.

j "-

;N :D T Training Program

iM AGNETIC
'~'ART;ICLEMETHOD
I.

T
ontinuwng
ducation
In Nondestructive
Testing

The American Society for Nondestructive

Testin~

N D T Trai ning Program

MA G NET I CPA R TIC L E

Table Of Cohtents

MET

HOD

Page

Student's Guide, Introduction & Outline

Lesson 1 . ; ............. ..':. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Quiz
. 1~
9
Lesson 2 .... .............. '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Quiz
17
Less'on 3 ................ .. ...... .. .............. 19
Quiz
25
Lesson 4 .... .... ....... . ................. . .... 27
Quiz
35
Lesson 5 ...................................... 37
Quiz
47
Lesson 6 ..... . . . ......... . .................... 49
. Qui z
59
Lesson 7 ...................................... 61
Quiz
7-1
Lesson 8 ......... ' ....... . ..................... 73
Quiz
85
Lesson 9 ....... . .... '" ... . .................. . . 87
Q~iz

91

------------- ..... . --------- - - -- -- - - - -.

'NDT TRAINiNG PROGRAM

/-- --.
l'

STUDENT'S GUIDE
MAGN ETIC PARTIC LE ~i! ETKOD

I.

II.

INTRODU CTION TO THE MA GNETI C PARTICLE TRAINING PACKAGE

The training materials in this package are designed to provide a beslcknowltadge of the fundamentals of
magnetic particle testing . The training program that you are participating in will contain the follewing
classroom hours of instruction to present the information suggested in the ASNT publication SNT- Te, A
Recommsndad Practice, June 1975 Edition.
.
Leval. I training will include lectures on all nine lessens with an average of approximately 1.5 heurs per
lessori" ,Emphasis will be given toJessons 1-6 .
L~\fe l H training will include lecture~ on all nine lessons with an average of approximately 2.25 heurs per
lesson . Emphasis will be given to lessons 7-9.
The student should assume the responsibility for reading all assignments,attending lectures, and par
ticipating in class discussions. Short exams will be administered after each lesson to provide the student
with a feel for his/her progress and to stimulate study .

CONTENTS OF TRAINING PACKAGE

Your training package will contain the following materials with specific instnuctions and assignments to. be
given by the course instructor.

1. STUDENT'S PACKAGE
A. Studsnt's Guldij) which will outline the purpose , content, and use of the training materials.
B. 1 C/8luroom if'rslnlO"jg Hemdbook which w ill serve as the major text for the training course
(CT"6-3).'
,. . .
,
'
C. ',9 Indl'lldua llscture gulde,packets on the fundamentals of magnetic particle testing . The lecture
guide materials are provided with each lesson and are identical to the transparencies used by the .,
instnuctor during the lecture . During the iE~cture the student should use the guides to make addi
tional notes, and the guide will then become valuable to study from at a later date.
D. 1 pscket of quizzes. The instructor may .elect to remove the Quizzes "from your packet prier to
starting the course and administer them as each lesson is completed. A quiz will be furnished for
each of the nine lessons in the training course.

2. INSTRUCTOR'S PACKAGE
A. ' The instructor's package w ill contain all of the information that you have with the addition of an in
structor's guide, lecture guide .transparencies, and quiz keys.
B. At the option of the instructor, a set of filmstrips may be used to provide additional depth and
clarity .
_C. At the option of the instructor, the Programmed Instructien Handbooks may be used fer additienal
aSSignments .
D. Several types of certificates are available from AS f:J ran amay' be issued at the option of the in'
structor .

LESSON 1
tr --- ~ '"

INTR ODUCTION
BECAUSE MAGNETIZATION OF CERTAIN METALS IS POSSIBLE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO
REVEAL DISCONTINUITIES BY USING A MEDIUM (IRON POWDER) HAVING MAGNETIC
ATIRACTION .
THE MEDIUM IS APPLIED TO THE SURFACE OF THE TEST OBJECT AFTER OR DURING INDUCTION OF A MAGNETIC FIELD . .
THE SKETCH BELOW SHOWS A BUILD-UP OF THE MAGNETIC PARTICLE MEDIUM
OVER THE DISCONTINUITY IN THE MAGNETIZED PART.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE
. BUILD-UP (IRON POWDER)

.....

.,';

MAGNETIC
FIELD

5/\ ~.. I.
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING IS A RELATiVELY EASY AND SIMPLE TEST METHOD
THAT CAN BE APPLIED AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF MAGNETiC pARTICLE TESTIN G IS TO INSURE PRODUCT

RELIABILITY BY PROVIDING A MEANS OF:
A. OBTAINING A VISUAL IMAGE OF AN INDICATION ON THE SURFACE OF A
MATERIAL.
B . DISCLOSING THE NATURE OF DISCONTINUITIES WITHOUT IMPAIRING THE
. 'MATERIAL.
C. SEPARATING ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE MATERIAL IN ACCORDANCE
WITH PREDETERMINED STANDARDS .

MT Lecture Guide
Lesson 1
/

.,.

TH~ORY

OF MAGNETIZA nON

AN OBJECT IS MAGNETIZED WHEN PART OR ALL OF ITS MAGNETIC DOMAINS HAVE

THEIR NORTH AND SOUTH POLES ORIENTED AS IN THE SKETCH BELOW.

0B0~S000~0
N 's
.

N&e-Ne-S-e~SB~SBBB-

.S

N .

B-e-e-e-BBBB-BB

QB000G00B
.
s
.d"::

THE ABILITY OF A MAGNET TO '/~/iTRACT OR REPEL IS CONCENTRATED AT THE

LOCAL AREAS CALLED POLES. THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES EXHIBIT ATTRACTION AND REPULSION AS SHOWN IN THE SKETCH BELOW.

Is, ~
.1' _ 1

1"

.EPEL

..

ATTRACT

..

UNED UP, THE MAGNETIC BAR

~U!Il9~Jl.ll OF

EQUAL TO THE
THE MAGNETIC DOMAINS.

THESE ARE THE MAGNETIC LINES

OF FORCE WHICH FORM A
CLOSED LOOP OR CIRCUIT.

ALL OF THE UNES OF FORCE

MAKE UP THE MAGNETIC FIELD.

~-=
-

--_
_

r.
--~

((

( ~

..

LINES OF FORCE

~\\
')1

Hi'

. ::

/)

~'---_--~-=- J

------- ----

"--

"I

WITH ALL OF THE MAGNETIC DOMAiNS

DEVELOPS A TOTAL FORCE

---::;::."

MT Lecture Guide
Lesson 1

, . ...

THE FORCE THAT AITRACTS OTHER MAGNETIZABLE MATERIALS TO THE rviAGNETIC

POLES IS KNOWN AS MAGNETiC FLUX.

-.

MAGNETIC -FLUX IS MADE UP OF ALL OF THE

LINES OF FORGE.
THE HORSESHOE MAGNET WILL AITRAGT OTHER
MAGNETIZABLE MATERIAL ONLY WHERE THE
LINES OF FORCE LEA \fIE OR ENTER THE MAGNET .

.~~...

IF A MAGNET IS BENT INTO A COMPLETE LOOP AS SHOWN BELOW, THE MAGNETIC

.

FIELD IS ENTIRELY WITHIN, THUS NO EXTERNAL FORCE.

HOWEVER, A CRACK '-IN THE CIRCULAR MAGNET WILL DISRUPT THE FLOW OF LINES
OF FORCE AND CREATE A FLUX LEAKAGE.
IRON PARTiCLES

LEAKAGE FIELD WILL

FIELD IS ENTIRELY
.. WlTHlfli, "THUS NO '

ATTRACT MAGNETIC

PARTICLES

EXTERf4AL FORCE

.. LEAKAGE FIELDS (FLUX LEAKAGE) ARE ACTUALLY MAGNETIC UNES OF FORCE

THAT LEAVE THE PART AND PASS THROUGH AIR FROM ONE POLE TO THE OTHER
OF OPPOSITE POLARITY.

---....- ... .. -..

. ..

LESSOf\J 2

{.

C!RCULARMAGf'JETiZA-T!/:'JN------~:; - .

CiRCUL~d~

MAGNETIC FiELD

m INOUCED!NTO

A SPECiMEN BY:

DIRECT INDUCTION OF A CIRCULAR FIELD - INTO AN ARTICLE. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED B Y PASSING A CURRENT THROUGH THE ARTICLE AS SHOWN IN THE

HE-AD -SHOT BELOW.

CURR ENT

HEAD SHOT

DIRECT INDUCTION USING PR:ODS-PROD -MAGNETIZATION IS USED WHERE THE

SIZE OR LOCATION OF AN ARTICLE DOES NOT PERMIT THE USE OF A HEAD SHOT
OR CENTRAL CONDUCTOR. CURRENT FLOW AND CIRCULAR FIELD DISTRIBU
TIONS ARE SHOWN BELOW.

~.-.----: CU RR ENT
if

PR ODS

INDIRECT INDUCTION OF A CIRCULAR FIELD. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY PLACING

A CURRENT..cARRYING CONDUCTOR INTO THE SP;CIMEN. THIS METHOD IS
KNOWN AS THE CENTRAL CONDUCTOR TECHNIQUE AND IS ILLUSTRATED BELOW.

CURRENT -

CENTRAL CONDUCTOR

11

MT Lecture Guide
Lesson 2

CiRCULAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN A NONMAGNETIC MAo iERIAL

IN A NONMAGNETIC MATERIAL THE LINES OF FORCE Will NOT STAY IN THE

MATERIAL FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN A COPPER BAR IS USED, THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS
ESTABLISHED AROUND THE BAR AS SHOWN BELOW.

CURRENT

FLOW
... 'r

:' 1.

CIRCULAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN'A "FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

IN A FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL THE LINES OF FORCE ARE ESTABLISHED WITHIN

THE MATERIAL IRON IS PERMEABLE AND ' READILY ' CONDUCTS THE MAGNET!C
F!ELD AS SHOWN BELOW.

'IN

BOTH

FERROMAGNETIC AND NONMAGNETJCMATERIALS, THE LINES OF FORCE

ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES (90) TO THE DIRECTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOW.

IRON PARTICLES WILL NOT BE AITRACTED TO A MAGNETlZED --PARTEXCEPi
WHERE A FLUX LEAKAGE EXISiS. A CRACK IN THE PART AS SHOWN BELOW
~

WOULD CAUSE A TYPICAL INDICATION .

12

/'

 _ _

_ _

MT Ledure Guide
Lesson 2
. . ..._....... . __..... -_._- -_._ -- -

CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION \1VILL DETECT DiSCONTiNUiTIES "fHAT ARE BETWEEN

45 AND 90 DEG'REES TO THE UNESOF FORCE.
A CRACK THAT RUNS PARALLEL TO THE LINES OF FORCE WILL NOT ATIRACT
PARTICLES B ECAUSE NO POLES OR FLUX LEAKAGE EXiSTS AT THE CRACK (SEE

BELOW).

-------f"f 1( (. {

CRACK PARALLEL TO LI NES

OF FORCE WI'-L NOT SHOW ,:~j

. .

" '~

CRACK AT """ l l

SH
awKt

CRACK AT TO liN ES OF FORCE Will ,",OW

THE CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION CREATED W~rH PRODS V't'ILL ALSO ONLY DETECT
DISCONTINUITIES THAT ' ARE ESSENTIALLYPER~ENI) ~ CU.lA~ TO THE UNES ' OF

;FORCE.

MAGNEllC UNES
OF FORCE

WELD

'i3

.....

__

....

-...._-----.._--_._.

__._ --

M T Le ctu re Guide
Lesson 2
_.

. LON Gi TUD iNAL MAGNETI ZATiON

A LO NG ITUDINA L MAGNETIC FIELD IS INDUCED INTO A SPECIMEN BY:
COIL (SO LEN OI D}-WHE N THE LENGTH OF THE SPECIMEN IS SEVER AL TI MES ITS
DIAM ETER

OR

CROSS

SECTION, THE SPECI MEN

CAN

BE SUCCESSFULL Y

MAGNETIZED B Y PLACING IT LENGTHW ISE IN TH E FIELD OF THE COIL (SEE

BELO W).

LO NGITUDI NAL
FIELD

"

CURRENT

CURRENT

YOKE-A YOKE MAY BE USED TO MA GNETIZE A SPECIMEN LONG iTUDINALLY AS

SHOWN BELOW .
THE YO KE IS ESSENTI ALLY A TEMPORARY HORSESHOE MAGNET. IT IS MADE OF
SOFT, LOW RETENTIVITY IRON, WH ICH IS MAGN ETIZED BY A SMAL:L COIL WOUN D
AROUND ITS HORIZONTAL BAR.
:,".

CUR REPH'-.."..~

WE LD

ft-iL
: -_ _ _~~/....::/:........-----...
~ LONGITUDINAL
M AGNETIC FIELD

TEST

ARTICLE

NOTE : BOTH ILL USTRATIONS ABOVE USE THE OLDER CONVENTION ( + TO USING ~ H E RIGHT-HAN D RULE) TO DEMONSTRATE CURRENT FLOW.

14

I\I1T Lec ture Guide

Lesson 2
.,.---"

WHEN COPPER WIRE IS WOUND INTO A COI L, THE LI NES OF FLUX AROUr'JD EP-,cH
TURN OF THE COIL COMBINE WITH THOSE OF EACH OF THE OTHER TURNS IN THE
COIL.
.

'

THIS INCREASES THE FLUX DENSITY IN THE LONGI TU DINAL DIRECTION.

THE FLUX DENSITY IS THE GREATEST AT THE SURFACE OF THE COPPER WIRE;
THEREFORE, FLUX DENSITY WI LL BE GREATEST AT T HE iNSIDE SURFACE OF THE

. COIL.
PARTS BEING MAGNETIZED SHOULD BE PLACED NEAR THE INSIDE SURFACE OF
THE COIL AS SHOWN BELOW .
,.'

COIL

...:,

TEST ~ TICLE

~\C~\~~~
-~~

LONGITUDINAL
MAGNETIC
FIELD

WHICH OF THE DISCONTINU ITIES ON THE SU RFACE OF THE BAR ON THE RIGHT
WOULD BE DETECTED IF IT WERE INSPECTED IN THE COIL ON THE LEFT?

'

15

NAME _ _ _._ _ _ _ __
.... .. . . -- _ .__ ._- --

-'--------

LESSON 2
.QUiZ
1. Prod magnetization is considered direct induction which results; in a longitudinal magnetic field.
2. A circular magnetic field induced into a ferromagnetic material. establishes lines of force that are
essentially within the material.
_ __ 3. Lines of force that do not stay within the material are the result of using a nonmagnetic material as a
conductor.
___ 4 . A flux leakage will often result where a discontinuity such as a crack runs parallel to the lines of
force .
5 . In ferromagnetic materials the lines of force are at right angles (90 0) to the direction of electric cur
rent flow.
6. In nonmagnetic materials the lines afforce are at right angles (90) to the direction of electric cur
rent flow.
<,
7. Prods and yokes both produce a longitudinal magnetic field.
B. Where the highest flux density possible is needed to longitudinally magnetize a part, it should be
placed as close as possible to the center of the coil.
9. A central conductor and prods can both be used to induce a circular magnetic field.
___ 10. In.d irect induction with a central conductor is used to produce a circular magnetic field.
___ 1 1 . Either a yoke or prods could be used to effectively detect a longitudinal crack in a weld.
_ 12. A head shot is a method of direct induction that produces a longitudinal magnetic field in the part.
___ 13. The flux density will be the greatest at the surface of a nonmagnetic central conductor.
14. A yoke is often used where the part is too large to permit the. use of a head shot to induce a
longitudinal field.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _15. In the sketch below, which of the three defects could be detected if the part
contained circular magnetization?

Po.

i
./

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 16 . In the sketch above, which of the three defects could be detected if the part
contained longitudinal magnetization?

17