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Absolute bioavailability fraction of drug absorbed

upon extravascular administration vs dose size
administered
Absorption process of uptake of the compound from
the site of administration into the systemic circulation.
Prereq: aqueous solution. Rare exception: pinocytosis
Accumulation increase of drug concentration in
blood and tissue until steady state is reached
Apparent partition coefficient ratio of the
concentrations (lipid phase <usual n-octanol> :
aqueous phase <usually buffer pH7.4>)
- uncorrected for dissociation or association in either
phase
Area under the curve drug blood level over time
from zero to infinity
- measure of quantity of drug absorbed
Area under first statistical moment curve area under
the curve observed for the product of time and
concentration vs time
Biliary recycling (enterohepatic recirculation) drugs
emptied via bile into the small intestine (can be
reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic
circulation
Bioavailability - relative amt of drug that enters the
systemic circulation and the rate ar which the drug
appears in the blood stream
Bioequivalence- achieved if the extent and rate of
absorption are not statistically significantly different
from those of the standard when administered at the
same molar dose
Bioequivalence requirement for in vitro and/ or in
vivo testing of specified drug products
Biological half life
Biopharmaceutics physical and chemical properties
of the drug substance
Biophase actual site of action of drugs
Blood flow rate- speed of blood perfusion in an organ
(mL/100 g organ weight/min)
Blood-, plasma- or serum- levels demonstrate the
concentration in blood, plasma or serum upon
administration of a dosage form; samples by
venipuncture
Central compartment sum of all body regions in
which the drug concentration is in instantaneous
equilibrium
Chronopharmacokinetics study of pharmacokinetic
drug parameters as affected by circadian rhythm or
diurnal variation
Circadian rhythm biological clock (during a 24 hr
cycle)
Clearance hypothetical volume of distribution (mL)
of the unmetabolized drug which is cleared per unit of
time by any pathway of drug removal
Clinical pharmacokinetics application of
pharmacokinetic principles for the treatment of
individual patients and the optimization of drug
therapy
A compartment entity described by a definite
colume and a concentration of drug contained in that
volume
Concentration gradient difference in the
concentration in two phases usually separated by a
membrane
Creatinine clearance ratio of creatinine in urine :
conc. Of creatinine in plasma
- creatinine clearance decreases with renal
impairment and with age
Cumulative urinary excretion curves plots of the
actual cumulative amounts of drug excreted into the
urine vs time upon administration of a drug
Depot phase portion of a prolonged release dosage
- liberates the drug from the dosage form at a slower
rate than its unrestricted absorption rate
Diffusion layer viscous layer of concentrated drug
solution
Disposition loss of drug from the central
compartment due to transfer (distribution)

28. Diurnal variation biological clock controlling rhythms

of processes during a 24 hour cycle
29. Dosage regimen/ dose rate systematized dosage
schedule for therapy
30. Dose dependency change of one of more of the
pharmacokinetic processes of absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion with increasing dose size
31. Dose dumping the achievement of sustained drug
concentration by simply increasing the dose size or by
accidental fast release of drug from a sustained
release dosage form
32. Dose-response curve graphical presentation of the
pharmacological or clinical effectiveness or toxicity vs
dose.
- log dose-response curve is sigmoid with a straight
line
- log dose-probability curve results in an entirely
straight line
33. Dose size amount of drug in microgram
34. Dosing interval time period between administration
of maintenance doses
35. A drug chemical compound of synthetic,
semisynthetic, natural or biological origin which
interacts with human or animal cells
36. A drug specialty/ brand product labeled with a
registered trade mark of a single company
37. Drug release/ liberation delivery of the active
ingredient from a dosage form into solution
- dissolution medium: biological fluid / artificial test
fluid
- drug release is characterized by the speed
(liberation rate constant) and the amount of drug
appearing in solution.
38. A drug product/ dosage form gross pharmaceutical
form containing the active ingredient(s) and vehicle
substances
39. Drug receptor interaction combining of a drug
molecule with the receptor for which it has affinity,
initiation of a pharmacologic response by its intrinsic
activity
40. Elimination half life time (hrs) necessary to reduce
the drug concentration in the blood, plasma or serum
to one half.
- influenced by dose size, variation in urinary
excretion (pH), intersubject variation, age, protein
binding, other drugs, and diseases
- elimination of the administered parent drug
molecule by urinary excretion , metabolism or other
pathways of elimination
41. Enterohepatic recirculation (biliary recycling) drugs
emptied via bile into the small intestine
-reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic
circulation
42. Enzyme induction increase in enzyme content or
rate of enzymatic processes = faster metabolism
auto induction stimulates its own metabolism
foreign induction caused by other compounds
43. Enzyme inhibition decreased in rate of metabolism
44. Excretion final elimination from the bodys systemic
circulation
45. Extravascular administration refers to all routes of
administration (except for those drugs introduced into
the blood stream)
46. Feathering graphical method for the separation of
exponents
- residual method is synonymous with feathering
47. First pass effect phenomenon whereby drugs may be
metabolized following absorption but before reaching
systemic circulation.
- hepatic first pass effect may occur following P.O. and
deep rectal administration
- avoided by using sublingual and buccal routes
- pulmonary first pass effect cannot be avoided by IV,
buccal or sublingual routes
48. Flip flop model rate of absorption is slower than the
rate of elimination

49. The gastrointestinal tract part of the alimentary

canal comprising stomach , small and large intestine
50. Generic product non propriety or common name of
the drug
51. Hepatic clearance hypothetical volume of
distribution in mL of the unmetabolized drug which is
cleared in one minute via the liver
52. Homeostasis maintenance of a steady state
- important function: regulation of the fluid medium
and volume of the cell
53. Hybrid rate constants composite rate constants
consisting of two or more micro constants, and are
hybrid rate constants.
54. Initial phase- immediately available for absorption
55. Intravascular administration drug is directly
introduced into the blood stream
56. Intrinsic clearance theoretical unrestricted maximum
clearance od unbound drug by an eliminating organ

57. I.V. bolus - physiologic nonsense and poor use of

language
- bolus (greek) : bite, something solid which is
swallowed and is then absorbed from the intestines
- correct term : IV push
58. The LADMER system complex dynamic processes of
liberation of an active ingredient
- absorption into systemic circulation
- distribution and metabolism in the body
excretion of the drug
- achievement of response
59. Lag time period of time which elapses between the
time of administration
- time a measurable drug concentration is found in
blood.
- often found upon P.O. administration cause slow
integration and dissolution of tablets or capsules
60. Lean body weight patients body weight minus the
fat mass.
-drugs of low lipid solubility should be dosed in obese
patients according to the lean body weight.
61. Loading dose, priming dose, or initial dose used in
initiating therapy
62. Local effect administered at the site where the
pharmacological response is desired
- doesnt enter the systemic blood circulation or
lymphatic stream
63. Maintenance dose required to maintain the clinical
effectiveness
64. Mean transit/ residence time time when 63.2 percent
of an IV dose has been eliminated
65. Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions for
biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous
substances
66. Michaelis-menten kinetics equations to characterize
certain phenomena ( protein binding, adsorption, and
non linear or saturation processes often observed with
increasing dose sizes)
67. Micro constants constant that are part of the hybrid
constants (ex. K12, k21)
68. Monitoring- determination and recording of drug
concentrations during the course of therapy
69. Multiple dose administration given repeatedly at
intervals shorter than those required
70. Nonlinear kinetics/ saturation kinetics change of one
or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters during
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion by
saturation or overloading of processes due to
increased dose sizes
71. Oral administration buccal, sublingual, and
perlingual administration
72. Peripheral compartment sum of all body regions to
which a drug eventually distributes
- not in instantaneous equilibrium
- further subdivided into: SHALLOW and DEEP
COMPARTMENT

73. Peroral administration swallowed

- drug is absorbed from the GI tract
74. Pharmaceutical alternatives contain the identical
therapeutic moiety, or its precursor
75. Pharmaceutical equivalents contain identical
amounts of the identical active drug ingredient
- not necessarily containing the same inactive
ingredients
76. Pharmacokinetics changes of drug concentration in
the drug product and changes of concentration of a
drug and/or its metabolite(s) in the human or animal
body
Liberation, absorption, distribution, body storage,
binding, metabolism and excretion
77. Protein binding- occurs when a drug combines with
plasma protein or tissue protein to form a reversible
complex
- non specific (depends on drugs affinity, number of
protein binding sites, protein and drug concentration)
78. Rate limiting step slowest rate constant
79. Receptor drug molecules can be bound.
- usually a protein or proteinaceous material
80. Relative bioavailability extent of drug absorbed upon
extravascular administration vs dose size of a
standard administered
81. Renal clearance hypothetical plasma volume in mL
of unmetabolized drug which is cleared in one min via
the kidney
82. Single dose administration next dose of the same
drug is administered only after the previous dose is
completely eliminated
83. Sorption promoters or permeation enhancers
substances that have no pharmacological properties
- can improve the penetration of drugs into the skin or
their permeation through skin or mucosa by reducing
the barrier resistance.
84. Steady state level of drug accumulation in blood and
tissue upon multiple dosing when input and output are
at equilibrium
85. Structural nonspecific drugs pharmacological is not
directly dependent on chemical structure.
-highly lipophilic
-dont react easily
- act by physic-chemical processes
- examples: ether, nitrous oxide, halothane, phenol,
ethyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, acetone
86. Structural specific drugs pharmacological action
results primarily from their chemical structure
- examples: antibiotics, sulfonamides, glycosides,
alkaloids, etc.
87. Sustained release property of prolonged release
dosage forms
- liberation rate constant is smaller than the
unrestricted absorption rate constant.
88. Systemic effect - drug enters the blood and/or
lymphatic streams
- distributed within the body
89. Total clearance clearance of the hypothetical plasma
volume (mL)
- drug per unit time due to excretion via kidney, liver,
lung, skin, etc. and metabolism
90. Unit membrane physical barrier to transport in the
body.
- lipoidal
- double row of phospholipids sandwiched between
one layer eAch or protein
91. Urinary recycling drugs filtered through the
glomeruli are reabsorbed from the tubuli into systemic
circulation
92. Vehicle carrier of the drug
93. Vehicle substances additives necessary in
formulating a dosage form
- chemically inert
-should not have any pharmacological effect in the
dose used
94. Volume of distribution not a real volume
- required to dissolve the total amount of drug at the

same concentration as that found in the blood.

-proportionally constant