Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PhD student 1st year, 2Doctor,3 Professor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310
UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia, elshwion@gmail.com, norizah@mail.fkm.utm.my, noordin@fkm.utm.my
Abstract
Advanced materials like nickel and titanium have unique combinations such as low thermal conductivity, high chemical reactivity
and hardness. All of these properties are desirable to be used as suitable lubricant and proper cooling technique for increasing
tool life, decreasing cutting temperature and improving surface roughness. This paper presents a literature review done on gasbased coolant-lubricants (CLs) which used in the form either gas or cooled-pressured gases. Investigation of previous researches
with different approaches which have been used on machining operation that effect on cutting temperature, tool wear and surface
roughness. As a result, gas-based coolant-lubricants (CLs) has been determined as one of the most suitable cooling process for
machining cutting operation in terms of improvement in tool life and surface roughness. Furthermore, this type of cooling process
is considered as one of environmentally conscious machining.
Index Terms: Gas-based coolantlubricants (CLs), nickel and titanium alloys, tool wear, surface roughness and integrity, green
machining.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTODUCTION
In aerospace industry, the materials mostly used are nickel
and titanium and their alloys, offer unique combination of
properties like high strength at elevated temperatures,
resistance to chemical degradation, and wear resistance [1].
These materials are referred to as difficult-to-cut since they
pose a greater challenge to machining processes such as
turning, milling and drilling due to the high temperatures
and stresses generated during machining [2]. The poor
thermal conductivity of these materials result in the
concentration of high temperatures at the tool workpiece and
tool-chip interfaces, consequently accelerating tool wear,
also their poor thermal properties also prevent from
producing good surface results at elevated temperatures due
to deformation and friction induced heat and microstructural
changes. The use of cutting fluid for cooling and lubrication
in machining nickel and titanium and their alloys is
generally advised to dissipate the heat generated during
machining, thus reducing tool wear and improving the tool
life [3]. However, applications of conventional cutting fluids
in industry create several health and environmental
problems, particularly in regard to their degradation and
ultimate disposal is a major problem [4]. On the other hand ,
the environmental and health hazards associated with the
use of these fluids together with developing governmental
regulations have resulted in increasing machining costs [5].
New approaches for reducing cutting fluids application in
machining processes are to use gas-based CLs in order to
dissipate the generated heat at the cutting zone and enhance
the machinability through the changes in cutting
tool/workpiece material properties. The gas-based CLs
include: compressing, cooling and liquefying such as
compressed chilled air, compressed chilled gases and liquid
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3. TITANIUM ALLOYS
Titanium and its alloys are attractive materials in many
engineering fields such as aerospace, because of their
superior mechanical and physical properties such as: high
strength to weight ratio, high yield stress which is
maintained at elevated temperature and their exceptional
resistance to corrosion. They are also being used
increasingly in other industrial and commercial applications,
such as petroleum refining, chemical processing, surgical
implantation, pulp and paper, pollution control, nuclear
waste storage, food processing, electrochemical (including
cathodic protection and extractive metallurgy) and marine
applications [5]. Titanium alloys are classified into four
main groups namely , near , / and , based on the
composition and the resultant room temperature constituent
phases [10-13].
3.1 Alloys
The alloys contain predominantly phase at temperatures
up to well above 540 C, these alloys possess excellent
3.2 - Alloys
- Alloys contain one or more of the and stabilizers.
These alloys retain more after final heat treatment than the
near alloys and can be strengthened by solution treating
and aging, although they are generally used in the annealed
condition, e.g. Ti 6-4 (Ti- 6AI-4V) and Ti-6-6-2 (Ti-6Al2Sn). Ti 6-4 alloy is the most common comprising about
45% to 60% of the total titanium production , it can be heattreated to high strength levels and hence are used mainly for
high-strength applications at elevated temperatures up to
about 350 C.
3.3 Alloys
Alloys have more -stabilizer content and less stabilizer
than - alloys. These alloys contain significant quantities
of -stabilisers and are characterised by high hardenability,
improved forgeability and cold formability, as well as high
density, e.g.Ti-3V-11Cr-3Al (Ti-10-2-3) and Ti-3AL-8V6Cr-4Mo-4Zr , (Ti-10-2-3) is finding increasing use in the
aerospace frame industry due to the growing requirements
for high strength at lower temperatures.
4. MACHINABILITY OF NICKEL-BASED
ALLOYS
Possible reasons for making nickel-based alloys difficult-tocut are listed below [11, 12, 14, 15]:
1) Austenitic matrix, and like stainless steels, work harden
rapidly during machining; 2) Localization of shear in the
chip produces abrasive saw-toothed edges which make
swarf handling difficult; 3) Tendency to weld with the tool
material at the high temperature generated during machining
which deteiorates machined surfaces as well as worsening
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7. CRYOGENIC COOLING
Cryogenic term studies and use materials at very low
temperatures, below -150 C. However, normal boiling
points of permanent gases such as shown in table 2. Some
applications of cryogenics in industry such as health, frozen
food, electronics, manufacturing, automotive and aerospace
particularly for cooling purposes [34]. In cryogenic
machining a super cold medium, usually liquefied gases, is
directed into the cutting zone in order to reduce the cutting
zone temperature and cool down the tool and/or workpiece
[26, 29]. Common cryogenic coolants used in machining
operations are liquid nitrogen (LN2), liquid carbon dioxide
(LCO2), solid carbon dioxide (dry ice), liquid helium and air
(usually temperatures above -50C). Liquid nitrogen is the
most commonly used element in cryogenics. It is produced
industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air and is often
referred to by the abbreviation, LN2. Nitrogen melts at 210.01 C and boils at -198.79 C, it is the most abundant
gas, in fact, 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen. It is a
colorless, odorless, tasteless, safe, non-combustible, and
noncorrosive [34]. These characteristics of liquid nitrogen
have made it as a preferred coolant [11]. The liquid nitrogen
in a cryogenic machining system quickly evaporates and
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CONCLUSION
When compared with dry cutting and conventional cooling,
for machining titanium and nickel alloys the most
considerable characteristics of the Gas-based coolantlubricants application in machining operations could be
determined as enabling substantial improvement:
1)
Sustainable
machining
(cleaner,
safer,
and
environmental-friendly method).
2) Productivity is also high, as cryogenic cooling shows
better results at higher feed rates.
3) Increase in tool wear and with reduced cutting tool
changeover costs, resulting in higher productivity.
4) Tool life improves dramatically owing to the fact that
cryogen is able to penetrate the chiptool interface.
5) Improved machined part surface quality/integrity with the
absence of mechanical and chemical degradation of
machined surface.
Further research in chilled air/gases cooling for nickel-based
alloys, also cryogenic cooling machining using other
machining operations such as milling and drilling with
different toolwork piece materials is essential.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to my main and core supervisors: Dr.
Norizah, Prof .Dr. Noordin and staff of sultanah zanariah
library, for their support and constructive and helpful
comments of this paper
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