Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
November 2015
Table of Contents
What is Fracking?
Energy and Opportunity....................................................................................Page 1
Shale Plays in the Lower 48 States...................................................................Page 2
Securing Our Energy.........................................................................................Page 3
Jobs and the Economy.....................................................................................Page 4
What They Are Saying.......................................................................................Page 5
Process, Safety, and the Environment
Drilling................................................................................................................Page 7
Stimulation.........................................................................................................Page 8
State Regulation................................................................................................Page 9
Federal Regulation.............................................................................................Page 10
Industry Standards, Federal Regulation.............................................................Page 11
Water Protection................................................................................................Page 12
Water Usage......................................................................................................Page 13
Water Treatment Technologies...........................................................................Page 14
Air Emissions.....................................................................................................Page 15
Methane Emission.............................................................................................page 16
Hydraulic Fracturing and Seismic Activity..........................................................Page 17
Innovations Promote Safe & Environmentally Friendly Practices........................Page 18
Resources.........................................................................................................Page 19
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Title
What is Fracking?
Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling are safely
unlocking vast U.S. reserves of oil and natural gas found in
shale and other tight-rock formations. Developing energy
from shale is an advanced process that uses the latest
drilling technologies and equipment. As for what fracking
means to the United States the answers, are security,
economic growth and jobs, jobs, jobs.
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
2.5
36
Rest of U.S.
2.0
30
1.5
25
Monterey (CA)
Woodford (OK)
20
Niobrara-Codell (CO)
Spraberry (TX Permian)
1.0
Bakken (ND)
Eagle Ford (TX)
Marcellus (PA and WV)
Haynesville (LA and TX)
Woodford (OK)
Fayetteville (AR)
Barnett (TX)
Antrim (MI, IN, and OH)
15
10
0.5
0.0
0
2007
2009
2011
2013
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
2007
2009
2011
2013
Page 1
Montana
Thrust Belt
Bakken
Heath
Cody
Big Horn
Basin
Powder
River Basin
Hilliard-BaxterMancos
Mowry
Monterey-Tembros
Monterey
Santa Maria,
Ventura,
Los Angeles
Basins
Manning
Canyon
Hermosa
Piceance
Basin
Illinois
Basin
Excello-Mulky
Raton Basin
Anadarko Basin
Bend
Ardmore
Basin
Barnett
Permian
Basin Ft. Worth
Basin
Fayetteville
Arkoma Basin
Chattanooga
Woodford-Caney
Floyd-N
eal
Black Warrior
Basin
Conasauga
Texas-LouisianaMississippi Salt
Basin
Haynesville-Bossier
Eagle Ford
Pearsall
New
Albany
Cherokee
Platform
Woodford
San Juan
Basin
Appalachian
Basin
Forest City
Basin
Denver Basin
Pierre
Paradox Basin
Lewis
Michigan Basin
Niobrara
Mancos
San Joaquin
Basin
Gammon
Antrim
Greater Green
River Basin
Uinta Basin
Devonian (Ohio)
Marcellus
Utica
Williston Basin
Tuscaloosa
Western
Gulf
Source: Energy Information Administration based on data from various published studies. Updated: May 28, 2009.
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 2
25
8
(million barrels per day)
Natural Gas
Production
20
15
tcf
10
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
U.S. Net Imports
United Russia
States
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 3
#1 In 2014, the U.S. became the worlds largest producer of oil and natural gas
How Fracking has Transformed
2010 The U.S. became the worlds largest natural gas producer.
the U.S. into an Energy Superpower
2014 The U.S. passed Saudi Arabia as the largest oil producer.1
The rest of the private sector grew jobs at a 1% rate over the same period.
1.
2.
3.
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 4
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 5
Title
Process, Safety, and
the Environment
The members of the American Petroleum Institute are
dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility
of our operations with the environment while economically
developing energy resources and supplying high quality
products and services to consumers. We recognize our
responsibility to work with the public, the government,
and others to develop and to use natural resources in an
environmentally sound manner while protecting the health
and safety of our employees and the public.
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Drilling
There have been no confirmed cases of groundwater contamination from hydraulic fracturing
itself in 1 million wells fracked over the past 60 years.
DETERGENT
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 7
Stimulation
The fracturing mixture consists primarily of fresh water mixed with some sand and a small proportion
of common chemicals.
Table salt
Laundry detergent
Thickener in cosmetics
Food additive
Deodorant
90% WATER
9.5% SAND
Compound
Purpose
Acids
Table salt
Polyacrylamide
Ethylene Glycol
Guar Gum
Citric Acid
Sodium Chloride
Borate Salts
Sodium/Potassium Carbonate
Glutaraldehyde
Isopropanol
Common Application
Source: DOE, GWPC: Modern Gas Shale Development in the United States: A Primer (2009).
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 8
State Regulation
Effective hydraulic fracturing regulation can only be
achieved at the state level as state regulations can
be tailored to geological and local needs. Key state
regulations include: Review and approval of permits;
well design, location and spacing; drilling operations;
For example, the following are just some of the permits required in Pennsylvania:
1
Well drilling permit (w/ well location plat, casing and cementing plan, PNDI for threatened or endangered species, landowner/water well owner notifications,
coal owner or operator notification and gas storage field owner notification)
Bond for Oil and Gas Well(s) (individual or blanket, various bond types allowed)
Waiver of distance requirements from spring, stream, body of water, or wetland (to put the well closer than 200 feet)
Variance from distance restriction from existing building or water supply (to put the well closer than 100 feet)
Proposed alternate method or material for casing, plugging, venting or equipping a well
10
11
12
13
14
Inactive status
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Water Obstruction Encroachment US Army Corps of Engineers Section 404 Joint Permit
26
Dam permit for a centralized impoundment dam for Marcellus Shale gas wells
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
GP-3 for bank rehabilitation, bank protection, and gravel bar removal
34
35
36
37
38
GP-11 Maintenance, Testing, Repair, Rehabilitation or Replacement of Water Obstructions and Encroachments
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 9
Federal Regulation
The Energy You Need. The Facts You Demand.
PROCUREMENT
OF WATER
HYDRAULIC
FRACTURING
PROCESS
FRACTURING
SOLUTIONS
FLOWBACK
WATER
PRODUCED
WATER
PRODUCTION PHASE
CWA
CWA
OSHA
OSHA
CWA
CWA
Water Resource
Protection
Water Resource
Protection
Worker Safety
and Operations
Worker Safety
and Operations
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Chemical Disclosure
Spill Prevention
Control and
Countermeasures
Water Resource
Protection and
Discharge
Requirements
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
OSHA
Worker Safety
and Operations
SUPERFUND
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Clean Up
Management
Requirements
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Spill Reporting
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
Reporting
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
SDWA
Water Injection
Requirements
Inspection and
Enforcement
Authority
EPRCA
Hazardous Substance
Reporting
Inspection and
Enforcement Authority
CWA: Clean Water Act OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act EPRCA: Community Right to Know Act
Source http://energyindepth.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Federal-Hydraulic-Fracturing-Process.pdf
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 10
Industry Standards
Existing regulations covering well design requirements and hydraulic fracturing operations
are specifically formulated to protect groundwater.
HF1
HF2
HF3
Well Construction
and Integrity
RP 51R
Water Management
Practices for
Mitigating Surface
Impacts Associated
with Hydraulic
Fracturing
STD 65-2
Environmental
Protection for
Onshore Oil and
Gas Production
Operations and
Leases
Isolating Potential
Flow Zones During
Well Construction
INDUSTRY PRACTICES
Source: http://www.api.org/policy-and-issues/policy-items/hf/shale-answers
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 11
Water Protection
Proper well construction provides groundwater protection.
Source: http://www.api.org/~/media/Files/Policy/Exploration/HYDRAULIC_FRACT_ILLUSTRATION_121609.pdf
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 12
Water Usage
PENNSYLVANIA
Annual Water Usage Example
1.42
BILLION GALLONS
PER DAY
6.43
BILLION GALLONS
PER DAY
THERMOELECTRIC
POWER
SITE LEVEL
61.8 24.3
4 MILLION
MILLION GALLONS
PER DAY
MILLION GALLONS
PER DAY
LIVESTOCK
IRRIGATION
GALLONS OF WATER
PER SUMMER MONTH
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344. 52p. and Marcellus Shale Development Water Use: June 1, 2008 - May 21, 2010; Energy In Depth, October 8, 2012;
Aboutnaturalgas.com
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 13
2.Ozone Oxidation
1.Chemicals
5. Deionization
3. Nano-filtration
4. Hydrocyclones
6. UV
Sources: http://www.apachecorp.com/index.aspx
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 14
Air Emissions
Methane Leakage
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
Source: IEA, U.S. EPA, ExxonMobil and WRI. All leakage rates, except ExxonMobils are based on estimates and empirical; Exxons leakage rates include actual measured data from
some production and gathering operations in the Marcellus; EPA estimates are computed based on gross production reported from the EIA.Aboutnaturalgas.com
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 15
Methane Emissions
Methane emissions are falling even as natural gas production is increasing
80
80
75
75
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
2005
2006
2007
2008
Methane Emissions*
2009
2010
2011
2012
40
2013
*U.S. CH4 net emissions from natural gas systems field production
Source: EPA, Inventory of GHG and Sinks: 1990-2013, Table 3-45; and EIA, Marketed Natural Gas Production.
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 16
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
Page 17
PITLESS
DRILLING
Use of aboveground tanks
for managing well fluids so
that there is limited danger
of well fluids getting into
groundwater
SOUND
CONTROL
Sound control and surface
management allows for safe drilling
in close proximity to people
WATER
SYSTEMS
Centralized water
management systems that
remove trucks from roads
DRILLING
SYSTEMS
1) Closed loop
drilling systems;
all drilling fluid
stored in steel
tanks
GREEN
FLUIDS
Green frac fluids
(Example: Environmentally benign
components)
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
SOLAR
PANELS
Photovoltaic solar telemetry
to transmit well date from
remote locations to central
office (reduces use of
diesel fuels)
Page 18
Resources
1
FracFocus: http://fracfocus.org/
STRONGER: http://www.strongerinc.org/
Cardno ENTRIX Hydraulic Fracturing Study PXP Inglewood Oil Field: http://www.eenews.net/assets/2012/10/11/document_ew_01.pdf.
The Geo-mechanical Study of Bowland Shale Seismicity:
http://www.cuadrillaresources.com/news/cuadrilla-news/article/press-release-geomechanical-study/.
11
12
13
14
EPA, GHG Reporting Program Inventory of Greenhouse Gases, September 2014: http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting
Hydraulic Fracturing:
Unlocking Americas Natural Gas Resources | November 2015
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