1.06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

PHYSICS 71
Chapter 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
06 Position, Velocity and

Acceleration Vectors
JAMES N. VANCE
National Institute of Physics
College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
Objectives
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
Express position, velocity, and acceleration in two
and three dimensions using vector representation.
Interpret the components of a body's acceleration

parallel to and perpendicular to its path.
Solve kinematic problems in two and three

dimensions.
06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

16-Jun-16
Recall: Vectors
Component form
y
%,
~
A
~
A
%*
%&
z
!/# = %& ' + %* +
.
!"# = %& ' + %* + + %, -

16-Jun-16
1 The position vector Sr from the origin to

point P has components x, y, and z. The
path that the particle follows through space
in general
curve
(Fig. 2).
u Describes the position of a is
particle
in athe
Cartesian
Position Vector
An object at point 0(2, 4, 5) has

the positon vector:
.
7 = 2' + 4+ + 5-
Position P of a particle
at a given time has
coordinates x, y, z.
z k^
P
y j^
xi^

16-Jun-16
plane/space
Position vector of point P

has components x, y, z:
r
^
r 5 xi^ 1 yj^ 1 zk.
Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.
Freedman, Pearson Education 2014
average velocity vav between points

Displacement2 The
Vector
P1 and P2 has the same direction as the
u As the particle moves
from 08
toSr0. / over a time interval
displacement
:, it traces a curved path
sca
by
is
x-v
The change in positon is

the displacement vector:
P2
7 = 7/ 78
S
r2
Dr
r1
O
Particles path
P1
vav 5
Dr
Dt
Displacement
S
vector Dr points
from P1 to P2.
Position at time t1
x

16-Jun-16
Position at time t2
as
ch
ne
Th
ins
pa


Displacement2 The
Vector
from 08
displacement
sca
by
is
x-v

P2
7 = 7/ 78
S
r2
Dr
r1
O
Particles path
P1
(2/, 4/, 5/)
vav 5
Dr
Dt
Displacement
S
vector Dr points
from P1 to P2.

16-Jun-16
Position at time t2
as
ch
ne
Position at time t1
x
(28, 48 , 58 )Th
ins
pa


Displacement2 The
Vector
from 08
displacement
sca
by
is
x-v

P2
7 = 7/ 78
S
r2
Dr
r1
O
Particles path
P1
(2/, 4/, 5/)
vav 5
Dr
Dt
Displacement
S
vector Dr points
from P1 to P2.

16-Jun-16
Position at time t2
as
ch
ne
Position at time t1
x
(28, 48 , 58 )Th
ins
pa


Displacement2 The
Vector
from 08
displacement
sca
by
is
x-v

P2
7 = 7/ 78
S
7 =
2/ 28 ' + 4/ 48 +
.
+(5/ 58 )-
r2
S
r1
O
Dr
Particles path
P1
(2/, 4/, 5/)
vav 5
Dr
Dt
Displacement
S
vector Dr points
from P1 to P2.

16-Jun-16
Position at time t2
as
ch
ne
Position at time t1
x
(28, 48 , 58 )Th
ins
pa

2 The average
velocity vav between points
Average Velocity
Vector
S
u Net displacementdisplacement
per unit time:
r.
7/ 78 7
<=> =
=
Position at time t2
y
:/ :8
:
(2/, 4/, 5/)
sca
by
is
x-v
r2
Dr
r1
O
Particles path
P1
vav 5
Dr
Dt
Displacement
S
vector Dr points
from P1 to P2.

16-Jun-16
P2
as
ch
ne
Position at time t1
x
(28, 48 , 58 )Th
ins
pa

S
of
r
of r in
in this
this limit
limit is
is also
also th
th
Instantaneous Velocity Vector
an important
important conclusion
conclusio
toto an
velocity vector is tangent to
v1 and S
v2 are the instanta3 The vectors S
u The instantaneous rate of change of position
with
time
velocity
vector
is
tangent
to
3 Thevelocities
vectors vat1 and
are
the
instantaIts
often
easiest
to
calc
neous
the vpoints
and
P
P
1
2
2
7
shown
in
Fig.
2.
nents.
Duringeasiest
any displace
< =P1lim
Its
often
to calc
neous velocities at the points
and
P
2
BCE :
coordinates of the particle
y 2.
shown in Fig.
nents.
any
displace
nents vDuring
and
,
v
,
v
x
y
z of the
v2
tives ofalong
the coordinates
x, ya
ofthethe particle
At every coordinates
point
y
path, the instantaneous
P2
nents visx, tangent
vy, and
vz of the
dx
velocity
vector
S
The instantaneous
vx =
vy =
v
tives
of
the
coordinates
x, y
to
the
path
at
that
point.
dt
2
velocity vector v is
S

16-Jun-16
tangent to the path

at each point.
P
O
The instantaneous
S
velocity vector v is
tangent
to thepath
path
Particles
at each point.
v1
The x-component of v is v
neous velocitydxfor straightvx =
vveloc
y =
idea of instantaneous
P1
dt
v1
The x-component of v is v
Instantaneous Velocity Vector

The instantaneous rate of change of position with time
7
< = lim
BCE :
Components:
2
G& = lim
BCE :
4
G* = lim
BCE :
d7 d2
d4
d5 .
<=
=
' +
+ + d: d:
d:
d:
u
Magnitude:
< =G=
G&/ + G*/ + G,/
5
G, = lim
BCE :

16-Jun-16
oves in the xy-plane. In this

S
e of v) is
4 The two velocity components for

motion in the xy-plane.
Instantaneous Velocity Vector (2D)

y
vy
nteresting and useful than the

he word velocity, we will
her than the average velocity
tor; its up to you to rememude and direction.
Particles path in
the xy-plane
(7)
r the direction of the instandirection u of the position
vx
O
vx and vy are the x- and yS

components of v.

16-Jun-16
Components in 2D:
< = G& ' + G*+
given by the angle a (the
u
The instantaneous velocity vector v

is always tangent to the path.


S
e of v) is


y
vy

Particles path in
the xy-plane
(7)
r the direction of the instandirection u of the position
vx
O

components of v.

16-Jun-16
Components in 2D:
< = G& ' + G*+
u



S
e of v) is

vy
Magnitude:
< =G=
G&/ + (7)
G*/
r the
direction of the instanu Direction angle:
direction u ofG*the position
tan K =
G&
Particles path in
the xy-plane
vx
O

components of v.

16-Jun-16
Components in 2D:
< = G& ' + G*+
u



16-Jun-16
ity of
EXERCISES
directi
Example
Section 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors
magni
3.1 . A squirrel has x- and y-coordinates 11.1 m, 3.4 m2 at time 3.9 .
t 1 = 0 and coordinates 15.3 m, - 0.5 m2 at time t 2 = 3.0 s. For of 1.1
this time interval, find (a) the components of the average velocity, Find (
and (b) the magnitude and direction of the average velocity.
tal dis
3.2 . A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t 1 = 0. strikes
Position vectors
For the time interval from t 1 = 0 to t 2 = 12.0 s, the rhinos aver- books
0age
28 = 1.1 m,
48 = 3.4 m -3.8 m>s
+ 3.4 m + just be
velocity
has x-component
y-component
78 =and
1.1 m '
8
(a) what are the
y-coordinates
t 2 = 12.0
m>s.2/At=time
0.5 m + vy-t gr
04.9
5.3 m,
4/ =s,0.5 m
7/ x= and
5.3 m '
/
of the rhino? (b) How far is the rhino from the origin?
.
3.10
Component
form
thedesigner
average
velocity
3.3 .. CALC A
web of
page
creates
an animation in which a mer d
S
7a / computer
78
0.5 m +
1.1 m '
+34.0
5.3 m 'has
3.4 m +
dot
on
screen
a
position
of
"
cm
+
r
ning h
<=> = 2 2
=
:n8 ! 15.0 cm>s2tn. (a) Find
3 s 0 s
the magnitude and Fig. E
12.5 cm>s:/2t4
direction of the dots average velocity between t = 0 and mum
4.2 m ' 3.9m +
5.3 1.1 m ' + 0.5 3.4 m +
t = 2.0
= of the instanta- the top
= s. (b) Find the magnitude and direction
3.0 s the
neous velocity at t = 0,3.0 s
t = 1.0 s, and t = 2.0 s. (c) Sketch
miss
= 1.4 msfrom
' t1.3
dots trajectory
=m
0 tos +t = 2.0 s, and show the velocities which
Problem Set. University Physics 13 Ed, H. Young
and R. Freedman, Pearson Education 2014
calculated in part (b).
th
Example
Magnitude
G=> =
G=> =
/
/
G=>W&
+ G=>W*
1.4 ms
+ 1.3 ms
= 1.9 ms
Direction Angle
G=>W* 1.3 ms
tan X =
=
G=>W&
1.4 ms
X = 43
G=>W*
G=>W&
<=>

16-Jun-16
Components of the average velocity

G=>W& = 1.4 ms , G=>W* = 1.3 ms
Average Acceleration Vector

u

16-Jun-16
Rate of change in the velocity (speed and direction)

over a time interval
</ <8 <
Z=> =
=
:/ :8
:
Average3.6
Acceleration
Vector
(a) A car moving along
a curved road from P1 to P2 . (b
S
tion. (c) The vector a av ! v/t represents the average acc

u Illustrative Example
(b)
S
v2
v1
P1
P2

16-Jun-16
(a)
This car accelerates by slowing

while rounding a curve. (Its
instantaneous velocity changes in
both magnitude and direction.)
v1
P1
To find the ca
P1 and P2, we
S
D v by subtrac
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v

Average3.6
Acceleration
Vector
(a) A car moving along
a curved road from P1 to P2 . (b
S
tion. (c) The vector a av ! v/t represents the average acc

(b)
S
v2
v1
P1
P2

16-Jun-16
(a)
This car accelerates by slowing

while rounding a curve. (Its
instantaneous velocity changes in
both magnitude and direction.)
v1
P1
To find the ca
P1 and P2, we
S
D v by subtrac
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v

curved
road from PAcceleration
the change in velocity v ! v
Average
Vector
1 to P2 . (b) How to obtain
t represents the average acceleration between P1 and P2 .
(b)
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
v1
P1
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
P1
v2
To find the cars average acceleration between

P1 and P2, we first find the change in velocity
S
S
S
D v by subtracting v1 from v2. (Notice that
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v2.)

16-Jun-16
tes by slowing
rve. (Its
changes in
tion.)
Dv
The average acc

as the change in

curved
Average
Vector
(b)
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
v1
P1
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
P1
v2

S
S
S
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v2.)

16-Jun-16
tes by slowing
rve. (Its
changes in
tion.)
Dv
The average acc

as the change in

curved
Average
Vector
(b)
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
v1
P1
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
P1
v2

S
S
S
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v2.)

16-Jun-16
tes by slowing
rve. (Its
changes in
tion.)
Dv
The average acc

as the change in

curved
Average
Vector
(b)
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
v1
P1
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
P1
v2

S
S
S
S
S
S
v1 1 D v 5 v2.)

16-Jun-16
tes by slowing
rve. (Its
changes in
tion.)
Dv
The average acc

as the change in

theAverage
change in velocity
vector subtracv ! v2 " v1 by Vector
Acceleration
en P1 and P2 .
S

16-Jun-16
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
S
v2
ration between
nge in velocity
Notice that
P1
Dv
aav
5 Dv
Dt
The average acceleration has the same direction

S
as the change in velocity, Dv.
theAverage
change in velocity
Acceleration
en P1 and P2 .
S

16-Jun-16
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
S
v2
ration between
nge in velocity
Notice that
P1
Dv
aav
5 Dv
Dt

S
theAverage
change in velocity
Acceleration
en P1 and P2 .
S

16-Jun-16
(c)
v2
P2
S
v1
D v 5 v2 2 v1
S
v2
ration between
nge in velocity
Notice that
P1
Dv
aav
5 Dv
Dt

S
Instantaneous Acceleration Vector

u
Instantaneous rate of change of velocity with time
d< d/ 7
Z=
= [
d: d:
u
Components:
G&
\& = lim
BCE :
G*
\* = lim
BCE :
.
Z = \& ' + \* + + \, -
Magnitude:
Z =\=
\&/ + \*/ + \,/
G,
\, = lim
BCE :

16-Jun-16
<
Z = lim
BCE :
line.

(a) Acceleration: curved trajectory
<
Z = lim
BCE :
P1
S
v1
... meaning that Dv and D t

approach 0.

16-Jun-16
S
To find the instantaneous v
2
acceleration
P2
S
S
a at P1 ...
v1
S
... we take the limit of aav
as P2 approaches P1 ...
line.

P1
S
v1

approach 0.

16-Jun-16
S
2
acceleration
P2
S
S
a at P1 ...
v1
S
line.

P1
S
v1

approach 0.

16-Jun-16
S
2
acceleration
P2
S
S
a at P1 ...
v1
S

P1
P1
... meaning that Dv and Dt

approach 0.
S
a 5 lim Dv
DtS0 Dt
Acceleration points to
concave side of path.
(b) Acceleration: straight-line trajectory

16-Jun-16
v1

P1
P1

approach 0.
S
a 5 lim Dv
DtS0 Dt

16-Jun-16
v1

P1
P1

approach 0.
S
a 5 lim Dv
DtS0 Dt

16-Jun-16
v1
Direction of the Acceleration Vector

Acceleration along a straight line

S
v2
P2
S
v1
P1
Dv
Dv
a 5 lim
DtS0 Dt
... is the acceleration in the

direction of the trajectory.

16-Jun-16
Only if the trajectory is

a straight line ...


S
v2
P2
S
v1
P1
Dv
Dv
a 5 lim
DtS0 Dt


16-Jun-16

a straight line ...


S
v2
P2
S
v1
P1
Dv
Dv
a 5 lim
DtS0 Dt


16-Jun-16

a straight line ...
When acceleration
is parallel
S
direction
doesnt.
v1
to the velocity, it acts to
S
a
change(a)
theparallel
magnitude
S
S
n directed
to and of
(b)the
perpendicular tovSa 5
partiv
1
Dv
2
1
velocity.
(b) Acceleration perpendicular to velocity
Changes only direction of

velocity: particle follows
When acceleration
is path at constant
curved
perpendicular speed.
to the velocity,
S
S
it
acts
to
change the
5
v
1
Dv
2
1
direction of the velocity.
Dv
v1
f
S
v2 5 v1 1 Dv
S
Com
(b)
perpe
Cha
velo
cur
spe

16-Jun-16
velocity.
e. Hence during cles
the time
interval t the particle in
(a)
parallel toFig.
velocity
Direction
ofAcceleration
the
Vector
t line
with increasing
speedAcceleration
(compare
3.7b).
S
ion is perpendicular
to
the
velocity,
so
a has
only a
Changes only magnitude
S
Dv t, the
(that is, a = 02.
In a small
interval
of velocity:
speedtime
changes;
ity v1 ,
S
ge v
in the
tion as
icle in
7b).
only a
the path
Particles path
a ||
aS
P
a
S
Component of a
perpendicular to the path
Normal to
path at P

16-Jun-16
bout a into a component a parallel to the path

theAcceleration
tangent to the path) and a
toComponents
the (that is, alongof
component a! perpendicular to the path
ndicuu Z may
beis,
resolved
Z and
^
(that
along theinto
normal
to theZpath).
ells us
Tangent to path at P
nt a !
S
paralv
Component of
er two Sa parallel to
ity v1 ,
S
ge v
in the
tion as
icle in
7b).
only a
the path
Particles path
a ||
aS
P
a
S
Component of a
Normal to
path at P

16-Jun-16

theAcceleration
toComponents
ndicuu Z may
beis,
resolved
Z and
^
(that
along theinto
normal
to theZpath).
ells us
nt a !
S
paralv
Component of
ity v1 ,
S
ge v
in the
tion as
icle in
7b).
only a
the path
Particles path
a ||
aS
P
a
S
Component of a
Normal to
path at P

16-Jun-16

theAcceleration
toComponents
ndicuu Z may
beis,
resolved
Z and
^
(that
along theinto
normal
to theZpath).
ells us
nt a !
S
paralv
Component of
ity v1 ,
S
ge v
in the
tion as
icle in
7b).
only a
the path
Particles path
a ||
aS
P
a
S
Component of a
Normal to
path at P

16-Jun-16

theAcceleration
toComponents
ndicuu Z may
beis,
resolved
Z and
^
(that
along theinto
normal
to theZpath).
ells us
nt a !
S
paralv
Component of
a skier
Components of Acceleration
ier is moving in
eleration points
points D, E, and
cceleration has a (b)
concave side of
is also an accelbecause she is
ad of the normal
nt E, the skiers
is maximum at
fore no parallel
ndicular to her
nent opposite to
wing down. The
mal to her path.
cceleration after
Direction
of motion
C
D

16-Jun-16
a). The ramp is 3.14 (a) The skiers path. (b) Our solution.
point C onward.
Determine the direction of
int A to point E, (a)
A
er passing point
the acceleration vector at
at each of the
each point.
a skier
Components of Acceleration
ier is moving in
eleration points
points D, E, and
cceleration has a (b)
concave side of
is also an accelbecause she is
ad of the normal
nt E, the skiers
is maximum at
fore no parallel
ndicular to her
nent opposite to
wing down. The
mal to her path.
cceleration after

16-Jun-16
a). The ramp is 3.14 (a) The skiers path. (b) Our solution.
point C onward.
Determine the direction of
int A to point E, (a)
A
er passing point
the acceleration vector at
at each of the
each point.
Direction
of motion
C
D
QUIZ
Quiz II (4-9)
Draw the velocity and acceleration vectors of a cart
running on a loop-the-loop at (a) the top, (b) the
rightmost, and (c) the leftmost part of the loop.
You may draw the figure twice (one for v and one for a)

16-Jun-16
Quiz
ANSWER:
u

16-Jun-16

1.06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

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1.06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

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PHYSICS 71

Chapter 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

06 Position, Velocity and

Interpret the components of a body's acceleration

Solve kinematic problems in two and three

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

1 The position vector Sr from the origin to

An object at point 0(2, 4, 5) has

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Position vector of point P

average velocity vav between points

The change in positon is

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

average velocity vav between points

The change in positon is

(2/, 4/, 5/)

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

average velocity vav between points

The change in positon is

(2/, 4/, 5/)

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

average velocity vav between points

The change in positon is

(2/, 4/, 5/)

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

tangent to the path

Instantaneous Velocity Vector

G&/ + G*/ + G,/

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

oves in the xy-plane. In this

4 The two velocity components for

Instantaneous Velocity Vector (2D)

nteresting and useful than the

r the direction of the instandirection u of the position

vx and vy are the x- and yS

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

The instantaneous velocity vector v

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

oves in the xy-plane. In this

4 The two velocity components for

Instantaneous Velocity Vector (2D)

nteresting and useful than the

r the direction of the instandirection u of the position

vx and vy are the x- and yS

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

The instantaneous velocity vector v

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

oves in the xy-plane. In this

4 The two velocity components for

Instantaneous Velocity Vector (2D)

vx and vy are the x- and yS

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

The instantaneous velocity vector v

Fig: University Physics 13 th Ed, H. Young and R.

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

06 Position, Velocity and Acceleration Vectors