REDES DE COMPUTADORES

Clase 1. Introduccin
Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
aarellano@espoch.edu.ec
CCNA CCNP - CCSP

Define Network
A network is a collection of computers and
devices connected together via communications
devices and transmission media.
A computer network is a communication system
that connects two or more computers , and their
peripheral devices to exchange information and
share resources.
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Network Terms
Communications devices.
Hardware component that enables a computer
to send (transmit) and receive data,
instructions, and information to and from one
or more computers.
Examples: cable modem, wireless modem,
network cards, switches, routers.
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Communication Devices

Cable modem

Switches

Routers

Network Terms
Transmission media.
Materials or substances capable of carrying one or
more signals in a communications channel. There
are two types of transmission media: physical and
wireless.
Example of physical transmission media: twistedpair cable, coaxial cable & fiber-optic cable.
Example of wireless transmission media: Infrared,
broadcast radio, cellular radio, microwave radio &
communication satellite.
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Physical Transmission Media

Twisted-pair cable

Fiber-optic cable

Coaxial cable

Wireless Transmission Media

Cellular Radio

Communication Satellite

Microwaves

Define Networkcont.
Advantages of a network include:
Facilitating
communications

Sharing
software

Sharing
hardware

Sharing data
and information

Transferring
funds

Define Networkcont.
Advantages of a network include:

Network Topology
What is a network topology?
i. A network topology refers to the layout of the
computers and devices in a communications
network, or
ii. A network topology refers to the configuration
of a network that consists of cables, computers,
and other peripherals.
It describes the physical and logical layout of the
network.
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Network Topologycont.
What is a physical topology?
The physical topology of a network refers to the
configuration of cables, computers, and other
peripherals.
What is a logical topology?
The logical topology of a network refers to the
architecture, that is the way in which the network
appears to the devices that use it.

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Types of Network Topology

Three (3) basic types of network topology:
Bus Network
Bus Network.
Star Network.
Ring Network.
Ring Network
Star Network

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Bus Network Topology

Bus Network Topology:
A bus network consists of a single central cable
(backbone/trunk), to which all computers and
other devices connect (nodes).

Terminator

T-Connector

Backbone
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Bus Network Topologycont.

The bus is the physical cable that connects the
computers and other devices.

Terminator

T-Connector

Backbone

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Bus Network Topologycont.

The bus in a bus network transmit data, instructions, and
information as a series of signal.
Those signals are sent as electrical pulses that travel
along the length of the cable in both directions.

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Types of Network Topology

Basic type of network topology:
Ring Network.

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Ring Network Topology

Ring Network Topology:
On a ring network, a cable forms a closed loop
(ring) with all computers and devices arranged
along the ring.

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Ring Network Topologycont.

Data transmitted on a ring network travels from device
to device around the entire ring, in one direction
(clockwise or counterclockwise).
When a computer or device sends data, the data travels
to each computer on the ring until it reaches its
destinations.
Token passing is one method for sending data around a
ring.
Each device takes a turn sending and receiving
information through the use of a token.

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Types of Network Topology

Basic type of network topology:
Star Network.

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Star Network Topology

Star Network Topology:
Two types of devices that provide a common
central connection point for nodes on the
network are a hub and a switch.

Hub / Switch

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Star Network Topologycont.

Hub or Switch:
A device that provides a common central connection
point for other devices on a network.
All data that transfer from one device to another passes
through the hub or switch.
The difference between a hub and a switch:
The hub takes a signal that comes from any device and
passes it along to all the other devices in the network.
Whenever a node sends a message, it is routed to the
switch, which then passes the message to the intended
recipient.
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Network Topology Recap

1. Which of the following statements describe network
topology correctly?
a. Devices attached or detached at any point on the
network.
b. The failure of device on the network.
c. Refers to the configuration of cables, computers and
other peripherals.
d. All of the above.

Network Topology Recap

2. On a __________, all of the computers and devices on
the network connect to a central device.
a. Bus network.
b. Ring network.
c. Star network.
d. All of above.

Network Topology Recap

3. On a star network, the central device that provides a
common connection point for nodes on the network is
called the ____________.
a. Switch.
b. Personal computer.
c. Printer.
d. File server.

Network Topology Recap

The transmission of data is relatively simple
as packets travel in one direction only.
5. The statement above is referred to the ____________.
a. Bus network.
b. Ring network.
c. Star network.
d. All of the above.

Classification of Network
Networks usually are classified as a:
Local Area Network (LAN).
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
Wide Area Network (WAN).
The main differentiation among these
classifications is their area of coverage
(distinguish by the geographical area each
network serves).

Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a network that
connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Main characteristics of LAN:
Areas of coverage: LANs located within the same
building (closely positioned group of buildings)
such as a home, school computer laboratory,
office building.
Distance: LANs span (cover) distance less than a
10 km.
Ownership: LANs are owned and operated by
individual organizations.

Types of LAN:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN) is a type of wireless
network that works within a very small area
your immediate surroundings.
Smartphone

Laptop

Mouse

Headphone

PDA

Printer

WPAN - INSTEON
Insteon is a home automation technology that enables light
switches, lights, thermostats, motion sensors, and other
electrical devices to interoperate through power lines, radio
frequency (RF) communications. Data Rate (13,165 bps)

WPAN WIRELESS USB

Wireless USB was based on WiMedia Alliance's ultra-wideband
(UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of sending
480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 110 Mbit/s at up
to 10 metres (33 ft). It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to
10.6 GHz frequency range

WPAN Z-WAVE
Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol designed for
home automation, specifically for remote control applications
in residential and light commercial environments. Data rate
(100 kpbs)

WPAN BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging
data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio
waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz. Data rate (3
mbps)

WPAN ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area
networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is
based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard

Zigbee - Details

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WPAN BODY AREA NETWORK

A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless
body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN),
is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.

EJERCICIO
Una red WSN que implementa la tecnologa 802.15.4, est compuesta por 10
nodos de adquisicin de datos (motas) mediantes sensores y un equipo
coordinador que se conecta a Internet, cada uno de las motas est
compuesto por 4 sensores: 2 de Temperatura, 1 Acelermetro y un sensor de
presin, adems de un mdulo de comunicacin en 2.4 Ghz., las
caractersticas de los sensores se muestran a continuacin:
Sensor

Rango de Medida

Observaciones

Temperatura PT100

-50 C a 100 C

Considere 1 bit para representar el

signo del valor

Acelermetro ( X, Y , Z)

-100 a +100

Se obtienen una medida por cada uno

de los ejes

Galga extensiomtrica
medir presin

para
500 a 5K

Determine:

El tiempo de Latencia de la red si todos las 10 motas estn transmitiendo datos, y si

se considera un uso real del 75% del bit rate nominal del estndar 802.15.4
Cul sera el % de uso de la red si en lugar de 802.15.4 se usa 802.11b? Considere
un uso real del 40% del bit rate nominal
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Types of LAN:
Home Area Network (HAN)
Home Area Network (HAN) is a type of network
for homes allowing different computers to share
resources, including a common Internet
connection.

Advantages & Disadvantages of

LANs
Advantages:
Hardware and software can be shared.
All the users work can be stored in a central place.
Data can be shared because database files stored in
the server are available to users around the network.
Disadvantages:
Printing can be slow, long print queues may develop.
A malware can spread more easily.
As data is shared there is a greater need for security.

Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN)
A metropolitan area
network (MAN) is a
high-speed network that
connects local area
networks (LANs) in a
metropolitan area.

Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN)
Main characteristics of MAN:
Areas of coverage: MANs connect various
locations such as campuses, offices, and
government, that are frequently used as links
between buildings.
Distance: MANs span (cover) distance up to 100
miles (161 km).
Ownership: MANs are owned by a group of users
who jointly own and operate the network.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network
(WAN) is a network that
covers a large
geographical area.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Main characteristics of WAN:
Areas of coverage: WANs located within a
countryside and worldwide networks, (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables and radio waves. The Internet
is the worlds largest WAN.
Distance: WANs span (cover) distance greater than
100 miles.
Ownership: WANs have no ownership.

Types of WAN:
Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
Enterprise Private Network (EPN) is a type of
network built by an enterprise to interconnect
various company sites, e.g., production sites,
head offices, remote offices, shops, in order to
share computer resources.

Production site

Frequency
Band

Head offices

Types of WAN:
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
is a type of private network
built over public
infrastructure. By using a
number of security
mechanisms, including
encryption, a VPN allows
users to securely access a
network from different
locations using a public
telecommunications network,
most frequently the Internet.

Advantages & Disadvantages of

WANs
Advantages:
These are similar to those of LAN's except the scale of
sharing etc. becomes far greater and can be world-wide.
Disadvantages:
Again these are similar to those of LAN's except that
issues such as security become even more important as
potential hackers could break into a computer system
from anywhere in the world rather than having to
physically be in a building.
Encryption of secure data such as financial transactions is
necessary because it is even easier to capture data.

Industrial Networking

Topic Review
Q1: What are the advantages of using a Network?

Q2: How are a Star Network, Bus Network, and Ring

Network different?

Q3: How are LANs, MANs, and WANs different?

Rules of Communications

Establishing Rules

Communication begins with a message, or information, that must be

sent from a source to a destination.
Protocol: Rules that govern communications.
Protocol suite: A group of inter-related protocols
Example: TCP/IP

Rules of Communications

Message Encoding

Message Encoding

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Message Encoding

A frame acts like an

envelope; it provides
the address of the
intended destination
and the address of
the source host.

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Rules of Communication

Message Timing

People use timing to determine when to speak, how fast/slow to talk, and
how long to wait for a response.
Access Method

Determines when someone is able to send a message.

If two people talk at the same time, a collision occurs.

Hosts on a network need an access method to know when to begin

sending messages.
Flow Control

How much information can be sent.

Hosts use flow control to negotiate how much data can be sent/received.
Response Timeout

Hosts on the network also have rules that specify how long to wait for
responses and what action to take if a response timeout occurs.

Message Delivery Options

Unicast: One to One

Multicast: One to many
Broadcast: One to everyone

Role of Protocols

Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for

exchanging messages between devices.
Some common networking protocols are IP, HTTP, and DHCP.

Interaction of
Protocols

Application Protocol - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol

that governs the way a web server and a web client interact.
Transport Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport
protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers
and web clients.
Internet Protocol - IP is responsible for assigning the appropriate
addresses, and delivering them across the best path to the destination host.
Network Access Protocols - Network access protocols describe two
primary functions, communication over a data link and the physical
transmission of data on the network media.

Protocol
Suites

A protocol suite is a set of protocols that

work together to provide comprehensive
network communication services.
May be specified by a standards
organization or developed by a vendor.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Standards
Organization

Open standards encourage competition and innovation.

Guarantee that no single companys product can monopolize the
market, or have an unfair advantage over its competition.
Standards organizations include:
The Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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ISOC

The Internet Society (ISOC)

ISOC facilitates the open development of standards and
protocols for the technical infrastructure of the Internet,
including the oversight of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Mission is to develop, update, and maintain Internet and TCP/IP
technologies.
One of the key responsibilities is to produce Request for Comments
(RFC) documents

Memorandum describing protocols, processes, and technologies for

the Internet.
The IETF consists of working groups (WGs), the primary mechanism for
developing IETF specifications and guidelines.

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

A professional organization for those in the electrical
engineering and electronics fields who are dedicated to
advancing technological innovation and creating
standards.
IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 standards are significant
IEEE standards in computer networking.

Benefits of a
Layered Model

Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific and a

defined interface to the layers above and below.
Fosters competition
Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other
layers above and below.
Provides a common language to describe networking functions and
capabilities.

OSI Model

Initially the OSI model was designed by the ISO to provide a

framework on which to build a suite of open systems protocols.
Ultimately, the speed at which the TCP/IP-based Internet was
adopted, and the rate at which it expanded, caused the development
and acceptance of the OSI protocol suite to lag behind.
Often referred to by the number of the layer.

TCP/IP Model

Alternative model.
The architecture of the TCP/IP protocol
suite follows the structure of this model.
Similar to OSI Model
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Comparing the two models

At the network access layer, the TCP/IP protocol suite does not
specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical
medium.
Only describes the handoff from the internet layer to the physical
network protocols.
OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss the necessary procedures to access the
media and the physical means to send data over a network.
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The Communication Process Encapsulation

Data Link
Header

IP
Header

TCP
Header

HTTP
Header

Data

Data Link
Trailer

Server
HTTP Data

Encapsulation Process of adding control information as it passes down

through the layered model.

The Communication Process Decapsulation

Data Link
Header

IP
Header

TCP
Header

HTTP
Header

Data

Data Link
Trailer

Client
HTTP Data

Decapsulation Process of removing control information as it passes

upwards through the layered model.

Accessing Local Resources

Network Address
Contains information required to deliver the IP packet from the
source device to the destination device.
Has two parts, the network prefix and the host part.
An IP packet contains two IP addresses:

Source IP address - The IP address of the sending device.

Destination IP address - The IP address of the receiving

device. The destination IP address is used by routers to forward
a packet to its destination.

Example: Protocol IPv4

Frame Header

IP Header

TCP Header HTTP

Header

Frame Trailer
Data

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209.67.102.55

Frame Header

107.16.4.21

IP Header

TCP Header HTTP

Header

Frame Trailer
Data

209.67.102.55
107.16.4.21

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