End-Term Assesment (ANSYS)

Condition Monitoring
Multiple damage detection and modal analysis in beams
from comparison of displacement modes and
second differences in mode shapes
Submitted to: Dr. Ummul Baneen

Javaria Chiragh 2015-MS-MC-03

Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore.

Abstract

This study presents damage detection analysis of beam using its modal parameters. Analysis on
beam is done by carrying out parametric studies using ANSYS software to analyze mode shapes
and natural frequencies. Damage detection is done by subtracting displacement mode shape of
healthy beam from damaged beam, and by taking second difference and checking for change.
Key Words: modal analysis, damage detection, natural frequencies, mode shapes

Introduction

This study is the application of modal analysis to detect multiple damages in a beam. Prescence
of damage (crack or hole) in a beam modifies its mode shapes and natural frequencies. We can
inversly measure damage depth and its location by measuring the changing in modal parameters,
but we have to develop a functional parameter for mapping of change in modal parameters to
detection of damage. By this damage detection we can access the condition of structures and their
safety analysis. Modal parameters discussed in this study are natural frequencies and mode shapes.
Existance of damage can be detected by measuring decrease in natural frequencies but it does not
provide any information to locate damage. Changes in mode shapes are more sensitive to local
damage so mode shapes are used to identify damage location. Displacement mode shapes are used
and It is observed that absolute changes in displacement mode shapes are localized in the region
of damage. Derivatives of mode shapes are more sensitive to small perturbations so they are also
used to detect damage. Problem statement is:
Modal analysis of beam with:
i. Hole & Edge-Slot: 25%, 10% & 5% thickness reduction (model damage at the bottom of the
beam. Hole can have 2 mm dia.
Damage 1 should be located at 0.19 m while damage 2 should be located at 0.54 m.
Beam dimensions are 1000 x 50 x 20 mm with properties E= 200GPa,v= 0.3,d= 7850 kg/m3.
Plot bending modes in matlab and detect damage by
1. Subtracting displacement modes of damaged beam from healthy beam
2. By taking second difference of damaged modes & plotting the result.

Design and modal analysis of beam

A simply supported beam is analyzed with dimensions: length=1 m, hieght=0.02 m, width=0.05

m. Holes ar present at 0.19 m and 0.54 m with 25% , 10% and 5% thickness reductuion
Steps taken to design the beam in ANSYS are:

1. Selecting element type:

PREPROCESSORELEMENT TYPEADD/EDIT/DELETEELEMENTS TYPE WINDOW
(Add20 node 186)

2. Adding material properties density = 7850kg/m3 youngs modulus E=200 GPa and Poissions Rotio=0.3 :
PREPROCESSORMATERIAL PROPSMATERIAL MODELS
MATERIAL MODEL BEHAVIOR WINDOW(StructuralLinearElasticIsotropicLinear isotropic
properties window (EX[2e11], PXY[0.3]))
MATERIAL MODEL BEHAVIOR WINDOW(StructuralNonLinearDensity[7850])

3. Modelling of beam - Creating volume

PREPROCESSORMODELLINGCREATEVOLUMESBLOCKBY 2 CORNERS & Z

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Figure 1: Creating Block Volume

4. Designing holes:
PREPROCESSORMODELLINGCREATEVOLUMESCYLINDERSBY DIMENSIONS

Figure 2: Designing hole cylinder

5. Moving holes:
Two holes are created and moved to locations 0.19 and 0.54 for each case
PREPROCESSORMODELLINGMOVE/MODIFYVOLUMES

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Figure 3: Moving hole cylinder

6. Subtracting hole:
PREPROCESSORMODELLINGOPERATEBOOLEANSSUBTRACTVOLUMES

7. Meshing:
PREPROCESSORMESHINGMESH TOOL
Meshing is done by setting the lines with no. of elements. 20 elements are given for length side,
20 for width and 30 for hieght. These number of elements are given for both healthy and damaged
beam.

Figure 4: Meshing

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Figure 5: Upper side after Meshing

Figure 6: Lowerr side after Meshing

Figure 7: Line plot showing holes

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Figure 8: Zoomed Line plot showing hole extent

8. Solution:
Solution is done for both 10 and 20 nodes. Damage peaks in difference of displacement modes were
easily observalbe in first three displacement modes so rest of solution is done for only 10 nodes that
give three displacement modes.
SOLUTIONANALYSIS TYPENEW ANALYSISMODAL
SOLUTIONANALYSIS TYPENEW ANALYSISANALYSIS OPTIONSMODAL ANALYSIS WINDOW(no. of modes to extrac[20])

9. Results:
Natural frequencies of different mode shapes are displayed in results summry. These natural frequencies are used to analyze damage on beam in later discussion.
GENERAL POSTPROCRESULTS SUMMRY
Modeshapes can be observed using results viewer. Displacement Mode shapes in the direction of
Z-plane is selected from DOF solution in results viewer and contour plots of beam are displayed
with stress intensity. First three displacement mode shapes are shown in figures.
GENERAL POSTPROCRESULTS VIEWER

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Figure 9: Displacement mode-1

Figure 10: Displacement mode-2

Figure 11: Displacement mode-3

Damage detection and modal analysis in

MATLAB

Modal analysis is repeated for each damage location and first three natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes are obtained for the damaged beam. The curvature difference between the
damaged and healthy beam case are obtained by using a MATLAB code with modal data obtained
from data sorting in EXCEL.
Data of Z-axis displacement mode shapes is saved and sorted in Microsoft Excel to select some
points from top center line of the beam. For top center line Z-axis values are taken as 0.02 m and
Y-axis values are taken at 0.025 for X-axis values varying fron 0 to 1. Then displacement values of
these points are saved in MATLAB tables and plotted against length of beam. MATLAB tables
contain 1st column of length of beam and remaining columns have data of different displacement
modes. In a MATLAB code, table is loaded into workspace and its first column is plotted against
each of other column values, hence mode shapes are plotted in MATLAB. Obtained results are
same mode shapes as displayed in ANSYS results viewer. Damage detection is firstly done by
subtracting healthy beam mode shapesmode shapes.
For curve fitting central difference equation is used and MATLAB command for second difference
is also used.
Central difference approximation equation is given as: K =

phi(j+1)i2ji+(j1)i
l2

With i being mode shape number, j the node number, ij is the modal displacement of the coordinate
j at mode i. l is distance between the nodes.The mode shape curvature criterion may be defined as
the difference in absolute curvatures of the healthy and damaged structures, for each mode, and

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may be represented as: = Khealthy Kdamaged

Based on the curvature difference values of measured data of damaged and healthy structures the
location of damage in the structure can be identified. Mode shape curvatures are more sensitive
to external perturbations. Using mode shape criterion results are obtained to detect location of
damage from camparison of both vibration displacement modes and curvature modes of healthy
and damaged beam and results are plotted. Difference curves are enhanced by adding their maximum values to them that has resulted more clear graph that shows peaks at damage locationns.
Results for both central difference equation and second difference command are shown in figures.
At a certain damage location, the value of mode shape curvature is significantly higher than the
ones at other locations.
All the calculations are done on only first three vibration modes of beam. However, Results can
be obtained for more than 3 modes. This will make our work more complex. Figure-12 shows 7
displacement modes of beam with 5% damage.

Figure 12: 7-Displacement modes for 5% reduction in hole thickness

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Figure 13: 3 Displacement modes for healthy beam

Figure 14: 3 Displacement modes for 5% reduction in hole thickness

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Figure 15: 3 Displacement modes for 10% reduction in hole thickness

Figure 16: 3 Displacement modes for 25% reduction in hole thickness

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Figure 17: Comparison table of Natural Frequencies

A localized damage in area reduces the stiffness in that area that is a cause of change in natural frequency of system and its modes of vibrations. The state of damage can be easily detected
by measuring the decrease in natural frequency which provides us a useful measure of existance of
damage. These change in natural frequencies are minor but detectable. But these changes cannot
predict the location of damage in structure because it is global parameter of structure.

Figure 18: Comparison of difference in Mode 1 for different damages

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Figure 19: Magnitude of difference between healthy and damaged beams

Figure 20: Curvature mode shapes of damaged beams

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Figure 21: Difference b/w curvature mode shapes of healthy and damaged beams

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Figure 22: Average of 3 modes difference b/w healthy and damaged beams

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Results & Comments

1. It can be seen from natural frequencies table that by increasing the value of damage (thickness
reduction due to hole) there is a visible decrease in natural frequency of structure.
2. When more than one fault is present in structure, it is not possible to locate that fault from any
one of the modes. We have to carefully analyze different modes to locate damage. By analyzing
mode shapes we can conclude that the maximum absolute difference occurs at the damage location.
I have used mean to find some relation between peaks in difference of curvature mode shapes, by
averaging all three modes some trend can be seen from the figure-22 that there is a damage around
0.2 m and a damage is also present near 0.6 m. The numerical and graphical results demonstrate
the effectiveness of using curvature mode shapes in locating damages in beams.
3. Mode shape curvatures are more sensitive to external perturbations.
4.The absolute difference between curvature mode shapes of damaged beam and curvature mode
shapes of healthy beams increases with increasing the sevearity of damage.
5. This method gives a nice approximation to detect damages and their intensity using modal
parameters.
6. We can measure damage intensity using natural frequencies and location of damage using
curvature mode shapes or difference between mode shapes.
7. The higher modes give the better results in case of location damage.
8. This work provides a useful tool for detection of medium size crack and holes in simply supported
and cantilever beam and can be extended to develop online crack or hole detection methodology
in turbine blades and shafts.

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