CK BAU ER , F ra nk
D I LLO N , J a cque s
PART N ER
B R U NI N G H O FF U ND R A M P F I N G EN I EU R E
42
P A RT N ER
&
&
) 9 , 62 , 64
BROWN , S i r S am ue l
BR ASSI E ,
DIC K, Rud ol f
2 16 , 223
ALA N BAXT ER
&
22 7
233
218
22 4
223
16 8
F R ASCO NI , L orenz o
246
14 0
222
34 , 38
2 32
251
!D E A M
62
!D aM
ifb
24 4
40
L OHM ER , Ger d
233
62,6 4
LU T Z , LO H RE R, EGEN HOEE R
232
229,23
134
22 2
M +G I N G ENIEUR E
2 17
M AI LLART, Robert
56 ,6 0, 1 24
M A N T ER O LA, J a vier
GERBER , H ei nri ch
J A N SO N + 'vV O LERIL\1
GE ESI N, R on
15 6
GERKA N M A RG
G I HORD
&
22 9
PA RTNER
&
18 2, 226
J ESSE, Di rk
PAR T N ER S 18 6
MA RG,
(~ R AD I N G ENI EURP LA NU N GE N
M ARTI N , G e org e
K AU FM AN N , H erm ann
126
2 30
2 39
15 2
K IR K LA ND , A lexa n d e r
23, 159
M ASO N O R Dl SH , R ol and
H AC K H O fER , Jo se f
Za ha
H ART EL
&
2 17
SC H I ER MEYE R
2 16
H AL\I ER L, P eter
179
KL EN Z E, L e o vo n
36
M EH RT EN S, G e org
Thorstcn
H AP PO LD, B U R o
224
224
M EN N , C h r is t ia n
22 5
KU BLER U ND LE IBBRA ND
202
K ii N Z LE, O tto
24 1,242
48
220
34
H FAT H ERWI CK ST U D IO
19 0
MI TI S, Ignaz v on
39
222
M O G OR AY, A n dre
44
54
LEE, R ich a rd
H O UI S, Luis
L EN l': E, P et er J o s e ph
80
HU G H DU T T O N ASSO CI AT ES
LI ESS, J oh ann e s
21
N ERV I , Lui gi
32,202
238
218
&
PAR T N ER S 243
206
13 8,244, 245
153
21
4 2 ,44
60
LI G NUM C ON SU LT A N G ER ER & PA RT N ER
LI O N, A n d re - Lo u is
72
N EY & PAR T N ER S
200
L OD O LI , Ca rlo
M OR Y, Hans
46
L EO NH AR DT, F r it z
246
8 8 E., 90 ,
243
22 1
H O AR E, H en r y 28
Hu cr .r, M art in 22 1
55
55 ,2B
60
M O RT O N PART N ER SHI P
13 1 , 17 6, 2 3 1 , 24 0
L AUB E I N G ENI EU R E
48
239
23 6 , 23 7,239 ,2 4 0
M OHRI N G , Bruno
M O R SCH , E m i l
230
L AM BO T , J o seph L ou is
20 4
HOSSDO RF , H ein z
14 2
H EG G ER H EG G ER S CH LE IFI'
H EI N SE N, Hein
MIMR AM , Marc
M O NI ER , J o se ph
H AZA R D s \ YHI T E 42
2 16
72
54
K O NI G U N D H EU NI SCH
241
38, 48
MI CH O T EY, J e an - L ouis
242
38
K NI GH T , Marti n
14 9 , IS8 , 236
36
M cD O W EL L + B EN ED ETTI
Hx n m,
247
M AYR LU D ESCH ER
KIR CH ER , A t ha na s i u s~ 8
23
2 17
36
178
GRUBENMAN N , H an s Ul rich
24 0
33
228
K AAG + SC H W AR Z
Volkw in 18 9
MAROT, M ichel
60
Ju s s ow, H e inri ch C hr is to p h
CRA NI CH ER, Gu st av 38
III , 13 6
22 ~
227
238
225
34
OTTO, F RE I
49
aV E AR U P
P AR T N ER S
&
36
140 , 16 8
247
Architects, Engineers
252
22, 15 8
229
2[ 7
PAUL, Marti n
2[8
PAUSE R , A lfred
PAW SO N , J ohn
20
P O LARI S, A lfa
204
226
VOG EL + PARTN ER
4 2,43
42
S EG U IN, Ju le s
42
Rem v 26
&
P RI TC H AR D , Thomas F arnol
PARNT ER
26
246
20 8
246
SM EATON, J ohn
237
R EN NI E, J ohn
R ESAL, J e a n
W EISZ, H .
SOAN E, S i r J ohn
22
W ES
W I EGA N D , W erner
WH ITB Y, BIRD
P AR T N ER
&
237,2 39
&
W IL KIN SON EY RE
224
S USTRAN S
RI CO LAI S, R o b ert L e
76 , 94 , [36, 22 [
WSP
76
Gr-ou e 24 4 , 245
227
Z IAN E
218
Z I ESEL , Wolfdietrich
3 LHD [ 70
88
24 4
T EL FO R D, T homas
36
153
52, 5 6
T O DT , Fritz 59
RI TT ER, J o s ef 24
T ORROJ A, E duar do
R O EB LI N G , J ohann August
R UTTI GER, M a ximili an
38, 4[ ,4 2
23 I
224
24 3
68
68 , 16 6
210
T O RTI , F abio
40
32
'3 4
206
&
74
[77
245
T EC HN IK ER
160
26
238
[44, 226
206
STIGLAT, K lau s 59
STRASKY, J i ri
'36, 15 6 , 24 3
W IL KIN SON, J oh n
16 6
[7 8
PA RTNERS
WI LH ELMSEN , T ommie
[ 24 , 221
P ART N ER
P AR N T ER
&
&
225
228
PART N ER
RU F, S e p
&
R FR RI C E FRANC IS RI CHI E
74
36, 4 7,241
229
RIIl ER A, J Os e E ugen io
74
STROBL, Wolfgang
26
227
36
204
174
SMIT H, W i lliam
ST EFAN POLONY I
PART N ERS
&
B R OW N
&
7 2, 80 , [30
W ER N ER SOBE K I N GENI EU R E
SPIELMANN, A lai n
R AM BOLL WH ITBY BI R D
R EDPAT H
[9 0
54
W EBST ER, 11
36, 4 7, 24 [
SMITH, J o hn
239
228
S EGUIN , Marc
S KM ANT HONY HU N TS
235
POLONCEA U, A ntoine
PR O GEEST
S IV I ER O, E nzo
23 [
P ET ER U NO LO CHN ER
PLAGN IOL, Bru n o
229
V I EZ EN S, L u dwig
242
232,233,234
P ED ELTA
PAR N T ER
224
24 7
38
V ERANTIUS, FA UST US
39, 4 4
2 [7
2 [8
253
Index of Places
Nordpol Bridge
A(;E:--I
236
B O BLI N G E N
23 2
A .\ \S TE R D A :' \
ANG E RS
FI G EAC
I 12 , I 19
AUARRAS
B OUDR Y
24 7
231
A:--IDO A IN
223
49
AC HBE RG
AR D EZ
' 3, P
A SSE :--I S
2 )2
Holbein Footbridge
96
Iron Bridge
223
1) 0
236
F RE D R I K ST A D
FR EI BUR G
FRI BOURG
224
241
BRU G ES
C A M BR ID G E
B.-\D E N -BADE N
C ASC INE
222
Port Bridge
14 6
CO M ACC H IO
174
B ED FORD
C R ETE I L
B FI . I. H ; ARD E- SUR - VA l. SE R I N E
B E N SH EIM
D OL E
121
GR AZ
2 24
DRYIlUR GH
DU SS ELDORF
36,241
B ERLI N K O P E NI C K
DUMFRI ES
36
40
22 4
HAMBURG
22)
184
36, 47
66
DURH AM
E DZE l. 1.
EGG
ESS I NG
Ponce da Ribera H
BIR CHERWEID
H A N O V ER
Expo Bridqes
Skywalk
72
24 1
H ERI s Au
)0
49
24
H ITTI SAU
>
241
23,51
Kumma Bridge
2 2)
ESS LING EN
EX ETE R
226
226
H ENGSTE Y
16 6
19 3
134
GROS SENHA IN
GR E NOBLE
BI LB AO
189
Wiecker Bridge
)4
Katzbuckel Bridge
19 3
39
)1
DUISBURG
Expo Bridge
Lion Bridqe 4 8
2 16
Ry ck Bridge
36
GR EIF SWAL D
2 37
Gericke Footbridge
B E RWI CK
222
233
) 2
G LASG OW
D ESSAU
B ERLI N
BER N E
Iron Bridge
23 7
D EIZI SAU
2 22
LI G NO N -Lo EX
36
2 37
206
B ER G E N
>
26
2 46
CO RCA POLO
2 42
GIRO N A
CON WA Y C A ST L E
2 19
G ATW I CK
18 6
G E N EVA 44
14 0
C OI M B RA
202
B ARUTH
B ASEL
10 6
24 6
)4
1)2
GAT ESHEAD
22
T AVO LA
I)J
C HAZEL ET
BAR CEl. O NA
44
1S3
18 8
38
126
130
F Ro JAc H
GA ISSAU
BAMB ERG
I J2
FR AU E NF ELD
Bridge by G. Wayss H
BR IST OL
224
2 25
22 5
52
FRA SC O
BR EM E N
41,1 0 0
237
FR A NK FURT
BR A N D E N BURG A N D ER HAV E L
A:--INOKA Y 4 3
2I6
F ELDKIRCH
B O CHUM
M ETTI N G E N
H OR N CLIFF
H O T TO N
15 9
242
218
HU NI N GU E
1]6
2 10
233
254
Ind ex of Places
46
I LKL EY
LYO N
44
24 6
PADU A
I N VERC AULD
47
Passerelle du CollCse 44
P A L EN CI A
I NVERM ARK
19 8
PARI S
32
K ASS E L
10 8
KEH LH EIM
28
K E\V G AR D EN S
51
L AN G EN ARG EN
49
38
L OH N E
19
10 0
20 8
P O STBRID G E ,
24 3
138
R APP ER SWI L
178
19
RIJ EK A
170
R IP OLL
16 4
R O N G E L L EN > T R Av ER sI N A T O BE L
R O N N EBURG
227
228
R O ST O C K
216
111, 216
Nort h Brids e 7 9
R OTH
228
217
N AU D E RS
NESSEN TAL
N ICE
Rollins Brids e
N IE N B U RG
16,
17 2
239
R ENN ES
56
54
SA I NTES
38
SALFO R D
38
N U RE M BE RG
245
235
SA N T C EL O N I
OB ERHAU SE N -RIPSH OR ST
O FF E N BACH
54
OV R O NNA Z
220
S CH NAITTACH
OS CHAT Z
219
OXFORD
LU C ER N E
239
SA R R EGU EM I N ES
234
24 0
SA IN T - M AU R IC E
200
LORCA
235
P U ENT E LA R EI N A
35
L O ND O N
2I
22 1
PR AGU E
MUN ICH
226
220
Dartmoor
22 8
P O T SD A M
227
MI ND EN
M O Y LA N D
235
P ONTR ESI N A
120
MIDD L ET O N , C U M BR IA
50
78
P O NT EV EDRA
238
M EYL A N
74
36 , 46
89
M ETTI N G E N
238
42
PFOR ZH EIM
36
M ELRO SE
234
L L EIDA
20
LIG N O N-L o EX
L I L LE FJ O RD
P EEB L ES
19 2,2 26
LI N GENAU
P ASSY
M A N NH EIM
LAVE RT EZZO
L E H AVR E
MAN CH EST ER
238
239
PAR IS - L A D EF E N SE
LA NG EN -Bu CH
L E ER
24 2
56
L ARR AU
M ADRI D
KI N G ST O N -U P O N -HU L L
14 2
Passerell e So!ferino
18 2
144
MA IDSTO N E
LADHOLZ
26, 238
Passerelle D ebil ly
K zw 24 2
KI E L
234
227
22
120
SASSN ITZ
SC H W AN GA U
S IER R E
23
229
229
98
229
255
Picture Credits
20 4
SOP If IEN HO L M
SR O MO WCE N IZ NE
247
24~
ST A USTE LL
S T D E NI S 239
43
V A LS
V ENT
24
82
39
VIE NNA
Erdberger Footbridge
245
Zollamt Bridge
240
STRABOURG
~o
STOCK TO N
40
S TUN 1M K UB El
22 I
V E NI C E
Ganggelibrugg 22 o
STA .vIS
23
ST PETERS BURG
62
V AIHI N G E N
ST FOR TUNAT
STGALLIN
9,60
VAG LI DI SOTTO
2I
2 18
f-lackinger Footbridge 2 18
STlITTGART
94
VRANOV
W AIl B lI N G E N
Rems Footbridge I 23 I
W E I LA M R HE IN
W EI M A R
W E ST WYCO M B E
Schiller Footbridge 88
WI ESBA D E N
2 17
S ULZ
W INC H
80
S URANSU NS
23
64
34
WI N C H EST E R, AV INGTONPA RK
110
S W .-\N SEA
28
49
WE TTINGEN
24,2 17
S TRENGE N
38
W ET T E R
28
STO URH EA D
176
WI N T E R T H U R
43
TA RR STE PS
TH US IS
Ex MOOR
12,2 1
2E
TERRASS A
W6R LITZ
28
124
56
39
28
W OL UW I, SA I NT -PIE RRE
218
~3
TOULO US E
Y V E R D O N - l E S- BAI N S
l'asserellc des so up i r5
~4
ZARAGOZA
43
Travcrsincr Footbridge I 12 2
Traversincr Footbridge II
T 1U'.LO N
T HI N 2 2 0
240
22 1
2I2
236
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