CHAPTER 10 Design Criteria - Landscaping Rev 0 PDF

CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item No
Title
Page No
10.01
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1
10.02
PURPOSE AND INTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT................................................ 1
10.03
STANDARD OF QUALITY ................................................................................... 2
10.04
GENERAL POLICIES .......................................................................................... 3
10.05
DESIGN LIFE SPAN ............................................................................................ 4
10.06
LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS ................................................................. 4
10.07
PROCEDURES.................................................................................................... 4
10.08
LANDSCAPE PLANS........................................................................................... 4
10.09
MANUALS AND INSTRUCTIONS ....................................................................... 6
10.10
WAIVERS AND MODIFICATIONS ...................................................................... 6
10.11
DESIGN PROCESS............................................................................................. 6
10.12
DESIGN PARAMETERS...................................................................................... 8
10.13
DESIGN PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................... 9
10.14
OTHER DESIGN FACTORS................................................................................ 9
10.15
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .................................................................... 11
10.16
LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.................................................. 13
10.17
HARD LANDSCAPE .......................................................................................... 13
10.18
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION ROUTES ............................................................. 13
10.19
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION ROUTES........................................................... 16
10.20
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES........................................................ 18
10.21
EMERGENCY ACCESS FACILITIES................................................................ 18
10.22
OTHER LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS ................................................................... 18
10.23
SITE SERVICES ................................................................................................ 19
10.24
SITE FURNISHINGS ......................................................................................... 20
10.25
LIGHTING .......................................................................................................... 21
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

Item No
Title
Page No
10.26
GRAPHICS......................................................................................................... 23
10.27
LANDSCAPE PLANTING .................................................................................. 24
10.28
PLANTING DESIGN .......................................................................................... 27
10.29
LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIAL...................................................................... 29
10.30
PLANT LOCATION AND USE KEY................................................................... 30
10.31
LANDSCAPE STRATEGY ................................................................................. 30
10.32
SELECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS............................................................... 31
10.33
PLANTED AREAS ............................................................................................. 33
10.34
STREET TREE SIZE, SPACING AND LOCATION ........................................... 34
10.35
MINIMUM LANDSCAPE AREA DIMENSIONS AND MAXIMUM GRADES...... 38
10.36
URBAN TREES IN PAVEMENT ........................................................................ 38
10.37
ALTERNATIVES TO LINEAR TREE PLANTINGS............................................ 39
10.38
PLANTING SEASON ......................................................................................... 39
10.39
TREE CANOPY ................................................................................................. 39
10.40
PRESERVATION OF EXISTING TREES .......................................................... 40
10.41
PLANTING SOIL MIXTURE AND FERTILIZERS .............................................. 42
10.42
PLANTING PIT SIZE.......................................................................................... 43
10.43
ON-SITE MATURING AND ACCLIMATIZATION .............................................. 43
10.44
LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF DEVELOPMENT AREA EDGES ................. 43
10.45
SCREENING REQUIREMENTS........................................................................ 43
10.46
LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

ELEMENTS........................................................................................................ 46
10.47
LANDSCAPE TREATMENT OF MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN ELEMENTS ..... 47
10.48
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ....................................................................... 48
10.49
PEST CONTROL ............................................................................................... 51
10.50
IRRIGATION ...................................................................................................... 51
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

Item No
10.51
Rev 0
Title
Page No
MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................. 57
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10.01 INTRODUCTION
A.
The appearance and treatment of the spaces between and around buildings is
considered to be an integral part of all types of new development and can do much to
improve the surroundings in which people live and work. Landscaping makes a key
contribution to that aim.
10.02 PURPOSE AND INTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT
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A.
The purpose of this document is to provide landscaping design guidelines for

preserving and improving the quality of the visual environment, prescribe standard
practices and techniques for both softscape and hardscape treatments, including
guidance for the selection and establishment of plant material.
B.
Landscaping is recognized as being an essential component to any site development

and will contribute to a projects long term value. The Royal Commission seeks to
achieve excellence in the design and implementation of site landscaping.
C.
The intention of the manual is to outline general guidelines for the provision of site
landscaping and landscape buffers in development proposals in the areas under the
Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu jurisdiction. These guidelines cover
Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Residential Developments. They shall
ensure visual harmony along cityscapes, promote the appearance, character and
economic value of property; reduce visibility of paved areas and other unsightly views
from adjacent properties and public lands; protect vistas and control solar access,
moderate climatic effects; minimize noise and glare; enhance public safety by
defining spaces to influence traffic movement; encourage water conservation,
eliminate highly invasive and allergenic plants, and preserve the character of the site
and mitigate adverse effects of locating different land uses near or adjacent to one
another by providing visual transition between neighboring properties. The
Consultant shall submit a Landscape Plan to the Royal Commission as precedent to
final site plan approval.
D.
Landscape criteria include:

1.
Ensuring new landscapes are endowed with sufficient management resources

for securing long-term care.
2.
Consideration for important existing views from roads, paths and public areas
towards features such as minarets, fine buildings or wider landscapes
including off-site views where these may be affected by the development,
avoid spoiling fine views; and consider framing or creating new views.
E.
The design of site and landscape elements is very important in enhancing the
environment and maintaining its distinctive character. These elements are the basis
for creating an environment which is cohesive and preserves its sense of continuity.
F.
Changes in technology and economic markets are creating new challenges to

provide state of the art facilities. Part of the development process of providing stateof-the-art facilities includes implementation of planning and development standards.
Standards which serve as the foundation for creating an aesthetic environment and
also have the flexibility to encourage creative solutions to future challenges.
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G.
These landscape standards and specifications shall apply to all landscape areas
within the right-of-way (R.O.W.) of roadways in the Royal Commission of Jubail and
Yanbu administered areas including medians, soft landscape areas between the
curbs and the R.O.W. lines, and plantings in urban plaza and sidewalk areas.
H.
The general design and construction of the landscape shall be in accordance with the
standards set out in this Chapter. Specific projects may warrant amendments to the
standards herein but those amendments must be approved in writing by the Royal
Commission.
I.
The guidelines are clearly not, however, representative of all possibilities, and
designers should recognize and respond to the uniqueness of each individual
situation. The guidelines describe minimal acceptable standards for site
development. Proposals that exceed these standards are encouraged.
J.
The site and landscape standards which follow are intended to be used as basic
design guidelines during the site design process and for the preparation of Contract
Documents. They are also intended to be used as tools to aid the Design Consultant
in making their planning and design decisions. Design criteria are provided to
generate consistent orderly development and interfacing between the various
Contracts. Information in this Chapter is intended to supplement information in other
Guidelines and to supplement, clarify or replace information in the Jubail Industrial
City and Yanbu Industrial City Community Plan (Jubail Industrial City Community
Plan 1978).
10.03 STANDARD OF QUALITY
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A.
It is the intent of the Royal Commission that Quality be achieved at a reasonable

cost. Therefore, all design work shall be consistent with professional standards, care
and diligence.
B.
Sustainable Landscape Design and Cost Effectiveness

1.
Sustainability has many different meanings. For the purposes of the Royal
Commission, sustainability is defined as an approach to landscaping that
emphasizes plant health and longevity. Sustainability does not mean the
elimination of inputs into the landscape, i.e., fertilizers, pesticides, labor,
finance, etc. Rather, sustainability means the creation of outdoor spaces that
utilize fewer inputs, are environmentally friendly, and are self-perpetuating over
a period of time. Many times functionality, maintenance and the environment
receive less attention or are neglected altogether until a problem arises in the
completed landscape.
2.
A simple low cost environmentally sound landscape shall be as sustainable as

an extensive high cost landscape. In many cases, the installation cost of a
sustainable landscape may be less. The ongoing maintenance costs of a
functional, maintainable, and environmentally sound landscape will be lower,
which means considerable savings throughout the life of the landscape. A
philosophy of "right plant-right place" as well as "right plant-right purpose" can
dictate the amount of environmental, disease, and insect stress that a plant
can tolerate. A plant continually in stress will require more maintenance. That
means more labor, fertilizer, pesticides, and ultimately cost.
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3.
C.
A sustainable landscape shall be:

a)
Functional.
b)
Maintainable.
c)
Environmentally Sound.
d)
Visually Pleasing.
e)
Cost Effective.
These considerations in no way diminish the importance of a "good looking" or cost

effective landscape, but challenge the designer to create that beauty from a more
sustainable approach.
10.04 GENERAL POLICIES

A.
B.
General Landscape Policy

1.
The general policy is to create a "Green City." Landscape plant material will be
in context with the situation, the function to be performed and the planting
conditions.
2.
Plants should be selected for maximum visual impact, greenness, color and
mass or structure, while at the same time satisfying all other requirements.
Evergreen trees which provide substantial shade shall be emphasized.
Cultural and Climatic Considerations

1.
All housing and facilities in Jubail Industrial City and Yanbu Industrial City shall
be designed keeping in mind the heritage, culture and lifestyle of Saudi Arabia.
Wherever possible, architectural design, site planning and layout, and
aesthetic treatment shall reflect traditional Saudi and Islamic needs, values,
motifs and influences.
2.
Special attention shall be given to climatic conditions in the design of all

facilities and landscaping.
3.
Rev 0
a)
Designs shall reflect the need to utilize shade and natural ventilation
from prevailing winds to minimize heat gain, radiation and glare.
Structures and street furniture shall be arranged and oriented to take
advantage of these factors.
b)
Reflective surfaces (tiles, glazing, etc.), particularly when unshaded or

when directly facing the sun, shall be avoided.
For detailed discussion of cultural and climatic considerations in urban design

and landscaping, see Volume 7 of the "Jubail Industrial City Community Plan
1978 (1398)," Chapters 3, 4 and 5. While much of the community program
information in Chapter 2 of this document has been superseded by
subsequent Master Plan Updates, the concepts and principles outlined in it
remain valid and may be referred to for urban design and landscape design
guidance.
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10.05 DESIGN LIFE SPAN

A.
Pavements, garden walls, and all constructed elements including the automatic
irrigation systems shall be designed to keep their structural, operational and aesthetic
integrity for a minimum of 30 years.
10.06 LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS

A.
All landscaping shall be installed according to minimum standards as set forth in the
Royal Commission Standard Specifications. These standards are considered
minimum standards.
B.
For criteria in dispute, the Royal Commission shall make the determination of
applicable standards and shall notify the designer of its decision upon receipt of the
request for resolution.
C.
Prior to commencing design work, particular consideration shall be given to other

existing and proposed structures (design, materials and general character), existing
site conditions (topography, drainage and vistas), vehicle and pedestrian circulation
and character of the landscape. These existing master plan elements (such as the
Master Drainage Plan) shall assist in the planning and design of facilities that
enhance existing character and create new amenities.
D.
The design of the automatic irrigation system, special pavements and other
constructed elements shall promote maximum uniformity and standardization of
materials, equipment, hardware and finishes so as to minimize service and
maintenance.
10.07 PROCEDURES
A.
The detailed landscape scheme for a development shall be presented to the Royal
Commission. A high quality of design, implementation and maintenance is required
for all landscape schemes. In order to achieve this, and ultimately result in savings in
time and cost it is strongly recommended that the services of a qualified Landscape
Architect are employed for both the design and implementation of the scheme. The
Royal Commission can provide guidance and assistance in defining the landscape
requirements.
10.08 LANDSCAPE PLANS

A.
Landscape plans shall be prepared, signed and sealed by a qualified design

Landscape Architect. Landscape plans shall be included in reviews for approval
conducted by, both, the Urban Planning Department and the Roads and Landscaping
Department of the Royal Commission.
B.
Depending on the nature of the proposed development, the Landscape Plan can be
combined with the Site Plan or submitted as a stand alone document.
C.
A Landscape Plan can be combined with the Site Plan when there is:
1.
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Minimal environmental impact.
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2.
D.
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Small scale development.
A Landscape Plan as a stand alone document is required when there is:

1.
Moderate to significant environmental impact.
2.
Moderate to large scale development.
E.
The Concept Plan shall meet the intent of these guidelines by exhibiting a
generalized design layout which adequately demonstrates the desired landscaping
program in terms of location, size/scale, function, theme and similar attributes. The
concept plan shall provide the Royal Commission with a clear understanding of the
landscaping program prior to the preparation of a detailed, comprehensive
landscaping plan.
F.
The Comprehensive Landscaping Plan shall be prepared following approval of the

concept plan by the Royal Commission. Submittal of the comprehensive plan shall be
concurrent with the grading plans and other documents and reports.
G.
The Comprehensive Landscape Plan should conform to the Site Plan and include the
following information:
1.
Location of all proposed plant material, planting beds and sodded areas.
2.
Location of existing vegetation to be retained or removed.
3.
Location and type of protection measures for the existing vegetation to be

retained.
4.
Location of all existing natural features.
5.
A plant list showing index names (common and Latin), type, size, quantity,
species, spacing etc.
6.
Location and material of all hard surfaced areas (e.g. driveways, walkways,
parking areas).
7.
Location, height and material of all fences, screen walls and retaining walls.
8.
Location of storm water management landscape features.
9.
Location of above and below ground utilities (including lighting facilities).
10.
Proposed grades, finished first floor elevations, existing grades along the
property lines and elevations at the base of trees to remain.
11.
Location and treatment of garbage collection facilities.
12.
Any other landscape element that contributes to site development.
13.
All plans should be submitted with metric measurements and shall be to scale.
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10.09 MANUALS AND INSTRUCTIONS

A.
All specifications shall include provisions for the supply of manuals outlining
assembly, operation and maintenance procedures for all irrigation equipment, street
furniture and finishes. Translations into the Arabic Language shall be provided for all
such publications.
10.10 WAIVERS AND MODIFICATIONS

A.
The Royal Commission may modify and/or waive any portion of the landscape
requirements upon a finding that the requirements of such section(s) will not forward
the purposes of the applicable provisions or otherwise serve the public good. Such
waiver and/or modification shall have no adverse visual effect on adjacent properties.
10.11 DESIGN PROCESS

A.
The following submissions are required for approval:

1.
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An accurate Site Survey and Recording of the Existing Conditions

a)
In formulating any development proposals, it is particularly important

that an accurate survey is carried out to define the boundary of the site
and identify existing features within and adjacent to the site irrespective
of whether they shall be retained or removed. The survey should be
comprehensive and detailed.
b)
Rushing to complete a landscape by ignoring a site survey is never

conducive to developing a sustainable landscape.
c)
The site survey report and contour survey plan shall depict the following
information:
1)
Temporary Bench Marks (T.B.M.) referenced to official datum

levels.
2)
300 mm contour intervals, with appropriate spot elevations such

as concrete pads, building corners, finished floor elevations,
steps, top and bottom of walls and curbs, trees 150 mm diameter
or greater, etc.
3)
Property boundaries, easements and rights-of-ways, deed

restrictions and legal description.
4)
Available utility services and lines, both public and private, above
and below grade, including inverts and depths, manhole and vault
interior dimensions, pipe size, pipe material, electrical duct bank
configuration, telecommunications duct bank configuration (and a
designation of fiber optic and/or copper conductors), meter pits,
valves, hydrants, light poles, transformers, power poles, and
ownership of each utility.
5)
Existing site features such as walls, fences, asphalt pavement,

gravel, signs, outcroppings, etc.
6)
The positions of all trees shall be plotted on the site survey plan
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(of not less than 1:500 scale) and the species, age, condition,
present and estimated ultimate height and spread, in meters, and
girth of the trunk, measured 1 m above ground level shall be
shown. The survey shall also indicate large shrubs and
hedgerows indicating the species, condition, height and spread. In
cases where it is impossible to show all individual trees in a group
the position of all perimeter trees must be indicated on the plan.
Professional help and advice on surveying of trees can be
obtained from a fully qualified arbor culturist.
2.
3.
Rev 0
7)
Consultant shall visit project site to verify and become familiar

with site survey elements.
8)
Show magnetic North.
A Landscape Strategy
a)
This is an overall concept plan prepared by the Landscape Architect,

showing the layout of the key hard and soft landscape elements, which
shall be developed into the detailed landscape scheme.
b)
A landscape strategy should include the following information:

1)
Pedestrian and vehicular access and circulation including car

parking requirements and footpaths.
2)
Boundary treatments.
3)
Setting of the proposed development showing layout and density.
4)
Land form and changes of level.
5)
Land use e.g. playing fields, garden etc.
6)
Services and safety considerations.
7)
Areas of nature conservation value
8)
Relationship to land surrounding the site.
9)
Site features to be retained, e.g. trees, walls etc.
10)
Planting design showing the main elements of tree and shrub

planting, native screen thickets, grass areas, etc.
A Detailed Landscape Scheme

a)
A Detailed Landscape Scheme should show the hard landscape layout

detailing surface treatments, boundary types, earthworks design and
changes of level, proposed levels, artifacts such as walls, steps etc.,
plant beds and grass areas, services and site furniture.
b)
The detail design should also include the following:

1)
Where applicable, cross sections, with explanatory notes, through

the site and neighboring land.
2)
In respect of planting the positions of all types of planting and a

detailed plant schedule specifying plant species (Latin names),
size at planting, for shrubs and whips the number per square
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meter, the quantity and any special comments on husbandry.
B.
3)
A Maintenance Specification stating the period of maintenance,

including the frequency of visits, methods of weed control, litter
collection, periodical checking of tree ties and stakes and root
firming, pruning requirements according to the season and
arrangements for the replacement of dead and missing plants.
4)
A Management Statement explaining how the landscaping will be

managed after the Contractors maintenance period.
The Landscape design shall avoid the following common mistakes:

1.
Steps or ramped steps with the improper riser to tread ratio, making them
uncomfortable or unsafe to use.
2.
Service roads too narrow and loading zones with limited space for turning.
3.
Turf areas located on steep slopes that are difficult or dangerous to maintain.
4.
Turf areas too narrow to mow with larger, more efficient mowers. These areas
are not only difficult to maintain, but have limited functional value.
5.
Edging that interferes with mowing and doesn't really edge.
6.
Signs, trees, etc. too close to streets or walks make application of fertilizers
and pesticides more difficult.
10.12 DESIGN PARAMETERS

A.
B.
Groundwater
1.
The saline groundwater table strongly influences planting. The problem of

saline groundwater can be reduced by raising the rootball zones above the
table with additional fill in landscape berms or raised planting areas.
2.
Saline tolerant plants are identified in Tables 10A and 10B. They will be
particularly appropriate where the local elevation is low and close to
groundwater.
3.
Use of concrete planters may also be considered, as large portions of the

project will be built upon fill material dredged from the Gulf.
4.
The level to which the groundwater table will rise when fill is placed over the
Sabkha and irrigation systems are installed is not presently known.
Soil
1.
C.
Concrete Work
1.
Rev 0
Site soil requires amendments for normal plant growth.
The high concentration of sulfate requires that all concrete in contact with the
soil be as per ASTM C595.
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D.
In addition to the need for adequate expansion and control joints, the following items
require design consideration:
1.
Concrete paths, plazas and decks shall be adequately reinforced. Concrete

shall have an ultimate strength of 21 MPa. Pavement areas which are subject
to vehicular traffic shall have adequate concrete subslabs. To a limited extent,
some variations in color (within a light-hue range) may be specified. Textural
variations may also be used, and can be achieved through use of precast
pavers and curbs.
2.
Precast units are especially useful over buried utility lines, where periodic
excavation may be necessary. All landscape pavements shall have a non-slip
surface to promote safety. Pedestrian/bicycle ways shall be designed to
support maintenance vehicles.
10.13 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

A.
When producing a landscape scheme, the following design principles should be

adhered to:
1.
It is essential that the landscaping of a site is considered from the outset as an

integral part of the design process for the development. This requires that
every effort is made to work with all aspects of the existing site including all
man-made and natural features of significance which will, with aspect and
orientation, dictate the character, style and form of the development.
2.
The size and scale of the development, its impact on, and relationship with, the
surroundings and the site use and function shall determine the nature of
landscaping for a particular site.
3.
The Royal Commission must be assured that as many of the existing trees (if
any) as possible are retained and that proposed buildings/developments are at
a sufficient distance to allow them to grow healthily and/or to maturity.
4.
It is important to recognize that areas of hard landscaping, including the

erection of walls and fences, are considered as part of the overall landscape
scheme. The selection of suitable materials also requires careful consideration
and should include sympathetic use of both soft landscape elements e.g.
trees, shrubs and grass, as well as hard landscaping i.e. paving, steps, etc.
5.
Consideration should also be given at the design stage to other relevant

factors such as the service runs and drainage so that conflicts with areas of
existing and proposed landscaping and features to be retained can be
avoided.
6.
It is essential to consider the future maintenance of the landscape scheme at

the design stage.
10.14 OTHER DESIGN FACTORS

A.
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Site factors of fundamental concern relative to both the retention of existing, as well
as the installation of new plant materials include:
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B.
C.
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1.
Visual factors.
2.
Climatic data.
3.
Existing vegetation.
4.
Soils.
5.
Hydrology.
6.
Topography/slope analysis.
7.
Spatial analysis.
8.
Program analysis.
9.
Circulation patterns.
10.
Noise factors.
11.
Security requirements.
12.
Maintenance requirements.
Simplicity
1.
Landscapes shall be simple in design so that excessive maintenance is not

required. The shape of shrub beds shall be uncomplicated where they border
mowed turf. Large power-mowing equipment cannot operate efficiently in
areas cluttered with isolated plantings.
2.
Hand trimming or the use of small mowers is labor intensive and therefore
costly. Lawn areas are simpler to mow if trees are confined to shrub beds or
ground cover areas.
3.
Ground covers or shrubs should be considered for use in areas that are small
or difficult to mow.
Ultimate Effect
1.
Planting should be as permanent as possible. The ultimate effect must be kept

constantly in mind when selecting and arranging plants. The final landscape
plan should indicate the plants at approximately two-thirds of their ultimate size
to assist in correct spacing. Short-lived plants which grow quickly should be
used only where an immediate effect is essential or where, in the course of
time, they may be removed as the space they occupy is filled by growth of
more permanent plants.
2.
Plantings in the vicinity of traffic intersections should be low-growing or high

branching so that they do not block the vision of passing motorists. When
limited budgets preclude the purchase of large plants, it is usually better to
plant the desired trees than to compromise by substituting inappropriate
species. The use of even a few large trees can create an early effect of
permanence.
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D.
Spatial Articulation
1.
Plants can be used to enclose spaces and to separate spaces from one
another. Plantings can also be used to direct people through outdoor spaces
by visually defining and reinforcing patterns of movement. The degree of
enclosure, separation, or movement depends to a large extent on the density
and type of plantings.
2.
The effectiveness of deciduous plantings varies with the season, whereas

evergreens are consistent year-round.
a)
b)
Planting Screens
1)
Plants with dense, abundant foliage may be used as screens to

conceal objects or views. Plantings require more space and
maintenance than fences or walls used for screening purposes.
2)
Where limited area prohibits use of plant screens, a fence or wall

softened in appearance with vines or a few shrubs may be an
effective and economical solution.
Buffer Plantings
1)
E.
Plantings used as buffers may be composed of lawn areas; shade

trees planted in groups; or combinations of lawn, shade trees,
flowering trees and evergreen shrubs.
Aesthetic Value
1.
Plantings made for utilitarian purposes such as screening service areas or

shading hot pavements will simultaneously improve the appearance and
enhance the livability of an area. The use of plantings can introduce visual
variety, create vistas, and relieve bareness.
2.
Planting is a way of reducing the monumental scale of structures; this relieves

the visual oppressiveness created by large buildings and add to the
psychological comfort of the viewer. Plantings can separate groups of
buildings into several pleasantly framed units and enhance individual buildings
within each group.
3.
Shrubs and small trees arranged in strategic groups around a building often
improve overall appearance by softening structural lines. This technique
integrates the building and its site and diverts attention from unattractive
structural features. Vines on large, blank masonry walls can be attractive but
should not be used where injury to the structure may result.
10.15 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

A.
Wind
1.
Rev 0
Northerly winds prevail. The hot, dry summer winds, called Shamal winds,
come out of the North. Diurnal variations are distinct - the breezes are onshore
during the day and offshore at night. The air near the ground often carries
substantial quantities of dust and sand.
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B.
Corrosion
1.
The humid saline atmosphere tends to corrode metals and stain other
materials. The use of heavily anodized aluminum, galvanized and properly
coated steel, as well as stainless steel is recommended. Airborne sand and
dust is saline, and therefore, corrosive.
C.
All the site conditions discussed here have a strong influence on the environment.
Obviously, any successful landscape development must be responsive to these
conditions. Design decisions which ignore them will create an unacceptable high
maintenance liability, if not outright failure and waste.
D.
In general, the effects of these conditions may be summarized as follows:

1.
Layout
a)
2.
Outdoor Areas
a)
3.
The extreme temperature variations (both diurnal and annual) require

ample expansion and control joints for all landscape pavements and
structures. Heat retaining material such as metal and concrete shall not
be used in the full sun for tactile surfaces such as play equipment. Large
uninterrupted expanses of pavement shall be avoided. Outdoor drinking
fountains, if specified, are to be located in areas of dense, daylong
shade. Dark, heat absorbing colors shall be avoided. Additional analysis
of climatic factors, and their impact on landscape design, is well
documented in the 1978 Community Plan, Volume 7, "Urban Design and
Landscape Architecture (Chapter 3). This document presents detailed
guidelines.
Materials
a)
Rev 0
Heat absorption is a problem. If it is necessary to use metal in the

landscape, it should be confined to shaded locations and/or used in
places people are not likely to touch; for example, the roofs of shade
structures.
Expansion and Control Joints

a)
5.
Outdoor gathering areas such as plazas, children's play areas, and

common areas shall be oriented to take advantage of the breezes.
Shade Structures
a)
4.
Constructed elements shall be designed with a minimum of voids and

crevices. Sand and dust accumulation is pervasive. Walls on the
windward side of facilities greatly alleviate this problem. Windbreaks and
shelter belts are needed to moderate harsh winds and induce the
filtration and settlement of airborne dust particles. Generally, they should
be planted on an east-west axis to buffer the northerly winds.
Landscape structures should be made of materials which resist sand

abrasion and the intensive sand-blasting of shamal storms. Structures
should be both detailed and located in the landscape in a way which
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prevents sand accumulation.

6.
Wind Screen
a)
The characteristics of the national dress and consideration for modesty

requires that special attention be given to screening winds from
walkways, especially at entrances to buildings. The possibility of
venturesome effects and of air turbulence created by building
arrangement shall be studied and a solution provided utilizing
architectural elements, planting or a combination of both, where
appropriate. Ideally, building masses, heights and openings relative to
air currents shall be arranged to minimize this problem.
10.16 LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

A.
Tile and masonry work in the region is of good quality. Stonework and hand-placed
riprap is a well developed craft in the Kingdom.
B.
Wood is to be preservative treated. Untreated redwood shall be allowed. Quality

wood, suitable for benches and play equipment, must be used. Due to its excellent
solar insulation properties, it is the preferred material for these uses.
C.
Concrete street furniture is suitable in shaded locations.
10.17 HARD LANDSCAPE

A.
B.
The character of landscaping around buildings, open space and play areas is often
determined by the choice of hard materials as well as tree and shrub planting. It is
important that elements of the hard landscape specification take into account the
following:
1.
Local vernacular, i.e., styles and materials of existing buildings, surfaces, walls
etc.
2.
Quality detail and good workmanship.
3.
Coordination of the use and function of the materials used, their textures and
colors.
4.
The needs of the users, for example, disabled access.
Every effort shall be made to avoid the creation of large uninterrupted areas of
uniform surfacing, particularly of tar macadam, as this produces a monotonous and
unattractive appearance. All elements must comply with the relevant highway,
lighting, drainage and disabled access standards.
10.18 VEHICULAR CIRCULATION ROUTES

A.
Roadway Areas
1.
Rev 0
Vehicular drop-offs shall be utilized, where feasible, to minimize pedestrian
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and vehicular conflicts.
B.
C.
Rev 0
2.
One tree shall be planted for each 10 m along roadway frontage. For the
purpose of continuity of design, the planting of trees should be limited to one
tree species along each individual roadway.
3.
Vegetative buffers shall be established along vehicular routes to define an

attractive corridor and shall include both, canopy trees and under-storey trees
and shrubs.
4.
The concept of utilizing naturalistic plantings along the primary roadways shall
be augmented with planting at consistent, repetitive intervals to unify the
motorist's perceived image and ultimately provide a shaded street canopy.
5.
Medians shall be maintained in the center of the street to provide a place of

refuge to the pedestrians crossing the street. The median should be planted
with mediumsized canopy trees/palms.
6.
Bulb-outs at the intersections and mid-block bulb-outs shall be landscaped.

The bulb-outs at mid-block pedestrian crossings shall have landscaped areas
flanking the crosswalk. Landscaped bulb-outs should include clusters of palm
trees and flowering accent plants below with a maximum height of 750 mm for
visibility.
Entry Drives
1.
Entry drives in vehicular use areas shall be landscaped with approved trees
and shrubs in a manner that visually emphasize the areas and offer the driver
and pedestrian an attractive appearance from the street.
2.
The landscaping shall be complimentary with all necessary buffering for offstreet parking and vehicular use areas.
3.
Driveways and parking areas shall be paved and clearly demarcated.
4.
Continuous concrete curbs shall be provided to delineate all paved and

landscaped areas. Also refer to SECTION 02770.
Parking Areas
1.
Trees shall be planted all over and along the edges of parking areas to provide
shade, windbreaks, spatial enclosure and to provide a visual and acoustical
buffer of parking areas.
2.
All visible parking lots shall be designed to be screened from the public street
or adjacent property owners that are located in a different zone district.
Landscaped berms, walls, fences, plants, planters, hedges, or any
combination thereof shall be used to screen parking lots. Canopy trees may be
used to aesthetically screen parking areas. A continuous screen shall be
provided except where visibility is required for the safety of entering or exiting
motorists. Parking lots shall be designed such that no more than 20% of the
light from headlights of automobiles and small trucks shall be visible from
outside the parking lot when measured in mid-winter.
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Rev 0
3.
Where feasible, parking areas shall be designed to retain existing specimen

vegetation. When new materials are introduced for screening of parking areas,
these plantings shall match the native (existing) plant associations of trees and
under story materials.
4.
Landscaped parking area medians shall be created to mitigate the affects of

the harsh microclimate of expansive parking areas. These landscape islands
shall also be provided in all proposed surface parking areas.
5.
Paved lots are to be striped, delineated with curbs and gutters with appropriate
drainage and proper lighting for safety after dark.
6.
Parking area medians shall be planted with a mixture of shade trees and fast
growing canopy trees to provide visual and climatic relief.
7.
Landscaped parking lot islands must be delineated by a clear physical barrier

such as curb to protect the plants from vehicular damage. All landscape
islands must be irrigated.
8.
A landscape island shall be provided for every 15 parking spaces. Landscape

islands shall be a minimum of 2.4 m in width and 12 m2 in area.
9.
Standard parking stall size shall be 16.2 m2 area and 2.7 m width.
10.
Handicapped parking stall size shall be 21.9 m2 minimum area, 3.65 m

minimum width.
11.
Minimum parking aisle width shall be 6 m.
12.
The use of turf in islands is discouraged. Landscape islands should allow for
adequate room for opening of car doors.
13.
No plant material that grows to a mature height of over 0.6 m shall be

permitted within 1.2 m of the ends of the islands.
14.
At least one deciduous canopy tree/evergreen tree is encouraged for each

landscape island. No trees shall be permitted within 1.2 m of the ends of
islands.
15.
Parking lot islands shall be designed to have 100% coverage of living plant
material within 3 years of the time of planting.
16.
Lighting and communication conduits shall extend along the backside of the
island curb and not through the middle of landscaped islands.
17.
New or renovated parking facilities shall be accessible by individuals with

disabilities. Facilities shall comply with the Uniform Federal Accessibility
Standards (UFAS), particularly as they relate to ramp slopes and curb cuts.
The access aisle shall become part of an accessible sidewalk route without
requiring entry into a vehicular drive. Van accessible parking spaces shall be
provided with a 2.7 m wide access aisle. Parking lot emergency phones shall
be accessible.
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D.
18.
Designated handicapped parking spaces to be delineated with appropriate

pavement marking and standard signage.
19.
Storage yards which meet the screening provisions are exempt from the
provisions of this Section.
Sight Distance Triangle Requirements

1.
Driver Visibility and Clearance

a)
The landscape plan shall identify a visibility triangle at all intersections

including parking access aisles and roads. No trees, shrubs or other
materials shall be placed where this will impede visibility above 750 mm
within the visibility triangle.
b)
Do not obstruct the line of vision at intersections within the triangular

area bounded by the intersection of lot lines and a line joining each lot
line 7 m from their intersection.
c)
The maximum mature maintained height for plant materials located

within sight distance triangles at intersections shall be 300 mm above
finish grade.
d)
Specify trees near approaches to right turn slots, driveways or

pedestrian crosswalks which can be pruned up from the base to a
minimum height of 1.5 m. Shrubs in these areas shall not exceed
300 mm in mature height.
e)
Tree branch clearances requirements are 5 m over the traveled portion

of road and 2 m over the sidewalk.
f)
Sight distance criteria for planting at roadway intersections and in

roadway medians shall be followed. These codes are listed in
AASHTO 324.09 - Sight Distance for Intersections at Grade.
10.19 PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION ROUTES

A.
Rev 0
Sidewalks, Ramps, Steps and Curbs

1.
Separation of motorized vehicle and pedestrian circulation shall be

incorporated into the landscape development plan. Pedestrian/vehicular
conflicts shall be minimized but, when unavoidable, signs and crosswalk
delineations shall be used to ensure safety.
2.
Walkways shall be provided to link major open spaces. Sidewalks shall vary
proportionately with their intensity of usage. The preferred width of a walkway
should be 3 m.
3.
For Commercial Developments, a pedestrian area in front of building

entrances shall be provided which shall be clear of obstruction.
4.
Walkway treatments shall reflect the volumes and directions of pedestrian flow
with the selection of pavings to indicate the functional use and intensity of
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pedestrian traffic.
Rev 0
5.
Sidewalks shall have a hard, non-slip surface and be constructed primarily of

concrete with sufficient thickness, exposed aggregate concrete, brick, or
interlocking concrete pavers. Asphalt shall not be used for sidewalks. Special
circumstances may require unique paving materials, such as decorative
crushed stone for a garden path. Joints to be maintained in acceptable
condition.
6.
Major arterial walks shall be reinforced and enhanced with landscaping,

seating, if required and appropriate lighting to create a pleasurable and visibly
aesthetic experience for pedestrians.
7.
Ramps shall comply with the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS).
Ramps 1.8 m in length or greater shall not exceed a 1:14 (7.14%) slope.
Ramps shall be constructed of concrete or concrete with stone/brick veneers.
8.
Stairs shall be designed with an appropriate relationship between tread width

and riser height to ensure safety and comfort of ascent. Preferred riser and
tread dimensions are 170 and 380 mm respectively. Steps shall be
constructed of concrete, brick or limestone. Concrete steps shall incorporate a
200 mm wide cheek wall extending 100 mm above treads.
9.
Stair landings shall be a minimum of 1.8 m in length and shall be provided at

spacing of not less than 1 for each 12 risers. When a landing is required, total
number of risers shall be equally distributed, below and above the landing.
10.
Handrails shall be furnished for stairways having 5 or more risers. Handrails

shall be 40 mm diameter, Schedule 10, stainless steel, installed 0.9 m above
ramp or step tread. End returns, end posts and corners shall have a 65 mm
center line radius. Protection railings shall be installed 1.05 m above grade and
include 12 x 25 mm true bar, stainless steel pickets 100 mm on center.
However, metal handrails and protection railings shall not be used at locations
exposed to direct sunlight where they are likely to be touched by pedestrians
or children.
11.
Pedestrian plazas may be articulated with special paving materials and

patterns and with such amenities as seating, raised landscaped planters,
lighting and other special features.
12.
Paving patterns may be created by the use of differing materials such as brick
and concrete. These paving patterns may also be extended across streets to
define crosswalks and, in combination with the judicious use of bollards, to
increase outdoor spaces for pedestrians.
13.
Special features such as pylons with banners and signage, information kiosks
and fountains may serve as focal elements.
14.
Special features provided for pedestrian convenience and access such as

fountains, kiosks, pylons and gazebos shall be coordinated with walkway
paving, planters, lighting, seating areas and other site details.
15.
Pedestrian path plantings shall consist of a combination of trees and

landscape plantings. Intermediate evergreen trees shall be planted along
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arterial walkways to reinforce desired lines, axis and to frame vistas and to
help moderate extreme environmental conditions by reducing glare from paved
surfaces and offering shade from summer heat. Landscape planting shall be
used to assist in controlling traffic patterns through route definition. Plants used
for traffic control or barriers shall be chosen according to such characteristics
as number of stems, presence of thorns, flexibility of branches and density.
16.
Earthen berms shall be utilized to reinforce desired circulation patterns and

accentuate special detailed planting zones.
17.
Colored concrete shall be used for curbs to match or complement adjacent

sidewalk types.
18.
Concrete sidewalk thickness and reinforcement shall be designed to

accommodate all uses such as service vehicle drives.
10.20 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

A.
Public transportation facilities shall be constructed of materials compatible with the

environmental conditions where they are planned.
B.
Accent plantings shall be associated with these facilities to support facility access
and identification.
C.
Landscape materials shall be planted around public transportation facilities in a

manner which does not compromise user-safety.
D.
Site furnishings, lighting and graphics at public transportation facility sites shall be in
accordance with these guidelines.
10.21 EMERGENCY ACCESS FACILITIES

A.
Emergency access-ways shall be located and designed in an appropriate manner to

ensure safe ingress to and egress from facilities.
B.
Landscaped areas shall be planted and maintained in a manner that will not infringe
upon proper access and clearance for all emergency vehicles.
10.22 OTHER LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

A.
Rev 0
Walls
1.
Retaining walls and planter walls shall be constructed of compatible materials

with buildings and screen walls.
2.
Wall type and configuration shall be designed to reflect and compliment

architectural and landscape features.
3.
Whenever possible, walls in landscaped areas shall be designed with heights

between 450 to 750 mm so as to allow for people to sit.
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B.
Fences and Barriers

1.
These elements are placed to control pedestrian and vehicular movement

and/or to screen an unsightly area or object. Fences and barriers may be
either vinyl coated chain link fence or steel post and chain barrier.
10.23 SITE SERVICES

A.
B.
Trash Collection Facility

1.
Trash receptacles shall be located at convenient points to, and within, public
gathering areas. They are also to be located at intersections of pedestrian
walkways. Ease of sanitation and maintenance collection shall be given full
consideration.
2.
Refuse collection stations are prohibited by the City. Existing refuse containers
shall be located in or adjacent to landscaped areas and screened with trees
and shrubs.
3.
All solid waste receptacles used for collection and disposal of solid waste
generated by each of the buildings shall be located exterior to any of the
buildings or to be located in the major building service areas where their need
is required.
4.
The exterior locations shall be screened with a material compatible with the
building design and color.
5.
Screened enclosures shall be of an opaque material, sufficiently durable so as

to withstand the abuse resulting from periodic servicing of the container. This
enclosure shall be located out of sight from the street and in an inconspicuous
but accessible location.
6.
The enclosure shall be screened with dense landscaping.
7.
Walls utilized for screening solid waste receptacles and other services shall be
coordinated in color and style with other architectural materials.
8.
Screening structures are to be of sufficient height and width to provide a

complete enclosure that eliminates any view of the external garbage container.
Roof Top Mechanical Equipment Screening

1.
C.
Rev 0
Screening structures are to be of sufficient height and width to provide a

complete enclosure that eliminates any view of the roof top mechanical
equipment from ground level areas.
Maintenance and Utility Facilities

1.
Security fences of chain link metal material shall be used where it is necessary
to secure valuable equipment and materials. These fences shall be covered
with a black vinyl coating.
2.
Service drives necessary for deliveries, utilities, solid waste collection, etc.,
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shall be restricted to the rear area of buildings. Where feasible in new building
construction, service areas shall be consolidated in such a manner as to
maximize building service capacities but minimize their visual impact.
3.
Service areas and service entrances shall be adequately screened with

appropriate plant materials (see SELECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS) so as
to present a totally buffered appearance to people entering or leaving buildings
through all public entrances or exits and to vehicular or pedestrian traffic.
4.
Concealed, screened or landscape-buffered facilities are to be considered

standard applications for services and utilities. Landscaping shall be placed
above or around utilities in a manner agreeable to the utility company.
5.
Electrical transformers, vents and other utilities shall be sufficiently screened

with berms, trees, shrubs and landscape materials to minimize their adverse
visual impact. Where feasible, these plants should be incorporated with the
overall site planting scheme.
6.
Berms shall be no more than 1.5 m and no less than 0.9 m higher than the
grades of the objects to be screened. Berms shall be constructed so as to
ensure proper drainage.
10.24 SITE FURNISHINGS

A.
Rev 0
The following directives shall guide the selection and application of site furniture
design:
1.
Site furnishings shall be compatible with the environment into which it is

placed. Textures, colors, and design should relate to materials and finishes of
adjacent architecture. They should complement the buildings setting and not
dominate it.
2.
Site furnishings shall be grouped for aesthetic focal areas and safely
separated from motorized vehicle and bicycle traffic circulation.
3.
Site furnishings shall be located in plazas, courtyards, roadway rights-of-way

and medians and along pedestrian pathways.
4.
To facilitate pedestrian circulation and to provide a pleasant environment for

pedestrians, select a coordinated "family" of site furnishings consisting of such
items as signage, lighting, concrete seat walls with integrated raised planters,
concrete or limestone benches, limestone and wood benches, wood garden
type benches, wooden picnic tables, pre-cast concrete trash receptacles and
ash urns, limestone ash urns, fiberglass trash receptacles, pebbled trash
receptacles, pre-cast concrete and fiberglass planters, wood kiosks, bus
shelters, water fountains, bollards and other similar items. The design and
construction of these site amenities shall have durable, factory finished
surfaces in a style that complements the installation visual theme.
5.
Benches, tables and drinking fountains must be located in shaded areas. They
are not to be located in turf areas where they would interfere with irrigation
spray and encourage foot traffic which would be detrimental to grass or other
planted areas. Ratio of trash receptacles to picnic tables should be considered.
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6.
B.
Children's play facilities shall be located with shaded areas. The play
equipment should be constructed chiefly of wood. Heat retaining materials
such as metal and concrete should be used only where necessary for strength.
The surfaces beneath the equipment should be sand or other approved
material. Natural turf is not sufficiently durable for use beneath play equipment
and shall not be specified.
Bollards
1.
Bollards, wherever possible, shall be constructed of concrete to resist sand

abrasion and corrosion.
2.
Bollards shall be used to restrict vehicular movement while allowing pedestrian

circulation to continue unimpeded and as a means for filtering vehicular
circulation from pedestrians. Removable bollards shall be used where
occasional vehicular access is required.
3.
One contemporary style of bollard may be specified, wherever bollards are

required, but two bollard types may also be used. The first type, for highly
visible public areas where the unit needs to emulate surrounding building
materials and styles. The second bollard type may be a service bollard
intended for more general and practical use.
4.
With both types of bollards, the surrounding surfacing material should extend
to the base of the bollard. No "new" or different material is to be used as a
bollard base.
10.25 LIGHTING
A.
Rev 0
General
1.
The placement of lighting standards shall be guided by the promotion of safe

movement of pedestrians and vehicles. Promote public safety and security by
providing appropriate lighting in public use areas such as pedestrian
connections, parking areas and building entrances, service areas, communal
open space and outdoor amenity areas.
2.
On-site lighting design should be in scale with the pedestrian environment and
blend in with surrounding buildings and site landscaping.
3.
New lighting standards installed shall match the design and configuration of
lighting standards currently in use. Black anodized aluminum, galvanized steel
or wooden standards with hooded style fixtures shall be utilized for parking
area lighting and pedestrian lighting.
4.
All outdoor lighting shall be installed according to a coordinated lighting

system.
5.
Light fixtures for pedestrian walks and stairs shall not have illumination
sources at eye level.
6.
All outdoor lighting shall be designed to provide sufficient security for all
facilities. This system shall, by its design, style, material, color and function,
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serve as a unifying element of the visual character of the areas developed by

the Royal Commission.
B.
C.
D.
Rev 0
7.
Specific lighting shall be chosen according to its desired effect and intensity. In
some locations it may be desirable to have low intensity lighting below eye
level. Step wash lighting may also be used.
8.
The system of outdoor lighting shall range from highlighting to silhouette

lighting of appropriate locations. Automatic switching systems set for daylight
and evening hours shall be included in the system design to accommodate this
range of conditions.
9.
All lighting shall be installed in compliance with all applicable laws, ordinances,
codes, inspections and approvals.
10.
The placement, intensity and direction of exterior lighting shall not create a
hazard to vehicular or pedestrian traffic nor shall it create glare or offensive
characteristics to adjoining properties. On-site lighting should not impinge on
adjacent lands and should be directed away from nearby properties.
Street Lighting
1.
Street lighting shall conform to the Royal Commission standards for levels of
night illumination. All fixture types and locations are subject to approval by the
Royal Commissions street lighting engineers.
2.
Illuminated bollards and pole lighting shall be used.
3.
Light standards shall be of a uniform style and shall match the existing lighting
standards, if specified.
Parking Area Lighting

1.
Lighting in parking areas shall utilize the same style standard utilized for street
lighting.
2.
Lighting in parking areas shall either be located in medians or on 450 mm

concrete piers which rise 900 mm above pavement.
3.
The selection and placement of lighting in parking areas shall be located so as

to illuminate vehicular and pedestrian access points and to permit safe
movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
Intermediate Lighting
1.
Intermediate lighting shall be provided for pedestrian walks and plazas,

courtyards, terraces and other exterior pedestrian areas adjacent to buildings.
2.
Specific details of lighting effect and intensity shall be determined by the

project designer and shall be approved by the Royal Commission prior to
installation.
3.
The design of intermediate lighting standards shall be consistent with the style
utilized for street and parking area lights.
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4.
Pedestrian lighting shall utilize 3.6 m high standards with fixtures that match
street and parking area lighting.
10.26 GRAPHICS
A.
Signage
1.
B.
Rev 0
The sign guideline goals are as follows:

a)
Signage and graphic standards must present a coordinated system of

materials, styles and messages. Well-designed signage program
providing information and directions in a consistent format to allow
people to move without confusion or delay shall be installed. A welldesigned sign family shall establish a positive, uniform image. Simplicity
and quality are the key design objectives.
b)
Develop a hierarchy of signs to guide vehicular traffic and pedestrians to

their destinations.
c)
Ensure consistency in presentation.
d)
Promote legibility and readability through effective use of graphics and

typography.
e)
Design signs so maintenance is minimized.
f)
Install signs in locations that maximize the use of existing lighting.
g)
The design and specifications for the various sign classifications and
primary site identification, facility identification, directional signage,
regulatory signage and banners shall adhere to a single, attractive,
unified system for graphics and signage while at the same time
minimizing the proliferation of signs.
h)
Any new or revised signage and graphics system developed for the
Royal Commission shall be derived from the present system.
Entry Signs
1.
The entry sign shall be consistent with the overall sign system and in character
with the architectural visual theme and natural setting. The entrance sign shall
function as an extension of the reception area and shall convey a sense of
permanence and professionalism to the viewer.
2.
Recommended materials for entry signs include:

a)
Heavy stucco base.
b)
Dark background with lighter lettering.
c)
Uplighting for night time viewing.
d)
Use of landscape materials for year-round color and texture.
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C.
D.
E.
Directional Signs
1.
This sign type shall provide a message and include an arrow to indicate a
change in direction or confirmation of the correct route. These signs would
provide guidance at the major nexus inter-sections. The directional signs on
primary roads shall not be greater than 2.4 m in height and shall decrease as
speeds decrease.
2.
Recommended materials for directional signs include:

a)
Stucco base.
b)
Anodized aluminum with dark background.
c)
White lettering, reflective.
d)
Landscape materials, low and non-obscuring.
Identification Signs
1.
The identification sign may be a freestanding sign identifying major functions

or activities within buildings. These signs shall be uniform in design, color,
shape, and size throughout the installation.
2.
Recommended materials for identification signs include:

a)
Post and panel.
b)
Anodized aluminum with dark background.
c)
Concrete footings.
Landscape Plans for Signage Locations

1.
Each sign shall be contained within a landscape area of not less than 7.5 m2 in
size.
2.
All sign landscape plantings and plant materials shall comply with the
Guideline Specifications.
3.
All required plants shall be perennial, woody material. Herbaceous, annual

plant material may be used.
4.
The sign landscape plan shall be submitted to the Royal Commission for
review.
10.27 LANDSCAPE PLANTING

A.
Rev 0
Definitions
1.
accent shrubs: Utilized for focal areas.
2.
anti-drain valve or check valve: A valve located under a sprinkler head, or in
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LANDSCAPING
a lateral supply line to hold water in the system so it minimizes drainage from
the lower elevation sprinkler heads.
Rev 0
3.
canopy trees: Trees for open areas, surrounding buildings and buffering
areas (Note: Trees listed under Street Trees above may be utilized in this
category).
4.
drought tolerant landscaping: A combination of landscape features and

techniques that reduce the demand for, and consumption of water, including
efficient irrigation techniques and systems, minimizing the area of turf
coverage, as well as using water conserving plant material and organic ground
covers.
5.
ecological restoration project: A project where the site is intentionally

altered to establish a defined, indigenous, historic ecosystem, or ecological
habitat.
6.
evapotranspiration: The quantity of water evaporated from adjacent soil

surfaces and transpired by plants during a specific time.
7.
flowering trees/accent trees: Trees used as focal points, spatial definition

along walks and plazas.
8.
groundcovers: Utilized for planters and accent.
9.
hydrozone: A portion of the landscaped area having plants with similar water
needs that are served by a valve or set of valves with the same schedule. A
hydrozone may be irrigated or non-irrigated. For example, a naturalized area
planted with native vegetation that shall not need supplemental irrigation once
established is a non-irrigated hydrozone.
10.
landscaped area: The entire parcel less the building footprint, driveways,
non-irrigated portions of parking lots, hardscapes such as decks and patios,
and other non-porous areas. Water features are included in the calculation of
the landscaped area. Areas dedicated to edible plants, such as orchards or
vegetable gardens are not included.
11.
lawns: Utilized for sodding.
12.
medium shrubs: Utilized for foundation plantings and planters.
13.
mulch: Dressing for weed control, moisture retention, dust and erosion control
and to build soil organics.
14.
rain sensing device: A system which automatically shuts off the entire
irrigation system when it rains.
15.
recreational area: Areas of active play or recreation such as sports fields,

school yards, picnic grounds, or other areas with intense foot traffic.
16.
recycled water, reclaimed water, or treated sewage effluent water:

Treated or recycled waste water of a quality suitable for non-potable uses such
as landscape irrigation; not intended for human consumption.
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B.
C.
D.
Rev 0
17.
shrubs: Utilized for hedges, foundation plantings and screenings.
18.
soil moisture sensing device: A device that measures the amount of water in
the soil.
19.
street trees: Trees bordering roadway rights-of-way and parking areas.
20.
turf: A single bladed grass or sod.
21.
vines: Utilized for walls and fences.
22.
water conserving plant:

Any plant which exhibits drought tolerant
characteristics that will, in a designed location, survive with limited
supplemental water.
Principles of Design
1.
Simplicity.
2.
Variety.
3.
Balance.
4.
Emphasis.
5.
Sequence.
6.
Scale.
Primary Elements of Design

1.
Plant type (e.g., tree, shrub, vine and groundcover).
2.
Height and width.
3.
Texture.
4.
Form.
5.
Seasonal interest or color.
Secondary elements are also very important to the sustainability of a design as they
include not only positive traits, but problems a plant may have (disease, insect, soil,
and environmental). Examples of secondary elements of design are:
1.
Drought tolerance.
2.
Insect and disease resistance.
3.
Soil adaptability.
4.
Full sun or shade tolerance.
5.
Moisture tolerance.
10-26
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E.
Selecting Specific Plants Using Primary and Secondary Elements of Design

1.
Plants and plant groupings provide a representation of the types of plants that
will occupy an area once the landscape design is completed. A plant grouping
might show a shrub border between properties, or it may represent a perennial
bed location.
2.
Specimen plants can be part of a larger planting, but usually stand alone in the
landscape. Specimen plants provide specific seasonal interest or color through
flowers, fruit, or leaves.
3.
Accent plants are plants of special interest that are usually part of a larger
planting. Accent plants provide interest throughout the seasons through
specific forms, textures, colors, etc.
4.
Key plants are plants that are usually placed in highly visible location. They
can be used alone or in groups of three or more. They are associated with
screening or softening of architectural features, such as building corners,
steps, fences, etc. They can provide emphasis if the chosen species provides
interesting seasonal interest, form or texture.
5.
Plant groups are plants of the same species spaced so that when mature, they
just touch each other and one can still see the outline of each individual plant.
6.
Massed plants are plants of the same species spaced so that when mature,
they grow together to form a solid area of that species. One will not be able to
discern individual plants in a mass.
10.28 PLANTING DESIGN

A.
The Royal Commission directed in May, 1984 that all landscape costs be decreased.
This is to be accomplished by decreasing the number of shrubs and square meter
area of groundcover and grass, but retain the ratio of trees. Decreasing the numbers
and square meter of planting area decreases the costs of irrigation in water
consumption, installations and maintenance.
B.
A "model" planting to be followed in the Community is Haii Al-Huwaylat (Camp 11),

as recommended by a Landscape Task Force Study in June, 1984. The ratio of
planting as recommended by the Landscape Task Force for one gross hectare of
land is as follows:
1.
C.
The design characteristics or ratio of trees, shrubs, ground cover and grass as
specified in Volume 5, Chapter 6 of the Community Plan 1978, under Intensive and
Extensive Landscape Areas, may be altered if the result satisfies the desires of the
Royal Commission. An increase in water requirements from such changes must meet
the approval of the Royal Commission. The adequacy of irrigation must be verified.
D.
The following points shall be considered during planting design:

1.
Rev 0
52 trees, 182 shrubs, 70 m2 of groundcover and 294 m2 of grass, and the

remaining landscape area is to be covered with gravel mulch 75 mm thick.
Trees and Shrubs
10-27
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LANDSCAPING
a)
2.
Evergreen and Deciduous

a)
3.
Vines must be carefully selected. Many vines climb by means of tendrils,

disks or root-like hold-fasts which can damage masonry walls.
Maintenance and repair work can be difficult and costly if vines must first
be removed. Generally, vines should be restricted to fences, trellises
and structures other than buildings.
Planting Design in Arid Areas

a)
Rev 0
Deciduous trees offer a wide variety of effects because of seasonal

changes, flowers, berries, fruit, and color and texture of bark. Evergreen
trees and shrubs provide green color during seasons when deciduous
plants are leafless and add permanent structural value to the landscape.
Deciduous trees may be used for a greater part of the planting, with
evergreens used only at focal points in conjunction with important
features and structures.
Vines
a)
4.
To achieve maximum visual and functional effectiveness with minimum

maintenance, emphasis should be placed on the use of trees instead of
the extensive use of shrubs. Properly selected trees will be less
expensive to maintain than shrubs and have greater visual impact on
the landscape. Simple and effective planting designs can be achieved
with trees and a limited use of lawns and shrubs.
Landscape designs, plantings and irrigation systems in arid regions

should be appropriate to the natural environment. Careful water
management is the key to making an arid landscape succeed.
Characteristics of a water-conserving landscape are:
1)
Overall reduction of turf area.
2)
Turf used only in large, level areas to provide for better irrigation
efficiency.
3)
No turf planted within drip-lines of trees, along narrow paths or

median strips, or adjacent to foundations.
4)
Buildings clustered around the periphery of green "oasis" areas.
5)
Drought-tolerant plants used whenever turf is not used.
6)
Moisture-loving plants confined to drainage areas where water

naturally accumulates or to "oasis" areas.
7)
Grouping of plants with similar irrigation requirements. For

example, plant species may be grouped in zones that radiate
outward from the building and require progressively less water as
the distance from the building(s) increases.
8)
Restriction of turf and other moisture-loving plants to entrances or

focal points of buildings. This technique localizes areas of
frequent water use. The lush greenery near the building contrasts
with the drier landscape further away from the building and serves
to identify areas of major use.
10-28
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LANDSCAPING
E.
F.
The planting design is an integral part of the whole landscape scheme which should
add to the visual attraction of the site itself and the surrounding area. The main aims
of a particular planting design will depend upon the particular purpose for which the
planting is required, these may include:
1.
Screening, shelter and wind-break.
2.
Shade.
3.
Linking mass and void.
More specifically a planting design should provide a design compatible with site use,
location, aspect and ground conditions by consideration of plant selection, density of
planting, size of plant material, plant husbandry and frequency of maintenance visits
during the establishment period. These will determine what the planting will look like
at maturity.
10.29 LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIAL
Rev 0
A.
Plants listed in Table 10A are suitable for Jubail Industrial City and Yanbu Industrial
City. Each plant has been keyed to use locations, which are defined in Table 10B.
Plants not listed in Table 10A may be suitable and should not be excluded if
evidence of suitability can be proven.
B.
The chemical analysis of irrigation water (potable or treated effluent) and soil in
relation to the tolerance of plants selected from Table 10A should be carefully
considered.
C.
The Plant Use Location key, Table 10B describes the use location and the planting
conditions which prevail in each location. As a general landscape policy, plants
should not be used in locations other than those specified unless planting conditions
are altered or conditions specified cannot be met. For example, plant materials
specified to be used only in location D or E should not be used in locations
BCFGHIKLM. Likewise, plants specified for locations KM, where potable water will be
used for irrigation, should not be used in locations BCDEFGHL. Plants limited to
locations IKM are generally good visual quality but have low salt tolerance or other
characteristics which limit their use. Palm trees may be used in all locations, where
finish grade is not below 4 m from the Royal Commission datum nor less than 1.5 m
above the groundwater table as they are tolerant of saline conditions, and have good
visual Quality. They, as other plants, will not tolerate conditions where the saline
groundwater table penetrates into the root zone.
D.
The key for other items in Table 10A appears in the list of abbreviations that follows
the table.
E.
Table 10C lists possible species for sand stabilization projects.
F.
Table 10D lists plants which may be adaptable to Jubail Industrial City and Yanbu
Industrial City, only after research has been proven on the plant.
10-29
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10.30 PLANT LOCATION AND USE KEY

A.
Particular project locations with salinity tolerances are shown on Table 10B in
relation with irrigation source and method.
10.31 LANDSCAPE STRATEGY

A.
Tree Planting
1.
New tree planting can be as individual specimens, in groups or as belts of

trees depending on the purpose and the situation of the planting.
2.
Early in the design process areas should be created where larger growing
species of trees can be planted.
3.
The choice of trees will depend on the following:
4.
B.
b)
Their position in relation to nearby buildings and density of shade they

cast.
c)
The proximity of services.
d)
Mature height and spread.
e)
Creation of all year round interest.
Whilst Standard and particularly Heavy Standard size trees should be planted
when an instant effect is required, the planting of whips and feathered trees in
large groups may be appropriate, particularly in more isolated areas or where
other tree planting would be difficult e.g. steep banks, because they are:
a)
More likely to survive.
b)
Quicker to establish.
c)
More cost effective.
Tree well covers shall be provided for all trees in heavy pedestrian traffic
areas. Cobble-covered wells are preferred. The cobbles can be adjusted to fit
various well openings, and can be removed as the tree grows and the caliper
increases. Solid covers are subject to breakage. In prestigious areas, suitable
metal or concrete grates and metal guards should be used. Gravel mulch is
not desirable as it is difficult to maintain.
Shrub Planting
1.
Rev 0
Ground conditions.
Tree Well
1.
C.
a)
Shrub planting can create a mature landscape in a short period and also helps
to:
10-30
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LANDSCAPING
2.
D.
Visually relate buildings to the ground.
b)
Define spaces.
c)
Direct pedestrian traffic.
d)
Fill awkward areas where grass is difficult to maintain.
The size of the shrub planting bed should reflect the ultimate height and
spread of the shrubs to be used. A shrub planting design should aim to
establish a dense canopy of foliage to shade out weed growth and reduce long
term maintenance costs.
Groundcover and Evergreen Shrubs

1.
E.
a)
These should generally form the bulk of the planting but perennials, climbers,
deciduous shrubs and bulbs may be used to provide highlights and variety.
Most groundcover shrubs are best planted at between 3 and 5 plants per m2
for quick effect. Container grown shrubs are best used as they usually have
well developed root systems which aids successful establishment.
Grass
1.
Grass areas should be designed for ease of maintenance, particularly in

communal areas and open space.
2.
Steep slopes should either be shrub or whip planted or sown with a wild flower
conservation mix rather than grassed, and very small areas should be either
shrubbed or hard surfaced.
10.32 SELECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS
Rev 0
A.
The selection of plant materials shall be predicated on the particular design function
in the landscape and according to proposed site conditions. Xeriscape principles
shall be required in plant selection to create a sustainable landscape that promotes
water conservation through resource management and good planning. Compatibility
and unity of design shall be achieved by the repetition of certain plant varieties and
other landscape materials throughout the area under development.
B.
For the purpose of unity of design, the plants listed in Table 10A should provide the
basis for landscape design. Plant materials and their planting and maintenance shall
be in conformance with provisions of the Royal Commissions Standard
Specifications and any further amendments.
C.
Plants having similar water use should be grouped together in distinct hydrozones.
Plants selected for slope areas should be water-conserving plants suitable for
erosion control.
D.
Landscape design and construction shall emphasize drought-tolerant landscaping

whenever/wherever possible. Each planted area shall maintain a selective palette of
indigenous and site-adaptive plant species that promotes continuity of design and
adherence to xeriscape principles.
10-31
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LANDSCAPING
Rev 0
E.
Plants shall be capable of reduced water demand following a one year establishment
period.
F.
Plants shall have the ability to withstand adverse conditions such as airborne
pollutants, maximum sun exposure and reflected heat from pavements, high winds
and abrasive forces, exposure to salt, road clearing operations and limited root zone
soil volumes. Plants shall also demonstrate the ability to withstand pruning for
pedestrian, vehicle and/or building clearance without compromise to tree health or
form.
G.
Plants shall be hardened to site conditions.
H.
Plants shall have relatively low maintenance attributes including: Compact or upward
branching structure, fine to medium leaf size and canopy density; absence of
structural weakness, susceptibility to wind damage, or thin, easily damaged bark;
non-fruit bearing or having only berry-sized non-staining fruits; non-pollen laden; low
susceptibility to disfiguring or fatal diseases and infestations; infrequent demands for
pruning, fertilizing and other cultural requirements.
I.
Plants shall be of appropriate size and form at maturity.
J.
The following criteria have been established for the selection of the plants:
1.
Color, flowering accent.
2.
Compatible with building architecture.
3.
Low maintenance.
4.
Low water consumption.
5.
Discourage vandalism (do not block windows or screen entryways).
K.
Boulevard or street trees shall be of a single specie/cultivar on either side of the

street within a given block. Median tree species may vary.
L.
Street trees species shall vary between intersecting streets.
M.
Plants with predominantly gray foliage are often visually insignificant in the desert
environment. Their use should be limited to special situations where a specific effect
is desired.
N.
Landscape designs shall be in harmony with the surrounding environment. Plantings

shall be designed in a manner to soften architectural facades and ensure that
attractive settings and ample open spaces are provided for new facilities.
O.
Appropriate screening materials shall be utilized to buffer objectionable views such

as service areas, maintenance facilities and parking lots.
P.
Trees shall be long-lived (minimum life expectancy of 60 years), clean, require little
maintenance, be structurally strong, insect and disease resistant, and require little
pruning.
Q.
Trees and shrubs shall be planted so that at maturity they do not interfere with
10-32
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LANDSCAPING
service lines, Traffic Safety Sight Area and the basic property rights of adjacent
property owners.
R.
Trees planted near public curbs shall have a limited root structure and shall be
installed in such a manner as to prevent physical damage to sidewalks, curbs,
gutters and other public improvements. A deep root system shall be used. Plants with
aggressive roots shall be avoided.
S.
Where trees are planted in paved areas, they shall have a protective tree grate. Tree
grates shall be cast iron with a natural finish. A deep root system shall be used.
T.
Concrete mow strips are required to separate all turf areas from other landscaped
areas for all developments.
U.
Buffer planting shall occur along all freeways and major arterials in order to visually
screen uses and provide noise reduction.
V.
Appropriate shrubbery and creeping vines shall be provided along all walls and
fences adjoining public rights-of-way.
W.
When inorganic groundcover is used, it shall be in combination with live plants and
shall be limited to an accent feature or erosion control.
X.
All landscaping shall have an approved automatic irrigation system adequate to

insure their viability.
Y.
All residential subdivisions shall be provided with trees, shrubs, and ground cover of
a type and quality, generally consistent or compatible with those characterizing
residential areas, in the front yard and in those portions of the side yards that are
visible from the street.
Z.
Lawns/Fine Grass, Rough Grass and Wildflowers

1.
Sod shall be used on all lawn/fine grass areas. Seeding shall require approval
of the Royal Commission.
2.
Rough grass and wildflowers areas shall be seeded. Seeding method shall be
noted on drawings.
3.
Areas to be seeded with grades greater than 3:1 and/or highly erosion-prone
soils shall be hydroseeded with a nurse crop seed mix, a hydraulically applied
erosion control mulch, or erosion control blanket. Erosion control method to be
noted on drawings.
10.33 PLANTED AREAS
Rev 0
A.
Planted areas shall consist of informal plantings which transition new development
sites with existing mature landscapes and retained vegetation, if any. The selection
of informal plantings shall be made from the list of plant materials provided in this
document.
B.
The planting of trees and shrubs shall comply with the following installation
requirements:
10-33
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
1.
Landscape areas shall have plant material selected and planting methods
used which are suitable for the soil and climatic conditions of the site. Sizes of
the plant materials shall conform to the following mix:
a)
Trees
1)
20%, 600 mm box.
2)
50%, 57 L.
3)
In addition, mature trees shall be provided for variety and

emphasis of focal areas as follows:
4)
b)
c)
(a)
15% mature specimen trees in 900 mm box.
(b)
15% mature specimen trees in 1200 mm box.
Required tree plantings shall conform to the following minimum

standards with caliper measurements taken 150 mm above
grade. At time of planting:
(a)
Large street trees shall measure a minimum of 38 to

50 mm caliper.
(b)
Medium street trees shall measure a minimum of 25 to

38 mm caliper.
(c)
Screening trees shall measure a minimum of 1.35 to

1.80 m in height.
Shrubs
1)
80%, 19 L.
2)
20%, 4 L.
3)
Streetscape shrubs shall be container grown and shall not be less

than 600 mm in height at time of planting and shall not be pruned
to less than 600 mm in height.
4)
Screening shrubs shall not be less than 750 mm at time of

planting and shall not be pruned to less than 1.50 m in height.
Groundcover
1)
100% coverage within 1 year.
10.34 STREET TREE SIZE, SPACING AND LOCATION

A.
Sizes
1.
Landscape specifications shall include minimum trunk diameter as well as

minimum height of tree trunks. Height and caliper of trees shall be specified
and required at planting time.
2.
The following are planting sizes recommended to be specified in Contracts for

Jubail Industrial City and Yanbu Industrial City:
a)
Palm Trees
1)
Rev 0
All species are recommended to be a minimum of 500 mm trunk
10-34
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
height at planting (height measured from nursery ground line to

base of first frond). Specimen Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm)
specified for collectors, corniche, local roads or special locations
shall be 2 m standard height. Palm trees provided from inKingdom shall be boxed or balled and burlapped.
b)
Deciduous and Evergreen Trees

1)
c)
The general planting size for street trees and trees in developed
areas shall be a minimum of 1.8 m (height from ground line to top
of tree) and a minimum of 20 mm caliper measured 150 mm
above the ground line. Smaller sizes (1.5 m minimum height and
15 mm minimum caliper) may be specified for shelter belts,
landscape corridors, utility corridors and mass planting in large
parks. If smaller sizes are required for technical reasons, approval
for deviation shall be obtained.
Shrubs
1)
Shrubs should generally have 2 to 3 stems per plant.
d)
A limited number of larger specimen trees, within construction budget

constraints, shall be specified for special locations in Commercial,
Institutional and Facility projects, and in appropriate locations in site
development projects. The recommended planting size for specimen
trees other than palms is 3 m minimum height and 45 mm minimum
caliper measured 150 mm above ground line.
e)
Minimum number of boulevard trees shall be calculated as follows:

Tree Size
f)
B.
Medium Trees (10 - 20 m ht.)
Greater of 1 per lot or 10 m
Small Trees (Under 10 m ht.)
Greater of 1 per lot or 7 m
Planting of trees closer than 6 m on center shall require the written

approval of the Royal Commission.
Plant Spacing
1.
Plant spacing tends to be a controversial subject, as it depends on judgment.

There are no hard and fast rules which can apply to all situations. The
following criteria are offered as a guide.
a)
Trees
1)
Rev 0
Single Family
A balance between maximum size anticipated in the planting

conditions; soil, climate, method and application rate of irrigation,
and the desired effect within a reasonable period of time should
be reached. For example, Phoenix dactylifera under ideal
conditions may reach a maximum spread of 5 m. With automatic
irrigation (drip system), they may be expected to attain a
maximum spread of 3.5 to 4 m depending on fertilization, rate of
irrigation and the area wetted. If shade or mass effect is desired,
they may be spaced from 3.5 to 6 m on center. The ideal spacing
for date palms, as street trees, is 6 to 7 m on center. A spacing of
10-35
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
8 to 10 m on Collector Roads would be reasonable. In open

areas, mass planting of dense groves at 10 m or more spacing or
planting of clumps at closer spacing may be appropriate.
2)
b)
c)
Shrubs
1)
Plants classified as large shrubs in the plant list may attain the
size of a small tree under ideal conditions; notably Dodonea
viscosa, Nerium oleander, Tamarix spp., and Thevetia peruviana.
They may also be planted as large hedges or as closely spaced
shrubs. In a mass planting, the density might range from
1 shrub/2 m2 to 1 shrub/6 m2, 1 shrub/4 m2 being the ideal
density. Where an immediate or dense effect is desirable, spacing
may be closer.
2)
Plants classified as medium shrubs in the plant list may be used

in many different ways. Clerodendron inerme is the most versatile
plant in the list and has good visual qualities. It may be used as
ground cover (at a density of 1 plant/1.5 m2), as a hedge wall or
fence (may easily reach a height of 4 to 5 m). In general the
spacing of medium size shrubs may be from 1 plant/4 m2 to 1
plant/mL, depending on the plant and the desired effect.
3)
Plants classified as small shrubs may in general be planted at

densities from 1 plant/0.6 m2 to 1 plant/2 m2, depending on plant
species and the desired effect.
Ground Cover
1)
C.
Vines, succulents and shrubs may be classified as ground cover.

The spacing must be determined by the growth habit of the plant,
the situation (close range or remote), and the desired effect.
Catharansus Roseus and Gazania Rigens may be planted at a
density of 4 to 9 plants/m2.
Location of Plants Adjacent to Buildings and Walls

1.
To obtain desirable visual and functional results, while respecting building and
wall maintenance requirements, the following criteria shall be adhered to:
a)
Rev 0
In general, trees may not grow to their maximum size due to soil
conditions and method of irrigation and rate of application which,
as specified, would wet an area of 4 x 4 m, depending on the soil,
the rate of use by tree and the rate of evaporation. The spread of
the crown of most trees is equal to the spread of the roots. Roots
will not grow beyond the wetted area. Some trees adapt easily to
closely spaced conditions, as in a shelter belt or grove planting.
Plants with a strong horizontal character, such as Prosopis
(mesquite), should not be spaced closer than 5 m.
Trees
1)
The minimum planting distance from building wall is 2 m. For

trees with a crown expected to be over 4 m in diameter at
maturity, the minimum planting distance from building walls is
the diameter of the crown, plus m.
2)
The minimum planting distance from free standing walls not
10-36
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
exceeding 2.5 m in height is 1 m.

b)
c)
Shrubs
1)
The minimum planting distance from building walls shall be

700 mm for small shrubs and 1200 mm for large shrubs.
2)
The minimum planting distance from free standing walls shall be

300 mm for small shrubs and 500 mm for large shrubs.
Ground Cover
1)
d)
e)
D.
The minimum planting distance from building walls shall be

500 mm, and from free standing walls shall be 300 mm.
Vines
1)
Vines shall be allowed adjacent to building walls only in special

positions, such as building entrances, private garden areas in
limited quantity and at columns supporting unenclosed shade
structures.
2)
Vines may be used on large concrete walls if the wall is not to be

painted or finished with other material requiring maintenance.
3)
Vines shall be permitted on an average maximum of 30% of free

standing wall surfaces.
Grass
1)
Grass shall be separated a minimum of 200 mm from the face of

building walls and free standing walls by a concrete mowing strip,
to allow for mowing adjacent to walls.
2)
A concrete strip shall also be provided between grass areas and

crushed rock mulch or shrub and ground cover beds for reduced
maintenance. The mowing strip shall be a minimum thickness of
150 mm and shall be set on compacted gravel base a minimum of
300 mm in depth to discourage the spread of rhizomes.
3)
It is recommended that shade trees be planted in grassy areas.
Minimum Setbacks for Trees

1.
Setbacks for trees to objects shall be as follows:

SETBACK TREES FROM
Underground street light conduit or irrigation main
Other underground utilities
Lamp standards
Steel utility poles
Driveways
Manholes, valve boxes, services
Sewer service boxes
Fire hydrants
Road intersection
Curb face
Rev 0
DISTANCE
0.6 m
1.2 m
6m
3m
2m
1.2 m
1.5 m
2m
7m
0.8 m
10-37
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
SETBACK TREES FROM

Sidewalk
Buildings - fastigiate (columnar) tree
Buildings - regular crown tree
DISTANCE
0.85 m
2m
3-5m
10.35 MINIMUM LANDSCAPE AREA DIMENSIONS AND MAXIMUM GRADES

A.
The minimum width for grass boulevard shall be 1 m. However 1.5 m or greater is
preferable. Maximum slope for lawns to be 3:1.
B.
The minimum width for shrub or ground cover beds shall be 0.6 m, 1 m or greater
preferred. Maximum slope for shrub or ground cover beds to be 2:1.
C.
Median areas narrower than 3 m from curb face to curb face shall be paved with a
rounded cobble stone finish or pavers, as approved by the Royal Commission.
D.
Landscaped median areas wider than 3 m shall have a 0.5 m width splash strip in
rounded cobble stone finish or approved pavers.
10.36 URBAN TREES IN PAVEMENT

A.
Rev 0
General criteria and guidelines for street plantings are as follows:

1.
Select and site urban trees in pavement to eliminate long term above-ground
and below ground conflicts with utilities, buildings and structures, and
pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
2.
Street trees should be placed between the side-walk and the building, leaving
the strip between the sidewalk and the curb free for underground utilities and
traffic and street lights. If there are no sidewalks, the distance between the
curb and the trees should be at least 1200 mm to prevent damage to trees
from vehicles.
3.
Separate plant species may be used to identify distinctive details or areas, for
example, a particular land-use relationship, historic district, community area or
other similar entity.
4.
The selection of tree species, spacing and location along roads should bear a
relationship to the class of roadways, i.e., arterial, secondary or collector, or
local. Psychological impact of tree plantings is of very real value in establishing
a hierarchy of traffic flow. A clearly structured and consistent planting scheme
can provide overall visual coherence.
5.
A variety of disease and insect resistant species should be specified so that

any disease does not decimate all the street tree plantings.
6.
Initial size of large growing trees should generally be about 50 mm caliper.

This size tree is usually available in sufficient quantity, recovers well from
transplanting and grows rapidly once established. Smaller-growing trees can
be proportionately smaller initially.
7.
The selection, location and spacing of street trees must accommodate the
10-38
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LANDSCAPING
safety requirement of vehicles and pedestrians. Adequate sight distances must

be maintained at intersections, driveways, cross-walks or other locations
where clear vision is important. Criteria for safety must include an analysis of
road size and alignment, speed, volume and the nature of passing traffic.
Ensure that any corner landscape plan within the "Traffic Safety Sight Area,"
as defined, shall be designed to protect public safety.
8.
The planting drawings shall include project-specific tree planting details

showing, by plan and cross section:
a)
Typical view of surrounding pavements, curbs, above and below ground

utilities, light standards, and adjacent buildings and structures.
b)
Typical details of proposed rooting environment including tree pit

dimensions, subgrade scarification, drainage structure if required,
topsoil mix layers or horizons, root deflecting structure location and
type if required, location and type of irrigation device and pipe, and soil
surface treatment such as tree grate, porous pavement or other; AND
c)
Typical above ground details such as staking, special appurtenances,

pruning for headroom etc.
10.37 ALTERNATIVES TO LINEAR TREE PLANTINGS

A.
Linear arrangements are traditional for street tree plantings because they are simple,
economical and dramatic. However, in some areas, a less formal planting may be
more successful. At some locations planting spaces may be limited or irregular in
shape because of underground utilities. In this case, irregular, nonlinear plantings
may provide flexibility to fully utilize those spaces that provide the best growing
conditions. Nonlinear planting designs may incorporate cluster plantings when
sufficient space is available. These clusters may include tall, canopied species,
smaller under-story plants and ground covers. Cluster planting can provide an area
large enough for groups of plants to protect each other by creating a mutually
beneficial microclimate, where plants partially shade and cool each other and the
soil.
B.
Non-linear plantings may also provide a better match of plant species to varying
microclimate, soil or traffic conditions. Opposite sides of a street may have
dramatically different microclimates or varying parking or pedestrian patterns.
10.38 PLANTING SEASON

A.
Unless otherwise specified by the Royal Commission or upon request of the

Contractor, at his own responsibility, no planting shall be performed during the
months of June, July and August. Palms shall not be planted during the cold winter
months. Planting palms in the hot summer months especially July and August is not
suitable for Jubail because of high dehydrating shamal winds.
10.39 TREE CANOPY

A.
Rev 0
All new and existing vegetation applied to tree canopy requirements shall comply
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with the Guideline Specifications of the Royal Commission.

B.
Minimum Requirements
1.
C.
Existing Vegetation
1.
D.
The landscape plan shall include the planting and/or replacement of trees on
site to the extent that, after 10 years from the date of planting, tree canopies
shall be minimum 10% to maximum 20% for a site zoned as Residential,
Office, Business or Industrial area.
Existing plant material exceeding 1.5 m in height may be applied toward tree
canopy or tree cover requirements.
Exemptions
1.
The following land area shall be exempt from the area to be calculated for
determining the tree canopy requirement:
a)
Areas devoid of plant material exceeding 1.5 m in height.
b)
Dedicated school sites or other publicly dedicated lands.
c)
Playing fields and other non-wooded recreation area.
10.40 PRESERVATION OF EXISTING TREES

A.
Rev 0
General
1.
All too often trees retained on development sites are damaged during
construction works to such an extent that they eventually die.
2.
Preservation of existing trees and shrubs shall be maximized to provide for

continuity and improved buffering ability. Existing plant material that is to
remain as part of the development or redevelopment shall be protected during
construction to the maximum extent practicable. Except for tree canopy
requirements, trees retained shall not be less than 1.8 m in height and shall be
noted on the landscape plan.
3.
Prior to landscape plan approval, the protective measures to be taken shall be

documented and an agreement signed to replace the trees should any removal
or death occur during and/or after construction.
4.
Before starting work on the development site the Contractor must identify all
trees which are to be protected or are scheduled for retention in the
development. The landscape plan shall identify the protection area and
method of protection for retained trees. Trees, hedges and large bushes which
are proposed to be removed or retained must be clearly marked on the layout
plan and on site prior to the commencement of development works, preferably
by printed numbers relating to the site survey, and in agreement with the Royal
Commission.
5.
As a general rule, the majority of a trees roots lie within an area just greater
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than the spread of its crown and are at a depth of approximately 600 mm. This
may be less on heavy soils and greater on drier soils. The minimum radius of
protection area shall be determined by multiplying the tree diameter at breast
height (in centimeters) by 12, or shall be delineated 1 m beyond the drip line of
the tree, whichever is greater. This protection area shall be certified by an
Arborist due to the many varying factors involved with different tree species,
root systems, tree maturity, and tree vigor.
B.
6.
The protection area to protect the tree roots from soil compaction by large
equipment shall be identified during construction with high visibility fencing
and/or chain link fencing 1 m high. There shall be no encroachment including,
but not limited to, earth disturbing activities such as grading and/or stockpiling
of soil or materials within this area.
7.
If work is required closer than the construction fence, all work shall be done by
hand or with small equipment with special care being given to minimizing
disturbance to tree roots, and protecting the tree trunk from damage. Boundary
trees (including root systems) on abutting lands should be protected during
construction.
8.
Any vegetation removed before, during or after construction shall be replaced

with newly planted vegetation which meets the minimum requirements outlined
in these guidelines.
Tree Preservation Plan

1.
C.
Rev 0
Depending on the nature of the existing site conditions, the Royal Commission
may require a Tree Preservation Plan as part of the Site Plan submission. A
Tree Preservation Plan, with metric measurements, should contain the
following information:
a)
Location of existing vegetation to be retained or removed.
b)
Location and type of protection measures for the existing vegetation to

be retained.
c)
Location of all existing natural features.
d)
Layout of the proposed site development.
e)
Location of above and below ground utilities (including lighting facilities).
f)
Proposed grades, existing grades along the property lines and

elevations at the base of trees to remain.
g)
Plant list showing index, quantity, species, size (diameter breast height
[D.B.H.]), health etc.
Removal or Destruction of Trees

1.
Removal of healthy, shade providing, aesthetically valuable trees shall be

discouraged.
2.
Prior to any permit issued for tree removal, all existing trees on-site shall be
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surveyed.
D.
Precautions for Tree Preservation

1.
E.
The Royal Commission insists on a number of precautions during development

to prevent damage to the trunks, roots and crowns of trees. These precautions
include:
a)
All trees to be retained must be protected by sturdy fencing positioned

1 m beyond the outer most spread of the branches.
b)
No vehicle traffic shall be allowed over the root system in an area equal
to the spread of the crown of the tree as compaction of the soil leads to
root suffocation.
c)
Care must be taken to prevent trees being damaged by mechanical

equipment both during site clearance works and building operations.
d)
No excavation, including that for services or changes in ground level

shall take place within the spread of the crown of the tree as roots may
be damaged.
e)
No soil, debris or builders materials shall be deposited around and

against the trunk of a tree as this causes bark damage and compaction
of the soil.
f)
No fires shall be lit below the branches and no petrol, oil or caustic
substances stored near to the trees.
g)
No trees shall be used for anchoring or winching purposes or for the

display of signs.
h)
Where cutting of branches or roots has been authorized, this shall only
be carried out under the supervision of an officer from the Royal
Commission. Regular inspections are undertaken by the Royal
Commission to make sure the conditions are adhered to and the
precautions maintained.
Replacement Trees
1.
For public roads, when existing trees are to be removed for reasons other than
public interest, the trees must be replaced by the proponent to the satisfaction
of the Royal Commission.
10.41 PLANTING SOIL MIXTURE AND FERTILIZERS

A.
Rev 0
Soil Mix and Fertilizers

1.
SECTION 02910 gives the details of the soil mix composition and the types of
fertilizers.
2.
Micronutrients shall have chelated iron, zinc and manganese approximately 2

to 3% applied at the rate of 100 g/m3 at the time of planting. Foliar feed
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application of chelated micronutrients is also suitable if any deficiency

symptoms appear after planting.
10.42 PLANTING PIT SIZE
A.
Trees
1.
B.
Shrubs
1.
C.
Pit size for specimen trees shall be 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 m and for Palm trees it shall
be 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 m. Standard, medium and small trees shall have a pit size of
1 x 1 x 1.2 m. If the soil analysis and site conditions demand, the depth may
be increased for providing additional layers of sweet sand and gravel drainage
course at the pit bottom.
Large shrubs shall have a pit size of 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 m. Medium and small
shrubs shall have a pit size of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m.
Ground Cover and Grass

1.
Ground cover and grass shall have a depth of planting of 0.3 m.
10.43 ON-SITE MATURING AND ACCLIMATIZATION

A.
Provision shall be made for plants to be acclimatized on-site and to reach

specification size before planting.
10.44 LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF DEVELOPMENT AREA EDGES

A.
Trees shall be planted along the edges of the developments to provide windbreaks,
spatial enclosure and to visually and acoustically buffer the development area from
uncomplimentary and incompatible land uses.
B.
Where feasible, existing vegetation shall be retained to satisfy these windbreaks,

spatial enclosure and buffer conditions.
10.45 SCREENING REQUIREMENTS
Rev 0
A.
Every development shall provide sufficient screening so that neighboring properties

are effectively shielded from any adverse impacts of that development or so that the
new developing use shields itself from existing potential impacts from uses already in
operation.
B.
Screen landscaping shall be required whenever:

1.
A parking lot of 5 or more spaces and parking adjacent to public roads;
2.
Trash collection points serving any office, business, industrial development or

a residential development of three users or more shall be screened from other
properties;
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C.
3.
Outdoor storage and/or merchandising service area, loading area, storage

yard, detention pond, or other use which, in the opinion of the Royal
Commission, is considered objectionable, shall be screened;
4.
Incongruent residential districts shall be screened; AND
5.
Office, Business or Industrial districts abutting residential districts shall be

screened.
The three basic types of screens that are required shall be as follows:
1.
Opaque Screen
a)
2.
3.
Rev 0
A screen that is opaque from the ground to a height of at least 1.8 m,

with intermittent visual obstructions from the opaque portion to a height
of at least 6 m. An opaque screen is intended to exclude all visual
contact between uses and to create a strong impression of spatial
separation. The opaque screen may be composed of a wall, fence, or
densely planted vegetation. Compliance of planted vegetative screens
shall be judged on the basis of the average mature height and density of
foliage of the subject species, or field observation of existing vegetation.
The opaque portion of the screen must be opaque in all seasons of the
year. At maturity, the portion of intermittent visual obstructions should
not contain any completely unobstructed openings more than 3 m wide.
Semi-Opaque Screen
a)
A screen that is opaque from the ground to height of 0.9 m, with

intermittent visual obstruction from above the opaque portion to a height
of at least 6 m.
b)
The semi-opaque screen is intended to partially block visual contact

between uses and to create a strong impression of the separation of
spaces. The semi-opaque screen may be composed of a wall, fence,
landscaped earth berm, or planted vegetation.
c)
Compliance of planted vegetative screens shall be judged on the basis

of the average mature height and density of foliage of the subject
species, or field observation of existing vegetation. At maturity, the
portion of intermittent visual obstructions should not contain any
completely unobstructed openings more than 4.5 m wide.
Broken Screen
a)
A screen composed of intermittent visual obstructions from the ground

to a height of at least 6 m. The broken screen is intended to create the
impression of a separation of spaces without necessarily eliminating
visual contact between the spaces. It may be composed of a wall, fence,
landscaped earth berm, planted vegetation or existing vegetation.
b)
Compliance of planted vegetative screens or natural vegetation shall be

judged on the basis of the average mature height and density of foliage
of the subject species, or field observation of existing vegetation.
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c)
D.
It is recognized that because of the wide variety of types of developments and the
relationships between them, it is neither possible nor prudent to establish inflexible
screening requirements. Therefore, minor deviations may be granted to allow less
intensive screening, or requirements for more intensive screening may be imposed,
whenever such deviations are more likely to satisfy the intent of this section.
E.
The minimum required screen landscaping strip shall be 3 m in depth, at minimum,

exclusive of utility easements. The screen landscaping strip shall not be located in
areas identified for road projects, drainage areas or other public improvement
projects.
F.
Where only vegetation is used, screening shall consist of a double staggered row of
evergreen trees spaced 6 m on center, or a triple staggered row of evergreen
screening shrubs spaced 3 m on center.
G.
Berms shall be a minimum of 0.9 m in height, with a maximum of 2:1 slope.
H.
Landscape Screening between Office and Residential Uses:

1.
I.
J.
Provide screening at property line to provide privacy for adjacent residential

properties. 80% of the vertical plane at the property line to a height of 1.8 m
shall be opaque. Screening may consist of one of the following:
a)
Vertical - trees closely spaced.
b)
Green - (vine-covered) solid or fenced walls.
c)
Hedges (minimum height of 1.8 m).
d)
The criteria for selecting plant materials shall be followed.
Landscape Screening between Residential Districts

1.
Landscaping shall consist of a 4.5 m screening strip of either a single row of

screening trees spaced 6 m on center or a single row of screening shrubs
spaced 3 m on center.
Requirements for Superstores

1.
Retail uses shall comply with the following standards:

a)
b)
Rev 0
The screen may contain deciduous plants.
Peripheral
1)
A 9 m wide landscaped buffer shall be provided along the front

property line and along all abutting arterial roadways with breaks
for approved access points.
2)
A minimum 4.5 m wide landscape buffer shall be planted along all

other property lines and along all internal roadways.
3)
No parking is permitted within these required buffer area or

landscape areas.
Building Faade
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1)
c)
K.
Where the facade faces adjacent residential uses, evergreen

trees planted at intervals of 7 m on center, or in clusters or clumps
and shrubbery, shall be provided.
Parking Lot
1)
A minimum of 10% of the parking area shall be landscaped.

Landscaped areas shall be dispersed throughout the parking lot.
2)
Landscaped areas shall be protected by raised curbs. Where

used, parking lot islands between parallel parking rows shall be a
minimum of 2.7 m in width and shall run the length of the parking
aisle capped at each end by the termination of the island.
3)
In all cases parking aisles shall be landscaped at each end. For

other types of parking configurations, landscaping, screening and
buffer yard standards shall prevail.
Screening Requirements for Sports Facilities

1.
Tennis courts and swim facilities are to be enclosed to reduce wind, block
sand and to provide privacy for the users. Persons using these facilities will
wear sports attire and they must be screened from general view. Modesty is a
compelling consideration in the host culture.
2.
Walls of a height adequate to screen the swim facilities from public view in all
surroundings, including any second or third stories of possible surrounding
buildings are necessary.
3.
Tennis courts for use by women shall be enclosed and screened from public
view. Girls schools and the ancillary exterior grounds and recreation facilities
must also be screened from public view by walls of adequate height.
(Reference Jubail Industrial City Yanbu Industrial City Zoning Regulations).
4.
When it is necessary to enclose and screen facilities from public view, special
attention shall be paid to designing a system which allows air circulation and at
the same time provides the necessary screening. Facilities shall not be
rendered unusable by the formation of heat traps with high unbroken walls.
5.
Turf play-fields as well as running tracks should, when possible, be situated on

high ground to minimize sand intrusion. Bleacher seating shall be wood unless
substantial shade canopies are provided.
10.46 LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS

A.
Drainage and Site Grading

1.
Rev 0
Site grading must recognize existing drainage patterns while functionally

solving drainage problems that currently exist or that may result from
alternations to the existing ground plane during construction. Likewise, site
grading must be sympathetic to existing land forms while providing appropriate
transition of architectural elements to grade. Site grading must also provide for
an uninterrupted flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The plan must direct
and provide adequate flow of surface runoff to catch basins while gracefully
contouring the land to blend with existing conditions of the site.
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2.
Sensitive use of site grading can provide aesthetic qualities to the

development relieving rigid architectural lines, creating private spaces,
screening objectionable views and adding interest and relief to flat sites with
little natural topographic interest. Drainage, therefore, becomes an integral part
of the overall development plan accomplishing basic needs while being
visually functional as well.
3.
The site is to be graded in such a manner that all areas slope away from
buildings at a minimum gradient of 20 mm/m. Grade all terrain surrounding the
building, including loading, service and parking areas in such a manner to
prevent water flow into the building should storm drains servicing the area
become overwhelmed.
4.
Drainage systems shall be integrated into the overall development plan. By

utilizing and improving the drainage capabilities, storm water shall be
retained/detained on site.
5.
Drainage swales shall be developed with natural landscape materials rather

than being excavated, paved or concrete drainage canals. Where drainageways exceed acceptable slopes, underground storm water drainage piping
shall be utilized.
6.
Site drainage from new construction is to be tied to the existing storm water
drainage system. All storm water runoff from paved areas shall be collected in
inlets and carried by underground pipe to retention areas. No open ditch runoff
is allowed.
10.47 LANDSCAPE TREATMENT OF MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN ELEMENTS

A.
B.
Front Porches
1.
The main building entry or "front porch" constitutes a critical transition space
from the external landscaped environment to the internal enclosed space of
the facility.
2.
The front porch should reflect a feeling of partial enclosure to provide a place
of transition and to provide the stationary user a refuge from nearby pedestrian
traffic.
3.
Use of overhangs, plantings and natural breezeways shall be coordinated to

create a cool and shaded place.
Foundation Planting
1.
C.
Rev 0
Landscape treatment of structures shall present an attractive appearance

emphasizing and reinforcing the major entry of the structure.
Landscaping and Built Structures

1.
Trees shall be used in the landscape to provide shade, accent and to frame
the structure.
2.
Shrubs, groundcovers and trees shall be incorporated in an overall planting
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scheme that softens architectural facades.

3.
D.
E.
To strengthen building and site relationships, entryways, windows and other

unique architectural elements shall be addressed in the landscape design.
Besides potted plants and planter boxes, small trees, shrubs and flowering
vines on trellises and pergolas may be used.
Open Spaces
1.
The development potential of open spaces for the use and enjoyment of its
inhabitants should be fulfilled by the judicious planning and installation of
appropriate landscape materials.
2.
Planting in the intermediate or eye-level area shall be used for visual focal, to
frame views across open spaces, to provide progressive realization of spaces,
to screen undesirable objects and to demarcate the edges of open spaces.
3.
Canopy trees shall be employed to create unity and reinforce circulation and
alignment.
4.
Intermediate trees shall be used to accentuate focal points and provide

background and enclosure for pedestrian activity nodes.
5.
Pedestrian open spaces shall be provided consisting of pedestrian plazas,

greens and linear open spaces. Greens shall serve as social congregation
areas. Linear open spaces shall consist of pedestrian ways and shall provide
linkages between facilities.
Handicap Access
1.
Handicap access shall be provided for each building.
2.
Special access ramps shall be constructed with 1:14 slopes; however,

exceptions made be made to permit slopes of not more than 8%. Ramps shall
be constructed of a non-slip material with a level platform which is not less
than 1.5 m wide at the top and bottom. Curbs or at least one handrail shall be
provided on all special access ramps.
3.
Curb cuts shall be provided for sidewalks at all street corners.
4.
The planning and construction/installation of handicap access and ramps shall

comply with the applicable Royal Commission regulations, local and state
laws, ordinances and codes.
10.48 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

A.
Energy Conservation
1.
Rev 0
All landscaped areas shall be designed to promote energy conservation within

buildings including, but not limited to, green spaces provided adjacent to
buildings within which an adequate number of shade trees shall be provided to
screen building exposures from prolonged periods of direct sunlight.
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2.
B.
Reduction of Noise
1.
C.
Rev 0
Skillful utilization of plants significantly increases the energy efficiency of

buildings. Air-conditioning requirements for most buildings result from solar
energy absorbed by building surfaces. By shading those portions of the
building receiving the most sun, cooling requirements can be significantly
reduced. During summer months, deciduous trees provide shade, while during
winter months, their bare branches allow sunlight to reach exterior building
surfaces and reduce heating requirements.
Dense foliage is of some use in absorbing and deadening noise. In locations

such as family housing areas located near main traffic arteries, belts of
planting prove beneficial in reducing traffic noise. Sounds caused by breezes
rustling through leaves and branches can mask undesirable noise.
Wind Control
1.
Wind is a climatic factor that can be either pleasant or unpleasant depending

on air temperatures, relative humidity and air velocities. Plants can be used to
break, guide, deflect or filter the wind and thereby alter its effects. To properly
design for wind control using plant materials, a basic knowledge of air
dynamics, information about the directions of prevailing winds and their
average speeds for different seasons of the year is necessary.
2.
When plants are used as a wind barrier, wind can generally be affected for a
lateral distance of 2 to 5 times the height of the barrier on the windward side
and a lateral distance of 10 to 15 times the height of the barrier on the leeward
side.
3.
Plants tend to be better windbreaks than fences or walls because they permit
some degree of wind penetration. The effective distance of wind control on the
leeward side is increased by use of penetrable screens because less
turbulence is created. A planting density of about 60% offers maximum
effectiveness.
4.
The depth of a shelter belt, or wind screen, has no real effect on the amount of
wind protection provided; the primary factors influencing effectiveness are the
height and density of planting.
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D.
E.
5.
Irregular forms and spacing tend to provide a more effective windbreak than
evenly spaced, uniform plants. A variety of plant types and sizes should be
included to improve the efficiency of a windbreak.
6.
Evergreen plants that branch to the ground are the most effective year-round
windbreaks. Deciduous trees and shrubs are effective only in the summer.
7.
Wind velocities will be increased if wind is permitted to penetrate under a highcanopied tree. A gap in a windbreak tends to create stronger winds by
funneling the air.
Temperature Modification
1.
Vegetation reduces the ambient air temperature by the cooling effect of

transpiration (evaporation) of water through the leaves and by shading the
ground. Vegetation covering the ground tends to stabilize temperatures by
reducing extremes, whereas paved surfaces usually tend to increase
temperatures in the surrounding air by reflecting absorbed heat. Shade trees
are important for comfort practically everywhere. Deciduous trees are best for
this purpose because they furnish shade only during the summer and permit
sun to penetrate in winter.
2.
Shade in parking areas may be introduced by planting large-growing trees

about 10 to 12 m apart. Trees which exude gummy substances or attract
insects shall not be selected for use in parking areas.
Glare and Reflection

1.
F.
Rev 0
Glare from highly reflective surfaces or car headlights can cause visual
discomfort. Plants can effectively soften glare and reflected light while adding
to the aesthetic quality of an area. The degree to which plants are effective in
absorbing and deflecting glare depends on their height, density and location.
Erosion and Dust Control, Soil Stabilization

1.
All areas having slopes of 2:1 or greater or areas prone to erosion shall be
either planted with low maintenance plant materials or ground covers; or have
erosion control mats; or treated with soil stabilization process to maintain
smooth slopes and prevent erosion.
2.
Erosion can be controlled by ground covers and leafy deciduous or evergreen

plants, grasses and other plants with very fibrous root systems.
3.
Plants can be used to control dust by providing wind barriers or stabilization for
bare soil. Twiggy, dense-branching plants are effective as wind barriers.
Ground covers, grasses and plants with fibrous root systems are most
effective as soil stabilizers.
4.
The seeding of large areas with native and introduced species of shrubs and
grasses may be considered. Irrigation or watering shall be required for seed
germination. The frequency of watering, quantity and quality of water required
after germination shall depend on the plant species selected. Listed in
Table 10C are some plant species which may be considered for seeding.
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5.
Within the Community environs all ground areas shall be covered with some
material to reduce the problem of blowing sand. In places where the ground is
not covered with paving, shrubs, ground cover or grass, it shall be covered
with a 75 mm layer of crushed gravel mulch.
6.
However soil surface beneath low growing closely spaced shrubs and ground
cover shall not be treated with gravel mulch. Graded sand of a size which does
not blow easily, or other suitable material, shall be used in tot lots and play
lots. The playing surface of kick-abouts and other large playfields not covered
with grass shall be stabilized with approved materials.
10.49 PEST CONTROL

A.
Health standards and Public Health Code shall be followed. Breeding places for
mosquitoes, flies and other insects which are a nuisance or a health hazard shall be
avoided. All landscape areas shall be adequately graded for surface drainage to
minimize mosquito breeding in standing water.
B.
All wooden elements such as benches, pergola slats, and play equipment shall be
detailed with concrete footings which prevent direct contact of wood with soil.
10.50 IRRIGATION
A.
Rev 0
General
1.
Efficient use of water is a major objective of the project. With the possible
exception of some remote shelterbelt planting, all planted areas are to be
equipped with complete, automated irrigation systems. If the long term planting
goals for both the Community and Industrial areas are to be achieved, it is
essential that such systems be adopted on a project-wide basis. They will
assist greatly in efficient water management, reduction in maintenance cost,
and promotion of plant growth.
2.
A complete automatic irrigation system shall be fully specified and detailed. It

shall serve all plantings. The planting schedule shall be coordinated with water
availability dates. No planting shall be done until the irrigation system is
installed, tested, approved and fully operational unless otherwise specified by
the Royal Commission.
3.
Irrigation systems shall provide adequate water to sustain the landscaping and
grass under adverse weather conditions at the site with consideration for soil
and other relative conditions. The irrigation plan shall promote water
conservation through resource management and good planning.
4.
Where feasible, irrigation systems shall be segregated for plant groupings.
5.
Large rotor heads shall not be on the same zone with fixed-spray head types.
6.
Irrigation devices shall not be installed above-finish grade within roadside

pedestrian easement areas and adjacent to secondary or primary road right-ofway or in such a manner as to be hazardous to pedestrian traffic.
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7.
B.
C.
Rev 0
Prior to installation, irrigation drawings and details shall be submitted for

approval to the Royal Commission.
General Irrigation Design Requirements

1.
Systems shall be installed underground. All components shall be designed and

installed to minimize public access and contact. Locked lids and doors shall be
used whenever necessary. Under no circumstances shall water containing
effluent be sprayed in areas normally occupied by the public. For irrigation and
misting of indoor planting, only potable water shall be used.
2.
All irrigation systems shall be metered (Normally at point of connection to main

supply).
3.
Landscape in medians shall be irrigated.
4.
In grassed boulevards fronting institutional, commercial and residential uses

with potential for heavy pedestrian traffic between the curb and sidewalk, grass
areas shall be irrigated. Low traffic grassed boulevards may be installed
without irrigation, but manual watering for establishment and maintenance is
required. The Royal Commissions decision on irrigation requirements for
grass areas shall be final.
5.
Boulevard trees, shrubs and ground covers shall be watered from an

automatic irrigation system.
6.
Urban trees in pavement shall be irrigated with multiple outlet emitter drip
irrigation devices.
7.
Irrigation systems shall be designed to supply water on a demand basis by

employing a soil moisture probe to override the controller during periods of
adequate soil moisture.
Irrigation System Parameters

1.
Design irrigation in industry-standard metric units on standard metric sheets.
2.
Design service connections from water main to water meter chamber and up to
the emitters.
3.
Install required backflow prevention.
4.
Measure static water pressure at or near the point of connection and include
with irrigation system design.
5.
Maximum design flow velocity to be 1.5 m/s.
6.
Size pipes and valves for minimum friction loss.
7.
Specify all irrigation components from a coordinated manufacturers line as

specified by the Royal Commission.
8.
Design head-to-head coverage for turf and shrub areas.
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D.
E.
9.
Design sprinkler circuits with matched precipitation heads. Do not mix heads
with varied precipitation rates on the same circuit.
10.
Specify low flow heads for sloping areas.
11.
Where surface sprinklers are used, ensure unobstructed sprinkler coverage to

tree bases from at least two sides.
12.
Every drip circuit shall be designed with a filter, pressure regulator, flush valve
and air relief valve. The drip component manufacturers instructions for
installation and maintenance shall be included in the project specifications.
13.
Minimize overspray on paved surfaces.
Sources of Irrigation Water

1.
Main source of irrigation shall be treated effluent water.
2.
Potable lines shall be protected from contamination by use of reduced

pressure principle backflow preventers.
3.
The system layout shall provide adequate separation between potable lines
and the effluent and sewage lines. A parallel duplication of potable and effluent
irrigation lines shall be avoided.
4.
Potable irrigation shall be used in high-use public areas such as playgrounds,

courtyards, neighborhood centers, sports centers and schools and other areas
where contact with treated effluent water could be a health hazard.
Components of Irrigation System

1.
Each segment of the project requires a complete workable irrigation system.

Documents shall be prepared by the A/E for each system. This includes:
a)
Power
1)
b)
Layout and Size

1)
c)
Rev 0
Scale drawings showing the locations of all sprinklers emitters,

valves, meters, electrical controllers and satellites, soil sensors,
hose connections and backflow preventers.
Drip Detail
1)
e)
Scale layout and sizing of all pipes, mains, laterals and emitter
hoses.
Drawings
1)
d)
Locating and noting the electrical service and supply main points
of connection.
Typical drip emitter installation details showing relationship to

rootballs.
Sections
10-53
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
1)
f)
Valves
1)
g)
Sprinkle operating pressure, radius (in meters), rate of application

and rate of flow.
Flow
1)
Rev 0
Calculations for water demand and duration of irrigation

(controller schedule).
Pressure
1)
j)
Specifications for all components; preference shall be given to

locally produced materials.
Calculations
1)
i)
Solenoid valve pressure setting schedules.
Specifications
1)
h)
Typical sections showing burial depths for all components.
Emitter operating pressure, number of outlets, rate of flow.
2.
Use of effluent requires that all valve covers and other access points be
tagged with the inscription "Contaminated Water - Do not Drink" in Arabic and
English. Similar tags are required on any potable-sourced lines whenever
fertilizer is injected.
3.
All effluent-sourced systems require filters and/or strainers downstream of

solenoid valves serving drip emitters.
4.
Algae-resistant hose is required on all emitter lines. High temperatures

promote algae growth.
5.
For the above reasons, deep burial of all lines is advantageous. Table 10E
summarizes diurnal soil temperatures for August at the noted depths. A
minimum mainline burial depth of 900 mm is suggested.
6.
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipe is recommended for general use

and is widely available in the Kingdom. Ductile iron pipe is recommended for
supply main. Stainless steel and glass reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe is
recommended for interior use. GRP is available in several colors and may be
useful for color coding contaminated (effluent) and fertilizer enhanced irrigation
lines.
7.
Irrigation of dissolved fertilizer in the irrigation system is an efficient method of

application and is appropriate to the large scale facilities proposed for Jubail
Industrial City and Yanbu Industrial City. Small mobile injection units may be
used. Where economies of scale warrant, larger injection units are appropriate.
Computer assisted control centers, similar to those used on large golf courses,
may be appropriate where air-conditioned space is available.
8.
In many cases, drip emitter systems which are effluent-sourced are subject to
phosphate accumulation (scaling) and resultant emitter clogging. Injection of
sulphuric acid, in sufficient quantities to prevent scaling, is often suggested in
10-54
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
these cases and can be accomplished by designing injection equipment to

utilize fertilizers, acids and systemic insecticides.
F.
Irrigation Demand
1.
Monitoring of water consumption is crucial on all projects. Consumption

calculations and proposed irrigation schedules shall be submitted with each
design. All irrigation of grass is to occur at night and cease at dawn.
2.
The following is helpful in developing calculations:

a)
Grass Areas
1)
b)
Consumption
1)
Rev 0
Grass areas require an annual average precipitation of

75 mm
per week. At three applications per week, this is approximately
25 L/ m2 per application (or 11 L/m2/day).
Actual consumption will vary according to water and soil

characteristics stage of growth, season and irrigation application
method. Reasonably accurate calculations of demand can be
made based upon evapo-transpiration needs, leaching
requirements and evaporation rates. Such a formula is presented
in Community Plan, Volume 5, "Site Preparation and Utilities Appendix 4A, Irrigation Water Demand. This formula used
evaporation data (Class A pan) from Sharjah. Class A pan
readings are now available for Jubail and Yanbu Industrial Cities.
Below is a summary of the records which were kept from 27
August 1978 through 2 February 1979 for Evaporation Pan Data,
Section I, located approximately 4 km inland.
c)
The recommended water requirements in Table 10F for the various

types of plants shall be used in place of the water requirements in
Volume 5 of the Community Plan, pages 121, 122 and 123. The Table
shows a comparison of the Community.
d)
Plan requirements with requirements established in a 5-year research

project at the Qatif oasis between Dammam and Jubail. The Research
Project was carried out between December 1964 and April 1969 by the
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). The significant difference is in
the water requirement for grass. The 11 L/m2/day is derived from the
FAO Project highest requirement during the month of June,
8.44 mm/mm2 or 8.44 L/m/day by surface application, plus additional
quantity of 20% to compensate for loss of water to evaporation through
the spray system of application. The spray system is considered to be
80% efficient when operated at night to minimize evaporation loss. The
20 L/m/day recommended by these calculations include 35% for
leaching not considered necessary at Jubail and Yanbu Industrial Cities.
The recommended quantity for trees is based on trees with moderate to
high water requirements with a spread of 3.5 to 4 m. It should be noted
that the spread of the crown of most plants is roughly equal to the
spread of the roots. The spread of the roots and the spread of the crown
of many species will be limited by the extent of the irrigated area. Small
trees will require less than the recommended quantity. Large shrubs
10-55
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
used as small trees will require considerably less than the

recommended quantity for trees. Drought resistant varieties of trees
such as Tamarix will require less than the recommended quantity.
3.
G.
H.
e)
It is not recommended to irrigate either grass or trees every day after

they become established, as it will produce shallow rooted plants
susceptible to death when deprived of water for a short period of time.
The terms, L/m2/day and L/tree/day, are methods of measuring the total
quantity required against the available quantity.
f)
It should be noted that the Intensive Planting Model is only a model

designed to estimate the quantity of water required for the Community in
intensive planting situations. The mix of grass, succulents, shrubs and
trees can be changed and should be changed in some situations. The
water requirement on an area basis should remain the same.
Table 10G includes a nominal 20 to 35% leaching factor. The leaching

requirement varies according to salinity, soil texture, underdrainage, and the
salinity tolerance of the particular plant. The requirement is an additional 20 to
35% over the amount required just to meet plant (evapotranspiration) needs. In
addition to the leaching factor, which has been included in the unit water
requirements and the intensive planting requirements, an additional 25%
storage and supply capacity for large community areas should be provided. A
nominal 5% loss should be provided for in the system.
Flexibility of System
1.
The supply mains for irrigation systems shall be sized to allow for a nominal
20% increase in water supply to the system for future planting over and above
the quantity estimated to be required by the Contract Design planting at
maturity.
2.
All automatic irrigation systems shall be provided with automatic controllers,

with a 24 hour day and a 14 day period for timing flexibility and simplified
programming to provide for easily adjusting the system for different water
needs at various seasons. The controller shall have manual override switches
to shut-off controller, cycle, or select any station for operation. The clock unit
shall be easily removed for repair, with continued manual selection of station
operations possible. The controller shall be located in a lockable weatherproof
steel cabinet, to prevent unauthorized tampering.
Sprinkler System Design for Wind Conditions

1.
The wind conditions at Jubail and Yanbu Industrial Cities are to be given
special consideration in the layout and design of sprinkler systems.
2.
Sprinkler Spacing
a)
Rev 0
The spacing between the sprinkler heads shall conform to the irrigation
industry standard for high wind conditions. The average wind velocity is
3 m/s or 6.7 mph. The industry standard calls for a maximum spacing of
55% of operating diameter between spray heads in equilateral triangle
layout when the wind velocity 2 to 3 m/s. See manufacturer's
specifications for other layout configurations and recommended spacing,
10-56
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
to ensure adequate coverage under average wind conditions.

3.
Application
a)
4.
The application rate must not exceed the absorption rate of the soil, to
avoid run-off to the street and wasting of water.
Overthrow and Wastage

a)
Failure to consider 'wind throw' of spray in windy conditions will result in

wasting water on paving and unplanted areas, as well as wetting
passers-by. Overthrow and wastage of water on streets, paved areas,
gravel mulch and building walls shall be avoided. Wind throw shall be
minimized. Following are alternate solutions to the stated problem:
1)
When grass is desired adjacent to street curbs and sidewalks or

other paved areas and buildings or walls, nozzles with a low angle
spray trajectory of 15 or less shall be used. The center of the 'low
angle' quarter, half, and three quarter circle heads shall be
located 100 mm from paved edges and corners.
2)
Where hedges or ground covers are appropriate between curbs,

sidewalks or paved areas and grass areas, the hedges and
ground cover shall be irrigated by drip emitters and the grass may
be irrigated with standard angle quarter and half heads or low
angle heads at the edges of the grass area.
3)
The hedge height anticipated shall be a minimum of 500 mm, and

the dimension of any ground cover areas between the paved
areas and grass with standard angle heads shall be a minimum of
1 m. The hedge will provide wind protection and act as a deflector
of wind blown water and the ground cover will absorb most wind
blown spray under average wind conditions.
10.51 MAINTENANCE
A.
General
1.
B.
The technical specifications submitted by each A/E shall include method of

maintenance and a detailed list of actual maintenance tasks to be performed
by the installing Contractor. These items are discussed in the
SECTION 02810.
Maintenance and Acceptance

1.
Current policy for community projects requires specifications which cover

maintenance of Permanent Works from Installation to Initial Acceptance and
from Initial Acceptance to Final Acceptance. When these acceptances are
completed and submitted, the A/E shall confirm in writing, that the
specifications are in compliance with current policy. Currently, specifications
are required for:
a)
Rev 0
Maintenance of all constructed items (including the irrigation and

planting) which have been completed prior to Initial Acceptance.
10-57
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
b)
After Initial Acceptance, a landscape maintenance period of 730 days to

Final Acceptance.
c)
Written notice to the installing Contractor of items to be furnished,

completed or corrected prior to Final Acceptance.
d)
During maintenance period, all plants that die or deteriorate shall be

replaced at the earliest opportunity according to the planting schedule
and seasons at Contractor's expense.
e)
All plants which die or are considered not to be healthy at the end of the
maintenance period shall be replaced. Warranty period would be
extended to ensure success of replaced plants. Replacement material
and workmanship shall conform to the specifications for the original
work and at no additional cost to the Royal Commission.
f)
Maintenance Tasks
1)
g)
Manuals
1)
Rev 0
Guideline
Specification
02935
enumerates
landscape
maintenance tasks. In addition to the maintenance required
before and after Initial Acceptance.
It is required that the Contractor prepare and submit typed, bound

copies of maintenance procedures in Arabic and English for one
complete 365-day period, in accordance with the Contract Special
Conditions.
10-58
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
TABLE 10A: PLANT LISTS
SCIENTIFIC NAME
USE LOCATION
KEY
ST
FC
FP
DP
VQ
GR
LARGE TREES
Albizia lebbek
Azadirachta indica
Brachychiton acerifolius
Brachychiton populnea
Casuarina cunninghamiana
C. equisetifolia
Conocarpus lancifolius
Dalbergia sissoo
Delonix regia
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
E. microtheca
E. polyanthemos
E. robusta
E. rudis
Ficus altissima
F. benjamina
F. elastica
F. retusa
F. rubiginosa
Grevillea robusta
Leucaena glauca
Peltophorum pterocarpum
Populus candicans
Terminalia catappa
Tipuana Tipu
DEGHIKLM
DEFGHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
ABCDEKLM
ABCDEKLM
CDEKLM
FGHIKLM
FGHIKLM
ACDEKLM
ACDEIKLM
ACDEIKLM
ACDEIKM
ACDEIKLM
FGHIKLM
GHIKLM
IKLM
FGHIKLM
FGHIKLM
GHIKL
EFGHIKM
FGHIKKLM
DEIKL
FGHIKLM
FGHIKLM
J
J
J
ADJ
J
J
J
J
AD RJ
AD RJ
AD RJ
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
AD RJ
J
M
M
M
E
M
M
L
E
H
H
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
GW
CW
C
M
CW
S
C
O
W
GW
GW
S
SV
W
S
-
W
JM
AP
W
W
W
G
P
VG
G
VG
G
F
F
G
VG
G
VG
G
VG
G
G
VG
VG
M
MF
F
F
M
M
MF
F
F
F
F
M
S
M
M
M
F
F
MF
MF
BDE
BDE
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
HIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
ACDEK
DEFGHIKLM
BCIKLM
FGHIKLM
HKLM
ABC
ABDEGI
ABCDEGIKL
CDE
GHIKL
BCDE
HIKLM
BCDEF
ABCDE
FGHIKLM
ADJ
AD
J
J
J
J
ADRJ
J
ADRJ
ADRJ
J
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
H
L
E
E
E
H
M
M
M
M
E
M
Y
Y
O
Y
PR
Y
Y
CW
BL
H
GY
W
R
YW
R
C
Y
SUF
SUF
S
S
SV
S
S
F
INT
SV
SV
SVW
S
E
W
E
E
W
W
W
E
E
-
P
P
G
G
G
F
G
F
G
VG
G
F
G
G
F
G
G
G
G
P
-
MF
MFM
F
F
F
M
SM
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
MF
F
M
SM
SM
F
M
MEDIUM TREES
Acacia arabica
A. farnesiana
A. cyanophylla
A. saligna
Albizia julibrissin
Cassia fistula
Casuarina torulosa
Ceratonia siliqua
Cercidium floridum
Cordia myxa
Cupressus sempervirens
Ficus retusa Nitida
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Parkinsonia aculeata
Prosopis chilensis
P. juliflora
Pithecellobium dulce
Schinus molle
S. terebinthifolius
Syzigium jambosa
Tamarindus indica
Tamarix aphylla
Thespesia populnea
Rev 0
J
J
J
J
ADRJ
J
10-59
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Zizyphus jujuba
Zizyphus spina-christi
USE LOCATION
KEY
ABCDE
ABCDE
ADJ
ADJ
H
H
GW
GW
SV
SV
W
W
F
F
M
M
IKM
HIKM
IKLM
IKM
IKM
IKM
IKM
BCDEK
IKM
CDEIKLM
IKM
IKM
KM
IKM
BCDEIKLM
IKLM
J
AD
ADR
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
J
J
L
L
L
L
M
M
L
L
L
L
M
L
WP
CW
CW
CW
CW
WPK
W
W
OR
-
E
E
F
F
F
F
SSV
SSV
S
-
W
W
W
S
W
E
-
VG
VG
VG
VG
F
G
VG
VG
VG
G
G
G
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
M
S
M
M
M
M
S
ACFHIKLM
ABCDEFIKLMA
ACHIKM
ABCDEHIKLM
ACFIKLM
AD
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
E
E
E
E
E
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
S
SM
SM
M
M
ABCDE
DEFGHIKLM
ACDEIKLM
DEFGHIL
IKLM
AB
IKM
IKLM
IKLM
ABCDE
GHIKLM
ABCDE
DEFGHIKLM
DEL
J
J
AD
ADRJ
ADR
J
ADJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
J
AD
E
M
E
MH
LM
H
L
M
M
E
M
E
M
M
Y
R
(R)
RPKO
W
L
RPKW
Y
Y
L
SV
INT
W
SUF
INT
INT
INT
INT
SE
ED
W
F
VG
F
G
G
F
VG
F
G
VG
VG
VG
VG
VG
MF
F
MF
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
HIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
IKM
IKM
DEFIKL
DEFGHIKLM
FGHIKLM
IKM
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADJ
ADR
M
M
L
M
LM
LM
M
L
O&R
W
W
VB
B
YOR
PK
WB
SU
INT
INT
INT
SSV
INT
SE
-
G
VG
VG
G
G
VG
G
G
MF
MF
MF
G
MF
M
M
M
ST
FC
FP
DP
VQ
GR
SMALL TREES
Acacia aneura
Acacia pycnantha
Bauhinia variegate
Citrus aurantium
C. lemon
C. paradisi
C. sinensis
Chilopsis linearis
Lysiloma thornbergi
Olea europaea
Plumeria rubra Acutifolia
Plumeria obtusa
Psidium guajava
Punica granatum
Rhus lancea
Xylosma congestum
PALM TREES
Phoenix canariensis
Phoenix dactylifera
Phoenix reclinata
Washingtonia filifera
Washingtonia robusta
LARGE SHRUBS
Atriplex spp.
Caesalpina gilliesii
Callistemon citrinus
Dodoneae viscosa
Euphorbia pulcherrima
E. tirucalli
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Lawsonia alba
Leucophylum frutescens
Nerium oleander
Stenolobium stans
Tamarix spp.
Thevetia peruviana
Vitex agnus castus
MEDIUM SHRUBS
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Clerodendron inerme
Carissa grandiflora
Duranta plumieri
D. repens
Elaeagnus pungens
Lantana camara
Nerium oleander petite
Plumbago capensis
Rev 0
10-60
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Rosmarinus officinalis
Xylosma congestum
USE LOCATION
KEY
CDEGIKLM
GHIKLM
MH
-
LB
-
INT
-
G
G
SM
M
GHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
J
J
J
JM
MH
W
RO
PB
INT
INT
INT
VG
VG
G
MFM
SM
DEFGH
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
IKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
J
J
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADR
ADRJ
ADRJ
ADRJ
JJ
AD
J
H
L
L
M
M
M
LM
LM
LM
LM
L
W
PRPK
PRPK
W
WPK
V
Y
L
L
W
W
W
L
CW
VPK
B
S
INT
INT
INT
SF
INT
SSUF
SSUF
SSUF
SSUF
SSUF
INT
S
FWS
JF
W
G
G
VG
VG
VG
G
VG
VG
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
G
SM
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
F
MF
M
M
M
M
F
M
GHIKM
GHIKM
GHIKM
GHIKM
IKM
J
J
L
-
Y
OR
W
W
-
SU
W
-
G
G
VG
VG
G
M
SM
SM
M
CDEFGHIKLM
CDEFGHIKLM
DEFKL
GHIKM
ADRJ
ADRJ
J
ADRJ
L
-
ORY
-
FS
-
VG
VG
G
F
M
M
VF
M
ACDEFGHIKLM
CDEKL
IKM
KLM
IKM
CDEFGHIKLM
IKM
IKLM
IKM
CDEFGHIKLM
VG
J
ADRJ
ADRJ
AD
ADR
J
AD
ADRJ
PK
W
SSU
-
G
G
G
G
F
G
G
VG
S
M
M
M
F
M
F
M
ST
FC
FP
DP
VQ
GR
SMALL SHRUBS
Carissa grandiflora Prostrata

Lantana camara Nana
Rosmarinus prostrata
VINES AND GROUND COVER
Baccharis pilularis
Bougainvillea glabra
B. spectabilis
Carissa grandiflora Prostrata
Catharanthus roseus
Clytostoma callistegiodes
Gazania regens Copper King
G. rigens Leucolaena
Ipomoea palmata
I. pes capre
Jasminum azoricum
J. grandiflora
J. mesenyi
J. officinale
Lantana montevidensis
Lonicera japonica Halliana
Passiflora caerulea
Rosmarinus officinalis
Prostrata
Santolina spp.
Tecomaria capensis
Trachelospermum asiaticun
Trachelsopermum jasminoides
Vitis vinifera
ACCENT AND FOLIAGE PLANTS
Agave spp.
Aloe spp.
Arundo donax
Asparagus densiflorus Sprengeri
Chamaerops humilis
Cortaderia selloana
Cycas revoluta
Cyperus alternifolius
Dieffenbachia spp.
Hesperaloa parviflora
Musa paradisia
Pennisetum setaceum
Shefflera
Yucca spp.
Rev 0
10-61
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
SCIENTIFIC NAME
USE LOCATION KEY
GRASS
Cynodon dactylon
C. dactylon Tifdwarf
C. dactylon Tifgreen
C. dactylon Santa Ana
Lolium sp.
Eragrostis binnata
Stenotaphrum secundatum
Zoysia japonica
ACFHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
GHIKLM
FHIKM
DE
GHIKLM
IKM
BULBS, FLOWERS & BEDDING PLANTS

Flowers are highly desirable in prestigious, high exposure locations.
Refer to Community Plan volume 7, for suggestions
FGHIKLM
ABBREVIATIONS
SYMBOL
ITEM
= Location (See Below)
ST
= Salinity Tolerance
FC
= Flower Color
FP
= Flower Period
DP
= Deciduous Period
VQ
= Visual Quality
GR
= Growth Rate
Explanation of Items:
L
- Location
AD
- Aramco Dhahran
ADR
- Aramco Dhahran and Ras Tanura
AR
- Aramco Ras Tanura
- Jubail Industrial City
ST Salinity Tolarance
L
- Low (E.C. less than 3,000 micromhos)
- Medium (E.C. 3,500 - 10, 000)
- High (E. C. 10,500 - 16, 000)
- Extremely High (E.C. greater than 16, 000)
FC Flower Color
PB
Pale Blue
O, R - Orange and Red
Blue
PL
Purple
Creamy
PK
Pink
Greenish
PY
Pale Yellow
Rev 0
10-62
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
Lilac
Scarlet
Orange
Violet
Red
White
RO
Rose
Yellow
O-R
Orange Red
Insignificant
FP Flowering Period
INT
Intermittent
SU
Summer
Winter
Spring
Fall
DP Deciduous Period
BD
Briefly deciduous
Spring
ED
Early deciduous
SU
Summer
SD
Sometimes deciduous
Fall
SE
Semi-Evergreen
Winter
Evergreen
VQ
Visual Quality
VG
Very Good
Fair
Good
Poor
GR Growth Rate
VF
Very Fast
Medium
Fast
Slow
Rev 0
10-63
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
SALINITY
TOLERANCE
REQUIRED
BY SHRUBS IN PPM
SALINITY
TOLERANCE
REQUIRED
BY TREES IN PPM
USE LOCATION
KEY
TABLE 10B: PLANT LOCATION AND USE KEY
USE LOCATION DESCRIPTION
IRRIGATION
SOURCE AND
METHOD:
SE = SEWAGE
EFFLUENT
COMMUNITY
IE=INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENT
PW = POTABLE
WATER
Plants known to have salinity tolerance of at least 9000

PPM.
20,000
20,000
SHETERBELT plantings around the periphery of the

Community and Industrial Park and Plantings in the
DRAINAGE SWALES: The plantings shall be planted on
minimal sand fill above the Sabkha and ground water
table sweet sand, amendments and fertilizer shall be
used only as required to establish seedlings and young
palm.
9,000
6,000
SEASHORE. Sweet sand amendments and fertilizers

may be used where appropriate.
SE / PW
Automatic
7,000
3,000
LANDSCAPE CORRIDORS, COASTAL CORRIDORS,

UTILITY RIGHT-OF-WAYS, OPEN SPACE, FREEWAY
& EXPRESS WAYS: Special plantings should be raised
above the general elevation to increase the distance
from the groundwater table. Local filter blankets may be
used. Potable water shall be used for irrigation if
sprayed into the air in areas where people may come
into contact with the water. Where appropriate, preplanting irrigation and leaching may be substituted for
sweet sand.
SE / PW
Automatic
7,000
3,500
INDUSTRIAL PARK & SUPPORT FACILITIES: For

areas which are raised a sufficient distance from the
general fill level and the groundwater table, plants may
be selected from other appropriate categories. Potable
water shall be used for special plantings and grass.
Sweet sand, amendments and fertilizer shall be used.
Where appropriate, preplanting irrigation and leaching
may be substituted for sweet sand.
IE / PW
3,500
1,000
Rev 0
2,000
600
INSTITUTIONS, COMMERCIAL CENTERS, SPORTS

CENTERS: Automatic Irrigation, Sweet sand,
amendments and fertilizer shall be used. Plants may be
selected from other categories for special areas where
potable water is to be used and the planting areas raised
above the general elevation.
RESIDENTIAL PRIVATE COURTYARDS: Manual or
automatic irrigation with potable water. Sweet sand,
amendments and fertilizers shall be used. To be
maintained by owner.
SE / IE
Manual
Automatic
PW/SE
Automatic
and Manual
PW
Automatic
and Manual
10-64
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
TABLE 10C: PLANTS FOR SAND STABILIZATION PROJECTS
SCIENTIFIC NAME
REMARKS
Acacia cyanophylla
Small tree tolerates Shamal wind.
Acacia Arabica
Drought and wind resistant.
Agropinum junceum
Resists drifting sand.
Ammophila spp.
Resists drifting sand.
Calligonum comosum
Frost tolerant
Eleagnus augustifolia
Excellent as wind break.
Eucalyptus spp.
Excellent as wind break.
Haloxylon persicum
Excellent as wind break
Parkinsonia aculeate
Successful in Jubail.
Prosopis juliflora
Successful in Jubail
P. specigera
Successful in Jubail.
Retama raetam
Has extensive root system
Salvadora oleoides
Highly salt tolerant
Tamarix aphylla
Excellent in Jubail climate.
Tamarix spp.
Excellent in Jubail climate.
Zizyphus spina-christi
Has deep root system.
*Specific requirements for planting for sand stabilization:

1. Quality of plants, regarding size of plant and roots, should be suitable for deep
planting.
2. Cuttings should be long enough (over one meter) for deep planting.
3. Planting should be deep enough to reach the moisture of deeper sand layers.
4. Time of planting should be set after the sand receives adequate moisture.
Rev 0
10-65
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
TABLE 10D: RESEARCH PLANT LIST
List of plants which may be adaptable to Jubail and Yanbu. Specify in limited quantities until
proven:
A. TREES
Callophyllum inophyllum
- (Grows along seashores in Indian and Pacific Oceans)
Cassia siamea
Ceiba petandra
- (Known to be growing in Karachi, Sudan)
Chorisia speciosa
- (Need further testing in Jubail)
Eucalyptus sargentii
Eucalyptus polyanthemos
E. ficifolia
Ficus macrophylla
F. sycomorus
- (known to be growing in Egypt. Syria)
Guaiacum officinale
- (known to be growing in Karachi)
Rigelia pinnata
- (Known to be growing in Sudan)
Lagerstroemia indica
Mangifera indica
- (Needs further testing in Jubail)
Melaleuca cuticularis
M. Pubescens
Pistacia atlantica
Pyrus calleryanna
- (Street trees and bosaues)
P. kawakamii
Quercus ilex
Q. virginiana
Samanea saman
- (Known to be growing in Karachi)
Spathodea campanulata
Tamarix odessana
Rev 0
10-66
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
B. PALM TREES
Arecastrum romanoffianum
Brahea dulcis
Cocos nucifera
- (Currently planted in Haii Al-Fanateer and Haii Al-Deffi growth

needs to be monitored)
Erythea armater
Phoenix sylvestris
R. regia
Trachycarpus fortunei
C. SHRUBS
Euonymus japonica
Ilex vomitoria
I. vomitoria Nana
Myrtus communis Boetica
Juniperus chinensis Pftizeriana
Lagerstroemia indica
Nandina domestica
Photinia fraseri
Platycladus orientalis
Salvadora persicae
Syringa persica
Simmondsia chinensis
Tabernae Montana Coronaria
D. VINES AND GROUND COVERS
Allamanda cathartica
Campsis radicans
Clerodendrum thomsonae
Gelsemium sempervirens
Rev 0
10-67
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
Juniperus horizontals
J. Sabina Tamariscifolia
Oenothera berlandieri
Ophiopogon japonicus
Osteospermum fruticosum
Pyrostegia venusta
Rosa banksia
Verbena peruviana
Weidelia trilobata
TABLE 10E: APPROXIMATE SUBGRADE SOIL TEMPERATURES (C)
(August)
SOIL DEPTH IN METERS
Hour
- 0.5
-1
-2
0100
33
32
30
0600
31
32
30
1200
36
32
30
1800
38
32
30
TABLE 10F: AVERAGE CONSUMPTION PER SEASON
Amount (mm/day)
August (daily average for entire month)
October 1 (equinox)
January (daily average for entire month)
Rev 0
1.9
1
0.4
10-68
CHAPTER 10
LANDSCAPING
TABLE 10G: IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS
ITEM
UNIT
Community Plan
Water req/
unit/day
Water req/
unit/day Based on
FAO Proj.
Recommended**
Water
req/Unit/day
Grass
m2
42.5 L/m2/d
11 L/m2/d
20 L/m2/d
Shrubs
m2
13.4 L/m2/d
* 7 L/m2/d
11 L/m2/d
Ground cover
m2
6.6 L/m2/d
* 4 L/m2/d
6 L/m2/d
Trees
No.
77 L/T/d
60 L/T/d
80 -120 L/T/d
(3 m dia.)
(3 - 4 m dia.)
Succulent
*The quantity for shrubs and succulent ground cover has been extrapolated from the per
meter requirement for trees.
**Figures indicate water requirements for mature plants. New plantings will require only a
percentage of the above volumes with incremental increase as the plant grows to maturity.
TABLE 10H: IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS (m /ha/yr)
Yearly Average (Community Plan)
Extensive*
Intensive**
7, 100
60, 000
Yearly Average (Revised)

Maximum (Community Plan)
40, 000
9, 100
Maximum (Revised)
Minimum (Community Plan)
Minimum (Revised)
75, 000
50, 000
4, 200
35, 000
25,000
*Extensive planting (not under drained) 250 trees per hectare planted in sand.
**Intensive planting (underdrained) is approximately 20% grass, 50% succulents, 30% shrubs
and 50 trees per hectare.
Rev 0
10-69

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CHAPTER 10

PURPOSE AND INTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT................................................ 1

STANDARD OF QUALITY ................................................................................... 2

GENERAL POLICIES .......................................................................................... 3

DESIGN LIFE SPAN ............................................................................................ 4

LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS ................................................................. 4

MANUALS AND INSTRUCTIONS ....................................................................... 6

WAIVERS AND MODIFICATIONS ...................................................................... 6

DESIGN PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................... 9

OTHER DESIGN FACTORS................................................................................ 9

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .................................................................... 11

LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.................................................. 13

HARD LANDSCAPE .......................................................................................... 13

VEHICULAR CIRCULATION ROUTES ............................................................. 13

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION ROUTES........................................................... 16

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES........................................................ 18

EMERGENCY ACCESS FACILITIES................................................................ 18

OTHER LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS ................................................................... 18

SITE SERVICES ................................................................................................ 19

SITE FURNISHINGS ......................................................................................... 20

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

LANDSCAPE PLANTING .................................................................................. 24

PLANTING DESIGN .......................................................................................... 27

LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIAL...................................................................... 29

PLANT LOCATION AND USE KEY................................................................... 30

LANDSCAPE STRATEGY ................................................................................. 30

SELECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS............................................................... 31

PLANTED AREAS ............................................................................................. 33

STREET TREE SIZE, SPACING AND LOCATION ........................................... 34

MINIMUM LANDSCAPE AREA DIMENSIONS AND MAXIMUM GRADES...... 38

URBAN TREES IN PAVEMENT ........................................................................ 38

ALTERNATIVES TO LINEAR TREE PLANTINGS............................................ 39

PLANTING SEASON ......................................................................................... 39

TREE CANOPY ................................................................................................. 39

PRESERVATION OF EXISTING TREES .......................................................... 40

PLANTING SOIL MIXTURE AND FERTILIZERS .............................................. 42

PLANTING PIT SIZE.......................................................................................... 43

ON-SITE MATURING AND ACCLIMATIZATION .............................................. 43

LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF DEVELOPMENT AREA EDGES ................. 43

LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS OF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

LANDSCAPE TREATMENT OF MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN ELEMENTS ..... 47

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS ....................................................................... 48

PEST CONTROL ............................................................................................... 51

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.)

10.02 PURPOSE AND INTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT

The purpose of this document is to provide landscaping design guidelines for

Landscaping is recognized as being an essential component to any site development

Landscape criteria include:

Ensuring new landscapes are endowed with sufficient management resources

Changes in technology and economic markets are creating new challenges to

10.03 STANDARD OF QUALITY

It is the intent of the Royal Commission that Quality be achieved at a reasonable

Sustainable Landscape Design and Cost Effectiveness

A simple low cost environmentally sound landscape shall be as sustainable as

A sustainable landscape shall be:

These considerations in no way diminish the importance of a "good looking" or cost

10.04 GENERAL POLICIES

General Landscape Policy

Cultural and Climatic Considerations

Special attention shall be given to climatic conditions in the design of all

Reflective surfaces (tiles, glazing, etc.), particularly when unshaded or

For detailed discussion of cultural and climatic considerations in urban design

10.05 DESIGN LIFE SPAN