Proc.Schl.Eng.Tokai Univ.,Ser.

E
26 (2001), pp. -

Theoretical Analysis on Hydraulic Transportation of

Solids Using the Jet Pump
by

Chamlong PRABKEAO *1 and Katsumi AOKI*2

(Received on Mar.31 & Accepted on May 23,2001 )

Abstract
The characteristics of solid handling jet pump are affected by many factors, for instance, nozzle-throat area ratio, flow rate
ratio, head ratio, concentration of slurry by volume for suction side, loss factors for suction and delivery side, slip velocity
between water and solid, velocity etc. In design of jet pump with solids, it is very important to clear the problem by using
many factors. This paper describes the theoretical analysis for hydraulic transportation characteristics of solids using to the jet
pump by changing the main factor in the solid handling jet pump can be predict the characteristics.
Keywords: Hydraulic transportation, Solids, Jet pump, Characteristics, Efficiency

1.Introduction

2.Nomenclature

As jet pump is simple construction, no moving parts and easy

: area

working, it has been used widly for draw water from a well

: area ratio (d D )

: specific weight

recirculating pump of a rector and a drain pump of civil

:concentration by volume

: specific grabity

constructions etc.

C'

: concentration by weight

: slip factor

: total head

: flow rate ratio

studies has done theoretically and experimentally by Gasline ,

He

: effective head

: head ratio

Ichikawa(2), Cunningkam(3) , Muller(4) , Reddy(5) and Ueda (6) etc. Since

Hd

: discharge head

: efficiency

the J.Thomson(7) reported in 1852. But these papers study of the

Hp

: drive head

characteristies for the water-jet pump, when both suction and motive

Hs : suction head

: discharge side

fluid are the same.

: loss of head

dif

: diffuser

: loss factor

: nozzle

centerline is

: pressure

mc

: mixing chamber

experimentally for transporting solid

: volumetic flow rate

: suction side

and the performance of annular jet pump is published

: velocity

: solid

: weight flow rate

ss

: solid in suctionside

The characteristics of jet pump with solid are affected by many

su

: slurry

factors, for instance, nozzle-throat area ratio, flow rate ratio, head

sw

: water in suctionside

ratio, concentration of slurry by volume for suction side, loss factors

: water

Study on the characteristics of center drive type jet pump, many

(1)

In recent years, a jet pump which has a 90bend connected

directly to a water-jet
discussed theoretically
materials

(8),(9)

nozzle
and

along

the

the expertimentally(10),(11).

: Coefficient of velocity

Subscript

for suction and delivery side, slip velocity between water and solid
velocity etc. Therefore, in design of jet pump with solids, it is very

3.Calculation for Predicting the Performance of

a Solids Handling Jet Pump.

important to clear the effect for the many factors.

In this study, it has been predicted the theoretical characteristics
of jet pump by changing of main factors in the center drive jet pump

Figuer1.shows

with solids.

the

principle

of

jet

pump

for

hydraulics

transportation of solids and the efficiency is given the following

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology,
Ladkrabang (KMITL),Bangkok, Thailand.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of
Engineering, Tokai University.

equation

su Qsu H

w Qj He

(1)

Chamlong Prabkeao and Katsumi Aoki

Qd = Qj + Qsu

(2)

Ad = Aj + As

(3)

Qsu= Qss + Qsw

(4)

Qss = s vs As Cs

(5)

Qsw = vs As (1-Cs)
dQss =

su

(6)

Qsu +

Qj

(7)
(8)

Wd = Wsu + Wsj

(9)

Wsu = Wss + Wsw

(10)

Wss = s Qss = s s vs As Cs
Wsw =

Wsu =

Qsu

su

Qsw =

(11)

vs As (1-Cs)

(12)

Fig.1 Schematic diagram for hydraulic transportation of

Solid used jet pump

Combining continuity equations (6), (9), (10), (11) and (12), the
specific weight of slurry can be expressed as follows

Here, as in Fig.1, H = H d H s , H e = H p H d is total

head, H e is effective head. The construction of jet pump is

Wsu C s ( s s w ) + w
=
Qsu
(1 C s ) + s C s

su =

radically different from the centrifugal pump in that it contains no

(13)

moving parts as in Fig.2 and its power supply is high pressure jet of
water. The apparatus functions as a pumping device in the following

and the specific weight

manner.

discharge line at section d may be defined as

and concentration by volume Cd of

su w ( + 1)
w + su

(14)

Qsu su Wsu
=
Qj w
Wj

(15)

d =
=

Cd =

Qss
s Cs w
=
Q j + Qsu {(1 C s ) + s C s }( su + w ) (16)

Here, is flow rate ratio.

Average velocity in pipe at point b and e are given as
follows equations.
Fig.2 Fundamentals of the structure for jet pump
The drive nozzle converts the pressure zone at the tip of the

vs =

Qj w
su As { s C s + (1 C s )}

vd =

B(1 + ) vj w
d { d C d + (1 C d )}

nozzle. The low pressure zone induces flow of the suction fluid in

(17)
(18)

the direction of driving jet. The high speed driving jet which exits

Here, coefficient of slip velocity in the suction and discharge side

from the tip of nozzle entrains and exchanges momentum with the

are

= Vss/Vsw and

= Vds/Vdw.

Substitute equations (17) and (18) into the momentum equation

suction fluid and accelerates it throughout the mixing chamber.

The kinetic energy of the mixed fluid is converted pressure energy in

between points c and d and if we divide by

the diffuser which follows the mixing.

rearrange them, it becomes the following equation.

This pressure creates flow in the discharge line. There are four

independent equations that can be developed due to momentum and

energy considerations.

Pd 2rdr

w Ad

Referring to Fig.2, there equations are:

in the solution are taken. At the first, general continuity equations

are presented as follows.

w Ad

)}

w
{1 C s (1 s d s w )}
B(1 + )
2 B + 2 B w
{1 C d (1 d )} d
su
{1 C s (1 s )}

B 2 (1 + )

These four equations will now be developed before further step

Pc 2rdr

v 2j

2 B + 2 2 w
2g
su

2) the energy equation between points and ,

energy equation between points and .

Ad together and

=
1) the momentum equation between points and ,
3) the energy equation between points and and the

w,

1 C s 1 s2 s w

2
1 C s (1 s )

w
K mc
d 1 C d (1 d )2

(19)

Theoretical Analysis on Hydraulic Transportation of Solids Acording to Jet pump

By Substitute equations (23), (25) and (26) into equations

Energy equation between a and c, the drive head (Hp ) is

(13), (14) and (21) and if rearranged them, total head H and
effective head He can be expressed the equation as follows.

presented as follows equation.

Hp

Pa 2rdr

v2
+d a
2g

w Aa

Pc 2rdr

+ ( j + K j )

w Ac

v 2j

(20)

2g

Hs

Pc 2rdr

w Ac

2B2 w

+
(1 B )2 su

B
{1 (1 s )C s su s }

+ 1
(C s su s )
{
(
)
}

1
+
1
su
s
s s w

1
(1 d )
( + su w )

{1 (1 s )C s su s }

B 2 (1 + )
+ 1
{
(
)
}

1
C

+
1
su
s
s s w

su { s (1 Cs +Cs s2 ) + K s } v
2g
{1 Cs (1 s )}2
2
j

(21)

K mc

(C s su s )
(1 d )
1

( + su w )

suction head Hd is become as follow equation.

Hd =

Pd 2rdr

w Ad

B (1 + ) d

{1 C d (1 d )}2 d

K dif d 1 C d + C d d2

2
j

)}2vg

He =

(23)

{ (

(23) into equation (16) and if rearranged with s 1, it

following equation

= C 's
d
+1

B
{1 (1 s )C s su s }

+ 1
(C s su s )
{
(
)
}

1
+
1

s
s
w
su
s

1
(1 d )
( + su w )

{1 (1 s )C s su s }

B 2 (1 + )
+ 1
{
(
)
}

1
+
1

s su
s
s s w

(25)

Substitute equation (24) for equations (25) and (26)

C 'd = C d

{1 (1 s d s w )C s su s }
2 B + 2 B
{C s su s ( s s w 1) + 1}

su

su
+
w

v 2j
B 2 (1 + )
( j + K j ) +
2 g
{1 (C s su s ) ( + su w ) (1 d )}2

B 2 1 1 s2 s w C ' s su s
2 B + 2 2
+ 1
2
1 B {( s s w 1)C ' su s + 1}

suction side can consider as s 1, and substitute equation

Cd =

s {1 C s (1 s2 )}+ K s

{1 (1 s )C su s }{( s s w 1)C su s + 1}2 + 1

(24)

velocity very small. Therefore, the coefficient of slip velocity s

C's

K dif d 1 C s
1 v d2
(
)
+
1

the relative velocity of water and particle of solids can consider as

becomes the

{1 (1 s )C s su s }

+ 1
{
(
)
}
1
1

su
s
s s w

Where, as the average velocity of slurry in suction pipe is slow,

in

(C s su s )
(1 d )
1

( + su w )

(27)

The relation between concentration by volume c and weight

Cd = C 'd d
s

B 2 (1 + )

(22)

C is expressed as follows.

C s = C 's su
s

2B2

1 v d2 +
K dif d 1 C s
2
(1 + )
(1 B )

{1 (1 s )C s su s }

+ 1
2

{( s s w 1)C su s + 1}

And also, the energy equation between points d and e

{1 (1 s d s w )C s su s }
2 B + 2 B
{C su s ( s s w 1) + 1}

By the energy equation between points b and cthe suction

head He is presented as follows.

{ (

2
v 2j
1 1 s2 s w C ' s su s
2 B
2 B + 2
2 g
1 B {( s s w 1)C su s + 1}2

H=

(26)

K mc

{1 (1 d )(C s su

s ) ( + su w )}

(28)

Chamlong Prabkeao and Katsumi Aoki

Fig.3 shows the relation between the efficiency

The four equation just written will be supplemented with two

flow rate ratio (QsuQj) for the changing at nozzle-throat

other independent equations which will be used in order to

and

ratio.

nondimensionalize the five variables.

These two other equations will define two new parameters
and , will be written as the weight rate of flow ratio and its

Exp.(13)

form will be the following.

su Qsu Wsu
=
wQ j
Wj

(29)

The head ratio will be defined as the head gained by the

suction fluid. divided by the drive fluid. It is written as follows.

H
Eq.(27)
=
H e Eq.(28)

(30)

The two nondimentional parameters, which define the weight

ratio of flow equation (29) and the head ratio, equation (30) will
now be used in conjunction with equations (19), (20), (21) and (22)
to obtain the solution to the problem. This can be done since there
are now six equations and seven unknowns when and are

Fig.3 Efficiency and flow ratio versus-nozzle throat area ratio

included.
Equation (30) will be examined as to its ability to predict the
performance of solids handling jet pumps. Although it is seen to be a

The various coefficients used in these equations quote in

rather complicated expression, H is basically a function of the

based on various reference. It is known that the efficiency is

following variables flow rate ratio

changing with flow rate ratio for the each of d/D and it shows the

loss factors, Kj, Ks,

Kmc, Kd

velocity defect terms s,

slip velocity terms

s,

concentration Cs, C s, Cd , Cd

specific weight s,

w,

su,

maximum values in the almost d/D = 0.6.

It is known that the maximum efficiency is moving the
direction to become smaller of flow rate ratio (Q suQj ) with nozzle

In this relationship is always taken to be the independent

throat ratio (d/D) become larger and the results of calculation agree

variable.

well with the experimental values.

It is calculated by multiplaying the average velocity of water by

the coefficient

or

which is between 0 and 1.

At the present time there is no sure way of quantifying these

coefficients, especially in this case since the particles experience
instead flow in all sections of the pump.
The parametric analysis was slip velocity in the suction and
discharge sides of the pump. That is the average velocity of the
particles was taken to be 10% less than the average velocity of the
water.
From the studies of Zandi and Yen, slip velocity in this case has
been taken to be an average slip velocity.

4.Calculating Results and Consideration

4.1 Pump Performance in Case of Same Fluid

Fig.4 Head ratio and flow rate ratio for nozzle-throat area ratio

In this case, as we need not consider about the concentrations

of solids etc, the concentrations are zero, the equations (27), (28)
and (29) become the equation for performance of water-jet pump.

Fig.4 shows the relation between head ratio (H/He) and flow

Therefore, in the equation (1) for efficiency Gosline and OBriens

rate ratio (Q suQj) for the same condition. And from its results, as

flow ratio is equal to the weight rate of flow ratio used in the present

( d/D) become smaller, it is known to increase with flow rate ratio

study, equation (1) may be written as.

(QsuQj) and decrease with head ratio (H/He).

Qsu H

Qj He

Theoretical Analysis on Hydraulic Transportation of Solids Acording to Jet pump

(13)

Fig.5 Nozzle-throat area ratio and flow rate ratio for

Fig.7 Show the relationship between the flow rate ratio

and the efficiency for the changing s, Ks

maximum efficiency
Fig.5 Shows the relation between (d/D)2 and (Qsu/Qj) in
maximum efficiency and it shows the tendency to agree with another
papers (4), (5). But for the difference of absolute value, it is seem to
be the different of construction in jet pump.
4.1.1 Effects of Various Factors in Jet Pump
Fig.68 is shown the relation between the flow rate ratio and
the efficiency for the changing an example of each factor in d/D =
0.6.

Fig.8 Show the relationship between the flow ratio and the
efficiency for the changing Kmc
4.2 Prediction of the Performance and the Effect of Main Factors
for the Solids Handling Jet Pump.
Although the center drive jet pump has been widely studied in
the literature, there appears no date or equations for predicting
performance when pumping a sand slurry.
Fig.6 Shows the effect of factors in driving side ( j, Kj)

Here, it shows the performance in case of the water

transportation of a solids used center drive type jet pump and main

Fig.6 shows the effect of factors in driving side ( j , Kj ). From

variables which affect the performance of the pump are investigated

this figure, it is known that the efficiency shows the tendency to

in order to obtain information concerning optimum combinations of

decrease as the factors ( j , Kj ) become larger. but the flow rate ratio

variables. Therefore, in this paper, it is investigated by calculating

in the maximum efficiency is not change. And it is investigated the

the performance for the changing of the main factors in the

effect of factors in suction side ( s, Ks) used in Fig.7. It knows to

following the pump conditions.

decrease the flow rate ratio in the maximum efficiency as the factors
( s, Ks) become larger. As the effect of factors in the delivery side,
it is know to decrease the efficiency as the loss of mixing chamber
become larger and the maximum efficiency is moving the direction
to become smaller of flow rate ratio.

Chamlong Prabkeao and Katsumi Aoki

Pumping

Conditions

Driving fluid : water

Suction fluid : Slurry(solids+water)
Concentration by weight in suction side
: 0.65
Specific weight of water

: 1000 kgf/m3

Specific weight of slurry in suction side

: 1650 kgf/m3

Specific weight of

solid

2650 kgf/m3

4.2 Pump Performance

Figure.9 shows the relation between the efficiency and flow
rate ratio with solids-handling jet pump for the changing of nozzle

Fig.10 Show the relationship between head ratio and flow rate

throat ratio (d/D).

ratio with solids-handling jet pump for the changing of

nozzle-throat ratio (d/D)

Exp. (13)

4.2.2 Effect of Main Factors for

Pump Performance

Figure.1115 shows the relation of efficiency for flow rate

ratio when the each factors are changed in d/D = 0.6.

Fig.9 Show the relationship between the efficiency and flow

ratio with solids-handling jet pump for the changing of
nozzle-throat ratio (d/D)
It is known that the performance shows the tendency to the
water jet pump as same as Fig.3. But it knows that the efficiency and

Fig.11 Effects of loss and velocity defect terms in drive

flow rate ratio in maximum efficiency is fallen from the about 65%
for the efficiency of water jet pump. It knows that the head ratio
(H/He) and flow rate ratio of Fig.10 show the tendency to same as

1) The Effect of Factors (

with the water jet pump. And the flow rate ratio (

su Q su / j Q j )

, K ) in Driving Side

Fig.11 shows the effect of loss factor (K ) and velocity defect

compared with Fig.4, but the flow rate ratio decrease as compared
is

term (

) in driving side for the changing of the flow rate ratio. It

shown the tendency to become gradually larger as head ratio (H/He)

is known that the efficiency

become smaller but, as shown in Fig.10, when the head ratio arrive

with the loss factors or velocity defect term in driving side become

at same value, flow rate ratio become a constant, then it can be

larger, but it knows that the flow rate ratio in the maximum

predict the limitation of flow rate ratio.

efficiency is kept the constant values in spite of the changing of the

decrease as well as water jet pump

efficiency.
2) The Effective of Factors (

, K ) in Suction Side

Fig.12, 13 show the effect of loss factor (K ) and velocity

defect term (

) in suction side become larger and

moved in the direction of flow rate ratio become smaller.

is

Theoretical Analysis on Hydraulic Transportation of Solids Acording to Jet pump

4) The Effective of Slip Velocity Factor ( d).

From the studies of Zandi and Yen

(12)

, it is known that

prediction of slip velocity or even the affirmation of its existence is

very difficult problem. Slip velocity in this case has been taken to be
an average slip velocity. It is calculated by multiplying the average
velocity of water by the coefficient

or

which is between 0.0

and 1.0.
At the present time there is no sure way of quantifying these
coefficients, especially in this case since the particles experience
unsteady flow in all sections of the pump.
The parametric analysis is carried out by assuming from 0.1 to
0.5 slip velocity in discharge side of the pump.

Fig.12 The effect of loss factor (Ks) in suction side

5.Conclusion
The fundamental equations for prediction of performance in
hydraulic transportation of solids by jet pump was derived. And
from this equation, it clarified the effect of each factors for the
efficiency of jet pump.
The performance of solids handling jet pump as same as
water-jet pump are affected the larger by nozzle-throat ratio and it
knew that the maximum efficiency is the almost d/D = 0.50.6.

6.Reference
1

Gasoline,J,E. and O Brien,M,P.,Univ.Pub.Engg.Vol.3.No3,

1934,167.

Fig.13 Show the effect of loss factor (S) in suction side

2
3) The Effective of Factors (Kmc, Kdif ) in Discharge Side,

Ichikawa.,etal,Trans.Japan
Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.18,No.69.(1932),

57.

Fig.14 is shown the relation of the efficiency for loss factor

Cunningham,R.G.,Trans.ASME,Nov,1957.

(Kmc) in mixing chamber. The efficiency show the all over decrease

Mueller,N.H.G.,J. of Hydr.Div.ASCE,Vol.90.No.HY3

with the loss factor (K mc) in mixing chamber become larger, and the

May,1964.

maximum efficiency is moved in the direction of flow rate ratio

become smaller.

Reddy.Y.R.,J. of Hydr.Div.ASCE,Vol.80.No.HY5,
Sep.1968.1261

Ueda.,Trans.Japan Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.20,No.89.(1954),25.

Thomson,J.,Rep.Brit. Association,Lond.1852,130.

Kumagaya.,et al,Trans.Japan Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.54-B,No.502.

Kumagaya.,et al,Trans.Japan Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.56-B,No.527.

10

Kuzuhara.,et al,Trans.Japan Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.48-B,No.436.

(1988),1385.
(1990),2014.
(1982),2510.
11

Simizu.,et

al,Trans.Japan

Soc.Mech.Eng.Vol.49-B,No.448.

(1983),2746.
12

Zandi, I, Decreased Head Losses in Raw water Conduit J.

Amer. Water works Assn. Vol.48 No.2 1967.

13
Fig.14 The relation of the efficiency for loss factor (K mc) in
mixing chamber

Aoki Okitsu,Pump Engineering,Vol.8,No.11(1972 ),749.