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Geometric Optics
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GEOMETRIC OPTICS
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What is an object?
anything from which light rays radiate
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1. Point Object
no physical extent
2. Extended Object
Point object P
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What is an image?
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1. Real image
outgoing rays really do pass through an image point
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2. Virtual image
outgoing rays don't actually pass through the image point
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Sign Rules
1. Sign rule for the
object distance s
When the object is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
incoming light, the object
distance s is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is positive.
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Sign Rules
2. Sign rule for the
image distance s
When the image is on the
same side of the reflecting or
refracting surface as the
outgoing light, the image
distance s' is positive;
otherwise, it is negative.
s is negative.
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Sign Rules
3. Sign rule for the
radius of curvature R
of a spherical surface:
When the center of curvature C is
on the same side as the
outgoing light, the radius of
curvature is positive; otherwise,
it is negative.
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Objectives
1. Determine the image location of a point object in front of a
plane refracting surface
2. Given an object in front of a plane mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and
upright or inverted
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Reflection
Note:
s is negative
image is virtual
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Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
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Lateral Magnification
Sign Conventions:
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
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Plane Mirror
Reflection
where:
y : object height
y : image height
s : object distance
s : image distance
Lateral Magnification
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Example:
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Example:
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Objectives
1. Given an object in front of a spherical mirror:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and
upright or inverted
2. Given an object placed in front of a spherical mirror, draw the
principal rays and locate the image
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Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
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Concave Mirror:
Point object
optic axis
Object P
V
C
R>0
Image P
s>0
s> 0
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Concave Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
V
C
y < 0
R>0
s>0
s> 0
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Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
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Concave Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f > 0: focal length
R > 0: radius of curvature
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Concave Mirror:
Graphical Method
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Example:
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Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
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Convex Mirror:
Point object
Image P
optic axis
V
Object P
R<0
s>0
s< 0
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Convex Mirror:
Extended object
Image
Object
y>0
y > 0
V
R<0
s>0
s< 0
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Convex Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
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Convex Mirror:
Focal Point and Focal Length
where:
f < 0: focal length
R < 0: radius of curvature
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Convex Mirror:
Graphical Method
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Example:
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Objectives
1. Given an object in front of a spherical surface or interface
separating two media:
Calculate the location of the image
Calculate the lateral magnification of the image
Determine whether the image will be real or virtual, and
upright or inverted
2. Calculate the apparent depth of an object when observed
across a boundary of changing indices of refraction
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Refracting surface:
Object-Image Relationship and Magnification
Note:
na : index of refraction of material 1
nb : index of refraction of material 2
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Example:
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A special case:
Plane refracting surface
Radius of Curvature
Material 1 Material 2
Object-Image Relationship
na
nb
Magnification
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Example:
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Objectives
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What is a lens?
Thin lens
two spherical surfaces close enough together
negligible thickness
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
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Converging Lens:
s>0
f>0
s> 0
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Converging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
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Properties of a Diverging Lens
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Diverging Lens:
f<0
s< 0
s>0
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Diverging Lenses:
Object-image relationship and Magnification
where:
f : focal length
s : object distance
s : image distance
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Example:
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Example:
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Example:
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y'
s = 16 cm
s = -12 cm
|f | = 48 cm |f | = 48 cm
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Example:
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Example:
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Lensmakers equation
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Lensmakers equation
where:
f : focal length
n : index of refraction of thin lens
R1 : radius of curvature of 1st surface
R2 : radius of curvature of 2nd surface
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Example:
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