Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter Title
Psyche
Copyright Year
2014
Copyright Holder
Corresponding Author
Family Name
Dafermos
Particle
Given Name
Prof. Manolis
Suffix
Division/Department
Psychology Department
Organization/University
Street
Gallos Campus
Postcode
74100
City
Rethymno
Country
Greece
Phone
+30-28310-77521
mdafermo@psy.soc.uoc.gr
Psyche
Definition
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Introduction
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Keywords
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Traditional Debates
The Greek word psyche (or psychein) means
breathe or blow. In the Homeric Poems composed in the second half of the eighth century
BC, the psyche was identified with the vital
force linked to the individual body. Psyche was
closely connected with bodily locations (diaphragm or lungs, heart) and processes (breath)
(Rohde, 1987). In the context of Homeric
Poems, the psyche as purely spiritual, immaterial
substance was impossible.
A mythical image of the psyche could also be
found in the myth of Eros and Psyche (or Cupid
and Psyche) created by Lucius Apuleius in the
second century AD in which the psyche was
a beautiful princess who fell in love with Cupid.
In ancient Greek philosophy, the appearance of
materialistic and idealistic approaches to the psyche and its connection with the body coexisted
with the idea of spontaneous, dialectical interconnection of body and psyche and psyche and
nature. In Aristotles (384322 BC) essay
Concerning the Psyche (Greek: Peri psyches,
Latin: De Anima), the psyche is presented as the
form of a material living body. The psyche is not
an independent, immaterial substance and
could not exist separated from the living body
(MacDonald, 2003).
In the context of Christian discourse, the
meaning of the term psyche has been
transformed from a vital force into the soul as
immaterial, immortal, spiritual substance as part
of a person (Graumann, 1996).
The radical shift in understanding of psyche
came with R. Descartes (15961650). He used
not only the term soul (ame) but also the
term mens or mind. In contrast to Aristotles
examination of the soul as organically connected
to the natural body, R. Descartes regarded the
mind as a thinking thing (res cogitans),
a rational, incorporeal, immortal existence
Psyche
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Psyche
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Critical Debates
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References
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Psyche
of life and his levels of psyche. Retrieved from
http://www.igs.net/pballan/AT.htm
Graumann, C. (1996). Psyche and her descendants. In
C. Graumann & K. Gergen (Eds.), Historical
dimensions of psychological discourse (pp. 83102).
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leontiev, A. N. (1978). Activity, consciousness, and personality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Leontiev, A. N. (1981). Problems of the Development of
the Mind (M. Kopylova, Trans.). Moscow: Progress
Publishers.
MacDonald, P. (2003). History of the concept of mind:
Speculations about soul, mind, and spirit from Homer
to Hume. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Richards, R. J. (1980). Christian Wolffs prolegomena to
empirical and rational psychology: Translation and
commentary. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 124(3), 227239.
Rohde, E. (1987). Psyche: The cult of souls and the belief
in immortality among the Greeks. Chicago: Ares
Publishing.
Rollins, W. G. (1999). Soul and psyche: The bible in
psychological perspective. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress.
Teo, T. (1998). Klaus holzkamp and the rise and decline of
German critical psychology. History of Psychology,
1(3), 235253.
Teo, T. (2002). Friedrich Albert Lange on neoKantianism, socialist Darwinism, and a psychology
without a soul. Journal of the History of the Behavioral
Sciences, 38, 285301.
The C.G.Jung page (2012). Psyche. Retrieved from http://
www.cgjungpage.org/index.php?optioncom_content
&taskview&id752&Itemid41
Tolman, C. (1994). Psychology. Society and subjectivity.
An introduction to German critical psychology.
London: Routledge.
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