INTRODUCTION

Output equation of Induction motor Main dimensions

Length of air gap- Rules for selecting rotor slots of
squirrel cage machines Design of rotor bars & slots
Design of end rings Design of wound rotor - Magnetic
leakage calculations Leakage reactance of polyphase
machines- Magnetizing current - Short circuit current
Circle
diagram
Operating
characteristics.

OVERVIEW OF SINGLE PHASE IM

Home air conditioners
Kitchen fans
Washing machines
Industrial machines
Compressors
Refrigerators

Types of 1 induction Motor

Split Phase Motor
Capacitor Start Motors
Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run
Shaded Pole Induction Motor
Universal Motor (ac series motors)

Simple and rugged construction

Low cost and minimum maintenance
High reliability and sufficiently
high efficiency
The speed is frequency dependent.
not easy to control the speed

CONSTRUCTION

OVERVIEW OF 3 PHASE IM
OVERVIEW OF 3 PHASE IM

APPLICATIONS

OVERVIEW OF SINGLE PHASE IM

Construction : similar to 3 induction motor
A single-phase motor is a rotating machine that has
both main and auxiliary windings and a squirrel-cage
rotor.
Supplying of both main and auxiliary windings enables
the single-phase machine to be driven as a two-phase
machine.

Popularly used in the industry and are used

worldwide in many residential, commercial,
industrial, and utility applications.
MAIN FEATURES: cheap and low maintenance
(absence of brushes)
MAIN DISADVANTAGES: speed control
is not easy

can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some

other form of mechanical equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.

Basic parts of an AC motor : rotor, stator, enclosure.

The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that
perform as electromagnets.

CONSTRUCTION (ROTOR)

CONSTRUCTION (STATOR)
The stator - stationary part of the motor.
motor.
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow
cylinder.
cylinder
Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator
core.
Each grouping of coils,
coils together with the steel core it
surrounds, form an electromagnet.

CONSTRUCTION (ROTOR)

The rotor is the rotating part of the motor

It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage (most common)
Wound rotor

SQUIRREL CAGE TYPE:

Rotor winding is composed of copper bars
embedded in the rotor slots and shorted at both
end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

Short circuits all

rotor bars.

/rotor winding

10

CONSTRUCTION (ROTOR)

CONSTRUCTION (ENCLOSURE)

CONSTRUCTION (ENCLOSURE)

The enclosure protects the electrical and operating

parts of the motor from harmful effects of the
environment in which the motor operates.
Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor
and allow it to turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft,
is used on the motor shown below for cooling.

The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and

two end brackets (or bearing housings). The stator
is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits inside
the stator with a slight air gap separating it from
the stator (NO direct physical connection)

WOUND ROTOR TYPE:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding
terminals can be connected to external circuits
through slip rings and brushes.
(similar to DC motor, with the coils connected
together that make contact with brushes)
Easy to control speed, more expensive.

12

11

Stator
Rotor
Air gap

13

14

15

OUTPUT EQUATIONS OF I.M

OUTPUT EQUATION:
The output kVA, Q = C o D2L ns x 10-3 and
The output coefficient, C o = 11 Bav ac Kw x 10-3
Q is calculated as ,( hp x 0.746 )/( cos)

KVA rating of the machine

Q= no. of phases X output voltage per phase X current per
phase X 10-3
3
Q = mE ph I ph 10
Output voltage per phase = induced emf = Eph = 4.44 fTph Kw

EFFICIENCY AND POWER FACTOR:

For squirrel cage motors,

The efficiency varies from 0.72 to 0.91 and

The power factor varies from 0.66 to 0.9 .

For slip ring motors,

The efficiency varies from 0.84 to 0.91 and

The power factor varies from 0.7 to 0.92 .

No of phases=m
Q = m 4.44 f Tph K w I ph 103
pn
Sub. f = s
2
pn
Q = m 4.44 s Tph K w I ph 103 (1)
2
16

Now current in each conductor

I z = I ph

Total no. of conductors Z= no. of phase X 2 X Turns per phase

Z= 2mTph
Rewrite Equ.1

Q = 1.11K w ( p )(2mTph I ph ) ns 103

Q = 1.11K w ( p )( ZI z )ns 103
Q = 1.11K w (total.magnetic.loading ) (total .electric.loading ) (sync.speed ) 103

CHOICE OF SPECIFIC LOADINGS

P = DLBav
I z Z = Dac
therefore
Q = 1.11K w ( DLBav )( Dac )ns 103
Q = (11Bav ac K w 103 ) D 2 Lns
Q = C0 D 2 Lns output.equation.of .IM
C0 = 11Bav ac K w 103 output.coefficient

CHOICE OF Bav:
i) Low Bav large size machine for a given hp
ii) high Bav large magnetizing current low power factor
iii) high Bav high iron loss
iv) high Bav high m less Tph low leakage reactance
larger diameter for the circle diagram larger over
load capacity

TYPES:
Choice of specific electric loading
Choice of specific magnetic loading
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC MAGNETIC LOADING:
The factors to be considered are:
Power factor.
Iron loss.
Overload capacity.
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING:
Copper loss and temperature rise.
Voltage.
Over load capacity.

For 50 Hz motors Bav : 0.3 to 0.6 Wb/m2

20

Choice ac (ampere conductor /m):

Low ac large size machine for a given hp
High ac higher copper loss and temp rise
High ac large Tph large leakage reactance lower
diameter for the circle diagram lower over load
capacity
For 50 Hz motors ac : 10,000 to 45,000 amp.cond/m
The value ac chosen depends on the ventilation and
cooling
It should be remembered that the Power factor (PF) and
efficiency () of the motor at full load increases with the
rating of the machine. Again and Pf are higher for high
speed motors compared to low speed motors.

Main Dimensions

LENGTH OF AIR GAP

Peripheral speed

The ratio of core length to pole pitch for various

design features

ratio = L /

Minimum Cost
1.5 2
Good power factor 1- 1.25
Good efficiency
1.5
Good overall design 1

For Standard constructions 60m/s

Higher peripheral speed up to 75 m/s
For normal design the peripheral speed can not be
exceed 30m/s

Ventilating ducts

= 0.18L

Best power factor

In general the ratio lies between 0.6 and 2 depending

upon he size of machine and characteristics desired

22

Radial ventilating ducts

Core length
= 100-125mm
Width of each duct = 8 to 10mm

23

Relations for calculation of length of air gap

The length of air gap in Induction motor is decided by the

following factors:
Power factor
Pulsation loss
Cooling
Over load capacity
Unbalanced magnetic pull
Noise

21

24

CHOICE OF ROTOR SLOTS:

For small induction motor

With certain combinations of stator and rotor slots, the

lg = 0.2 + 2 DLmm

following problems may develop in the I.M:

Alternate formula for small induction motor

l g = 0.125 + 0.35D + L + 0.015Va

The motor may refuse to start.

The motor may crawl at some sub-synchronous speed.

Alternate formula to use

Severe vibrations are developed and so the noise will be

lg = 0.2+ Dmm

excessive.

For machines with journal bearings

lg = 1.6 D 0.25mm
25

26

27

DESIGN OF SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

Rules for selecting rotor slots

Number of rotor slots never equal to number of stator slots

Number of rotor slots is 15 -30% greater than number of stator slots
Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to p, 2p or
5p to avoid synchronous cusps

Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to 3p to

avoid magnetic locking

Difference between the stator and rotor slots never equal to 1,2 ,
+(p+1), +(p+2) to avoid noise and vibrations

Summarizing (Ss Sr ) should not equal to p, 2p,

3p, 5p , 1,2 , +(p+1), +(p+2)

DESIGN OF ROTOR BARS AND SLOTS

6 I sTs
K ws Cos
Sr

I b = 0.85

6 I sTs
Sr

Is = stator current in phase

Ts= stator turns per phase
Sr= number of rotor slots
The performance of induction motor is greatly influenced
by resistance of rotor

Higher rotor resistance = High starting torque & less %

Rotor resistance = resistance of bars + resistance of end
rings
The current density in rotor bar = 4 to 7 A/mm 2
Area of each rotor bars
I
area = ab = b mm2
b
Rotor slots for squirrel cage rotor may be either closed
and semi closed types
Semi closed slots provide better overload capacity

31

DESIGN OF END RINGS

I e (max) =

30

ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED SLOTS:

Low reluctance
Less magnetizing current
Quieter operation
Large leakage reactance, starting current is
limited.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED SLOTS:
Reduced overload capacity

32

33

DESIGN OF END RINGS

DESIGN OF END RINGS

Let the current density in end ring be 4 to 7 A/mm 2

Maximum value of end ring

If the flux distribution is sinusoidal then the bar end ring

current will also be sinusoidal
Maximum value of end ring current
I e (max) =

REDUCTION OF HARMONIC TORQUES:

Chording
Integral slot winding
Skewing
Increasing air-gap length
29

DESIGN OF ROTOR BARS AND SLOTS

For a 3 phase machine , the rotor bar current is given by

the equation

Ib =

EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

Harmonic induction torques

Harmonic synchronous torques
Vibration and noise
Voltage ripples

It involves:
vSelection of no.of rotor slots.
vDesign of rotor bars and slots.
rotor bar current
area of rotor bars
shape and size of rotor slots
rotor slot insulation
vDesign of end rings.
end ring current
area of end rings
vFull load slip.

28

Ie(max) =

Baseperpole
Currentperbar
2
Sr
I b (max)
2p

2Sr Ib
p

Area of cross section of end ring

ae =

2
I b (avg ) = I b (max)

I b (max) = 2 I b

Current is not maximum in all bars under one pole at

same time but varies according to sine law, hence the
maximum value of the current in end ring is average
current of half the bars under one pole.

Ie =

Ie
mm2
e

Area (endring ) = Depth thickness (endring )

ae = de te
The depth of end ring can be assumed depending on the
inner and outer diameter of rotor

The end ring current varies sinusoidally

Rms value of end ring current

34

Sr I b
p
35

36

Number of rotor turns

Rotor voltage on open circuit between slip ring not
exceed 500V for small machine
For large machine the voltage between slip ring up
to 2000V
Rotor turns per phase T r = K w s T s E r
K wr
Es

DESIGN OF WOUND ROTOR

It involves:
vRotor windings
vNumber of rotor turns.
vNumber of rotor Slots
vRotor Teeth.
vRotor core.
vSlip rings and brushes

Rotor windings
Small motors- mush windings employed
Large motor double layer bar type wave winding is used
Motor output more than 750kw, we have to use more number of bars
per slot to reduce the current handled by slip rings. This type of
windings called barrel winding and wave wound

Rotor ampere turn I rTr = 0.85 I sTs

Rotor current

Ir =

0.85I sTs
Tr

Area of rotor conductor

Rotor teeth

Ir

Minimumteeth =

m
1.7

39

LOSSES IN THE INDUCTION MOTOR

Brushes

m
Sr
Li
p

i)
stator copper loss
ii) rotor copper loss
iii) iron loss in the stator teeth and core
iv) friction and windage loss (1- 1.5 % of output)
The rotor resistance in stator terms can be obtained as
rotor copper loss/ I2 ; where I2 = 0.85 I1

It is made up of metal graphite

Metal graphite is an alloy of copper and carbon
Current density of 0.1 to 0.2A/mm 2

1.7

Sr

m
2 Bcr Li

Di = Dr 2(d sr + d cr )
38

Rings made up of either brass or phosphor bronze

The current density of 4 to 7A/mm 2
The length & breadth of rectangle are decided based on
mechanical stability constraints

Sr
Li wtr
p
Wtr (min) =

d cr =

Inner diameter of rotor lamination

r

Slip rings

Maximum teeth area per pole

Total teeth area per pole = no of rotor slot per pole X

net iron length X width of rotor

Minimum width of rotor

Actual minimum width of rotor ( D 2d )

r
sr

Number of rotor Slots

Windings always 3 phase winding and star connected at
one end and other three end are terminated on three slip
rings mounted on the shaft
When fractional slot windings are used , it is preferable to
have the number of slots as multiples of phases and pair
of poles

Rotor Core
Depth of rotor core

Bcr= flux density in rotor core

ar =

37

Wsr

41

40

LEAKAGE REACTANCE OF POLYPHASE MACHINES

MAGNETIC LEAKAGE CALCULATIONS

It is classified in to
Slot leakage reactance (xss)
Rotor Slot leakage reactance (xsr)
Zigzag leakage reactance(xz)
Overhang leakage reactance(xe)
Skew leakage reactance(xsk)
Magnetizing reactance(xm)
Total leakage reactance

LEAKAGE REACTANCE OF POLYPHASE MACHINES

Slot leakage reactance (xss)

xss = 16 f (Tm K wm ) 2

Zigzag leakage reactance(xz)

L
ss Cx
S

xz = 16 f (Tm K wm )2

Rotor Slot leakage reactance (xsr)

xsr ' = 16 f (Tm K wm )2

xs = 16 f (Tm K wm ) 2

L
z
Sz

Overhang leakage reactance(xe)

L
sr
Sr

xe = 16 f (Tm K wm ) 2

totalslotleakagereactacne

43

42

L 0
[ ( D + d ss ) Avg .coilspan]
6.4 S s p

Skew leakage reactance(xsk)

S
L
(Cx ss + s sr )
Ss
Sr

xsk = X m
44

s2
Kl
12
45

LEAKAGE REACTANCE OF POLYPHASE MACHINES

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

Magnetizing reactance(xm)
xm = 16 f (Tm K wm ) 2

Magnetizing current

Magnetizing current
Loss component of current Ii

xlm = xss + xsr '+ xz + xo + xsk

xlm = X m +

NO LOAD CURRENT

No load Current

L0
10lg k g pFs

Total leakage reactance

Short Circuit Current

X lm
2

48

Magnetizing current per phase

MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Mmf for rotor teeth

Bg 60 = 1.36 Bav

Btr 13 =

ATg = 800, 000 Bg 60 K g lg

Bts 13 =

m
(S r / p ) Li W

Im =
tr 13

Iron loss

rotorteeth( ATg ) = atsr dlr

Mmf for stator core

m
( S s / p) Li W 13 )

lcs =

ts

Statorteeth( ATg ) = atts d ss

Iron loss
Friction and windage loss

47

MAGNETIZING CURRENT
Mmf for Air gap

Mmf for stator teeth

Mmf for Air gap

Mmf for stator teeth
Mmf for rotor teeth
Mmf for stator core
Mmf for rotor core

Loss component of current Ii

Stator resistance
Rotor resistance

46

lcr =

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

0.427 pAT60
K wsTs

Hysteresis and eddy current loss in teeth and cores

due to variation of air gap density,
tooth pulsation loss due to non uniform flux distribution
and loss in end plates

( D 2d ss dcs )
3p

Friction & windage loss

Loss component at no load current per phase
total.noloadloss
Il =
3 voltageperphase

Mmf for rotor core

( Dr 2d sr d cs )
3p

49

50

51

53

54

CIRCLE DIAGRAM

Stator resistance

Stator resistance per phase

Lmts
rs =
as
Value of resistivity for copper 0.021 /m
Rotor Resistance
Lmtr
Rotor resistance per phase
rr =
an
Rotor resistance per phase referred to stator

The locus of extremity of the current phasor, obtained

for various values of a variable element is called a
locus diagram.
The locus diagram of such a current phasor is circular
in nature and hence called CIRCLE DIAGRAM of
three phase induction motor.

CIRCLE DIAGRAM FOR R-L SERIES CIRCUIT:

K T
rr ' = ws s rr
K wrTr
52

CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

OBTAINING DATA TO PLOT CIRCLE DIAGRAM

CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

The data required to draw the circle diagram is obtained by

conducting 2 tests namely,
No-load test or Open circuit test
1.
2.

55

56

Blocked rotor test or Short circuit test .

57