Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HM 134
Experiment Instructions
01/97
HM 134
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Description of apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1
Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1
3.2
Reynolds number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3
Flow resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4
Stokes law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1
4.2
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1
Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.1
5.1.2
Viscosity determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2
5.3
5.4
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
HM 134
Introduction
The viscometer HM 134 is used to determine
dynamic or kinematic viscosities of fluids. As a
material property, viscosity is extremely important
both for technical applications and in nature, e.g.
in fluid drives or in the body fluids of animals.
The measurement system consists of a transparent cylinder in which a steel ball is allowed to
drop down through a fluid.
To achieve laminar flows, the cylinder should be
filled with glycerine of the strongest possible concentration or with other fluids of a similar viscosity.
The design of the apparatus is such that it is suitable
both for practical trainee experiments in the fields of
physics or engineering and for demonstration in the
classroom.
The appendix to these instructions contains prepared worksheets which can be put to immediate use
in the course of instruction and thus facilitate evaluation of the experiments performed.
The apparatus is intended for training applications.
Always study the experimentation instructions before use.
1 Introduction
HM 134
Description of apparatus
The viscometer HM 134 can be used to measure
fluid viscosities (both dynamic and kinematic) or given a specified viscosity - to check the rate at
which the ball falls.
4
5
1
2
2.1
Start-up
2 Description of apparatus
HM 134
Theory
3.1
Fluid particles
Pas(1Pas = 1
Ns
)
m2
(1)
m2
expressed as s .
Fuel oil
Gear oil
Transformer oil
Diesel fuel
Gas oil
One technical application of such temperature-dependence is the use of a load-sensitive fluid coupling for 4WD passenger vehicles.
3 Theory
HM 134
3.2
Reynolds number
If a medium flows around an object, as is the case
for example when a ball is dropped into a fluid, this
gives rise to either a laminar or a turbulent flow
depending on the Reynolds criterion Re. Re is
dimensionless and is defined, for example, for the
flow around a ball as
Re =
Laminar
flow
Object in
flow path
Eddying
Turbulent
flow
3 Theory
vd
(2)
where
v - velocity of flow
d - diameter of ball
HM 134
3.3
Flow resistance
As an object drops through a medium, a frictional
force FR acts on the object due to the viscosity of
the medium. The direction of this force is always
opposed to that of the flow and is calculated as
follows
Object
FR
Streamlines
v
FR =
2
2 v A cw
(3)
where
- density of medium
v - flow velocity
A - max. cross-section opposing flow
cw - coefficient of resistance (governed by shape
of object)
The coefficient of resistance is dimensionless. For
a ball it is roughly 0.2-0.4; the values for modern
passenger cars are around 0.2-0.3.
Strictly speaking, equation (3) only applies to laminar flows. It can however be used with good approximation if there is only slight eddying.
3.4
Stokes law
The motion of small balls in a relatively viscous
fluid produces a laminar flow at the surface of the
ball (Re<2300). Given this prerequisite, Stokes
law can be used to calculate the frictional force
acting on the ball:
FR = 6 r v
(4)
r - radius of ball
v - rate of fall of ball
(= flow velocity)
Applying equilibrium of forces to the ball yields the
following relationship between the rate of fall and
dynamic viscosity:
3 Theory
HM 134
FG = FR + Fa
FR
Fa
Ball
(5)
FG = FR
g
FG
(6)
with
4
FG = 3 r3 ( ball ) g
(7)
(8)
3 Theory
HM 134
Experiments
4.1
4.1.1
Procedure
8
7
4.1.2
Drop ball =5mm (7) into measuring cylinder and start stopwatch.
Evaluation
Measured variables:
s - distance covered by ball in mm
t - time taken in s (drop time)
In this experiment the Reynolds number is calculated as follows
Re =
vd
water
(1)
with
s
v = t.
(2)
FR = 2 v2 A cw .
4 Experiments
(3)
HM 134
Application of an equilibrium of forces as per Section 3.4 yields the rate of fall v of the ball:
1 dg
v = 2 3 c K .
w
w
(4)
where
d - ball diameter
g - acceleration due to gravity
cw - coefficient of resistance of ball (0.4)
w - density of water
Equation (4) can be checked with the experimentally determined velocity.
With larger ball diameters, the eddying motion due
to the turbulent flow and the influence of the cylinder wall on the flow cause force loss, with the result
that the approach using equation (1) is not valid.
4 Experiments
HM 134
4.2
4.2.1
Procedure
4.2.2
Perform experiment as described under 4.1.1, using 99% glycerine in place of water.
Evaluation
Measured variables:
s - distance covered by ball in mm
t - time taken in s
The dynamic viscosity of glycerine can be calculated using Stokes law as described in Section 3.4:
2
1
= 9 r2 ( ball ) g
v
(5)
vd
.
(6)
4 Experiments
HM 134
Appendix
5.1
Worksheets
5.1.1
Ball d
[mm]
Drop time t
[s]
Drop
distance s
[mm]
Rate of fall
v=s/t [mm/s]
Re
Fluid:______________________
Ball d
[mm]
5.1.2
Drop time t
[s]
Drop
distance s
[mm]
Rate of fall
v=s/t [mm/s]
Re
Viscosity determination
Fluid:____________________
Ball d
[mm]
Drop time t
[s]
Drop
distance s
[mm]
Rate of fall
v=s/t [mm/s]
Re
Fluid:____________________
Ball d
[mm]
5 Appendix
Drop time t
[s]
Drop
distance s
[mm]
Rate of fall
v=s/t [mm/s]
Re
10
HM 134
5.2
Dynamic viscosity
Ns/m2
Kinematic viscosity
m2/s
Density
g/cm3
Flow velocity
m/s2
Ball diameter
mm
Ball radius
mm
Re
Reynolds number
5.3
cw
Coefficient of resistance
FR
FG
Fa
-1
Kinematic viscosities in 10
Fluids
Water 0C
Water 20C
Water 100C
Mercury
m2
s at T=20C
1.789
1.006
0.294
0.115
892
1200
0.062
16
Density : Water:
water = 1
g
cm3
5 Appendix
steel = 7.85
g
cm3
g
cm3
11
HM 134
5.4
Technical data
Dimensions:
LxWxH 400 x 400 x 2150
Weight:
20
5 Appendix
mm
kg
Measuring cylinder:
Material:
Capacity:
Diameter
Height
transparent plastic
approx. 2.6
50 x 4
2000
(PMMA)
l
mm,
mm
Material:
two pcs. of each
Steel
5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mm
Balls:
12