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mass (M)
m
M
number of moles ()
Energy or general extensive property
E
m
Specific molar energy (energy per unit mass) or general extensive property per
unit mass
E
eM
n
Specific energy (energy per unit mole) or general extensive property per unit mole
pressure (ML-1T-2)
volume (L3); we also have the specific volume or volume per unit mass, v (L 3M-1)
and the volume per unit mole v (L3-1)
temperature ()
quality
thermodynamic internal energy (ML2T-2); we also have the internal energy per unit
mass, u (L2T-2), and the internal energy per unit mole, u (ML2T-2-1)
H = U + PV
thermodynamic enthalpy (ML2T-2); we also have the enthalpy per unit mass, h = u
+ Pv (dimensions: L2T-2) and the internal energy per unit mole h (ML2T-2-1)
entropy (ML2T-2-1); we also have the entropy per unit mass, s(L2T-2-1) and the
internal energy per unit mole s (ML2T-2-1-1)
work (ML2T-2)
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
:
W
u
:
m
V2
:
2
gz:
Etot:
V2
the total energy = m(u +
+ gz) (ML2T-2)
2
:
Q
the rate of change of energy for the control volume. (ML 2T-3)
W = Wout - Win
These equations may be substituted for any of the heat, Q, or work, W terms below.
Relation of mass flow to velocity, specific volume and area:
VA
m VA
v
dE cv
Vi2
Vi2
m
i hi
i hi
Q Wu m
gz
gz
General first law:
i
i
inlet
dt
2
2
outlet
dm cv
i m
i
m
dt
inlet
outlet
Steady-flow assumptions:
=0
=0
Q
W
u
and
m
inlet
Vi2
Vi2
i hi
i hi
m
gz i m
gz i
2
2
outlet
inlet
outlet
Q
W
u
m h m h
i
outlet
inlet
dS
dU PdV
T
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
dS cv
Q
LW
cv
isi m
i s i cv
m
dt
T
T
outlet
inlet
dS cv
Q
isi m
i s i cv
m
dt
T
outlet
inlet
m s m s
i i
outlet
i i
inlet
Ideal-gas equations
1.
R is the universal gas constant with dimensions of energy divided by (moles times
R
temperature), and R
is the engineering gas constant with dimensions of energy divided
M
by (mass times temperature). The energy dimensions are sometimes expressed as energy
units (e.g., J). However, for P-v-T calculations, the energy dimensions are expressed in
pressure units times volume units (e.g., kPam 3. Some values of the universal gas constant are
shown below.
R
2.
kmol K
kmol K
lbmol R
lbmol R
P-V-T calculations with mass or moles. The example in the first equation is air (R = 0.287
kJ/kg-K). Both examples are for an ideal gas that occupies a volume of 1 m 3 at a pressure of
100 kPa and a temperature of 25 C = 298.15 K.
m = = = 1.169 kg
Heat capacity definitions and relations and computations of internal energy and enthalpy
changes
a.
Basic rule: for ideal gases, the internal energy, enthalpy, and heat capacities are
functions of temperature only.
b.
CP
Cv
P
cP
C P cP
m M
C v cv
m M
cv
Cp Cv = mR = n R
Engineering Building Room 1333
E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu
h
C
P Mc P
c P
T
n
P
C
u
cv
v Mc v
n
T v
cp cv = R
Mail Code
8348
cP cv R
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
c.
du = cvdT
dh = cpdT
u2 u 1 =
T2
v
dT
h2 h 1 =
T1
u2 u1 = cv(T2 T1)
dT
T1
and
and
h2 h1 = cP(T2 T1)
h2 h1 = ho(T2) ho(T1)
Entropy changes
a.
b.
c.
5.
b.
c.
k
T2 = T1 P2 = P1
d.
or
= R ln
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
|W|
| QH |
COP
QL
W
The isentropic efficiency, s, compares the actual work, |wa|, to the ideal work that would be done
in an isentropic (reversible adiabatic) process, |ws|. Both the actual and the isentropic process
have the same initial states and the same final pressure.
For a work output device:
| wa |
| ws |
| ws |
| wa |
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062