Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Research Scholars, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Abstract
Second law analysis fetched significance in analysing thermal energy systems as it locates
and quantifies the irreversibilities in the system. This paper analyses the thermoelectric
generator systems through exergy analysis. Four thermodynamic models for thermoelectric
generator considering internal and external irreversibilities were developed in the MATLAB
Simulink environment with temperature dependent material properties and analysed with
various operating temperatures. Analytical formulas for exergy efficiencies and
irreversibilities in the thermoelectric generator for all thermodynamic models were derived.
The result shows that the exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator is higher than the
energy efficiency. For a typical operating condition in irreversible thermoelectric generator
with 31 thermocouples and with TH and TC of 453K and 303K respectively, the maximum
energy and exergy efficiency obtained are 4.23% and 12.78% at same optimum current of
7.02A. The result also shows that the effect of internal irreversibilities is more pronounced in
the performance of thermoelectric generator system when compared with the external
irreversibilities. The effects of irreversible heat transfer and contact resistance in the exergy
efficiency is also studied. This study will be helpful in designing the actual thermoelectric
generator systems.
Keywords: Exergy analysis, Thermoelectric generator, Irreversibilities, Exergy efficiency
___________________________
Corresponding Authors
S Manikandan and S C Kaushik
Email: *manikandan@ces.iitd.ac.in and **kaushik@ces.iitd.ac.in
Phone: +91-11-2659-6465/1253
___________________________
1
Nomenclature
A
Area (m2)
Subscript
Ex
Exergy (W)
Current (A)
Irr
Irreversibilities (W)
ce
Ceramic layer
en
Endoreversible TEG
Length (m)
ex
Exoreversible TEG
Generator
Heat (W)
gen
Generation
Electrical resistance ()
ir
Irreversible TEG
Entropy (W/K)
lost
Lost
Temperature (K)
Mean temperature
n type material
(W/m2K)
V
Voltage (V)
Environment
out
Output
p type material
Total
Greek
letters
Energy efficiency
Ideal TEG
Difference
Exergy efficiency
1. Introduction
Thermoelectric devices are solid state direct energy conversion devices for converting heat
into electricity and vice versa [1-4]. It operates on the combination of Seebeck, Peltier and
Thomson effects. Thermoelectric generator works as a heat engine operating between the two
heat reservoirs as shown in Figure 1 but its actual energy efficiency is lower than the ideal
Carnot efficiency because of the irreversibilities induced by the electrical, thermal and the
thermoelectric properties of the thermoelectric materials. Thermoelectric devices have
numerous advantages of being solid state device with no moving parts and require no
maintenance. It provides noiseless operation and offers light weight, compactness and hence
occupies small space [5].
Rowe [3]. It has the unit of (1/K) as shown in Equation (1). FOM is often defined as
dimensionless figure of merit by multiplying it with mean operating temperature (Tm).
ZTm
(1)
2
T
k m
Where, Tm
(2)
TH TC
2
To understand the reversible and irreversible effects in thermoelectric systems, one can
classify them thermodynamically into four categories based on the irreversibilities in the
system such as ideal (or) reversible system, exoreversible system, endoreversible system, and
irreversible system as shown in Figure 2. Any thermoelectric systems always have internal
irreversibilities because of the intrinsic material properties. Super conductors have very low
electrical resistivity but its electrical/thermal conductivity is high, and its seebeck coefficient
is also very small so its figure of merit will be very low and hence they may not be potential
thermoelectric materials. Therefore, the term ideal thermoelectric system may not be
thermodynamically possible. However, in this study the authors studied four thermodynamic
models of thermoelectric generator system, so that the internal and external irreversibilities in
the system can be easily identified/ differentiated and can be quantified. So the exergy
analysis of thermoelectric generator can be done without any complexity.
Cvahtet and Strnad [7] thermodynamically analysed the ideal thermoelectric heat engine and
heat pump and compared it with the actual systems. Nuwayhid et al. [8] have analysed the
thermoelectric generator system based on entropy generation minimization method. Sharma
et al. [9] have done exergy analysis on single and multi stage exoreversible thermoelectric
cooling system and stated that the exergy efficiency is lower than the energy efficiency.
Tipsaenporm er al. [10] have done thermodynamic analysis in thermoelectric cooler and
found out second law efficiency is less than the energy efficiency.
(3)
(4)
or
S gen
QH QC
0
TH TC
(5)
Combining first and second law of thermodynamics, the exergy balance in any
thermodynamic system at steady state can be given as
Exin Exout Irreversibilities Exlost
(6)
In the above equation, Exin is exergy input to the system, Exout is the exergy output of the
system, Exlost is the exergy lost in the output stream (if present) and Irreversibilities are the
exergy destroyed in the process. The exergy lost have two quantities, which are recoverable
exergy waste and non recoverable exergy waste. In the thermoelectric system we can classify
the irreversibilities into two categories, which are internal and external irreversibilities as
discussed in Section 2.2.
The exergy input to the system is the thermal exergy (EQh). The exergy output is the electrical
power which is (Pout) and it is 100% exergy. Whereas EQh is defined as follows
T
EQh QH 1 o
TH
(7)
T
T
QH 1 o Pout Irr QC 1 o
TH
TC
Irr QC
(8)
To
T
QH o QC QH Pout
TC
TH
(9)
Q Q
Irr To C H
TC TH
(10)
Irr To S gen
(11)
Therefore, it is clear that the irreversibilities in the system are dependent on the
environmental temperature. In the thermoelectric generator system, cold side temperature TC
is the environment temperature To. Then the exergy efficiency can be defined as
TS
Exergy Out Pout
1 C gen
Exergy in
EQh
EQh
(12)
Therefore, by knowing the irreversibilities in the system one can find the exergy efficiency of
a thermoelectric system. This procedure is followed by the authors in finding the
irreversibilities in all four thermodynamic models of thermoelectric generator systems.
The temperature dependent properties of thermoelectric material used in this study are given
below as provided by Xuan et.al. [16].
(13)
(14)
(15)
There is no other mode of heat transfer from the hot junction to cold junction of the
thermoelectric generator other than the Fouriers heat conduction phenomena by the
inherent thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials.
QH n IT1
(16)
QC n IT2
(17)
In case of the ideal thermodynamic system the heat source temperature and hot junction
temperature are same (TH = T1) and the heat sink temperature and cold junction temperature
are same (TC = T2). For the ideal thermoelectric generator entropy generation Sgen is zero.
By substituting Equations (16) and (17) in (10), the irreversibilities in the ideal thermoelectric
generator can be derived and written as
n ITC n ITH
Irr To
0
TH
TC
(18)
Then the first law efficiency (energy efficiency) and the second law efficiency (exergy
efficiency) of ideal thermoelectric generator can be written as
I ,g
Pout I TH TC TH TC
QH
ITH
TH
I ,g
I ,g
(19)
n I TH TC
Exout Pout
TH TC
Exin EQh
T
T
n ITH 1 o TH 1 o
TH
TH
I , g
TC
1
TH
100%
(20)
(21)
It can be seen from the Equations (19) that, the Carnot efficiency is the limit of energy
efficiency in the ideal thermoelectric generator. It can also be noted that the ideal efficiency
8
of thermoelectric system is only the function of temperatures and not dependent on the
material property and it can be greater than 100%.
The exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator is also the function of the junction
temperature only and not dependent on the material properties. The exergy efficiency of
thermoelectric generator for ideal thermodynamic conditions is 100% and this is the highest
limit of efficiency of any hypothetical thermoelectric generator. It should be noted that the
power output of the thermoelectric generator is a function of material property () only.
Seebeck effect is a reversible phenomenon therefore, the irreversibilities in the ideal
thermoelectric system is zero.
2.2.2. Endoreversible Thermoelectric Generator System
The endoreversible thermodynamic system is one which is internally reversible and
externally irreversible. Therefore, in the endoreversible thermoelectric system the internal
irreversibilities are absent but the external irreversibilities due to irreversible heat transfer at
hot and cold sides of thermoelectric generator is present.
Therefore, by first law of thermodynamics, the energy balance at hot and cold junction of
endoreversible thermoelectric generator can be given as follows
QH n IT1
(22)
QC n IT2
(23)
In the endoreversible thermoelectric generator the external irreversibilities are caused by the
irreversible heat transfer because of the finite thermal resistance of the ceramic layer, which
is used as the electrical insulator at the hot and cold junctions. Therefore, the heat transfer
from the hot and the cold junction QH and QC also can be written as follows:
QH U h Ah (TH T1 )
(24)
QC U c Ac (T2 TC )
(25)
In case of the endoreversible thermodynamic system, heat source temperature is TH, the hot
junction temperature is T1, the heat sink temperature is TC and the cold junction temperature
is T2. The actual hot junction and cold junction temperature of the endoreversible
9
U h AhTH
U h Ah n I
(26)
T2
U c AcTC
U c Ac n I
(27)
By solving the above equation for constant TH and TC, we get T1<TH and T2>TC. From
Equation (6) the exergy output of the endoreversible thermoelectric generator system can be
calculated. The irreversibilities in the endoreversible thermoelectric generator system can be
calculated from Equation (10) and it is finite and non zero. The entropy generation Sgen can
be calculated as per the entropy balance obtained from the second law of thermodynamics in
the endoreversible thermoelectric generator systems.
n IT2 n IT1
I (TH T2 TT
1 C)
Irr To
n
0
T
T
T
H
(28)
Therefore, the first law efficiency and the second law efficiency of the endoreversible
thermoelectric generator can be given as
en , g
Pout n I T1 T2 T1 T2
QH
n IT1
T1
(29)
In the endoreversible thermoelectric generator the power input Pout can be given as follows
Pout QH QC n I (T1 T2 )
(30)
en, g
en , g
TS
Exout Pout EQh I
1 C gen
Exin EQh
EQh
EQh
T2TH T1TC
n I
TH
EQh
(31)
(32)
10
en, g
T1 T2
T
1 en, g
TH TC I , g
TH
(33)
It can be seen from the Equation (29) that the COP of the endoreversible thermoelectric
generator is lower than the ideal thermoelectric generator since T1 <TH and T2 > TC. It is also
to be noted that the irreversibilities in the thermoelectric generator is finite and caused
because of the irreversible heat transfer in the system. Therefore, the irreversibilities in the
endoreversible thermoelectric system can be called as external irreversibilities. The external
irreversibility can be reduced by reducing the thermal resistances at hot and cold side of
thermoelectric generator. The exergy efficiency of endoreversible thermoelectric generator is
less than the ideal case because of added irreversibilities in the system.
2.2.3. Exoreversible Thermoelectric Generator System
The exoreversible thermodynamic system is one which is externally reversible and internally
irreversible. Therefore, in the exoreversible thermoelectric system the internal irreversibilities
due to the material properties and the contact resistance between the metal and the
thermocouple are present but the external irreversibilities due to irreversible heat transfer is
absent.
Therefore, by first law of thermodynamics, the energy balance at hot and cold junction of
exoreversible thermoelectric generator is given as follows
I 2R
QH n IT1
K (T1 T2 )
2
(34)
I 2R
QC n IT2
K (T1 T2 )
2
(35)
In case of the exoreversible thermodynamic system, heat source temperature and the hot
junction temperature are same (TH = T1), and the heat sink temperature and the cold junction
temperature are same (TC = T2).
The thermal conductance (K) of the thermocouple in exoreversible and irreversible
thermoelectric generator is defined as
11
k A k A
K n n p p K conducting meteal
Lp
Ln
(36)
For the exoreversible and irreversible thermoelectric generator, the electrical resistance of
thermocouple (R) is defined as
L L
R n n p p Rcontact Rconducting
Ap
An
(37)
metal
In the exoreversible thermoelectric generator, the overall heat transfer coefficient between the
heat source and cold junction and between the heat sink and hot junction of the
thermoelectric generator is infinity as given by Equation (38). Therefore, the thermal
resistance between the heat source and the cold junction and the thermal resistance between
the heat sink and the hot junction of the thermoelectric generator is zero.
U c Ac U h Ah
(38)
From Equation (6) the exergy output of the exoreversible thermoelectric generator system can
be calculated. The irreversibilities in the exoreversible thermoelectric generator system can
be calculated from Equation (10) and it is finite and non zero because of the thermoelectric
material properties and the contact resistance. The entropy generation Sgen can be calculated
as per the entropy balance obtained by the second law of thermodynamics.
ITC I 2 R K (TH TC ) ITH I 2 R K (TH TC )
Irr nTo
0
2TC
TC
2TH
TH
TH
TC
(39)
I 2 RTm K (TH TC )2
Irr nTo
0
TH TC
TH TC
(40)
(41)
Then the optimum current for maximum power output (Ipout) can be given as
I pout
(TH TC )
(42)
2R
12
Then the first law efficiency and the second law efficiency of the exoreversible
thermoelectric generator can be given as
ex , g
n I TH TC I 2 R
Pout
QH
I 2R
n ITH
K (TH TC )
2
ex, g
ex , g
(43)
TS
Exout Pout EQh I
1 C gen
Exin EQh
EQh
EQh
(44)
I 2 RTm K (TH TC ) 2
TH
TH
T
QH 1 C
TH
ex , g
(45)
n I TH TC I 2 R
T
ITH 1 C
TH
I 2 R TC
1
2
TH
TC
K (TH TC ) 1
TH
(46)
(TH TC )
R (1 1 Tm Z )
I energy
(47)
The above equation is same as the equation for optimum current at maximum energy
efficiency (Ienergy). Therefore, the exergy efficiency and energy efficiency will be maximum
at same current (Ienergy).
Then by substituting Iexergy in Equation 46, the maximum exergy efficiency of thermoelectric
generator is derived by the authors as given in Equation 48. This equation is same as the
exergy efficiency of thermoelectric generator given by Wisniewski et al. [17].
13
ex , g
T T
H C
TH
1 ZTm 1
T
C 1 ZTm
T
H
T
H
H TC
1 ZTm 1
T
C 1 ZTm
TH
(48)
It can be seen from Equation (48) that the exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator is
less than the endoreversible case and it is a function of material properties and the junction
temperatures.
2.2.4. Irreversible Thermoelectric Generator System
The irreversible thermodynamic system is one which is internally and externally irreversible.
Therefore, in the irreversible thermoelectric system the internal irreversibilities due to the
material properties and the contact resistance between the metal and the thermocouple are
present with the external irreversibilities caused by the irreversible heat transfer between the
heat source and cold junction and between the heat sink and hot junction. Therefore, the
irreversible thermoelectric generator is the closer approximation of the actual thermoelectric
generator system.
By the first law of thermodynamics, the energy balance at hot and cold junction of
irreversible thermoelectric generator is given as follows
I 2R
QH n IT1
K (T1 T2 )
2
(49)
I 2R
QC n IT2
K (T1 T2 )
2
(50)
The heat flow from the hot and the cold junctions (QH and QC) in irreversible thermoelectric
generator can also be written as follows
QH U h Ah (T1 TH )
(51)
QC U c Ac (TC T2 )
(52)
By solving the Equations (49), (50), (51) and (52) for the hot (T1) and cold junction (T2)
temperatures of irreversible thermoelectric generator, the expression for T1 and T2 can be
written as follows as derived by the authors
14
T1
nK AcU c n I AhU h nK n I n 2 K 2
(53)
T2
2
2
nK AcU c n I AhU h nK n I n K
(54)
In case of the irreversible thermodynamic system, heat sink temperature and the hot junction
temperature are different (TH > T1) and the heat source temperature and the cold junction
temperature are different (TC < T2).
In the irreversible thermoelectric generator, the heat transfer coefficient between the heat
source and the cold junction is finite because of the finite thermal conductivity of the ceramic
layer as given by Equation (55). The value of Uc and Uh is assumed as 170W/m2K as given
by Chen et al. [17].
U c Ac
kce Ac
Lce
(55)
where, kce is the thermal conductivity of the ceramic layer. The heat transfer coefficient
between the hot junction and the heat sink (UhAh) also follows the same notation of Equation
(55).
From Equation (6) the exergy output of the irreversible thermoelectric generator can be
calculated. The irreversibilities in the system can be calculated from Equation (10) and it is
finite and non zero. The entropy generation Sgen can be calculated as per the entropy balance
obtained by the second law of thermodynamics.
IT2 I 2 R K (T1 T2 ) IT1 I 2 R K (T1 T2 )
Irr nTo
0
2TC
TC
2TH
TH
TH
TC
(56)
I (TH T2 TT
I 2 RTm K (TH TC )(T1 T2 )
1 C)
Irr nTo
0
TH TC
TH TC
TH TC
(57)
(58)
15
Then the optimum current for maximum power output (Ipout) for irreversible thermoelectric
generator can be given as
I pout
(T1 T2 )
(59)
2R
Therefore, the first law efficiency and the second law efficiency of the irreversible
thermoelectric generator can be given as
ir , g
n I T1 T2 I 2 R
Pout
QH
I 2R
n IT1
K (T1 T2 )
2
ir , g
ir , g
(60)
TS
Exout Pout EQh I
1 C gen
Exin EQh
EQh
EQh
(61)
I TH TC I 2 R
1
I (T T T T ) I 2 RT
K (TH TC )(T1 T2 )
2 H
1 C
m
TH
TH
TH
(62)
And by simplifying the above equation we get the exergy efficiency of irreversible
thermoelectric generator as follows
ir , g
I (T1 T2 ) I 2 R
T
IT1 1 C
TH
I 2 R TC
1
2
TH
TC
K (T1 T2 ) 1
TH
(63)
(T1 T2 )
(64)
R(1 1 Tm Z )
The above equation is same as the equation for optimum current at maximum energy
efficiency (Ienergy) for irreversible thermoelectric generator but the mean temperature (Tm) is
16
the mean of T1 and T2. Therefore, the exergy efficiency and energy efficiency of irreversible
thermoelectric generator is maximum at same current (Ienergy = Iexergy).
Then by substituting Iexergy in Equation (63), the maximum exergy efficiency of irreversible
thermoelectric generator can be written as derived by the authors is as follows. Note that ir,hp
is the maximum energy efficiency of irreversible thermoelectric generator.
ir , g
T T 1 ZT 1
m
1 2
T1 T2 1 ZT
m
T
T
H
H TC
ir , g
I ,g
(65)
It can be seen from Equation (65) that the exergy efficiency of the irreversible thermoelectric
generator is less than the ideal, endoreversible and exoreversible thermodynamic case and it
is a function of material properties, junction temperatures and the heat source and heat sink
temperatures. This expression for the exergy efficiency of thermoelectric generator may
closely approximate the actual exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator.
3. Results and Discussion
The energy and exergy analysis of the thermoelectric generator systems for all possible
thermodynamic models have been carried out for various operating conditions in MATLAB
Simulink environment.
The thermodynamic models of thermoelectric generator explained in section 2.2 were
analysed with fixed hot and cold junction temperatures. The cold side temperature (TC) is
fixed at 303K in all the cases and the hot side temperature (TH) is fixed at 453K, 428K and
403K to calculate the performance parameters. Tg is the temperature difference between the
hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Fig.10. Power output and exergy efficiency of thermoelectric generator for variable heat
transfer area
The effect of irreversible heat transfer at the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator
in the exergy efficiency is also studied and it is presented in Figure 10. It shows that the
decrease in the total external heat transfer area decreases the power output and maximum
exergy efficiency because it decreases the hot junction temperature and increases the cold
junction temperature thereby decreases the effective temperature difference (T1-T2) between
the hot and cold junction of the thermoelectric generator and thus reduces the power output
and the exergy efficiency. It also shows that the exoreversible case is the maximum limit of
power output and efficiency in any actual thermoelectric generator system.
25
26
27
Fig.13. Power output and exergy efficiency of thermoelectric generator for variable contact
resistance
The effect of contact resistance Rcontact between the thermoelectric couples and metal contact
in the exergy efficiency has been studied since it is one of the important parameter affecting
the heating power and efficiency of the thermoelectric devices. Figure 13 shows the effect of
contact resistance in the generator power output and exergy efficiency and it shows increase
in contact resistance decreases the exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator.
28
29
Performance parameters
No
Exoreversible
Irreversible
thermoelectric
thermoelectric
generator
generator
5.16%
4.23%
16.60 %
12.78 %
ICOP, Iexergy
8.6 A
6.8 A
Ipout
10.1 A
7.8 A
10.70 W
7.08 W
efficiency
6
10.94 W
7.18 W
Irreversibilities at maximum
58 W
48.32 W
60.5 W
50 W
energy/exergy efficiency
8
Irreversibilities at maximum
power output
Table 1 show that the irreversibilities in the exoreversible thermoelectric generator are higher
than the irreversible case. The actual reason for the same is explained with the help of Figure
11 and 12 in the text. The exergy efficiency of the thermoelectric generator system for typical
operating conditions obtained in this study is compared with the exergy efficiency of solar
photovoltaic generator as per the data available from Sahin et al. [19]. It shows that the
exergy efficiency of irreversible thermoelectric generator is almost same as the solar
photovoltaic generator. But the energy efficiency of thermoelectric generator is very low
when compared with the crystalline silicon solar cells. Therefore, the freely available solar
heat can also be used to generate electrical energy (exergy) by using solar thermoelectric
30
generator considering the economics, land requirements, temperature and other practical
aspects of the power generation systems.
4. Conclusions
Exergy analyses of all possible thermodynamic models of thermoelectric generator have been
carried out. This study provides complete details of the irreversibilities in the thermoelectric
generator system.
Analytical expressions for the exergy efficiency and irreversibilities in all possible
thermodynamic models of thermoelectric generator system have been derived.
The results show that the exergy efficiency of thermoelectric generator is higher than
the energy efficiency.
The first law and second law efficiency of the exoreversible and irreversible
thermoelectric generator are maximum at same current. e.g., The first law and second
law efficiency of the irreversible thermoelectric generator is maximum at same
current of 6.8A.
The increase in total contact resistance decreases the exergy efficiency of the
thermoelectric generator.
The decrease in total external heat transfer area at hot and cold side of thermoelectric
generator decreases the exergy efficiency.
31
The above studies will be very helpful in designing of actual thermoelectric generator
systems and give better understanding about the thermodynamic modelling,
irreversibilities and entropy generation in the thermoelectric generator systems.
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