REFERENCE PAGE 1

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ALGEBRA

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

c
ad bc
a

b
d
bd
a
b
a
d
ad

c
b
c
bc
d

ab c ab ac
ac
a
c

b
b
b

G E OM E T RY

Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:

Triangle

Circle

Sector of Circle

A 12 bh
12 ab sin

A r 2
C 2 r

A 2 r 2
s r in radians

EXPONENTS AND RADIC ALS

x mn x m n

x
y

xyn x n y n

n
n
n
xy s
xs
y
s

xn
yn

n
n
x mn s
x m (s
x )m

n
x 1n s
x

xm
x mn
xn
1
xn n
x

x m x n x mn

Sphere

Cylinder

Cone

V 43 r 3
A 4 r 2

V r 2h

V 13 r 2h

n
x
x
s
n
y
sy

r
r

FAC TORING SPECIAL POLYNOMIALS

x 2 y 2 x yx y
x 3 y 3 x yx 2 xy y 2
x 3 y 3 x yx 2 xy y 2

DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS

BINOMIAL THEOREM

Distance between P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:

x y2 x 2 2xy y 2

x y2 x 2 2xy y 2

d sx 2 x12 y2 y12

x y3 x 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
x y3 x 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
x yn x n nx n1y

nn 1 n2 2
x y
2

n nk k
x y nxy n1 y n
k

n
nn 1 n k 1
where

k
1 2 3 k

Midpoint of P1 P2 :

x1 x 2 y1 y2
,
2
2

LINES
Slope of line through P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:

QUADRATIC FORMULA

If ax 2 bx c 0, then x

b sb 2 4ac
.
2a

Point-slope equation of line through P1x1, y1 with slope m:

INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUE

If a b and b c, then a c.

y2 y1
x 2 x1

y y1 mx x1
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:

If a b, then a c b c.

y mx b

If a b and c 0, then ca cb.

If a b and c 0, then ca cb.
If a 0, then

x a
x a
x a

means

x a or

means

a x a

means

x a or

x a
x a

CIRCLES
Equation of the circle with center h, k and radius r:
x h2 y k2 r 2

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REFERENCE
REFERENCEPAGE
PAGE2
T R I G ON OM E T RY

ANGLE MEASUREMENT

FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES

radians 180
1

rad
180

180

1 rad

r
r

in radians

RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

cos
tan

opp
hyp

csc

adj
hyp

sec

opp
adj

cot

hyp
opp

hyp

hyp
adj

opp

adj

adj
opp

y
r

r
y

csc

cos

x
r

sec

r
x

tan

y
x

cot

x
y

tan

sin
cos

cot

cos
sin

cot

1
tan

sin 2 cos 2 1

1 tan 2 sec 2

1 cot 2 csc 2

sin sin

cos cos

tan tan

sin

sin
2

cos
2

cot
2

tan

sin A
sin B
sin C

a
b
c

(x,y)

a
C
c

THE LAW OF COSINES

x

y
y=sinx

1
cos

THE LAW OF SINES

a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B

GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

y

sec

cos

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

sin

1
sin

s r

sin

csc

c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C

y=tanx

y=cosx
1

ADDITION AND SUBTRAC TION FORMULAS

x
_1

2 x

sinx y sin x cos y cos x sin y

sinx y sin x cos y cos x sin y

_1

cosx y cos x cos y sin x sin y

y

y=cscx

y=secx

cosx y cos x cos y sin x sin y

y=cotx

2 x

2 x

2 x

tanx y

tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y

tanx y

tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y

_1

_1

DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS OF IMPORTANT ANGLES

radians

sin

cos

tan

0
30
45
60
90

0
6
4
3
2

0
12
s22
s32
1

1
s32
s22
12
0

0
s33
1
s3

sin 2x 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x cos 2x sin 2x 2 cos 2x 1 1 2 sin 2x
tan 2x

2 tan x
1 tan2x

HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
sin 2x

1 cos 2x
2

cos 2x

1 cos 2x
2

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REFERENCE PAGE 3

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T A B L E O F I N T E R VA L S
Notation

Set description

a, b

a x b

Picture
a

Notation

Set description

a,
a,
, b

x a
x x a
x x b
x x b

a, b

a x b

a, b

a x b

a x b

a, b

Picture

, b
,

a
a
b
b

(set of all
real numbers)

SP E C I A L F U N C T I O N S

POWER FUNC TIONS f x x a

y
y

(i) f x x n , n a positive integer

y=x$
y=x^

(_1, 1)

y=x #

y=

(1, 1)

y=x %

(1, 1)

0
(_1, _1)

n even
n odd
(iii) f x x 1

n
(ii) f x x 1n s
x , n a positive integer

(1,1)
0

y=

(1,1)
x

1
x

=x

#x
=

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

arcsin x sin1x y &? sin y x and y

2
2

y=tan!x=arctanx

0
x

arccos x cos x y &? cos y x and 0 y

1

arctan x tan1x y &? tan y x and

y
2
2

_ 2

lim tan1 x

x l

lim tan1 x

xl

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REFERENCE PAGE 4
SP E C I A L F U N C T I O N S

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNC TIONS

log a x y

&?

ln x log e x,

y=

a x
y

ln e 1

where

ln x y &? e y x

Laws of Logarithms

logaa x x

a log a x x

1. log axy log a x log a y

lne x x

e ln x x

2. loga

x
y

4
1

10 4

loga x loga y

lim e x 0

x l

3. logax r r loga x

y=lnx

Cancellation Equations

y=x

lim ln x

x l 0

lim e x

xl

lim ln x

xl

y=logx

1.5

y=lnx
y=logx
y=logx

Exponential functions

Logarithmic functions

HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

y=coshx

sinh x

e x ex
2

csch x

1
sinh x

y=tanhx

cosh x

e x ex
2

sech x

1
cosh x

tanh x

sinh x
cosh x

coth x

cosh x
sinh x

y=sinhx

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

y sinh1x

y cosh1x &? cosh y x

y tanh1x

sinh1x ln( x sx 2 1 )

&? sinh y x

&?

tanh y x

and

y0

cosh1x ln( x sx 2 1 )
tanh1x 12 ln

1x
1x

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D I F F E R E N T I AT I O N R U L E S

GENERAL FORMULAS
1.

d
c 0
dx

2.

d
cf x c f x
dx

3.

d
f x tx f x tx
dx

4.

d
f x tx f x tx
dx

5.

d
f xtx f xtx txf x (Product Rule)
dx

6.

d
dx

7.

d
f tx f txtx (Chain Rule)
dx

8.

d
x n nx n1 (Power Rule)
dx

f x
tx

txf x f xtx
tx 2

(Quotient Rule)

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNC TIONS

9.

d
e x e x
dx

10.

d
a x a x ln a
dx

11.

d
1
ln x
dx
x

12.

1
d
log a x
dx
x ln a

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

13.

d
sin x cos x
dx

14.

d
cos x sin x
dx

15.

d
tan x sec 2x
dx

16.

d
csc x csc x cot x
dx

17.

d
sec x sec x tan x
dx

18.

d
cot x csc 2x
dx

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC TIONS

19.

d
1
sin1x
dx
s1 x 2

20.

d
1
cos1x
dx
s1 x 2

21.

d
1
tan1x
dx
1 x2

22.

d
1
csc1x
dx
x sx 2 1

23.

d
1
sec1x
dx
x sx 2 1

24.

1
d
cot1x
dx
1 x2

HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

25.

d
sinh x cosh x
dx

26.

d
cosh x sinh x
dx

27.

d
tanh x sech 2x
dx

28.

d
csch x csch x coth x
dx

29.

d
sech x sech x tanh x
dx

30.

d
coth x csch 2x
dx

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNC TIONS

31.

d
1
sinh1x
dx
s1 x 2

32.

d
1
cosh1x
dx
sx 2 1

33.

d
1
tanh1x
dx
1 x2

34.

d
1
csch1x
dx
x
sx
21

35.

d
1
sech1x
dx
x s1 x 2

36.

d
1
coth1x
dx
1 x2

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REFERENCE PAGE 6
TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

BASIC FORMS
11.

y csc u cot u du csc u C

12.

y tan u du ln sec u C

13.

y cot u du ln sin u C

14.

y sec u du ln sec u tan u C

15.

y csc u du ln csc u cot u C

y sin u du cos u C

16.

y sa

7.

y cos u du sin u C

17.

ya

8.

y sec u du tan u C

18.

y u su

9.

y csc u du cot u C

19.

ya

y sec u tan u du sec u C

20.

yu

1.

y u dv uv y v du

2.

u n du

3.

du
ln u C
u

4.

ye

du e u C

5.

ya

du

6.

10.

u n1
C, n 1
n1

au
C
ln a

du
2

sin1

u
C, a 0
a

du
u
1
tan1 C
u2
a
a
du
2

u
1
sec1 C
a
a

du
ua
1

ln
2
u
2a
ua
du
ua
1

ln
a2
2a
ua

C
C

FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 u 2 , a 0
u
a2
ln(u sa 2 u 2 ) C
sa 2 u 2
2
2

21.

sa 2 u 2 du

22.

u 2 sa 2 u 2 du

23.

a sa 2 u 2
sa 2 u 2
du sa 2 u 2 a ln
u
u

24.

sa 2 u 2
sa 2 u 2
du
ln(u sa 2 u 2 ) C
2
u
u

25.

y sa

26.

y sa

27.

y u sa

28.

y u sa

29.

y a

u 2
a4
a 2u 2 sa 2 u 2
ln(u sa 2 u 2 ) C
8
8

du
u2

u 2 du
u

u2

du

ln(u sa 2 u 2 ) C

du
2

u2

u
a2
ln(u sa 2 u 2 ) C
sa 2 u 2
2
2

1
sa 2 u 2 a
ln
a
u

sa 2 u 2
C
a 2u

du
u
2
C
u 2 32
a sa 2 u 2
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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REFERENCE PAGE 7

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TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

FORMS INVOLVING sa 2 u 2 , a 0
u
u
a2
sin1 C
sa 2 u 2
2
2
a

30.

sa 2 u 2 du

31.

u 2sa 2 u 2 du

32.

a sa 2 u 2
sa 2 u 2
du sa 2 u 2 a ln
u
u

33.

u
1
sa 2 u 2
du sa 2 u 2 sin1 C
2
u
u
a

34.

y sa

35.

y u sa

36.

y u sa

37.

y a

38.

y a

u
u
a4
2u 2 a 2 sa 2 u 2
sin1 C
8
8
a

u 2 du
u

du
u

du

u
u
a2
sin1 C
sa 2 u 2
2
2
a

a sa 2 u 2
1
ln
a
u

1
sa 2 u 2 C
a 2u

u 2 32 du

3a 4
u
u
2u 2 5a 2 sa 2 u 2
sin1 C
8
8
a

du
u
2
C
2 32
u
a sa 2 u 2

FORMS INVOLVING su 2 a 2 , a 0
u
a2
ln u su 2 a 2 C
su 2 a 2
2
2

39.

su 2 a 2 du

40.

u 2su 2 a 2 du

41.

a
su 2 a 2
C
du su 2 a 2 a cos1
u
u

42.

su 2 a 2
su 2 a 2
du
ln u su 2 a 2 C
2
u
u

43.

y su

u
a4
2u 2 a 2 su 2 a 2
ln u su 2 a 2 C
8
8

du
2

a2

u 2 du

44.

y su

45.

y u su

46.

y u

a2

ln u su 2 a 2 C

du

u
a2
ln u su 2 a 2 C
su 2 a 2
2
2

su 2 a 2
C
a 2u

du
u
C

2 32
2
a
a su 2 a 2

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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

REFERENCE PAGE 8
TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

FORMS INVOLVING a bu
47.

y a bu b

48.

u du
1
y a bu 2b [a bu

49.

y ua bu a ln

50.

y u a bu au a

51.

y a bu

52.

y ua bu

u du

(a bu a ln a bu ) C

du

du

du

54.

y u sa bu du 15b

55.

y sa bu 3b

56.

y sa bu 15b

57.

y u sa bu sa ln

2
sa

sa bu sa
C, if a 0
sa bu sa

tan1

a bu
C,
a

sa bu
du 2 sa bu a
u

59.

b
sa bu
sa bu
du

u2
u
2

60.

y u sa bu du b2n 3

61.

y sa bu

62.

y u sa bu an 1u

if a 0

y u sa bu
du

du

8a 2 3b 2u 2 4abu sa bu C

3bu 2aa bu32 C

58.

u n du

bu 2a sa bu C

a2
2a ln a bu C
a bu

a bu
2

a bu
u

u 2 du
1
3
2
a bu
b

du

ln

a bu
1
1
2 ln
aa bu
a
u

53.

u 2 du

a
1
2 ln a bu C
b 2a bu
b

u du

u
a bu

u du

4aa bu 2a 2 ln a bu ] C

y u sa bu
du

u na bu32 na

2u nsa bu
2na

b2n 1
b2n 1
sa bu
n1

yu

n1

sa bu du

u n1 du

y sa bu

b2n 3
2an 1

yu

du
sa bu

n1

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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

REFERENCE PAGE 9

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TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS
1

u 14 sin 2u C

76.

y cot u du n 1 cot

u 4 sin 2u C

77.

y sec u du n 1 tan u sec

y tan u du tan u u C

78.

y csc u du n 1 cot u csc

66.

y cot u du cot u u C

79.

y sin au sin bu du

67.

y sin u du 2 sin u cos u C

2

80.

y cos au cos bu du

68.

y cos u du

1
3

2 cos 2u sin u C

81.

y sin au cos bu du

69.

y tan u du

1
2

tan 2u ln cos u C

82.

y u sin u du sin u u cos u C

70.

y cot u du

83.

y u cos u du cos u u sin u C

71.

y sec u du

84.

yu

sin u du u n cos u n

72.

y csc u du

1
2

csc u cot u 12 ln csc u cot u C 85.

yu

cos u du u n sin u n

73.

sin nu du

1
n1
sin n1u cos u
n
n

74.

1
n1
cos u du cos n1u sin u
n
n

75.

y tan u du n 1 tan

63.

y sin u du

1
2

64.

y cos u du

1
2

65.

1
3

1
2

1
2

cot 2u ln sin u C

sec u tan u 2 ln sec u tan u C

y cos

n1

y tan

sin n2u du

86.

y cot

y sec

n2

n2
n1

y csc

n2

n2

n2

u du

u du

n2
n1

n2

n2

u du
u du

sin a bu
sin a bu

C
2a b
2a b

y sin u cos u du
n

n1

sin a bu
sin a bu

C
2a b
2a b
cos a bu
cos a bu

C
2a b
2a b

yu

yu

n1

n1

cos u du

sin u du

sin n1u cos m1u

n1

nm
nm

sin n1u cos m1u

m1

nm
nm

y sin

n2

u cosmu du

y sin u cos
n

m2

u du

n2

u du

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FORMS

87.

y sin

88.

y cos

u du u cos1u s1 u 2 C

y tan

u du u tan1u ln1 u 2 C

89.

u du u sin1u s1 u 2 C

92.

y u tan

93.

yu

94.

95.

yu

1
2

90.

2u 2 1
u s1 u 2
u sin1u du
sin1u
C
4
4

91.

u cos1u du

2u 2 1
u s1 u 2
cos1u
C
4
4

u du

u2 1
u
tan1u C
2
2

sin1u du

1
n1

u n cos1u du

1
n1

tan1u du

1
n1

u n1 sin1u

u n1 du

y s1 u

, n 1

u n1 du

u n1 cos1u

y s1 u

u n1 tan1u

, n 1

u n1 du
, n 1
1 u2

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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

REFERENCE PAGE 10
TABLE OF I NT EGRALS

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS

96.

y ue

97.

yue

98.

ye

au

99.

ye

au

au

du

n au

1
au 1e au C
a2
1 n au
n
u e
a
a

du

yu

n1 au

e du

sin bu du

e au
a sin bu b cos bu C
a b2

cos bu du

e au
a cos bu b sin bu C
a b2

100.

y ln u du u ln u u C

101.

yu

102.

y u ln u du ln ln u C

ln u du

u n1
n 1 ln u 1 C
n 12

HYPERBOLIC FORMS

y csch u du ln tanh u C
109. y sech u du tanh u C
110. y csch u du coth u C
111. y sech u tanh u du sech u C
112. y csch u coth u du csch u C

y sinh u du cosh u C
104. y cosh u du sinh u C
105. y tanh u du ln cosh u C
106. y coth u du ln sinh u C
107. y sech u du tan sinh u C

FORMS INVOLVING s2au u 2 , a 0

au
ua
a2
cos1
s2au u 2
2
2
a

113.

y s2au u

114.

u s2au u 2 du

115.

au
s2au u 2
du s2au u 2 a cos1
u
a

116.

2 s2au u 2
au
s2au u 2
du
cos1
2
u
u
a

117.

y s2au u

118.

y s2au u

du

du

u du

u 2 du

119.

y s2au u

120.

y u s2au u

au
a

du

C
C

au
a

au
u 3a
3a 2
cos1
s2au u 2
2
2
a

s2au u 2 a cos1

au
2u 2 au 3a 2
a3
cos1
s2au u 2
6
2
a

cos1

1
2

108.

103.

s2au u 2
C
au

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