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GEOTHERMAL & HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM

Rina Herdianita

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PERMEABILITY

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Distinctive features of geothermal reservoirs

(Grant et al., 1982)
1982)
The primary permeability is usually fractures rock.

The reservoirs is of great vertical extent.

Many reservoirs are uncapped and hence allow free flow to
the ground surface.
The vertical and lateral extent of the reservoir may be
unknown, and the hot fluid core may be in direct connection
with cooler surrounding fluid.
Heat transport as well as mass transport is important. In the
geothermal reservoir we are, in fact, mining the heat rather
than the fluid.

Permeability
Massive volcanic rocks are the most common host rocks for
geothermal systems.
In volcaniclastics and sediments, the degree of
permeability will depend on the grain size, the degree of
sorting and packing.
Sources of permeability:
Primary permeability
Secondary permeability

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Sources of Primary Permeability

Primary pores: these have very little effect on the

permeability of the rock as a whole unless they are well
connected.
Cooling joints: in lava flows and welded pyroclastics these
may form zones of permeability, e.g. columnar joints in the
middle of lava flow or pyroclastic cooling units
Autobreccias: these form zones of permeability at the
tops bottoms and sides of lava flows.
Lithologic contacts: weathering surfaces and basal
conglomerates and breccia may form permeable zones;
these zones of permeability will generally originally be subhorizontal; in plutonic or hypabyssal rocks, the contacts are
just as likely to be vertical as horizontal.
Volcanic vent structures: these are a special casr of
autobrecciation; they are generally sur-vertical.

Sources of Secondary Permeability

Intrusion margins: plutonic, or hypabyssal rocks, can
be permeable at the margins due to a combination of
thermal stressing and hydrofracturing as a result of a
release of fluid from the intrusives.
Rock dissolution: except in special cases, e.g.
limestone, or with acid fluids. This is a relatively minor
source of permeability in volcanic terrains.
Tectonism: faulting and related fracturing; both normal
and reverse faults can produce large fracture zones,
since lateral stresses are often high.
Hydrothermal brecciation: this will take place when
the fluid pressure in a rock exceed the sum of the
minimum principal stress, plus the tensile strength.

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Mechanism of Hydrothermal Brecciation

Where the fluid at near lithostatic pressures is release from

an intrusive and it hydrofractures the solid part of the
intrusive and surrounding rocks. This process is important
at depth for creating pathways to channel fluid through and
transfer heat from an intrusive.
Where tectonic movement creates open space by pulling
apart the rocks. The minimum principal stress is effectively
reduced resulting in the fluid pressure producing a network
of fracture in the surrounding rocks with some of them
imploding into the open space. The drop in pressure as fluid
expands into the open space causes violently boiling and
upward transport of brecciated rock further fracturing the
already broken rock and the sides of the open fracture. This
process is important in creating wide zones of brecciation
around a fault, giving it much greater permeability than a
simple planar fracture.

Note on Hydrothermal Brecciation

Hydrothermal fracturing, and hydrothermal eruption if
the fluids can vent to the surface, may be cyclic in
hydrothermal systems due to silica sealing. Amorphous
silica is usually the solubility-controlling phase at shallow
levels; this tends to seal the top of hydrothermal
systems.
The continued upflow of hot fluid and the accumulation
of gas at the top beneath the seal, allow heat and
pressure to build up to the point where fracturing occurs.
Once a fracture has been opened from a high pressure
area at depth to a lower pressure area above, fluid
flashing can occur.

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Relative Importance of Permeability to Fluid

Flow
Primary permeability is generally much less significant than
secondary permeability. The fractures created by
secondary processes tend to be larger, and more
continuous, than those created by primary processes.

The ability of a fracture to transmit fluid varies at about the

fourth power of the width of the fracture (depending on
the shape, surface roughness, temperature, etc).
With time, hydrothermal mineral deposition tends to block
primary permeable channels. Secondary channels keep
being rejuvenated, whereas primary ones do not.
Near-vertical channels are more effective in connecting
zones of different hydraulic pressures, and hence inducing
fluid flow.

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Permeability distribution

Lawless in WPRB Geothermal Lectures 2008

HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS

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Hidrogeologi Daerah Panas Bumi

Air merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dan
diperlukan pada pembentukan sistem panas
bumi (yaitu sebagai media pembawa panas).
Pola hidrogeologi di daerah panas bumi
dipengaruhi:
Kondisi topografi
Permeabilitas

Pengaruh Sistem Hidrotermal

Hidrologi

Kimia Fluida

Kondisi Geologi

Kimia Batuan

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Sistem VolkanikVolkanik-Hidrotermal akan Terjadi:

Perubahan karakteristik batuan plutonik akibat pendinginan
oleh interaksi air meteorik
Perubahan fluida primer, yaitu fluida magmatik dan air
reservoir
Perubahan fluida sekunder (thermal
(thermal collapse)
Erosi (perubahan morfologi)

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Hidrogeologi Sistem Hidrotermal

(Lawless, 2008)

Gradien tekanan: Dekat intrusi: litostatik ~2,5 bar/10 m

Dangkal: hidrostatik ~1 bar/10 m
Gradien temperatur:
Zona permeabilitas rendah: konduksi, umumnya linier
Zona permeabilitas tinggi: di upflow, mengikuti BPD
Sangat berubah di dekat permukaan, hampir isotermal di kedalaman
Boilng menyebabkan:
Penurunan P, peningkatan T
Peningkatan kandungan gas

BAGIAN ATAS SISTEM PANASBUMI

Bagian atas : < 2 km
Kenampakan di permukaan dapat memberikan
gambaran tentang kondisi bawah permukaan
Boiling dan mixing/dilution digunakan untuk
menafsirkan kondisi reservoir
Terjadi 2 fasa fluida akibat boiling : air dan uap
Kondensasi dengan air tanah
Alterasi batuan yang khas
Boiling : liquid dan vapour dominated system

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Boiling = Mendidih
Terjadi di bagian atas, yaitu pada kedalaman < 2 km

Terjadi pemisahan 2 fasa fluida, yaitu air dan uap

Unsur non-volatil (Cl, SiO2) tinggal di air

Unsur volatil/gas (CO2, H2) berada pada fasa uap

Pemisahan 2 fasa fluida mengakibatkan terbentuknya:

Entalpi liquid (Hliq)

Entalpi uap (Hvap)

Manifestasi panas bumi di permukaan memberikan

gambaran tentang kondisi/proses bawah permukaan

Tekanan vs Boiling Point

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Boiling Point Depth (BPD)

Tekanan vs titik didih (boiling point) air
Tekanan air (P) sebagai fungsi dari kedalaman (h):

PHidrostatik = 0,1897 h0,8719

PHidrodinamik = 0,2087 h0,8719 = 1.1 PHidrostatik

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Selesai

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