MOD/ESS/021-Rev03

Measuring the transformation ratio and checking the connection

symbol
1. General
The following information is taken from standards IEC 60076-1 and IEC 60726.

1.1 Definitions:

Phase displacement of a three-phase winding: this is the angular deviation between the vectors representing HV
and LV voltages of the equivalent terminals of the same winding pair.
Vectors are assumed to rotate in an anticlockwise direction.
The HV winding vector, whose 1st phase is oriented at 12 oclock on a time dial, acts as a reference, and the
phase displacement of all the other windings is normally expressed by a time index.

Connection symbol: this is the conventional symbol indicating the connection modes for HV and LV windings and
their relative phase displacements expressed by a combination of letters and time indexes.
The transformation ratio is measured on each transformer tap.
The connection symbol of three-phase transformers and the polarity of single-phase transformers must be checked.

2. Aim of the test

- check transformer connection conformity:
- check conformity of the transformation ratio k on each tap with respect to the guaranteed values.
The part of the transformer studied during this test is encircled in the diagram below:

3. Theoretical reminders
Calculation of the rated transformation ratio for each tap:
This ratio is only valid for the same given voltage reference.

Example:
Ratio of phase-to-earth or phase-to-phase HV/LV voltages.
To obtain the rated transformation ratio, you must (for Yd and Dy connections) multiply or divide, respectively,
by 3, according to whether the measured voltages are phase-to-earth or phase-to-phase.
For Yy and Dd connections, the rated transformation ratio is not modified.

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MOD/ESS/021-Rev03

Measuring the transformation ratio and checking the connection

symbol
Common connections
The most common connections in France are:

Capital letters correspond to the highest voltage.

4. Test methodology
The connection symbol is checked and the transformation ratio is measured on each tap, at a voltage less than or
equal to 110V applied on the HV side.
Measurement consists of comparing for each phase the HV voltage in phase with the LV voltage.
This operation is carried out using a transformation measurement bridge that places in opposition the voltages in
phases in order to compare their modules.
The transformation ratio value is displayed on the measurement device.
Connection is correct when the ratio value is the same on each phase.
Example: connection Dyn11
- the HV side of the transformer is delta-connected.
- the LV side is star-connected with extended neutral.

Measurement of the transformation ratio

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MOD/ESS/021-Rev03

Measuring the transformation ratio and checking the connection

symbol
The connection and the transformation ratio are the same as those defined by the manufacturer when:

I IA BI I I IB CI I I IC AI I
= = =
I Ia nI I
I Ib nI I
I Ic nI I

[HV voltage module

on the same column]

[LV voltage module

on the same column]

5. Test precautions
Do not use voltages greater than 50 V in the workshop.
Confine the test zone.
Supply the transformer by the winding with the highest voltage.
Breaking means by pedal or pushbutton compulsory in the workshop.

6. Personnel safety

7. Test results
The tolerances:
No-load transformation ratio:

For the main tap:

The lowest of the 2 values below:
a) 0.5% of the ratio specified by the manufacturer.
b) 10% of the real percentage of short-circuit voltage.

On the other taps

Must be dealt with in an agreement between the supplier and the client, but the ratio must be greater than the
smallest value of a and b).

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MOD/ESS/022-Rev03

No-load loss and current measurement test on transformers

1. General
The measurement procedure is described in standard IEC 60076-1 and 60076-11.
All the values measured during this test are brought back to the main tap, unless otherwise specified by the client, with
the transformer initially at ambient temperature.

2. Aim of the test

characterise transformer no-load losses and current.

check that these characteristics comply with the prevailing standard.

In concrete terms, no-load losses are generated by the part encircled by a dotted line below:

2.1 Theoretical reminders

no-load losses: the power drawn up by the transformer when rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to the
terminals of one of the windings, when the other winding is at open circuit.

no-load current: the RMS value of the current necessary for magnetization of the magnetic circuit.

2.2 Test methodology

No-load losses and current must be measured on one of the windings (the other winding(s) are at open circuit):
- at rated frequency and at a voltage equal to rated voltage, if the test is carried out on the main tap,
- at rated frequency and at a voltage equal to the voltage of the appropriate tap, if the test is carried out on
another tap.
As a rule, the Low Voltage (LV) winding is supplied at rated voltage and at rated frequency, while the High Voltage
(HV) winding is open.
A three-phase precision wattmeter is used for measurement and gives directly:
- the applied voltage (true rms),
- the 3 currents (true RMS),
- the average current,
- the no-load losses.
NB:
The values measured on transformers with several LV windings are obtained on the winding with the highest voltage,
i.e. at the point where precision is best.

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MOD/ESS/022-Rev03

No-load loss and current measurement test on transformers

Wiring diagram

Supply voltages must be monitored and controlled to give or take 0.125 % (corresponding to a maximum difference of
0.5 V for a voltage of 400 V).

3. Test precautions
The voltage measurement is taken directly to the terminals of the transformer. The measurement cables and power
supply must be connected so as to avoid priming with high voltage.

4. Personnel safety
In event of resonance, discharge the tested transformer prior to operation.

5. Test results
Application of reduced tolerances on no-load losses is negotiable at the time of the invitation to tender.
For this reason, to guarantee transformer performance, the International Electrotechnical Committee has stipulated
in standard IEC 60076-1 9, tolerances to be complied with as a function of the measurement taken:
Articles
1. No-load losses

2. No-load current
3. Total losses
(Po + Psc)

Tolerances
+ 15% of the declared values
provided that tolerances on total
losses are complied with.
+ 30% of the value declared by the
manufacturer.
+ 10% of the declared values

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MOD/ESS/023-Rev02

Load loss and short circuit voltage measurement test on

transformers
1. General
The measurement procedure is described in standards IEC 60076-1 and IEC 60076-11.

2. Aim of the test

measure losses due to transformer load (Psc);

measure short-circuit voltage (Usc).

Equivalent diagram:

2.1 Theoretical reminders

short-circuit voltage: the voltage that must be applied between the line terminals of a winding to ensure flow of
nominal current when the terminals of the other winding are short-circuited.
It is always expressed as a percentage of nominal voltage.

load losses: these losses correspond to the active power that is drawn up (at rated frequency and at reference
temperature) when the rated current of the tap flows through the line terminals of one of the windings, when the
terminals of the other winding are short-circuited and the other windings, if any, are at open circuit.
These losses are also known as short-circuit losses (= Joule losses + Special losses).

Calculating load losses

- at ambient temperature (20 C on average);

Psc = PjoulesHV + PjoulesLV + Pspecial

= (3/2) x RHVx I 2

] + [(3/2) x RLV x I ]+ Pspecial

2

where RHV, RLV = phase-to-phase resistances.

For a delta connection:

Pjoules = 3 r (I/
3) 2
= (3/2) RT I 2 where RT = (2/3) x r
For a star connection:

Pjoules = 3 x r x I 2
= (3/2) x RT x I 2

where RT = 2 x r
Special losses are mainly made up of eddy current losses.
- At reference temperature:
Joule losses vary according to temperature whereas special losses are inversely proportional to temperature.

Psc T ref = K x Pjoules Tamb. + (1/K)x Pspecial Tamb.

where K = temperature correction constant:
for copper : K = (235 + Tref)/(235 + Tamb).
for aluminium: K = (225 + Tref)/(225 + Tamb).

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MOD/ESS/023-Rev02

Load loss and short circuit voltage measurement test on

transformers
The short-circuit voltage Usc
This short-circuit voltage has a reactive component Ux and a component Ur, which unlike Ux depends on temperature.
In reduced values with respect to nominal quantities, we can write:

(Usc%) 2 = (Ux%) 2 + (Ur%) 2

where

Ur% = (Psc x 100) / Sn

Usc% = (Usc x 100) / Un

Example:
With an ambient temperature of 20C and at a refere nce temperature of 120C, we still have as a percen tage:

The expression of Usc at 120C as a % is then deter mined:

2.2 Test methodology

Short-circuit voltage and losses must be measured with a supply current at least equal to 50% of tap rated current.
The measured value of these losses must be multiplied by the square of the ratio of tap rated current over current
used for the test.
For transformers with a tap winding whose size is larger than 5 %, losses and short-circuit voltage must be
measured on the main tap and the two end taps.

As a rule, the MV winding is supplied at a nominal frequency of 50Hz, at a voltage giving a current as close as
possible to nominal current, with the LV winding short-circuited.
A three-phase precision wattmeter is used for measurement and gives directly:
- the applied voltage,
- the 3 currents,
- the average current,
- the load losses
The short-circuit voltage is expressed as a percentage of the nominal voltage:

Usc (%) = (Usc measured / Unominal) x 100

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MOD/ESS/023-Rev02

Load loss and short circuit voltage measurement test on

transformers
Wiring diagram:

The measurement principle and the equipment used are the same as those for the no-load loss measurement test.

3. Test precautions
Measurements must be taken quickly to prevent winding temperature rises from introducing significant errors (winding
temperature must be controlled).
Measurement quality (in accuracy and precision) lies in the quality of practical production of the three-phase ShortCircuit.
To avoid introducing additional special losses (due to a bad Short-Circuit), the Short-Circuit bar cross-section must be
sufficient:
the Short-Circuit bar cross-section must be greater than or equal to the coil connection cross-section.
(In event of coil double connections, 2 Short-Circuit bars must be taken to comply with the cross-section stipulation).
Care must be taken with contact surface finish.

4. Personnel safety
5. Test results
For very special transformers, consult the Technical Department.

The tolerances
Tolerances are taken from the standard, unless otherwise specified by the client.
Articles
1.b Partial losses :
(No-load or load losses)
3. Short-circuit voltage
a) on the main tap

b) on the other taps

Tolerances
+ 15% of each partial loss,
provided that the tolerance is complied with
on total losses (+10% of values declared)
+ 7.5 % of the value declared by the manufacturer if the value of short-circuit voltage
(Usc) is > 10%.
+ 10 % of the value declared by the manufacturer if Usc is < than 10%.
+ 10 % of the value declared by the manufacturer if Usc is > 10%
+ 15 % of the value declared by the manufacturer if Usc is < than 10%

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MOD/ESS/025-Rev03

Measuring resistance of HV and LV windings on transformers

1. General
Standard IEC 60076-11 (Dry type transformers) refers to the information in standard IEC 60076-1 (Oil-immersed
transformers).

2. Aim of the test

HV and LV resistances are the resistances internal to the transformer windings, seen from the HV and LV side that
generate Joule losses proportionally to the through current square.
Ohmic resistance for each of the transformer windings is measured.
These resistances are encircled by a dotted line in the equivalent diagram below:

2.1 Theoretical reminders

R = (U / I)
For the double bridge, we have:

if R1 = R4 and R2 = R5

2.2 Test methodology

The test is carried out in DC.
During this test, resistance is measured between the line terminals of each winding, and the ambient temperature is
read in the channel between the HV and LV windings.
There are a number of possible methods:
The resistance of HV and LV windings is normally measured using a digital micro-ohmmeter. This device is
connected between each phase
It is also possible to use the voltamperemetric method, for high resistance windings, or a double bridge for low
resistance windings.

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MOD/ESS/025-Rev03

Measuring resistance of HV and LV windings on transformers

Wiring diagram:

Measurement of MV and LV resistances by metric voltampere

method

Measurement of LV resistance with double bridge

where
RT = (2/3) x r
In the case of Delta connection of windings.
RT = 2 x r
In the case of Star connection of windings.
Where RT is the equivalent resistance between phases, and r the resistance of a transformer winding.

3. Test precautions
For dry type transformers, the test begins after a rest period of at least 48 hours of the transformer at stabilised
ambient temperature. Resistance and temperature must be measured simultaneously, using for winding temperature,
sensors placed at significant positions, preferably in the windings.
For oil-immersed transformers equipped with oil-filled pockets, temperature is measured at the pocket.
For Distribution oil-immersed transformers (not equipped with oil-filled pockets), the temperature measured is the
ambient temperature.

4. Personnel safety
Do not disconnect the installation when the measurement device is energised.
Opening of an inductive circuit could result in an electric arc.
There is a potential risk for personnel and measurement equipment during these transient states.

5. Test results
This measurement is an intermediate phase to determine load losses and temperature rises.

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MOD/ESS/027-Rev05

Dielectric tests on transformers

1. General
The following test methods are taken from standards NF EN 60726 (2003), IEC 60726 (1982) and IEC 60076-3
(2000), modified, if necessary, by an internal FT rule.
Useful information on HV measurements and on measurement device calibrations are available in standards IEC
60060-1 and IEC 60060-2 on high voltage measurement techniques.
To verify withstand between phases, between turns and at the transformer earth, 2 routine tests are conducted: an
induced voltage test and an applied voltage test.

2. Induced voltage test

2.1 Aim of the test

Check quality of internal insulation of transformer windings and insulation between phases under stresses
representative of voltage rise at power frequency on networks.

For Um 72.5 kV the test is normally conducted with partial discharge level measurements to check absence of
partial discharges in conditions with the transformer in operation. Refer to standard IEC 60076-3

2.2 Theoretical reminders

One of the transformer windings is supplied with AC voltage (as a rule, the lower voltage winding, for example 410V).
An AC voltage of the same frequency is induced in the other winding. Voltage per turn is the same in all coils. The total
voltage of each coil is proportional to its number of turns.
Insulation between turns, between layers and between disks of windings is stressed during the test, together with
insulation between phases. This insulation is of solid, liquid and/or gaseous nature. The capacity of this insulation to
withstand a voltage is linked to the duration of application of this voltage and, thus, in the case of voltages at power
frequency, to the number of cycles applied.

2.3 Test methodology

Three-phase transformers must undergo the test with a symmetrical three-phase power supply.
When a transformer has a neutral, it must be earthed during the test.
An AC voltage must be applied to the terminals of a transformer winding. Voltage shape must be as close as possible
to sinusoidal shape, and its frequency must be sufficiently high with respect to rated frequency to avoid excessive
magnetizing current during testing.
Unless otherwise specified, the value of the test voltage, along a winding without transformer tap, must be as
close as possible to twice the rated voltage, without however exceeding the transformer applied voltage test value.
The test must begin at a voltage that is less than or equal to a third of the value of the test voltage, and voltage must
be increased as quickly as possible. On completion of testing, voltage must be quickly reduced to a voltage less than
one third of test value before breaking.
Duration of the test at full test voltage must be 60 s for all test frequencies twice the rated frequency. When test
frequency is greater than twice the rated frequency, the duration of the test expressed in seconds must be:

120 rated frequency / test frequency

with a minimum of 15 s
(IEC 60076 chapter 12.1)
The test is satisfactory if there is no collapse in test voltage or sudden fluctuation in current.

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MOD/ESS/027-Rev05

Dielectric tests on transformers

200 Hz

Current transformer

LV

MV
2*Un

2*Un

U1-2
U2-3
U1-3

Generator
Motor+alternator

I1
I2
I3

Measurement
device

Tested transformer

2.4 Test precautions

room temperature > 10C

unless otherwise specified, the transformer is at ambient temperature

It is not necessary for the transformer to be in its enclosure

Specific instructions can be given concerning:

Test duration

Tap position during testing

For Um 72.5 kV the test is normally conducted with measurement of partial discharge level. Refer to standard
IEC 60076-3

For transformers with HV windings with non-even insulation, refer to standard IEC 60076-3.

3. Applied voltage test

3.1 Aim of the test
Check insulation quality:

Between transformer primary and secondary windings, on the one hand

Between these windings and the parts of the transformer intended to be earthed, on the other under stresses
representative of voltage rise at power frequency.

In the case of graduated insulation, the test is replaced by an induced voltage test.

3.2 Theoretical reminders

Insulation between windings and between winding and magnetic circuit, with earthed metal parts, are stressed during
testing. This insulation is of solid, liquid and/or gaseous nature. The capacity of this insulation to withstand a voltage is
linked to its thickness, integrity and degree of impregnation.

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MOD/ESS/027-Rev05

Dielectric tests on transformers

3.3 Test methodology
The test is conducted with a single-phase AC voltage of a frequency 80% than rated frequency.
Full test voltage must be applied for 60 seconds between all the tested winding terminals connected to one another,
on the one hand, and, on the other hand, all the terminals of the other windings, the magnetic circuit, the enclosure or
the tank, all earthed.
The test must begin by applying an AC voltage less than or equal to one third of the specified test value. Voltage is
brought to the test value as quickly as possible. Full voltage is applied for 60 seconds. On completion of testing,
voltage is quickly brought down to a value less than one third of test value before breaking.
Test voltage depends on the level of insulation of the winding and is specified in the standards or the clients
specification sheet.
The test is satisfactory if there is no collapse of the test voltage.

Single-phase
step-up
transformer

Capacitor voltage
divider or VT

Tested
transformer

The test is performed by connecting the HV to earthing system and powering the BT and inversely.

3.4 Test precautions

For windings with non-uniform insulation, the test is conducted with allowance for insulation of the neutral terminal

Room temperature > 10C

Unless otherwise specified, the transformer is at ambient temperature

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MOD/ESS/027-Rev05

Dielectric tests on transformers

4. Personnel safety
Recommendations concerning applied and induced voltage tests are as follows:

After all dielectric tests, use an insulating pole to earth the terminals and discharge the transformer, prior to work
on the device.

Should test duration exceed 5 minutes, the test must not be carried out in a confined area.

5. Test results
The test is conform if the if it there is no collapse in voltage.

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