Electrical ft/licr o lmaging (Eltllf' ) Service

Cost.Effective Technolagy For Forrnation And Reservoir Evaluation

In today's econornically-sensitive world, thorough, costeffective reservoir evaiuation is more important than ever.
Halliburton's proven Elechical Micro Imaging (EMIt")
service meets these needs by producing core-like electrical
micro-conductivity images of ihe formation sequence
encountered in the weilbore.

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The EMI produces reai-tinne innages at the wellsite, Detaiied

post acquisition analysis of the image data is done with
high performance trnterViewrM analysis soflware' Image
analysis and enhancement techniques are available for
precise identification of formaiion reservoir characteristics,

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Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis

Thin bed delineation

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Ceneral structural analYsis

Thin Bed Evatruation Bed thicknesses from

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very accuraie salld thickness counts to be calculated'
Fault Identification and Orientation The individual

far-rLt

event can be clearly identified and orientation established,

even if the drag pattern is not present or if the drag pattern
is complex,

Sedimentary Feature Identification Images are sufficiently

detailed to aliow description of sedimentary features
incLuding bed boundaries, internal bed characteristics,
textural changes, and thiniy laminated sand/sha1e
9equences.

Identification and Orientation of Secondary Porosity

Borehoie imaging is an excellent method for evaluating
fractured reservoirs and determining the density and
connectivity of vugs'

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exam p I i uti I i zes H a t t i burto n's a dv anc e d speed -co rrected a I gor ith m to
remove or reduce image artifacts. trregular tool motian and minor tool
sticking, caused by rough borehole conditions, may distort the image
and degrade dip quality, The total interva! ts shown at left and an
expanded 8 ft section is shown at right.

Dimensions and

MaxTemp:

350'F

OD:
Length:

5 in.

Max

Press:
Hole
Max Hole
Weight

24.1 n

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20,000 psi

Min

6.25 in.
21 in.
4961b

Borehole Conditions

Hardware Characteristics
Source Type:

lnduced cLrrent

Sensor Type:

150 microresistivity sensors (25 on each of 6 independent

swivel pads

Sensor

SpacinE:

Sampling
Sampling

Rate:
Size:

Combinabiliqr:

2 rows containing_ 12 and 1 3 sensors, respectively 0.3 in.

between roua; 0.2 in. betnveen serrors oir each r6w
0.1 in. between sens(rs when both rours are superimposed

120 samples/ft at 20 fvmin with DITS t, at 30 fl/min with D|TS il

0.1 in. (resistivity)

D|TS{ornbinable (requires 310 wsds 'ry frame with DITS

and 436 words per ftame with DITS il)

Measurement
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Principle
Range

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Secondary Curves

Dip Angle, Dip AZl, Borehole Volume

of Halliburton products and services will be in accord solely with the tefins ard conditions
contained in the contract between Halliburton and tle cugorner that is applicable to the sale.

Sales

H00,631 08/97

'1997 Halliburton Energy Services,

lnc. All

Rights R6rved

Printed in U.s.A.

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sPE 30608
Applying Electrical Micro-l maging Logs to Reservoir Characterization
M.Y. Fam, SPE, R. Chemali, SPE, D. Seiler, M. Haugland, SPE, Halliburton Energy Services, and
W.F. Stewart, Chevron U.S.A. lnc.
Copyriohl 1995, Socioty ol Ptrolelm Enginse6, lnc.

Thb papr wa8 preparod tor prsontation al lho SPE Annual Tshnical Conlersnce
E$itiuon hsld in Oallas, U.S.A.,22-25 Octobr, 1995.

trd

tr

This papr was seloctd tor prosntation by

SPE Program Co.nmilis lollowin! revlew ol
intomation containd in sn abtracl subfi{ttod by the author(s). Con!6ntE ol lhis paper, ag
p.esnld, havs not bsn revlewod by the Sdtty ol Potroloum EnCin6ls and are subjoct to
cotrctbn by ths autho(s). The matedal, ss p.os6ntod, doss nol ncg$adly roflct any
posilion ot lh6 Socioty ol P6trol6um Enoinrs, iB ottice.s, or m6mb6rs. Papsrs presntod al
SPE mlinoe er6 sutisi to publicatim rdir by Edtorial Codlitl6o3 ol the Socioty ot
Potrdeum Engine6rs. Pmi$im lo c@y ls 6tri:tsd io
abCtrel ol nol mre lhan 3OO

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word8. llluslrations may not be copisd. Th abstracl shdld contain conspicuous

&*oowl6d96ml cll wh6B md by whm lhe paper wo promt*i. 'fi, iis Ubralian, SPE, P.O.

Abstract
Integrated analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional
images from electrical micro-imaging devices provides a pow-

erful link between core measuremens, traditional logging

information, and methods of reservoir characterization. Sideby-side comparisons ofelectrical images and core photographs
illustrate the value of this technique for undentanding stratigraphic and structural relationships in a given formation. The
derivation ofa high-resolution quantitative resistivity log from
an electrical micro-imaging device offers enhanced perophysical
analysis in highly laminated reservoirs. This quantitative resistivity log, characterized through a three-dimensional electrical
modeling code, exhibits a depth of investigation comparable to
the shallow laterolog, digitally focused log, or short guard log.

lntroduction
Electrical micro-images often create a natural and useful link
belween the geological characteristics of a given formation and
its pefophysical attributes. In many instances where various
components of the formation exhibit a large resistivity contrast"
electrical images may reveal details that might not be evident'
from a visual inspection ofa core. From the geological point of
view, electrical images help describe depositional environments, sFuctural and sedimentary features, diagenetic events,
mechanical deformations, and more. Planar events, such as
structural and sedimentary dips or faults and fractures, can be
readily observed and quantified. Integration of trpodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) images with available
core information helps visualize and understand formation
characteristics.
From the petrophysical and the reservoir engineering point
of view, electrical micro-images may be first perceived as sim-

ply pretty pictures, until they are integrated with a traditional

suite of logs. The display of micro-electrical images side by
side with the porosity-resistivity set of logs sheds an enrirely
new light on the obseryed responses. In particular, laminated
reservoirs rnay now be readily differentiated from low-permeability shaly sands. The same observation applies to low-permeability fractured reservoirs.
One additional feature of modern electrical micro-imaging devices has recently emerged. Some of those deviccs, such
as the Electrical Micro-Imaging tool (El"flt*t; are indeed resistivity-measuring devices with electrical focusing provided
by metallic pads and a metallic tool body raised to an equipotential. The mechanical design of the EMI device (Fig. 1), which
is based on six fully independent arms and articulating pads,
helps obtain reliable quantitative formation rcsistivity measurements by allowing the sensors to conform to the borehole wall,
even where caves or washouts are prcsenL
Computei'modeling has been performed to characterize
the EMI tool as a resistivity-measuring device. Modeling results show that except for its high bed definition, this electrical
micro-imaging device behaves electrically much like a macroresistivity electrode tool, such as the short guard (SG) or the
digitally focused log @FL). The quantitative EMI resistivity
measurement exhibits a significant depth of investigation of
several inches from the borehole wall and experiences a minimal mudcake effect. A normalization method is described that
recalibrates the micro-imaging resistivity ms$urement against
the more robust DFL measurement (or an equivalent) if highresolution resistivity is desired.
Electrical micro-images can be used with the spec'ial interpretation algorithrn" LARATM, in the evaluation of thinly laminated shaly sand reservoin.l2 r
"ARA is an iterative deterministic
model that uses the high-resolution resistivity curves for bed definition, then applies a deconvolution and a modified WaxmanSmits equation to cornpute hy&ocafton sanration. First, the EMI
irnage is used o precisely identify the laminated intervals ard bed
boundaries. Then, through the LARA prograrn, the highdefinition quantitative EMI resistivity curve is integnted widr the standard resistivity and porosity logs. The resulting daa can be used
to enhance hydrocarbon saturation computations and improve net
pay estimates within the larninated reservoir.

APPLYING ELECTRICAL MICRGIMAGING LOGSTO RESERVOIR

CHARACTERIZATION

SPE 30608

lntegratlon of 2D and 3D Electrical lmages Wlth

Core Photos

Quantltative Resistlvlty Measurement from the EMt

The principle of developing a 2D image from a series of microcoitductivitymeasurements is well known.3'a The surface of the
borehole is unfolded on the plane of the image, and the
logarithm of the measured resistivity is converted into a color
scale that is applied to that surface. Traditionally, light colors

l, are
designed to produce an image of the formation neartheborehole
wall by detecting minute changes in current flowing through
buffons mounted on metallic pads, However, in addition o the

rcprcsent high resistivities, and dark colors rcpresent low

sensing buttons, the EMI tool can also accurately masure the
absolute currcnt emitted by the central button on each pad. This

resistivities. Several standard image+nhancement techniques

may be readily applied to the electrical image, including edge
enhancement, vertical and horizontal filtering, and dynamic or
static histogam equalization. It is conceivable that in some
instances the electrical image, which reflects changes in formation characteristics, may display even higher contrasts than the
optical corc photograph.
In the 2D rcprcsentation, a plane that is inclined relative
to the borchole appears as a sinusoid, whose amplitude is directly related to the magnitude of the relative inclination and
whose phase is related to the direction of the relative inclination. Thus, the true dip and strike of a certain plane can be
determined by integrating the 2D oriented images, the caliper
readings, and the tool navigation measurements.
The 3D rcpresentation is developed by combining the measured six caliper radii of the borehole with the resistivity micro-image data. In such a representation, dipping events appear to the eye of the geologist as planes, not as sinusoids.
More complex features represented in three dimensions will
therefore be visualized as they would appear on the exterior
surface of a corc.
Fig. 2 shows a dramatic side-by-side comparison of a 2D
image, a 3D image, and a core photo. Shale laminations are
clearly visible on both the core photo and the electrical image,
but more subtle features, such as small vugs, are more easily
identified on the electrical image because they exhibit a larger
electrical than optical confiast to the bulk formation.

Electrlcal lmages Help Explaln Petophyslcal

Anomalies
The petrophysical model for evaluating a given formation
depends on the particular geological setting. Consequently, a
petrophysical model with widely varying parameters is sometimes required within a single well to account for changes in
lithology across majorgeological events. However, such events
may not be easily identifiable through standard openhole logs.
In Fig. 3, the electrical micro-image shows a fault at XX38 ft,
which alerts the petrophysicist to a possible change in the
paramelers needed to evaluate the reservoir. In this particular
instance, a change in formation water salinity from 30,000 ppm
below the fault to 70,000 ppm above the fault was identified. If
that abrupt chrnge in sal::ity had not been taken into account,
a dramatic enor in hydrocarbon saturation and reserve estimates would have occurred.

Device
Imaging sensors, such as the EMI tool depicrcd in Fig.

simple variation of the survey current from the individual

additional capability yields six high-definition, quantirative

resistivity measurenrents that arc well focused, have an ultrahigh vertical resolution, and possess a depth of investigation
comparable to an SG or DFL measurement.

Computer Model. To better characterize the response of the

quantitative resistivity measurcment from the central button on
each pad, 3D computer modeling
performed for

of

the EMI device was

comprchensive set of physical situations. In the

model, the central button is surrounded by the other buttons and
by a metallic surface which is equipotential with the button
array. In addition, 20-inchJong sections above and below the
pad on the mandrel are held at the same potential as the pad to
a

provide additional focusing. The current return is located

several feet uphole from the button array. Such a configuration

is known to pro(luce a passive focusing that minimizes

environmental errors introduced by mudcake and rugose
boreholes.5'6 In a first approximation, the response of the EMI's
center button is very similar to that of a guard log, except that
for the EMI tool the electrode itself and a portion of the guard
are moved awgy from the sonde body and applied directly on the

mudcake surface.
Borehole and Mudcake Effect- The first stage of the modeling
effort addressed the linearity ofthe pad response and considered
the presence of the borehole fluid and of the mudcake at the
surface of the borehole wall. The same 3D finlte-element code
had been previously applied to model a six-arm dipmeter in

order to quantify the electrical diameter of that device.6

Flg. 4 shows the borehole corrections computed for the EMI
central-button measurement. As did the borehole corrcctions for
the six-arm dipmeter, the EMI borehole corrections exhibit a
nonlinear behavior when \ /R,o < 10. For most irnportant
applications, such a response is quite satisfactory. It should be
observed that the borehole corrections shown in Fig. 4 imply
that good logs can even be obtaincd in large boreholes.
For pad+ype rcsistivity sensors, sensitivity o mudcake must
be examined. The set of curves in Fig.5 rcpresents the mudcake
corrections for the EMI cennal-button nreasurrnent in an 8inch borchole. Curves for mudcake thickness up to I inch are
shown. In the related computations, the mudcake was assigned
the same rcsistivity as the borehole fluid. It should be noted
that, for mudcakes of thickness 0.25 inches or lss, the EMI
measurement is remarkably insensitive to the presence of the
mudcake. For thick mudcakes of 05 inches and thicker, the

sensitivity is noticeable. The mudcake effect computed for the

EMI tool is significantly less than for other micro-rcsistivitytype pads.?'8

Invasion EffecL In invaded formations, focused electrode ools
are generally characterized by their pseudo-geometrical factor,
"/. The response of focused electrode devices, such as guard
tools, laterolog tools, digitally focused tools, spherically focused

tools (SFIs), and some toroidally driven devices, can be

approximated by the following equation:
Ro=

J'R- + (l-"Q'R,

...............(l)

The pseudo-geometrical factor was derived with a 3D finiteelement mode ling series in which the sensor was surrounded by
a formation with progressively deeper invasion. Fig.6 shows a
plotof the geometrical factor as a function of invasion diameter.

Depth of Investigation of the Quantitative Resistivity

Measuremenl For a focused electrode tool, the diameter of
investigation is normally defined by the point on the pseudogeometrical factor curve at which,/ = 0.5. With this criterion,
Fig. 6 indicates that the diameter of investigation for both the

EMI and SG devices is approximately 26 incircs. The

corresponding depth of investigation referenced from the
borehole wall is about 9.0 inches for an 8-inch borehole. Several
focused devices, such as the shallow laterolog (LLs), SFL-E,
SG, and DFL tools, feature a similar diameter of investigation.g

The depth of investigation just discussed should not be

confused with the electrical radius used in classic dipmeter
processing algorithms. The electrical radius for the EMI tool
and the six-arm dipmetef extends roughly 0.9 inches beyond
the pad face and is used to create:rn "effective" caliper reading
that is appropriate for use in correlative dip processing algorithms. It is unfortunate that both the incremental electrical
radius used in conventional dipmeter processing algorithms
and the depth of investigation as defined by the ,/ = 0.5 point
on the pseudo-geometrical factor curve are interchangeably
denoted by the term depth of investigation.

Normalization of Electrical-Imaging Resistivity to Standard

Resistivity Logs. The quantitative resistivity curve derived
from the center button of the imaging tool may require further
normalization to a standard resistivity log, such an SG, LLs, or
DFL log. The need for normalization stems from (l) the
.residual errors associated with the nonlinearity of the electronic
circuitry, (2) the skin effect on the measurement, and (3) the
perturbation of the measurement by the insertion resistor of the
center button. Because the response of the EMI center-button
resistivity measurcrnent to invasion is similar to that of an LLs
or DFL measurcment, one of the latter two measurements can
be used as a basis for the normalization.
The normalization process starts by adjusting the EMI
quantitative conductivity measurernent to the sarne vertical reso-

lution as the DFL or IIs. This is simply achieved by running

filter on the center button's raw conductivity measurernent. Then the filtered EMI conductivity is crossplotted
against the DFL or LLs conductivity data as shown in Fig. 7. A
an averaging

normalization coeffrcient is computed based on the least-square

best-fit line of the crossplotted points. This coefticient is later
applied !o the raw EMI quantitative resistivity curve, which
still retains its high vertical resolution. The lower cmssplot in
Fig. 7 represents the normalized EMI filtered conductivity versus DFL conductivity.

Enhancement of Petrophysical Analysis by

lntegratlon of EMI Quantltative Reslstlvity Wlth
Standard Openhole Logs
Well production testing of hydrocarbon reservoirs is time
consuming and costly. Decisions regarding reservoir testing are
driven by results from wireline log analysis, which are usually
reliable enough to identify hydrocarbon zones and o quantify
the hydrocarbon satiration within thick homogeneous formations. However, when the reservoir is thinly laminate4 standard
logs are not capable of resolving the individual laminations. The
responses on these logs reflect the average properties ofthe rock
within the vertical resolutions ofthe sensors, adverscly affecting
the accuracy of formation evaluation.
Integrating electrical micro-imaging data with standard

logs exlends log-derived formation evaluation to the highly

laminated class of reservoirs. First, the image cleady delin-

all thin laminations based on their micro-conductivity

variations, as was demonstrated in Fig. 2. Furthermore, the
quantitative rcsistivity measurenrcnt, described earlier in this
paper, can improve the log analysis results.
eates

Case Study. iogs from a typical Gulf of Mexico shaly sand

formation are shown in Fig. 8. The standard suite of logs, which
includes density, neutron, garnma-ray, and induction, each with
an approximate bed resolution of 2 fent or more, indicales a
shhly sand sequence with potential hydrocarbon production.
The EMI image is also displayed on the same depth scale. It is
readily observed that Zones A, B, and C are in fact laminated in
varying degrees. A cursory examination of the resistivity curves
indicates that Zone A has the highest hydrocarbon potential.
One of the EMI quantitative rcsistivity curves is displayed next
to the dep induction, medium induction, and digitnlly focused
curves (labeled IIDRS, HMRS, andDFL, respectively). Clearly,

the EMI quantitative resistivity curve exhibie a finer bed

definition than the HDRS, HMRS, and DFL curves.
A shaly sand analysis in which the standard logs were used
was perforrned initially. Lithology, porosity, water saturation,
and net pay were computed, and results arc presented in Fig.9.
Visual comparison of these rcsults with the EMI irnage rcveals
potential inconsistencies in bed boundary definition and, subsequently, doubtful hydrocarbon saturation and net pay estimations, especially in Zone A.

IPPLYING

ELECTRTCAL M|CRO'TMAGTNG LOGSTO

A more refined analysis was performed in which the high-

definition EMI resistivity curve and the standard resistivity

and porosity logs were integrated through the

LARA program.

Fig. l0 displays the results ofthis analysis and includes lithology, porosity, water saturation, and net pay estimates. Significant funprovenrnts can be observed on these EMl-based results, especially rcgarding bed boundary locations, which are
now consistent with the EMI image. A greater level of confidence in the hydrocarbon satumtion and net pay estimate was
thus achieved.
OverT-one A, a comparison between the analysis based on
standard logs and the analysis based on EMI data shows a remarkably higher net pay thickness from the latter. The standard log analysis indicates about 3 feet of pay while the EMIbased analysis estimates about 9 feet of pay. This zone was
perforated between X343 ft and X389 ft; a high-shot-density
perforation gun wa; used because of the nature of the laminations in this rcservoir. The zone wa1 later tested over a period
of l0 days, producing an average of 3.0 MMscf/D of gas. Fig.
11 shows a comparison between the two analyses. Tbble 1 summarizes results of the two analyses and also gives lest results.
Zone B is significantly less laminated than Zone A according to the EMI image. This observation is fully consistent
with the close similarity in results from the standard-log-based
analysis and the EMl-based analysis. The interval between
X,148 ft and X460 ft was perforated and teste4 producing 900
bbl water with traces of gas. This zone was sampled during

initial tubing-conveyed perforating, at which time

bottomhole sampler was filled with approximately 30 ft

the
gas

and 60 ft of formation water.

In7-one C, the standard log analysis indicates a gas-water
contact at about X5l5 ft, while the EMl-based analysis places
the gas-water contact at X5l3 feet. In this zone, the standard

log analysis indicates about 2

based analysis show about 1.8

ft of net pay, while the EMIft of net pay. The interval be-

tween X510 ft and X516 ft was perforated and tested, with

initial pnrduction rates of about 5 MMscf/D of gas and 2N Bl
D of water. This zone produced for 2 days before it fully watered out.

For Zones A and C, production data were therefore more

consistent with the EMl-based analysis than with the standard
log analysis. In Z,one B, which is rnostly massive sand, both
analyses provided neady identical results. Tnne A nray have
been overlooked had the decision to test been solely based on
the standard log analysis.

Conclusion
Electrical images have reached a level of quality such that in
some instances they may identify important geological features
that are not as easily viewed on core optical photographs or that

may not be detected through standard logs. As importantly,

electrical micro-imaging data has emerged as a petrophysical
tool. A highly defined quantiktive resistivity log from the EMI
has been modeled and characterized, witlr a vertical rcsolution

REgEEVOTRCHARACTERTZATTON

spE3O6O8

of

a fraction of an inch and with a depth

beds comparable to thatofa sho* guard

of investigation in thick
ordigitally focused log.
Through the integration of the electrical micro-imaging measurcment and standard logs in a specially adapted algorithm, an
enhanced evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation and net pay can
be achieved in highly laminated reservoirs,

Nomenelature
da = trorehole diameter
lrro, = mudcake thickness
"l = pseudo-geometric factor
Ro = measured apparent resistivity
Rrz = mud resistivitY
Rr = virgin formation resistivity
Rro = invaded zone resistiviry

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Chevron U.S.A. and Halliburton
Energy Services for their support of this study and for permission to publish the log data. The assistance of Gary Frisch in the
petrophysical interprctation is also gratefully acknowledged.

References
l.Frisch, G., Gulick, 8., and Manning, M.: "laminated Reservoir
Evaluation in a Case of High Apparenr Dip," paper SPE 2&32
presenled at the 1993 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Ex-

hibition, Houston, OcL

3{.

2. Ruhovets, N.: "A Log Analysis Technique for Evaluating [aminated Reservoirs in the Gulf Coast Area," The Log Analysr (Sept.-

Oct. 1990) 294-303

3. Lloyd, P., Dphan, C., and Hutin, R.: "Formation Imaging Wirh Micro Electrical Scanning Arrays. A New generation of Stratigraphic
High Resolution Dipnreter Tool," paper W presented at the SPWLA
lOth European Formarion Evaluation Symposium, Aberdeen, April
22-25, t995
4. Seiler, D., King, G., and Eubanks, D.: "Field Test Results of the
Six Arm Dipmeter," paper W presented at the SPWLA 35th Annual logging Symposium, Tulsa, June 19-22, 1994.
5. Goetz, J., Enderlin, M., and Dean, M.: "Field Test Results of the
Six Arm Dipmeter," paper M presented at the SPWLA l0th European Formation Evaluation Symposium, Aberdeen, Apnl 22-25,
1995
6. Chemali, R., et al.: "Methods for Improved Dip Determination in
Water-Based Mud With the Six Arm Dipmeter," The Log Analysr
(May-June 1991) 29&308.
7. Log Interpretaion Charts, Halliburton (1994) Chart Rxo-I.
8. Log lruerpretaion Cftaas, Sctrlumberger ( 1984) 56-57 (Charts Rxo2 and Rxo-3).
9. Gianzero, S., et al.: "A New Resistivity Tool for Measurernent While
Drilling," paper A presented at the SPWLA 26th Annual logging
Symposiun\ Dallas, June 17-20, 1985.

M.Y. FAM, R. CHEMALI. D. SEILER, M" HAUGLAND, W.,F" STEWAR'']|

sPE30608

- Results Comparison Between EMhBased

Analysis and Standard Log Analysis in Thfinly
Laminated Shaly Sand Sequence

Table 1

3-2 hdtrttscilD 6f Erss w/l,?50 Fst

FfF

Electrical Micro-lmaging Tool

EMil Fad

o^oo

o^o:o^o^o:s^c
d.'o:o:o^oo:@^o^0^Q^0p^o
Fig. 1-The Electrical Micro-lmaging tool uses pad-mounted electrodes to rnake hiEh-definition resistivity

r!a"uret"nts

of subsurface formations. Each of the six pads features 25 electrodes'

AppLyrNG ELECTRICAL MICRO-IMAGING LOGS TO BEQEEYQIE CXAE CTEBIZATION

Similarities Between Elecfiical Micro'lmages and Core Photos

-

t-D

Core Fhoto

(tee{l

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electriFlg, 2-Advances in wireline-tool technology and image-processing techniques enable

caimicro-imagesof asubjectformationtocloselyresemble photographs of coresfromthesame
formation.

Fault ldentification From Electrical Micro-lmages

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Fig,3-Electrical micro-images can help identifysome geologicalfeatures, such asthe
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sPE30608

sPE 30608

M.Y. FAM, R. CHEMALI" D. SEII.ER M, IIAUGLANID, W.F. STEWART

Mudcake Corrections for the EMI Center'Button

Measurement

Borehole Gorrections for the EMI Centen-Button

Measurement

l't.'

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Fig. S-Formudcakes lessthan 0.50-inch thick, mudcake corrections

to EMI center-butlon measurements are small.

Fig. a-qr.1',t EMI resistivity logs can be obtained even in large

boreholes because the borehole correctionsthere are still ofreasonablemagnitude.

Pseudo-Geometric Factor for EMI Genter'Button and

Short Guard Measunements
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Fig. G-The pseudo-geometric factors torthe EMI and short Euard

tools indicate a nearly identical responseto invasion. Thediameterof
investigation of thesetools,which correspondstoJ =0'5, is approximately 26 inches. Since the chart assumes an f-inch borehole' the
depth of investigation is then about 9 inches. The shallow laterolog
and digitally focused log exhibit rather similar characteristies'

APPLYING ELECTRICAL MIORSjilTAG{'{G I-OGS TO RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

Crossplot Cornpaning EMI and DF!- Conductivity Responses

3,000

s,500
u-

2,000

.;
'1,500

(,

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1.000

500

500

1.000 1,500 ?"000 2'5t)0

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xl00' - x600'
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Ehll- Conductivity lrorn Eutton

500

1,000 1.50CI

Fig.7-Forquantitative resistivityanalysis, EMI measurements must sometimes be normalized

with a similar measurement from another device, such as that from a DFL tool.

sPE3060S

M.V. FAI\I.i, R. CI.,{E[dAI-I, D" SEILER, M, HAUGLAND, W.F" STEWART

sPE 30608

EMland Standard 0-ogs of a Shaly Sand Sequence From the Gulf of Mexico

Normalized

Flistogram
Equalized

Garnma
Flay

EHI

Besi$tivity

EMI

Fronr Cpnter
Butt0n Pad #6

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EMI log has been combined with a typical shaly sand logging suite' Besides the EMI 2D
display and center-button resistivity rneasurement, the log contains a gamma-ray curve for
porosity
corr-e!ation, resistivity curves for hydrocarbon indications, and neutron and density data for
determination.

Fig.

im-age

APPLVItr\trG EI-ECTRICAI.

MICFO-IMAGING LOGS TO RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

Shaly Sand Analysis Based on Standard Logs

Computalion Fsults From $ianctard Log Analysis
Water Saiurition

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Fig.g-Theshalysand analysisthatwasperformed based onlyonthe standard logs of Fig. Sshows

bed boundaries that are inconsistent with those indicated by the EMI image.

sFE30608

SPE30608

N,I.Y" FAM, R. CHEMALI, D. SEILER, M. HAUGLAND, W.F,

STEWART

lntegratinE EMI Data and Standard Logs Using LARA Processing

CompuLatio* Flesulls Frsm EMI Eaeed Anatysis

:t:::..**,:=

1
::-

Fig. 1o-EMl and standard log data were integrated in this shaly sand analysis. tsed boundarl/
locationsfoundfromtheanalysis arenowmuch more consistentwith thoserevealed onthe EMllog.

APFLYING ELECTRICAL MICRO.IMAGING LOGS TO RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZAXONT

sFE30608

Results Comparison Between EMI-Based Analysis and Standard Log Analysis

in Thinly Laminated Shaly Sand Sequenee
Computstion Resulls From Et,ll Basad Analysis

Ccrnpulution Results Frorn Siandard l-ag An*iysis

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Fig.

11*

n FnL- 4 -: I

EMl-hased analysis shows improvement in results compared to standard log analysis.