Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Special
number groups
Syllabus outcomes
NS4.1 Recognises the properties of special groups of whole numbers and applies a
range of strategies to aid computation
WMS4.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation
to content
WMS4.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, solving problems using
technology where appropriate
WMS4.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols, diagrams,
text and tables to communicate mathematical ideas
WMS4.4 Identifies relationships and the strengths and weaknesses of different
strategies and solutions, giving reasons
WMS4.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations
about, existing knowledge and understanding in relation to content
of numbers
napply divisibility tests mentally as an aid to calculation
nidentify prime and composite numbers
nuse index notation for square numbers, cubic numbers and higher powers
nsolve numerical problems involving indices
nfind prime factors
nfind square roots and cubic roots with and without a calculator
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Patterns
Mathematics is the study of patternsin arithmetic, geometry and algebra. Our number
system is full of number patterns that are related to one another in some way.
ic cubic
triangu
site square perfect prime
palindrom
lar
compo even
Lucas
odd
Fibonacci
Many number patterns have been known for thousands of years. Around 540 BC, Pythagoras
and his followers believed that everything in the universe was based on numbers. Today,
calculators and computers have helped to discover huge terms, showing that most patterns
go on infinitely!
Consider square numbers. A square number is formed by multiplying a number by itself
(e.g. 3 3 9). No square number in our system ends in 2, 3, 7 or 8, nor is there any square
number of 2 or more digits that has only odd digits. If a square number ends in 5, it will have
2 before it; if a square number ends in 6, the digit before it will be odd. The end digits of
squares form a cyclic pattern0, 1, 4, 9, 6, 5, 6, 9, 4, 1, 0which is also palindromic.
Two reversals are also interesting:
13 13 169
31 31 961
12 12 144
21 21 441
282
Numbers of 3s
Number without 3s
Power of 3
10
32
100
19
81
34
1000
271
729
36
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Even numbers
An even number is
divisible by 2. (In
other words, an
even number can
be divided by 2 with
no remainder.)
An odd number
cannot be
represented in
groups of 2.
Square numbers
An odd number is 1
more than an even
number and is not
divisible by 2.
Odd numbers
16
Triangular numbers
10
A triangular number
can be shown by a
triangular pattern.
Consecutive numbers increase in order without jumping or missing any number. For
example, the 3 consecutive numbers after 9 are 10, 11 and 12. Similarly, the 3 consecutive odd
numbers after 9 are 11, 13 and 15.
Examples
1
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
596 is an even
number
because the
last digit (6) is
even.
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E x e r c i s e 10A
1
b odd numbers
e 350 098
Write down:
a the even number before 5246
5 022 647
d 499
e 1508
e 497
d 141
Example
a
b
c
d
AB
AB
12
12
27
e
f
g
h
i
10
10
AB
AB
10
11
12
13
Draw dot diagrams for all the square numbers less than 30.
List the first 10 square numbers (beginning with 1).
Square numbers can be found by adding odd numbers.
Consider the following dot diagrams:
134
1359
Draw similar dot diagrams for the square numbers 16 and 25.
284
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
Centicubes
can be used to
build these
patterns.
14
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a Copy this pattern and then write down the next 3 lines:
1 1
13 4
135 9
1 3 5 7 16
b Copy and complete:
16
17
Draw dot diagrams of the first 7 triangular numbers (beginning with 1).
List the first 10 triangular numbers (beginning with 1).
Triangular numbers can be found by adding whole numbers. Consider the following
dot diagrams:
123
1236
Draw similar dot diagrams for the triangular numbers 10 and 15.
18
4, 5 and 6 are
consecutive
numbers.
Copy the following pattern and then write down the next 5 lines:
1 1
12 3
123 6
1 2 3 4 10
19
13
a
b
c
d
e
20
36
6 10
Find:
a 2 consecutive numbers that add up to 159
b 3 consecutive numbers whose sum is 378
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Constant calculations
Many calculators can do constant calculations. That is, a calculator can be set to add,
subtract, multiply or divide by the same number (constant) over and over again.
Your calculator may have an answer key Ans that can be set to continually add, subtract,
multiply or divide the previous answer by the same constant. A setting like this will allow you
to generate odd or even numbers. See your calculator manual for detailed instructions on
how to do constant calculations.
Press Ans 2
his makes the calculator begin with an answer of 1 (the first odd number).
This tells the calculator to add 2 to the previous answer, to get the next
odd number.
To generate more odd numbers, just keep pressing the equals key
.
See how quickly you can make your calculator display the odd numbers from 1 to 99.
Press Ans 2
This makes the calculator begin with an answer of 2 (the first even number).
This tells the calculator to add 2 to the previous answer, to get the next
even number.
To generate more even numbers, just keep pressing the equals key.
See how quickly you can make your calculator display the even numbers from 2 to 100.
62 36
72 49
82 64
92 81
102 100
112 121
122 144
132 169
142 196
152 225
162 256
172 289
182 324
192 361
202 400
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Examples
1
CD-ROM
The rule Tn 2n(n 1) can be used to find the nth triangular number.
Use it to find the 20th triangular number (T20).
T1 1st triangular number
T2 2nd triangular number
If y is an odd number,
the next odd number
must be 2 more than
this, so it will be y 2.
Tn 2n(n 1)
When n 20:
T20
1
2
1
2
20 (20 1)
20 21
10 21
1
n(n
2
210
1
2
E x e r c i s e 10B
1
1)
means
n (n 1).
C O N S TA N T C A L C U L AT I O N S
d r
i z1
e n
j h1
e a
j 2n 2
e g
j 2k 9
d p
i 2x 1
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes showing the even numbers:
C H A P T E R
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E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
Even number
E20
ii
E35
iii
E40
iv
E100
E125
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes showing the odd numbers:
O1
O2
O3
O4
Odd number
O10
ii
O20
O17
iv
O100
O215
a Use centicubes (or other materials) to build shapes representing the square numbers:
288
iii
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S1
S2
S3
S4
Square number
S12
ii
S13
S20
iii
iv
S50
S1000
T100
1
n(n
2
The rule Tn
1) can be used to find the nth triangular number.
a Use the rule to find the first 5 triangular numbers.
b Use the rule to find:
i
T10
ii T15
iii T40
iv T55
a Across your page write the triangular numbers from 1 to 171. Underneath, write the
last digit in each number. Look carefully at the pattern of digits. What do you notice?
b Let T1 stand for the 1st triangular number, T2 for the 2nd and so on. Copy and
complete this pattern:
T2 2T1 3 2 1 12
T4 2T2 10 6 4 22
T6 2T3 . . . . . . . . . . .
T8 2T4 . . . . . . . . . . .
T10 2T5 . . . . . . . . . . .
9
The ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus (who lived in the 3rd century BC) found
a connection between triangular numbers (T ) and square numbers (S ). His rule was:
8T 1 S
Give 4 examples to show that this is true.
10
The differences between number patterns often form other patterns. For example, the
differences between square numbers are:
12
1
Square number
Differences
22
4
3
32
9
42
16
52
25
62
36
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Triangular numbers
Square each one
Differences
Cubic numbers
10
10
36
100
27
64
23
C H A P T E R
33
1 0
43
S P E C I A L
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11
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Pentagonal numbers
a
b
c
d
e
12
22
Special numbers
Palindromes
A palindrome is a word, phrase, sentence or number that reads the same from left to right as
it does from right to left. Some examples are:
Words
Sentences
Numbers
Number patterns
NOON
66
113 1331
TUMUT
MADAM, IM ADAM.
121
114 14 641
LEVEL
5885
The Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps (180594), who supervised the building of the Suez
Canal, has this palindrome on his tombstone:
A MANA PLANA CANALPANAMA.
Other palindromes occur in dates (29. 11. 92), digital times (12:21) and in poems. In 1986 an
American author wrote a palindromic novel of 31 594 words!
Here are some number sentences in which all the numbers are palindromes:
1221 11 111
123 321 11 11 211
1 234 321 11 112 211
12 344 321 11 1 122 211
1 234 554 321 11 112 232 211
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Fibonacci numbers
A pattern of numbers discovered by the Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci
(c. 11701250), and named after him by Edouard Lucas in 1877, starts:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
Each term (after the first 2) is the sum of the previous 2 terms:
1 1 2, 1 2 3, 2 3 5, 3 5 8 and so on.
Fibonacci (also known as Leonardo of Pisa) wrote many books. In his
best known, Liber Abaci, he poses this problem:
A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all
sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from
that pair in a year if it is supposed that every month each pair
begets a new pair, which from the second month on
becomes productive?
Assuming no rabbits die, the number at the end of each month
follows the Fibonacci sequence!
These numbers occur often in nature: in the number of offspring of a drone (male bee),
in the number of petals of many species of flowers, in pine cone and pineapple spiralling
and in sunflower seed patterns.
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Example
CD-ROM
If you reverse the digits of a number that is not palindromic and then add the
2 numbers, then repeat this process, you will generally make a palindromic number
after a few steps.
By reversing the digits and adding, what palindromic number will you make from
the number 95? How many steps will it take to get this answer?
ddd
95
59
_______
154
451
_______
605
506
____
______
1111
____
______
This is an example of a
palindromic sentence:
Able was I ere I saw Elba.
E x e r c i s e 10C
1
SPECIAL NUMBERS
d 90 209
i 710 617
e 94 039
j 2 071 702
a What palindromic answers are formed when these numbers are squared?
How many palindromic numbers are there between these numbers? List them.
a 10 and 100
b 100 and 400
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Write down the first 15 Fibonacci numbers (i.e. 1, 1, 2 610). Use them to answer
these questions.
a What type of number is every 3rd one?
b What number will divide evenly into every 4th Fibonacci number?
c What will divide into every 5th term?
d What 2 are square numbers?
e Write down the 4 triangular numbers.
f What is the sum of the first 5 terms? How does it compare with the 7th term?
g Find the sum of the first 7 terms. By how much less is it than the 9th term?
h Find the sum of the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th terms. Which Fibonacci number is closest
to this sum?
you notice?
9
Write down any Fibonacci number. Square it. Now subtract from it the product
of the 2 numbers on each side of your original Fibonacci number.
Example
a What is their difference?
3 52 8
b Is there another answer?
10
Quads
1 1 2 3
3 5 8 13
5 8 13 21
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
More patterns
Is the square of a palindrome also a palindrome? For example, 112 121 and 222 484.
p Find the next 5 palindromes that give palindromes when squared.
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The reduced numbers of palindromes form an interesting pattern. To find a reduced number,
add the digits together and continue doing this until you have a single digit. For example:
78 7 8 15 1 5 = 6
p Copy and complete the following table, showing all the palindromes from 11 to 606.
Underneath each palindrome, write its reduced number. Some have been done for you.
Palindrome
11
22
33
44
55
66
Reduced number
Palindrome
77
88
99
161 171 181 191 202 212 222 232 242 252 262 272
Reduced number
606
p Look at the pattern of the reduced numbers. The first 4 are even. What sort of numbers are
the next 5 reduced numbers?
p When you look at the pattern of reduced numbers there appear to be digits missing.
Do these missing digits also form a pattern?
p What do you notice about the reduced numbers of the palindromes 505 to 585?
The Lucas pattern of numbers (which is closely related to the Fibonacci sequence) starts:
1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199
Each term is the sum of the previous 2 terms (1 3 4, 3 4 7 and so on).
The pattern is named after the French mathematician Edouard Lucas (184291). The 5th
term (11) is palindromic, while the 10th term (123) has 3 consecutive digits.
Any 4 consecutive terms in this pattern have an interesting property.
Let them be a, b, c and d. Then:
a b c d
c b ad
72 42 3 11
49 16 33
3 4 7 11
m
{++|}
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Fibonacci numbers
CD-ROM
C H A P T E R
1 0
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Factors
These dot diagrams show that 6 can be written as 6 1, 3 2, 2 3 or 1 6:
616
326
236
166
From the dot diagrams, we can see that the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. Since 6 can be divided
by each of these numbers without a remainder, we say that 6 is divisible by 1, 2, 3 and 6.
p Why is 4 not a factor of 6?
The factors of 6 (excluding the number itself) are 1, 2 and 3. The total of these is 6, the original
number. Numbers that have this feature are called perfect. The second one is 28.
p What are its factors? Check that their sum is 28.
To find the highest common factor of 2 numbers, list all the factors of the 2 numbers, then
look for the largest common factor. For example, to find the highest common factor of 10
and 25, write:
Factors of 10 1, 2, 5, 10
Factors of 25 1, 5, 25
The common factors are 1 and 5.
the highest common factor of 10 and 25 is 5.
Examples
CD-ROM
296
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
and 12, as these numbers
divide exactly into 12.
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Factors of 15 1, 3, 5, 15
Factors of 18 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
the common factors are 1 and 3.
3
E x e r c i s e 10D
1
FA C T O R S
c 8
i 5
o 72
d 24
j 13
p 108
e 7
k 18
32
22
c 16 and 24
g 9 and 12
k 9 and 16
d 5 and 15
h 7 and 11
l 15 and 45
c 16 and 24
g 9 and 12
k 42 and 56
d 5 and 15
h 24 and 36
l 15 and 45
f
l
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Multiples
For instance, the multiples of 7 are found by multiplying 7 by 1, then by 2, then by 3 and so
on. So the multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,
To find the lowest common multiple of 2 numbers, list some of the multiples of each number
and then look for the lowest common multiple. For example, to find the LCM of 3 and 4:
Multiples of 3 3, 6, 9, 12 , 15, 18, 21, 24 ,
Multiples of 4 4, 8, 12 , 16, 20, 24 ,
The common multiples are 12, 24,
the lowest common multiple of 3 and 4 is 12.
The multiples of 9 are the
9 times tables.
Examples
CD-ROM
Generating multiples
The multiples of a number can be generated using the answer key on a calculator Ans .
Example
Use a calculator to generate the first 10 multiples of 27.
Press 27
This makes the calculator begin with 27 (the first multiple of 27).
Press Ans 27
This tells the calculator to add 27 to the previous answer to get the
next multiple of 27.
To generate the multiples of 27, just keep pressing the equals key.
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E x e r c i s e 10E
1
M U LT I P L E S
c 10
g 8
b
d
f
h
j
d 7 and 9
j 5 and 8
d 5
h 9
e 6 and 9
k 6 and 8
f
l
8 and 10
12 and 20
e 125
217
Divisibility tests
Divisibility tests are used to find whether one number is a factor of another (or whether one
number is divisible by another) without actually carrying out the division.
A number is
divisible by:
if:
Example
2, 10, 18 376
5124
(5 1 2 4 12)
12 36
(36 4 9)
4 0, 6 5
37 22 4
(3 7 2 2 4 18)
30 128
(128 8 16)
21 573
(2 1 5 7 3 18)
10
43 0
11
72 391
C H A P T E R
1 0
MM
c
(7 3 1) (2 9) 0
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E x e r c i s e 10F
DIVISIBILITY TESTS
Use the divisibility tests to complete this exercisedo not use a calculator.
1
5172
6047
8056
146
199
4440
300 474
811 511 305
54
100
90
501
1803
342
4735
1 507 632
b Are all odd numbers divisible by 3? Give 3 examples that support your answer.
3
300
234
5102
5832
3256
8495
8176
2025
13 521
211 041
9119
5710
6007
819
64 350
117 970
10
19 360
177 642
5550
645
548
10 103
501 116
4 001 004
39 602
54 827
414
524
7271
2652
87 241
c
f
i
4 people?
8 people?
11 people?
11
Three people shared the Lotto first prize of $1 million. Can the money be
shared equally?
12
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
if:
Example
when you delete the last digit from the number, double
this digit and subtract this from the remaining number,
you have an answer that is divisible by 7
385
38 10 28
(28 7 4)
13
221
(4 1) 22 26
351
35 (9 1) 26
272
27 (5 2) 17
17
p Choose 5 numbers between 100 and 500. Work out whether or not they are divisible by 7,
13 and 17.
p What is the smallest number that is divisible by all the numbers from 2 to 10?
370 33 73 03
407 43 03 73
371 3 7 1
3
In late 1998 the US Energy Department declared that it had the fastest supercomputer in the
world. This computer, called Blue Mountain, ran at 1.6 trillion calculations per second! (Here,
one trillion is 1012 or 1 000 000 000 000.) Later, IBMs Big Blue ran at 3.9 trillion calculations
per second and so it was claimed that Big Blue held the record. However, it was then
revealed that the test standards were differentBig Blue was tested for its fastest speed
while Blue Mountain was tested for keeping its speed over a given time.
p How long (in years) is a trillion seconds?
p How long (in km) is a trillion millimetres?
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or
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
302
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
1
7
13
19
25
31
37
43
49
55
61
67
73
79
85
91
97
2
8
14
20
26
32
38
44
50
56
62
68
74
80
86
92
98
3
9
15
21
27
33
39
45
51
57
63
69
75
81
87
93
99
4
10
16
22
28
34
40
46
52
58
64
70
76
82
88
94
100
5
11
17
23
29
35
41
47
53
59
65
71
77
83
89
95
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
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Example
Which of the numbers 2, 6, 9 and 11 are prime numbers?
Number
Factors
Prime or composite?
1, 2
prime
1, 2, 3, 6
composite
1, 3, 9
composite
11
1, 11
prime
E x e r c i s e 10G
1
e
j
o
t
e 15
j 50
d 10
i 42
23
63
48
29
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W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
Primes
The first table shows the number of primes from 1 to
1000, and the second one shows the number of primes
from 1 to 5000.
You can see that as the number values increase, the
number of primes decreases.
p How many prime numbers are there between:
n 0 and 10?
n 10 and 20?
n 20 and 30?
n 30 and 40?
n 40 and 50?
p Why do you think there are fewer primes in the
higher ranges?
Range
1100
100200
200300
300400
400500
500600
600700
700800
800900
9001000
25
21
16
16
17
14
16
14
15
14
Total
168
Number of primes
Range
Number of primes
11000
10002000
20003000
30004000
40005000
168
135
127
120
119
Total
669
p 1103 and 3011 are both primes. As one is the reverse of the other, each one is an emirp.
This means that the next emirpal year will be 3011!
p There are 13 pairs of 3-digit emirps and 102 pairs of 4-digit emirps.
p 73 939 133 is a very special prime number. The number remaining after dropping the
right-hand digit is also prime. This can be repeated over and over!
73 939 133 7 393 913 739 391 73 939 7393 739 73 7
2
p The rule Pn n n 41 gives prime numbers for n 1 to n 40.
For example, when n 3:
P3 32 3 41
9 3 41
47
Choose your own values of n and find 5 other primes using this rule.
p On 5 December 2001, it was announced that the largest prime number had been
discovered. It is 212 466 917 and has 4 053 946 digits.
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(read as 3 squared)
Cubic numbers
A cubic number can be represented by a cube. For example, this
diagram shows that 27 is a cubic number.
As 3 3 3 27 represents a cubic number, we say that 3 cubed is
3 3 3, which equals 27. This is written as:
3333
27
3
3
3
(read as 3 cubed)
Index notation
When a number is multiplied by itself many times, it can be simplified using index notation.
For example, consider 5 5 5 5. In index notation, we would
write this as 54. That is:
5 5 5 5 54
9 9 92 is read as 9 squared
9 9 9 93 is read as 9 cubed
9 9 9 9 94 is read as 9 to the power of 4,
or as 9 to the 4th (power)
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
base
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
305
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Examples
CD-ROM
502 is read as
50 squared.
203 is read as
20 cubed.
2
50 50 50
2500
85 is read as 8 to
the power of 5.
Inserting the
multiplication signs
expands the question
(makes it larger).
E x e r c i s e 10H
1
306
S Q U A R E N U M B E R S , C U B I C N U M B E R S A N D I N D E X N O TAT I O N
c 5
h 9
d 6
i 20
e 8
j 80
c 3
h 30
d 6
i 50
e 8
j 100
b
e
h
k
44
222222
77777
15 15
c 9
6
g 10
c 5 6
3
g 45 2
10
c
f
i
l
888
666
999
24 24 24
3
d 7
4
h 12
3
d 2 3
2
3
2
h 3 5 8
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
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Evaluating powers
To evaluate a number raised to a power, change it to expanded form and multiply.
Examples
1
Evaluate 24.
Evaluate means
find the value of
or work out.
24 2 2 2 2
16
2
Evaluate 5 cubed.
5 cubed 53
555
125
Evaluate 3 2 .
3
3 23 3 (2 2 2)
38
24
E x e r c i s e 10I
1
Evaluate:
2
a 9
3
e 2
3
i 1
7
m 10
E VA L U AT I N G P O W E R S
b
f
j
n
122
34
602
44
c
g
k
o
83
93
303
123
d
h
l
p
106
232
25
105
Evaluate:
a 9 squared
d 4 cubed
g 6 cubed
b 3 cubed
e 10 to the power of 4
h 20 to the power of 4
c
f
i
7 squared
2 to the power of 6
100 squared
Evaluate:
2
a 45
2
d 27
3
2
g 3 10
b 23
3
2
e 2 3
2
2
h 2 35
3
c
f
i
22 32
23 52
(2 5)4
Evaluate:
2
a 23
3
2
d 2 7
2
g 10 8 1
2
2
2
j 5 3 2
4
4
m (3 2 ) 5
b
e
h
k
n
92 82
2 32 1
20 23
50 33 5
33 34 42
c
f
i
l
o
3 23
30 33
52 72
3 22 23
12 22 32 42
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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x3
Check your calculator manual to see how to evaluate powers on your calculator.
Examples
Use a calculator to evaluate:
1
1372
There are several methods used to square numbers.
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Press 137 x
2
I8769
I8769
I8769
1372 18 769
2
45
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Press 45 45 45
Press 45 x
Press 45 x
3
9II25
9II25
9II25
45 91 125
3
Recom
308
172
192
222
272
632
1002
1502
3152
C O N N E C T I O N S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
123
93
83
143
333
253
203
4003
M A T H S
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
54
64
85
94
73
106
125
174
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
210
47
112
113
114
223
344
1014
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1.12
3.52
14.22
2.83
12.53
10.13
3.35
0.84
n
me ded
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 10.1
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Prime factors
Every composite number can be written as a product of its prime factors.
A factor tree can be used to find these prime factors.
Product means
multiply:
120
2 60
30
120
4
15
2 2 30
5622
2453
2 2 2 15
52322
22253
22235
Notice that whatever factor tree is used, the final prime factors are the same.
p Can you make a different factor tree for 120?
Writing the prime factors of 120 in ascending order, we have:
`=]
120 2 2 2 3 5
3
120 2 3 5
Numbers can
be multiplied in
any order.
Example
Use a factor tree to express 72 as a product of its prime factors.
Write the answer in index notation.
CD-ROM
72
8
2433
22233
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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E x e r c i s e 10J
P R I M E FA C T O R S
Use a factor tree to express each number as a product of its prime factors.
Write each answer in index notation.
a 15
b 18
c 16
d 12
e 27
Use the
divisibility
tests
f 20
g 24
h 40
i 42
j 36
to find the factors
k 56
l 105
m 32
n 81
o 48
of larger numbers.
p 98
q 160
r 180
s 300
t 504
Example
For the numbers 60 and 72:
1
Find the highest common factor and the lowest common multiple.
60
72
2 30
265
2433
2235
22233
60 2 2 3 5
2
or 60 2 3 5
310
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
72 2 2 2 3 3
or 72 23 32
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The highest common factor is the largest common factor, so it must contain all
the common prime factors.
60 2 2 3 5
72 2 2 2 3 3
HCF 2 2 3
2
2 3
12
all factors
of 60
factors of 72
not already
included
23 32 5
895
360
the LCM is 360.
E x e r c i s e 10K
1
F I N D I N G T H E H C F A N D T H E L C M U S I N G P R I M E FA C T O R S
The numbers 30 and 50 can be written as the products of their prime factors:
30 2 3 5
a
b
c
d
50 2 5 5
9, 15
20, 30
28, 98
120, 360
b
g
l
q
12, 18
18, 24
42, 90
70, 150
C H A P T E R
c
h
m
r
1 0
15, 30
40, 60
48, 72
84, 126
d
i
n
s
S P E C I A L
15, 20
30, 42
80, 120
72, 540
e
j
o
t
N U M B E R
14, 42
45, 90
45, 150
99, 495
G R O U P S
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64
82
8
16
4
The square root of 49 7, since 7 7 49. We write:
49
7
Cube roots
The inverse (or opposite) of cubing a number is finding its cube root. It is the answer to a
question such as What number must be cubed to give 64?
3
64
43
4
27
3
The cube root of 125 5, since 5 5 5 125. We write:
3
125
5
Examples
CD-ROM
70
Evaluate 343
.
3
343
73
3
7
7
7
7
312
Evaluate 4900
.
4900
(70)2
70
70
20 20 400
So
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
4900 is asking
What number must be
squared to give 4900?
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E x e r c i s e 10L
1
d 36
i 4900
e 49
j 2500
Evaluate:
25
f 121
36
g 81
9
h 1600
d
i
4
900
1
j 6400
e
13
1 3 5 7 9 11
135
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
1357
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
13579
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
b Find the square root of each number in column A. Put this in column B.
c How many numbers were being added in each case? Compare your answers with
d 1
i 216
e 1000
j 729
Evaluate:
3
8
125
27
1000
64
64 000
1
125 000
a What is
19 683 ?
b What is the sum of the digits of 19 683?
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
33 =
7.625597485
I2
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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When you press 4 x ! on your calculator, the display is 24. The symbol ! means factorial,
which is the product of all the positive integers from 1 to the given number. So 4 x ! gives
the product of the consecutive numbers from 1 to 4:
4! 4 3 2 1
24
p Guess (and check) what 10! gives.
p What is the largest factorial number that fits on your calculator screen before it goes into
error mode?
The 9 digits 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 can be arranged to make 4 square numbers. Each digit is used only
once. Here are some ways:
9
2
3
81 324 576
9 2 18 2 24 2
9
32
25 361 784
5 2 19 2 28 2
1
12
36 529 784
6 2 23 2 28 2
square root key
Check your calculator manual to see how to find square roots and
cube roots on your calculator.
314
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
3
cube root key
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Examples
Use a calculator to evaluate:
3
1
488.41
2
704.96
9
Press 488.41
3
Press 704.969
22.I
8.9
22.1
488.41
704.96
9 8.9
Recom
n
me ded
t i me
S P E E D S K I L L S 10.2
Use a calculator to evaluate:
1
2
3
4
5
6
169
576
324
196
441
3249
729
3
8 512
3
9 216
3
10 1728
3
11 2744
3
12 5832
7
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.21
4.41
2.89
12.96
22.09
615.04
19
20
21
22
23
24
4.913
3
10.648
3
15.625
3
2.197
3
0.512
3
0.027
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.008
3
97.336
72.25
0.7225
3
2803.2
21
95.062
5
P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 10
1
Three bells ring at 2-second, 3-second and 5-second intervals. After how
many minutes will they all ring at the same time?
What is the only 2-digit number that is 1 more than a square number and
1 less than a cubic number?
Find all the 2-digit numbers less than 100 that when added to their
reversals give a square number.
a What is the sum of 2 consecutive odd numbers? Is this sum always divisible by 4?
b Is the sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers always divisible by 3?
c Investigate the sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers and write down all your findings.
C H A P T E R
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
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literacy
acy skillsills
Literacy
L
Li
racy
skills
kills
c
Literac y
S K I L L S 10
Fibonacci
factor
digits
evaluate
index
reverse
primes
multiple
square
even
anticlockwise
odd
palindrome
divisibility
expand
clockwise
composites
consecutive
triangular
common
power
product
cubic
c
f
3 different vowels
5 vowels, all the same
clockwise
b prime
The palindromic date 9.9.99 (9 September 1999) was the last such one in the 20th
century.
a What was the one before 9.9.99?
b How long was it between these dates?
There are some interesting dates in the 2nd millennium. If we assume that all are
written with 6 digits (such as 04.03.01 for 4 March 2001), which of the following
occurs first ?
a 01.11.10
b 10.11.01
c 11.11.11
The body has about 30 000 billion red blood cells. This is about 5 1012 cells for every
litre of blood. Write this number out in full.
Use as many words as possible from the list above to describe these numbers:
a 13
b 24
c 55
a bcd efg
First work out the clues below and then put the digits in their correct places. Then test
to see if the number is divisible by 11.
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
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Chapter review 10
1
Write 4 consecutive:
a numbers beginning with 8
c odd numbers beginning with 97
10
11
Write 3 consecutive:
a numbers beginning with K
c odd numbers beginning with t
T10
D 72 227
20
d 36
60 and 144
4 and 12?
12
13
14
15
16
17
b 9?
13?
b 5
10
C H A P T E R
b 66666
d 222222
1 0
S P E C I A L
N U M B E R
G R O U P S
317
18
19
20
21
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Evaluate:
5
a 2
2
c 34
b 6 cubed
d 2 to the power of 3
93
85
d 101
24
4
22
Use a factor tree to express each number as a product of its prime factors. Write your
answers in index notation.
a 30
b 100
c 124
d 600
23
24
25
b 15 and 40
42 and 63
10 000
91 125
Evaluate:
a
27
64
125
318
d 10
151.29
C O N N E C T I O N S
M A T H S
9393.9
31
d 408.04