Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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than anything we can imagine.
28
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This adventure is made possible
by generations of searchers
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strictly adhering
to a simple set of rules...
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test ideas by experiment
and observation,
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build on those ideas
that pass the test,
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reject the ones that fail,
33
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follow the evidence
wherever it leads
34
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and question everything.
35
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Accept these terms,
36
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and the cosmos is yours.
37
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Now come with me.
38
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Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com
39
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In this ship of
the Imagination,
40
53
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<i>We're leaving the Earth,</i>
<i>the only home we've ever known,</i>
54
00:05:18,947 --> 00:05:23,350
<i>for the farthest reaches</i>
<i>of the cosmos.</i>
55
00:05:27,389 --> 00:05:31,258
<i>Our nearest neighbor,</i>
<i>the Moon, has no sky,</i>
56
00:05:31,292 --> 00:05:34,695
<i>no ocean, no life--</i>
57
00:05:34,729 --> 00:05:38,098
<i>just the scars</i>
<i>of cosmic impacts.</i>
58
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<i>Our star powers the wind</i>
<i>and the waves</i>
59
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<i>and all the life on the surface</i>
<i>of our world.</i>
60
00:05:57,952 --> 00:06:00,521
<i>The Sun holds all the worlds</i>
<i>of the solar system</i>
61
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<i>in its gravitational embrace,</i>
<i>starting with Mercury...</i>
62
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<i>...to cloud-covered Venus,</i>
<i>where runaway greenhouse effect</i>
63
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<i>has turned it</i>
<i>into a kind of hell.</i>
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<i>Mars...</i>
65
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<i>Uranus...</i>
79
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<i>and Neptune,</i>
80
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<i>the outermost planets,</i>
<i>unknown to the ancients</i>
81
00:09:00,268 --> 00:09:05,306
<i>and only discovered after</i>
<i>the invention of the telescope.</i>
82
00:09:06,441 --> 00:09:08,809
<i>Beyond the outermost planet,</i>
83
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<i>there's a swarm of tens</i>
<i>of thousands of frozen worlds.</i>
84
00:09:31,032 --> 00:09:33,667
<i>And Pluto is one them.</i>
85
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<i>Of all our spacecraft,</i>
86
00:09:48,784 --> 00:09:52,086
<i>this is the one that's traveled</i>
<i>farthest from home--</i>
87
00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:55,322
<i>Voyager 1.</i>
88
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<i>She bears a message</i>
<i>to a billion years from now,</i>
89
00:10:00,028 --> 00:10:02,763
<i>something of who we were,</i>
90
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<i>how we felt</i>
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105
00:11:05,502 --> 00:11:09,305
This enormous cloud of comets
encloses the solar system,
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which is the second line
of our cosmic address.
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_
108
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<i>We've only been able to detect</i>
<i>the planets of other stars</i>
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<i>for a few decades,</i>
110
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<i>but we already know</i>
<i>that planets are plentiful--</i>
111
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<i>they outnumber the stars.</i>
112
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<i>Almost all of them will be</i>
<i>very different from Earth,</i>
113
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<i>and hostile</i>
<i>to life as we know it.</i>
114
00:11:36,099 --> 00:11:38,467
<i>But what do we know about life?</i>
115
00:11:38,502 --> 00:11:41,537
<i>We've met only one kind so far.</i>
116
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<i>Earthlife.</i>
117
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See anything?
118
145
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<i>The Milky Way Galaxy</i>
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<i>is the next line</i>
<i>of our cosmic address.</i>
147
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<i>We're now a hundred thousand</i>
<i>light-years from home.</i>
148
00:13:19,837 --> 00:13:23,072
<i>It would take light,</i>
<i>the fastest thing there is,</i>
149
00:13:23,106 --> 00:13:26,976
<i>a hundred thousand years</i>
<i>to reach us from Earth.</i>
150
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This is the Great Spiral
in Andromeda,
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the galaxy next door.
152
00:13:34,151 --> 00:13:36,119
We call our two giant galaxies
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and a smattering
of smaller ones
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the "local group."
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_
156
00:13:48,165 --> 00:13:51,467
<i>Can't even find our home galaxy</i>
<i>from out here.</i>
157
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<i>It's just one of thousands</i>
<i>in the Virgo Supercluster.</i>
158
00:13:55,739 --> 00:13:57,640
<i>On this scale,</i>
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all the objects we see,
including the tiniest dots,
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are galaxies.
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<i>Each galaxy contains</i>
<i>billions of suns</i>
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<i>and countless worlds.</i>
163
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<i>Yet, the entire</i>
<i>Virgo Supercluster itself</i>
164
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<i>forms but a tiny part</i>
<i>of our universe.</i>
165
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<i>This is the cosmos</i>
<i>on the grandest scale we know--</i>
166
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<i>a network</i>
<i>of a hundred billion galaxies.</i>
167
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<i>It's the last line</i>
<i>of our cosmic address...</i>
168
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<i>for now.</i>
169
00:14:29,206 --> 00:14:30,579
_
170
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<i>Observable</i> universe?!
171
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What does that mean?
172
00:14:34,178 --> 00:14:36,913
Even for us, in our
Ship of the Imagination,
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00:14:36,947 --> 00:14:40,550
there's a limit to how far
we can see in space-time.
174
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It's our cosmic horizon.
175
00:14:43,020 --> 00:14:46,089
Beyond that horizon
lie parts of the universe
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that are too far away.
177
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There hasn't been enough time
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in the 13.8 billion year
history of the universe
179
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for their light
to have reached us.
180
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<i>Many of us suspect</i>
<i>that all of this--</i>
181
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<i>all the worlds, stars,</i>
<i>galaxies and clusters</i>
182
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<i>in our observable universe--</i>
183
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<i>is but one tiny bubble</i>
<i>in an infinite ocean</i>
184
00:15:12,783 --> 00:15:14,817
<i>of other universes...</i>
185
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<i>...a multiverse.</i>
186
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<i>Universe upon universe.</i>
187
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<i>Worlds without end.</i>
188
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,068
Feeling a little small?
189
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Well, in the context
of the cosmos, we<i> are</i> small.
190
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We may just be little guys
living on a speck of dust,
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afloat in
a staggering immensity,
192
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but we don't think small.
193
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This cosmic perspective
is relatively new.
194
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A mere four centuries ago,
our tiny world was oblivious
195
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to the rest of the cosmos.
196
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There were no telescopes.
197
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The universe was only what you
236
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<i>But Bruno hungered to know</i>
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<i>everything</i>
<i>about God's creation.</i>
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00:17:54,031 --> 00:17:56,766
<i>He dared to read the books</i>
<i>banned by the Church,</i>
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<i>and that was his undoing.</i>
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<i>In one of them,</i>
241
00:18:00,638 --> 00:18:04,741
<i>an ancient Roman, a man dead</i>
<i>for more than 1,500 years</i>
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<i>whispered to him</i>
<i>of a universe far greater,</i>
243
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<i>one as boundless</i>
<i>as his idea of God.</i>
244
00:18:14,885 --> 00:18:16,853
<i>Lucretius asked the reader</i>
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<i>to imagine standing</i>
<i>at the edge of the universe</i>
246
00:18:19,290 --> 00:18:21,257
<i>and shooting an arrow outward.</i>
247
00:18:21,292 --> 00:18:23,560
<i>If the arrow keeps going,</i>
<i>then clearly,</i>
248
00:18:23,594 --> 00:18:26,463
<i>the universe extends beyond</i>
<i>what you thought was the edge.</i>
249
00:18:26,497 --> 00:18:28,898
<i>But if the arrow</i>
<i>doesn't keep going--</i>
250
00:18:28,933 --> 00:18:31,601
<i>say it hits a wall--</i>
<i>then that wall must lie</i>
251
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<i>beyond what you thought</i>
<i>was the edge of the universe.</i>
252
00:18:34,605 --> 00:18:37,907
<i>Now if you stand on</i> that<i> wall</i>
<i>and shoot another arrow,</i>
253
00:18:37,942 --> 00:18:40,643
<i>there are only the same</i>
<i>two possible outcomes...</i>
254
00:18:40,678 --> 00:18:43,046
<i>it either flies forever</i>
<i>out into space,</i>
255
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:45,048
<i>or it hits some boundary</i>
256
00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:47,817
<i>where you can stand and shoot</i>
<i>yet another arrow.</i>
257
00:18:47,852 --> 00:18:50,420
<i>Either way,</i>
<i>the universe is unbounded.</i>
258
00:18:50,454 --> 00:18:53,723
<i>The cosmos must be infinite.</i>
259
00:18:53,757 --> 00:18:56,226
<i>This made perfect sense</i>
<i>to Bruno.</i>
260
00:18:56,260 --> 00:18:58,595
<i>The God he worshiped</i>
<i>was infinite.</i>
261
00:18:58,629 --> 00:19:02,465
274
00:20:27,184 --> 00:20:30,520
<i>what others strained to see</i>
<i>from a distance.</i>
275
00:20:30,554 --> 00:20:33,923
<i>Here, there was no up,</i>
<i>no down, no edge,</i>
276
00:20:33,958 --> 00:20:35,492
<i>no center.</i>
277
00:20:35,526 --> 00:20:38,928
<i>I saw that the Sun</i>
<i>was just another star,</i>
278
00:20:38,963 --> 00:20:42,899
<i>and the stars were other Suns,</i>
<i>each escorted by other Earths</i>
279
00:20:42,933 --> 00:20:44,534
<i>like our own.</i>
280
00:20:44,568 --> 00:20:47,837
<i>The revelation</i>
<i>of this immensity was like</i>
281
00:20:47,872 --> 00:20:49,305
<i>falling in love.</i>
282
00:20:52,777 --> 00:20:54,744
<i>Bruno became an evangelist,</i>
283
00:20:54,779 --> 00:20:58,181
<i>spreading the gospel</i>
<i>of infinity throughout Europe.</i>
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00:20:58,215 --> 00:21:01,785
<i>He assumed that other lovers</i>
<i>of God would naturally embrace</i>
285
00:21:01,819 --> 00:21:04,854
<i>this grander and more glorious</i>
<i>view of Creation.</i>
286
00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:07,924
<i>What a fool I was.</i>
287
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,628
<i>He was excommunicated</i>
288
00:21:11,662 --> 00:21:13,563
<i>by the Roman Catholic Church</i>
<i>in his homeland,</i>
289
00:21:13,597 --> 00:21:16,032
<i>expelled by the Calvinists</i>
<i>in Switzerland,</i>
290
00:21:16,067 --> 00:21:18,268
<i>and by the Lutherans</i>
<i>in Germany.</i>
291
00:21:18,302 --> 00:21:21,304
<i>Bruno jumped at an invitation</i>
292
00:21:21,339 --> 00:21:24,174
<i>to lecture at Oxford,</i>
<i>in England.</i>
293
00:21:25,576 --> 00:21:27,410
<i>At last, he thought,</i>
294
00:21:27,445 --> 00:21:31,081
<i>a chance to share his vision</i>
<i>with an audience of his peers.</i>
295
00:21:35,186 --> 00:21:38,254
I have come to present
a new vision of the cosmos.
296
00:21:38,289 --> 00:21:41,324
Copernicus was right
to argue that our world
297
00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:43,059
is<i> not</i> the center
of the universe.
298
00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:45,128
The Earth goes around the Sun.
299
00:21:45,162 --> 00:21:47,631
It's a planet,
just like the others.
300
00:21:47,665 --> 00:21:49,733
But Copernicus
was only the dawn.
301
00:21:49,767 --> 00:21:51,935
I bring you the sunrise.
302
00:21:53,337 --> 00:21:55,405
The stars are other fiery suns,
303
00:21:55,439 --> 00:21:57,641
made of the same substance
as the Earth,
304
00:21:57,675 --> 00:22:00,677
and they have
their own watery earths,
305
00:22:00,711 --> 00:22:03,780
with plants and animals
no less noble than our own.
306
00:22:03,814 --> 00:22:06,082
Are you mad or merely ignorant?
307
00:22:06,117 --> 00:22:07,851
Everyone knows
there is only one world.
308
00:22:07,885 --> 00:22:10,353
What everyone knows is wrong.
309
00:22:10,388 --> 00:22:13,356
Our infinite God has created
a boundless universe
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00:22:13,391 --> 00:22:15,258
with an infinite
number of worlds.
311
00:22:15,293 --> 00:22:17,294
Do they not read Aristotle
where you come from?
312
00:22:17,328 --> 00:22:19,029
Or even the Bible?
313
00:22:19,063 --> 00:22:23,667
I beg you, reject antiquity,
tradition, faith, and authority.
314
00:22:23,701 --> 00:22:24,968
Let us begin anew,
315
00:22:25,002 --> 00:22:27,003
by doubting
everything we assume
316
00:22:27,038 --> 00:22:28,138
- has been proven.
- Heretic!
317
00:22:28,172 --> 00:22:29,205
Infidel!
318
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:31,107
Your God is too small.
319
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:39,049
<i>A wiser man
would have learned his lesson.</i>
320
00:22:39,083 --> 00:22:42,385
But Bruno was not such a man.
321
00:22:42,420 --> 00:22:46,656
He couldn't keep his soaring
vision of the cosmos to himself,
322
00:22:46,691 --> 00:22:49,626
despite the fact that
the penalty for doing so
323
00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,662
in his world
was the most vicious form
324
00:22:52,697 --> 00:22:54,698
of cruel and unusual punishment.
325
00:22:58,803 --> 00:23:01,471
Giordano Bruno lived at a time
when there was no such thing
326
00:23:01,506 --> 00:23:03,440
as the separation
of church and state,
327
00:23:03,474 --> 00:23:06,009
or the notion that freedom
of speech was a sacred right
328
00:23:06,043 --> 00:23:07,978
of every individual.
329
00:23:08,012 --> 00:23:10,847
Expressing an idea that didn't
conform to traditional belief
330
00:23:10,882 --> 00:23:13,483
could land you in deep trouble.
331
00:23:15,486 --> 00:23:18,155
Recklessly, Bruno
returned to Italy.
332
00:23:18,189 --> 00:23:19,823
Maybe he was homesick.
333
00:23:19,857 --> 00:23:23,093
But still, he must have known
that his homeland
334
00:23:23,127 --> 00:23:25,195
was one of the most dangerous
places in Europe
335
00:23:25,229 --> 00:23:26,963
he could possibly go.
336
00:23:26,998 --> 00:23:30,033
The Roman Catholic Church
maintained a system of courts
337
00:23:30,068 --> 00:23:31,868
known as the Inquisition,
338
00:23:31,903 --> 00:23:35,439
and its sole purpose
was to investigate and torment
339
00:23:35,473 --> 00:23:39,342
anyone who dared voice views
that differed from theirs.
340
00:23:42,380 --> 00:23:46,316
It wasn't long before Bruno
fell into the clutches
341
00:23:46,351 --> 00:23:48,218
of the thought police.
342
00:23:54,258 --> 00:23:56,893
<i>This wanderer, who worshiped</i>
<i>an infinite universe,</i>
343
00:23:56,928 --> 00:24:00,063
<i>languished in confinement</i>
<i>for eight years.</i>
344
00:24:00,098 --> 00:24:01,898
<i>Through relentless</i>
<i>interrogations,</i>
345
00:24:01,933 --> 00:24:04,634
<i>he stubbornly refused</i>
<i>to renounce his views.</i>
346
00:24:04,669 --> 00:24:06,203
<i>Why was the Church willing</i>
347
00:24:06,237 --> 00:24:09,906
<i>to go to such lengths</i>
<i>to torment Bruno?</i>
348
00:24:09,941 --> 00:24:11,975
<i>What were they afraid of?</i>
349
00:24:12,009 --> 00:24:15,212
<i>If Bruno was right,</i>
<i>then the sacred books</i>
350
00:24:15,246 --> 00:24:17,381
<i>and the authority of the Church</i>
351
00:24:17,415 --> 00:24:20,751
<i>would be open to question.</i>
352
00:24:20,785 --> 00:24:22,486
<i>Finally, the cardinals</i>
<i>of the Inquisition</i>
353
00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,421
<i>rendered their verdict.</i>
354
00:24:24,455 --> 00:24:26,023
You are found guilty
355
00:24:26,057 --> 00:24:28,892
of questioning the Holy Trinity
356
00:24:28,926 --> 00:24:31,595
and the divinity
of Jesus Christ.
357
00:24:31,629 --> 00:24:34,898
Of believing that God's
wrath is not eternal,
358
00:24:34,932 --> 00:24:36,400
that everyone will be saved.
359
00:24:36,434 --> 00:24:41,238
Of asserting the existence
of other worlds.
360
00:24:42,373 --> 00:24:45,275
All of the books
you have written
361
00:24:45,309 --> 00:24:48,779
will be gathered up and burned
in St. Peter's Square.
362
00:24:48,813 --> 00:24:52,382
Reverend Father,
these eight years of confinement
363
00:24:52,417 --> 00:24:53,950
have given me
much time to reflect.
364
00:24:53,985 --> 00:24:54,951
So...
365
00:24:54,986 --> 00:24:56,353
you will recant?
366
00:24:56,387 --> 00:24:58,355
My love and reverence
for the Creator
367
00:24:58,389 --> 00:25:02,025
inspires in me the vision
of an infinite Creation.
368
00:25:02,060 --> 00:25:05,629
You shall be turned over
to the Governor of Rome
369
00:25:05,663 --> 00:25:09,032
to administer
the appropriate punishment
370
00:25:09,067 --> 00:25:11,134
for those who will not repent.
371
00:25:13,237 --> 00:25:17,140
It may be that you
are more afraid
372
00:25:17,175 --> 00:25:20,510
to deliver this judgment
than I am to hear it.
373
00:26:28,646 --> 00:26:30,881
Ten years
after Bruno's martyrdom,
374
00:26:30,915 --> 00:26:33,350
Galileo first looked
through a telescope,
375
00:26:33,384 --> 00:26:36,019
realizing that Bruno
had been right all along.
376
00:26:36,054 --> 00:26:38,789
The Milky Way was made
of countless stars
377
390
00:27:21,366 --> 00:27:23,567
that is the history
of the cosmos?
391
00:27:23,601 --> 00:27:28,372
The universe is
13.8 thousand million years old.
392
00:27:28,406 --> 00:27:30,774
In order to imagine
all of cosmic time,
393
00:27:30,808 --> 00:27:34,444
let's compress it
into a single calendar year.
394
00:27:46,570 --> 00:27:51,564
The cosmic calendar begins on January 1st
with the birth of our universe.
395
00:27:51,599 --> 00:27:54,249
It contains everything that's
happened since then,
396
00:27:54,284 --> 00:27:55,338
up to now,
397
00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:59,891
which on this calendar
is midnight December 31st.
398
00:27:59,926 --> 00:28:03,864
On this scale, every month
represents about a billion years.
399
00:28:03,899 --> 00:28:08,423
Every day represents nearly
40 million years.
400
00:28:08,458 --> 00:28:10,312
Let's go back as far as we can,
401
00:28:10,347 --> 00:28:13,494
to the very first moment
of the universe.
402
415
00:29:02,475 --> 00:29:04,943
As it expanded,
the universe cooled,
416
00:29:04,978 --> 00:29:09,848
and there was darkness
for about 200 million years.
417
00:29:09,883 --> 00:29:12,818
Gravity was pulling together
clumps of gas and heating them
418
00:29:12,852 --> 00:29:15,821
until the first stars
burst into light
419
00:29:15,855 --> 00:29:18,057
on January 10th.
420
00:29:22,996 --> 00:29:26,799
On January 13th,
these stars coalesced
421
00:29:26,833 --> 00:29:31,703
into the first small galaxies.
422
00:29:31,738 --> 00:29:34,540
<i>These galaxies merged</i>
<i>to form still larger ones,</i>
423
00:29:34,574 --> 00:29:37,910
<i>including our own Milky Way,</i>
424
00:29:37,944 --> 00:29:42,381
<i>which formed about</i>
<i>11 billion years ago,</i>
425
00:29:42,415 --> 00:29:45,250
<i>on March 15th of the cosmic year.</i>
426
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,588
Hundreds of billions of suns.
427
00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:51,423
Which one is ours?
428
455
00:31:14,774 --> 00:31:17,242
As with the other worlds
of our solar system,
456
00:31:17,277 --> 00:31:20,346
Earth was formed
from a disk of gas and dust
457
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:22,514
orbiting the newborn Sun.
458
00:31:22,549 --> 00:31:25,985
Repeated collisions produced
a growing ball of debris.
459
00:31:32,392 --> 00:31:33,792
<i>See that asteroid?</i>
460
00:31:33,827 --> 00:31:35,127
<i>No, not that one.</i>
461
00:31:35,161 --> 00:31:36,829
<i>The one over there.</i>
462
00:31:36,863 --> 00:31:40,599
<i>We exist because the gravity</i>
<i>of that one next to it</i>
463
00:31:40,634 --> 00:31:43,769
<i>just nudged it</i>
<i>an inch to the left.</i>
464
00:31:43,803 --> 00:31:45,804
<i>What difference</i>
<i>could an inch make</i>
465
00:31:45,839 --> 00:31:47,873
<i>on the scale the solar system?</i>
466
00:31:47,907 --> 00:31:50,809
<i>Just wait, you'll see.</i>
467
00:31:52,379 --> 00:31:54,179
<i>The Earth took</i>
<i>one hell of a beating</i>
468
585
00:38:51,344 --> 00:38:53,512
<i>At 14 seconds to midnight,</i>
586
00:38:53,546 --> 00:38:57,015
<i>or about 6,000 years ago,</i>
<i>we invented writing.</i>
587
00:38:57,050 --> 00:38:59,518
<i>And it wasn't long</i>
<i>before we started recording</i>
588
00:38:59,552 --> 00:39:01,253
<i>more than bushels of grain.</i>
589
00:39:01,287 --> 00:39:03,255
<i>Writing allowed us</i>
<i>to save our thoughts</i>
590
00:39:03,289 --> 00:39:06,525
<i>and send them much further</i>
<i>in space and time.</i>
591
00:39:06,559 --> 00:39:08,927
<i>Tiny markings on a clay tablet</i>
592
00:39:08,962 --> 00:39:12,197
<i>became a means for us</i>
<i>to vanquish mortality.</i>
593
00:39:12,232 --> 00:39:15,334
<i>It shook the world.</i>
594
00:39:15,368 --> 00:39:18,437
<i>Moses was born</i>
<i>seven seconds ago.</i>
595
00:39:18,471 --> 00:39:21,373
<i>Buddha, six seconds ago.</i>
596
00:39:21,407 --> 00:39:24,276
<i>Jesus, five seconds ago.</i>
597
00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:27,713
<i>Mohammed, three seconds ago.</i>
598