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Arch Dams

Translated from the slides of

Prof. Dr. Recep YURTAL (..)


by his kind courtesy
ercan kahya
Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dams

Curved in plan and carry most of the water thrust


horizontally to the side abutments by arch action.
A certain percentage of water load is vertically
transmitted to the foundation by cantilever action.

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Arch Dams

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.. n.Mh.Bl.

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.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dams
n

Where & why we design it:


q
q

q
q

Appropriate when Width / Height of valley (B/H) < 6


Rocks at the base and hillsides should be strong enough
with high bearing capacity.
To save in the volume of concrete.
Stresses are allowed to be as high as allowable stress of
concrete.
Connection to the slope of hillsides should be 45o at least.

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Arch Dams
Base width
Arch Width

Upstream
face

Crest
Downstream
face
Base
width

Height

radiousp

Toe
Axis

Central angle

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Downstream
Face

Base

Arch Dam Types


Constant Center Arch Dam (variable angle)

Good for U-shaped valleys

Easy construction

Vertical upstream face

Appropriate for middle-high


dams

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Arch Dam Types


Variable Center Arch Dams (constant angle)

Good for V-shaped valleys

Limited to the ratio of B/H=5

Best center angle: 133o 34

3-4
q

To obtain arch action at


the bottom parts
1-2

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.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dam Types


Variable Center
Variable Angle Arch
Dams

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crest

Combination of the two


above.

Its calculation based on


shell theory applied to
arch dams

.. n.Mh.Bl.

a
a

Arch Dam Types

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Upstream

Arch Dams
n

3.6.2 DESIGN OF ARCH DAMS

Structural Design: Load distribution in the dam body


& beyond scope of this course
q
q
q
q

Independent ring method


Trial load method
Elasticity theory
Shell theory

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Arch Dams
n

Hydraulic Design
Determination of thickness at any elevation
Effect of uplift force ignored
Stresses due to ice & temp changes-important
Arch action - near the crest of dam
Cantilever action - near the bottom of dam
Horizontal hydrostatic pressure is assumed to be
taken by arch action

Arch Dams (design principles)


n

Independent Ring method:

h
t
t
t/2
t/2

rm

rm = rd t/2
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rd
O

Hh

dFV

Differential force
for infinitely small
elemental piece with
center angle of d :

dFV

p
t

dFV = p . r . d

Vertical component:
Ba

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dFV = p . r . d . Sin

Arch Dams (design principles)


Total

horizontal force:

H h = 2 .h.r . Sin

a
2

h : height of arch lib from the reservoir surface


r : radius of arch
a: central angle
Equilibrium of forces in the flow direction (y):
Hh = 2 Ry
Ry: reaction force at the sides in y direction [= R sin (a/2)]

Hh

dFV

dFV

Reaction of the sides (R):

p
t

R
a/2

Ry

R = .h.r
r

Rx

x Ry
Rx

Ba

all : allowable working stress

for concrete in compression

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a/2
The required thickness of
the rib (t) when t << r :

R/t

t=

.h.r
all

Arch Dams (design principles)


The volume of concrete for unit height for a single arch:

V=Lt
L: arch length (L = r a)

(note that a is in radians)

.h 2
V=
r a
all

Arch Dams (design principles)


The required thickness of the rib (t):

Pressure

p = h:

p rd
t=
all

t
t/2
t/2

rm

rm = rd t/2

rd
O

Reduction factor for base pressure at arch dams is zero (m=0)


Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams (design principles)


The optimum a for minimum volume of arch rib:
dV / d = 0

a = 133o 34

This is the reason why the constant-angle dams


require less concrete that the constant-center dams
Formwork is more difficult
In practice; 100o < a < 140o for the constant-angle
dams

Arch Dams (design principles)


n

Displacement in an arch ring:

rm
= all
E
t

E = Concrete elasticity modulus


rm = Radius from ring axis
For the relation between
center angle (2), beam
length (L) & arch radius (r):

L
r=
2 Sin
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t/2
t/2

rm

rd

O
rm = rd t/2

rnek
n

Ykseklii 120 m olan bir barajn arlk ve kemer-arlk trnde


yaplmas halleri iin taban geniliklerini ve birim kalnlktaki hacimlerini
karlatrnz. Barajda taban su basnc kltme faktr 0.8 dir. b =
2.4 t/m

zm:

b
=
h

1
m
Hacim=

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Arlk baraj iin:

120

b
=
w

1
2.4 0.8

120 95

b = 120

1
= 5700 m
2
.. n.Mh.Bl.

1
2.4 0.8

2.4
= 2.4
1.0

b= 95 m.

Kemer-Arlk baraj iin:

m=0

b
=
h

b = 120

1
= 78 m
2. 4

1
Hacim = 120 78 = 4680 m
2
Hacim azalmas :

5700 4680
= % 18
5700

120

95
78

Arlk yerine kemer-arlk semeyle beton hacminde %18 azalma olacaktr.


Bu seim ancak yamalar yeterince salam olduunda yaplabilir.
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.. n.Mh.Bl.

rnek
n

Ykseklii 80 m olacak bir sabit yarapl (silindirik)


kemer barajda tabandaki maksimum kemer
kalnlnn, en fazla baraj yksekliinin ne eit
olmas istendiine gore kemer yarapn
hesaplaynz. Kemer halkalarnn emniyet gerilmesi
220 t/m, betonun elastisite modl 2106 t/m
olduuna gre tepede anahtar noktasnda ortaya
kacak sehimi bulunuz.

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.. n.Mh.Bl.

zm
h
rd = t
p
t = h/4 alalm

h
h
rd =
4 ( h )

p=h

rm = rd

t = 80 / 4 = 20 m

t
2

= 55

20
= 45 m
2

= h

1
1 220
rd = h =
= 55 m
4 4 1
rm
E

0.5 cm sehim oluur.


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= 220

45
= 0.005 m
6
2 10

rnek
n

Ykseklii 100 m ve tepe genilii 5 m olacak


bir kemer barajn tepeden itibaren 0, 25, 50,
75 ve 100 m derinliklerdeki eksen yaraplar
sra ile 95, 80, 63, 58, 50 m dir. Betonun
emniyet gerilmesi 300 t/m ve elastisite
modl 2106 t/m dir. Her seviyede kemer
halkasnn kalnlk ve sehimini bulunuz.

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.. n.Mh.Bl.

Kemer Barajlar (Hesap Esaslar)


n

Bamsz Halkalar Yntemi

h
t
t

25

25

25

t/2
t/2

rm

rd

50

25

75
100

25
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rm = rd t/2

zm
2
2
h = bem = 300 = 200 t / m
3
3
rd

p
t

p rd
(
h ) rm +
t
t=
rd = rm +
2 ( h ) (rm + 0.5 t )

t
=
=
2
h
h
h
h rm + h 0.5 t
t=
h

= 1 t/m , h = 200 t/m


Sehim:

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iin:

h rm
t=
( h h 0.5)
h rm
t=
(200 h 0.5)

rm
= h
E
.. n.Mh.Bl.

bulunur.

t=

h rm
(200 h 0.5)

= h

Sra
No

Baraj tepesinden itibaren


derinlik
h (m)

95

0,00

0,95

25

80

10,67

0,80

50

63

18,00

0,63

75

58

26,77

0,58

100

50

33,33

0,50

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Eksen yarap Kemer kalnl


rm (m)
t (m)

rm
E

Sehim
(cm)

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