Leeson Plan Memmlers

Answer Key for Study Guide for Memmlers
Structure and Function of the Human Body, 10th Edition
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human
Body
Addressing the Learning
Outcomes
Exercise 1-1
1. the study of body structure.
2. the study of body function.
Exercise 1-2
1. molecule
2. cell
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. body
Exercise 1-3
1. nervous system
2. cardiovascular system
3. digestive system
4. integumentary system
5. urinary system
6. skeletal system
7. respiratory system
8. lymphatic system
Exercise 1-4
1. metabolism
2. anabolism
3. catabolism
4. ATP
Exercise 1-9
1. frontal (coronal) plane
2. sagittal plane
3. transverse (horizontal) plane
Exercise 1-10
Making the Connections
1. dorsal cavity
2. cranial cavity
3. spinal cavity (canal)
4. ventral cavity
5. abdominopelvic cavity
6. thoracic cavity
7. diaphragm
8. abdominal cavity
9. pelvic cavity
Exercise 1-11
1. right hypochondriac region
2. epigastric region
3. left hypochondriac region
4. right lumbar region
5. umbilical region
6. left lumbar region
7. right iliac (inguinal) region
8. hypogastric region
9. left iliac (inguinal) region
Exercise 1-12
1. right upper quadrant
2. left upper quadrant
3. right lower quadrant
4. left lower quadrant
Common Name
Anatomic
Adjective
Femoral
Inner elbow
Antecubital
Exercise 1-6
Groin
Inguinal
1. EC
2. IC
3. EC
Arm
Brachial
Forearm
Antebrachial
Armpit
Axillary
Exercise 1-7
Ankle
Tarsal
Shoulder blade
Scapular
Shoulder
Acromial
Exercise 1-8
1. anterior
2. distal
3. lateral
4. proximal
5. posterior
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity
cranial cavity
abdominal cavity
diaphragm
pelvic cavity
hypochondriac region
iliac region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
lumbar region
Testing Your Knowledge

Building Understanding
I. Multiple Choice
1. a: O11
2. c: O9
3. d: O4
4. a: O6
5. c: O5
6. b: O10
7. c: O1
8. a: O8
GROUP A: General Terminology
Thigh
1. superior
2. inferior
3. anterior
4. posterior
5. proximal
6. distal
7. medial
8. lateral
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
II. Completion Exercise
Exercise 1-13
Exercise 1-5
1. homeostasis
2. negative feedback
3. activates
4. corrects
5. shuts off
4. same; homeostasis
5. dis-; dissect
6. cata-; catabolism
7. ana-; anabolism
8. study of; radiology
Exercise 1-14
a. left upper quadrant
b. antecubital
c. abdominopelvic or abdominal
d. left lumbar or umbilical
e. inferiorly
Exercise 1-15
1. cutting, incision of; anatomy
2. stand, stoppage, constancy; homeostasis
3. physi/o; physiology
1. forward
2. intracellular fluid
3. ATP
4. negative feedback
5. metabolism
6. adenosine triphosphate
Learning Outcomes 4, 5, 6, 7
GROUP B: Body Cavities, Directional

Terms, and Planes of Division
1. proximal
2. lateral
3. quadrant
4. cranial cavity
5. sagittal plane
6. abdominal cavity
8. mediastinum
9. abdominopelvic cavity
GROUP C: Body Regions

1. gluteal
2. carpal
3. popliteal
4. iliac
5. antebrachial
Learning Outcome 11
205
206
Answer Key
Understanding Concepts
I. True/False
1. T: O4
2. T: O11
3. F: inferior. O7
4. F: medial. O7, O10
5. F: right upper quadrant: O10
II. Practical Applications
GROUP A: Directional Terms

1. superior
2. lateral
3. proximal
4. distal
5. superior
6. posterior
7. medial
Learning Outcome 7
GROUP B: Body Cavities & Body Regions

1. left hypochondriac region
2. scapular
3. right hypochondriac region
4. pelvic cavity
6. lumbar
7. umbilical region
Learning Outcomes 10, 11
GROUP C: Body Systems

1. nervous system
2. skeletal system
3. muscular system
4. endocrine system
5. cardiovascular system
6. digestive system
6. integumentary system
8. reproductive system
9. urinary system
Learning Outcome 3
III. Short Answer

1. Both catabolism and anabolism concern
chemical reactions (metabolism). The
difference is that catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances into simple
ones, whereas anabolism is the opposite.
Learning Outcome 4
2. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
constant internal environment. Negative
feedback maintains homeostasis by keeping systems (for instance, body temperature) running within a limited range. The
system responds to a change in a parameter by inducing an opposing change.
3. Specialized terms are needed to provide
researchers and practitioners from all
cultures with a common language. For
instance, surgeons need to know where
to find a tumor. Describing its location as
in the hypogastric region, superior to the
bladder is much more specific than stating in the lower abdomen, and describing a laceration as in the cervical region,
lateral to the 3rd vertebrae is much more
specific than on the side of the neck.
Learning Outcomes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Conceptual Thinking
1. A 40-year-old man was brought into
the ER suffering from multiple wounds.
One laceration was in the scapular
region, just superior to a mole. The second was in his sural region, lateral to a
scar from a previous injury. Finally, he
had multiple small cuts extending from
the hypogastric region to the left iliac
region.
Learning Outcomes 9, 10,11
2. a. low blood pressure
b. it increased its rate of contraction (the
heart rate)
c. cardiovascular system
d. oxygen administration, IV saline
administration
Learning Outcomes 5, 6, 12
3. a. Mr. S. has a defect in the chemical
hemoglobin. The chemical gives his
blood cells an abnormal shape. His
abnormal blood cells cause his blood
(tissue) to flow abnormally through
the blood vessels (organ), which form
part of the cardiovascular system. This
abnormality causes him pain throughout his body.
b. organ
Learning Outcome 2
Chapter 2
Chemistry, Matter, and Life
4. M
5. B
6. C
Exercise 2-5
1. solvent
2. solute
3. suspension
4. aqueous
5. colloid
6. mixture
Exercise 2-6
A
Exercise 2-7
1. acid
2. base or alkali
3. alkali or base
4. hydroxide
5. salt
5. pH scale
7. low
8. high
9. buffer
Exercise 2-8
C, D, F, G
Exercise 2-9
1. amino acid
2. protein
3. steroid
4. phospholipid
5. carbohydrate
6. carbon
7. monosaccharide

Outcomes
Exercise 2-10: Carbohydrates

(text Fig. 2-8)
Exercise 2-1
1. monosaccharide
2. disaccharide
3. polysaccharide
4. glucose
5. sucrose
6. glycogen
1. proton
2. atom
3. neutron
4. element
5. nucleus
6. electron
Exercise 2-2: Parts of the

Atom, Molecule of Water
(text Figs. 2-1 and 2-5)
1. proton
2. neutron
3. electron
4. first energy level
5. second energy level
Exercise 2-3
1. anions
2. nonpolar covalent
3. electrolytes
4. cations
5. ionic
6. polar covalent
Exercise 2-4
1. B
2. M
3. C
Exercise 2-11: Lipids

(text Fig. 2-9)
1. glycerol
2. fatty acids
3. triglyceride
4. cholesterol
Exercise 2-12: Proteins

(text Fig. 2-10)
1. amino group
2. acid group
3. amino acid
4. coiled
5. pleated
6. folded
Exercise 2-13: Enzyme

Action (text Fig. 2-11)
1. substrate 1 (or substrate 2)
2. substrate 2 (or substrate 1)
3. enzyme
4. product
Answer Key
Exercise 2-14
Building Blocks
Purpose of finished
product or Example
Finished Product
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Triglyceride (simple fat)
Purpose: Insulation, protection,

energy storage
2 monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Example: sucrose
1 monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
Example: glucose
Many monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Examples: starch, glycogen
Amino acids
Protein
Purpose: enzyme, structural component
One nucleotide containing three

phosphorus
ATP
Purpose: high-energy compound
Many nucleotides
DNA or RNA
Purpose: transmission of genetic

traits, protein synthesis
Exercise 2-15
1. N
2. A
3. N
4. N
5. A
6. A
Exercise 2-16
1. Decreased
2. Low blood pressure
3. Increased
4. Sodium
Exercise 2-17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
phobia; hydrophobic
phil; hydrophilic
sugar, glucose, sweet; glycogen
heter/o-; heterogeneous
water; hydrophobic
same; homogeneous
poly-; polysaccharide
suffix used in naming enzymes;
lipase
9. sugar; monosaccharide
10. co-; covalent

1. carbon
2. proteins
3. amino acids
4. enzymes
5. triglyceride
6. glycerol
7. fatty acids
8. monosaccharides
9. glucose

I. Multiple Choice
1. b: O9
2. d: O2
3. b: O3
4. a: O2
5. c: O14
6. b: O12
7. b: O3
8. c: O6
9. a: O12

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
carbon: O12
valence: O3
universal solvent: O7
molecules; O5
radioactive; O11
colloid: O6
electrolytes or salts: O4
buffer: O10
chemistry: O1
enzymes: O13
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
F: compound. O5
F: 12. O2
T: O2
F: hydrophilic. O7
F: 18. O3
F: suspension; O6
F: neutral: O9
F: nonpolar covalent bonds: O3
T: O12
F: phosphate group. O14

1. triglycerides: O12
2. acids; O8
3. lower; O9
4. monosaccharide: O12
5. water: O7
6. amino acids: O12
7. x-rays: O11
8. electrolytes: O4
III. Short Essays

1. Proteins are composed of linear sequences of amino acids joined by peptide
bonds. These chains of amino acids can

be wound into a helix or folded into a
pleated sheet.
Learning Outcome 12
2. A solute is the substance that dissolves,
while the solvent is the substance
in which the solute dissolves. Salt
(NaCl) is the solute, water is the
solvent.
Learning Outcome 6
3. The shape of an enzyme is important
because it allows the enzyme to bind
its specific substrate.
Learning Outcome 13
4. Similarities: both are mixtures; both
contain particles that are not
dissolved.
Differences: The particles remain evenly
distributed in a colloid, but will settle out
in a suspension.
Learning Outcome 6
Conceptual Thinking
1 a. 20
b. 7
c. 17
d. 10
2. Possible answer: There are 20 different building blocks (amino acids) that
can be used to form protein chains,
but only glucose is used to form carbohydrate chains. An almost infinite
number of different proteins can be
constructed. (Since there are 20 different amino acids, even a short chain of
three amino acids has 320 different possibilities.)
Learning Outcome 12
3. a. C, E
b. M, C
c. M, C
d. M
207
208
Answer Key
Chapter 3
Cells and Their Functions
Outcomes
Exercise 3-1
1. micrometer
2. scanning electron microscope
3. compound light microscope
4. transmission electron microscope
Exercise 3-2: Structure

of the Plasma Membrane
(text Fig. 3-3)
1. carbohydrate
2. protein channel
3. phospholipid
4. proteins
5. cholesterol
6. lipid bilayer
7. extracellular fluid
8. cytoplasm
Exercise 3-3: Membrane Proteins

(Table 3-2)
1. channel
2. transporter
3. receptor
4. enzyme
5. linker
6. cell identity marker
Exercise 3-4: Typical Animal Cell

Showing the Main Organelles
(text Fig. 3-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
nucleus
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
plasma membrane
cytosol
mitochondrion
secretory vesicle
Golgi apparatus
microvilli
lysosome or peroxisome
centriole
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
peroxisome or lysosome
Exercise 3-5
1. nucleolus
2. ribosome
3. Golgi apparatus
4. vesicle
5. mitochondrion
6. lysosome
7. nucleus
Exercise 3-6
1. active transport
2. filtration
3. facilitated diffusion
4. osmosis
5. diffusion
6. endocytosis
7. exocytosis
8. pinocytosis
Exercise 3-7: Osmosis

(text Fig. 3-10)
1. isotonic
2. hypotonic
3. hypertonic
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
diffusion
osmosis
bulk transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
Exercise 3-8: Basic Structure of a

DNA Molecule (text Fig. 3-15)
1. nucleotide
2. phosphate unit
3. sugar unit
4. nitrogen base
5. thymine
6. guanine
1. b: O3
2. c: O10
3. b: O5
4. c: O10
5. c: O5
6. b: O2
7. b: O1
8. c: O6
Exercise 3-9
1. transcription
2. nucleotide
3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
4. transfer RNA (tRNA)
5. messenger RNA (mRNA)
6. translation
Exercise 3-10: Stages of Mitosis

(text Fig. 3-18)
1. prophase
2. anaphase
3. interphase
4. telophase
5. metaphase
Exercise 3-11
1. mitosis
2. telophase
3. prophase
4. metaphase
5. interphase
6. anaphase
Exercise 3-12
1. mitosis
2. mitochondria
3. ATP
4. active transport
5. membrane potential
6. entered
Exercise 3-13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
to eat, ingest; phagocytosis

pino; pinocytosis
body; chromosome
loosening, dissolving, separating;
lysosome
cyt/o; cytology
hyper-; hypertonic
blood; hemolysis
iso-; isotonic
deficient, below, beneath; hypotonic
end/o-; endoplasmic

1. active transport
2. transporter
3. passive transport
4. facilitated diffusion
I. Multiple Choice

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
sodium (Na+): O2
phospholipids: O2
nucleolus: O3
C: O7
U: O8
transcription: O8
transfer RNA (tRNA): O8
interphase: O10
4: O10
facilitated diffusion: O4, O5
pinocytosis: O5
aquaporins: O4
phagocytosis: O5
I. True/False
1. T: O7
2. F, hypotonic: O6
3. F, facilitated diffusion: O4
4. T: O3
5. F, filtration: O4
6. T: O10

1. ribosomes: O3
2. isotonic: O6
3. stains: O1
4. filtration: O4
5. diffusion: O4
6. light microscope or compound light
microscope: O1
7. mitosis: O10
8. chromosomes: O10
9. G: O7
III. Short Essays

1. Both active transport and facilitated
diffusion use transporters. However,
active transport moves substances against
their concentration gradients and uses
ATP, whereas facilitated diffusion moves
substances down their concentration gradients and does not use ATP.
2. The isotonic solution. If the solution is
more concentrated than your blood cells
Answer Key
(hypertonic), the cells will lose water and

shrink. On the other hand, if the solution is less concentrated than your blood
cells, the cells will swell and possibly
burst (lyse).
Learning Outcome 6
3. Prophase: chromosomes condense,
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, centrioles migrate and spindles
appear.
Metaphase: chromosomes line up across
the cells equator
Anaphase: centromeres joining the
duplicated chromosomes divide, and the
chromosomes separate to opposite ends
of the cell.
Telophase: membrane appears around
each chromosome group, forming two
new nuclei.
Learning Outcome 10
Conceptual Thinking
1. Answers may vary. A possible answer is:
The cell can be compared to a walled city:
City walls (plasma membrane) restrict
traffic in and out. Town office (nucleus)
contains blueprints for all city buildings.
Waste disposal plants (lysosomes,
peroxisomes) deal with waste. Factories
(ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus) produce necessary materials
for city function. Vehicles (vesicles) move
substances within the city. Power plants
(mitochondria) generate energy.
2. Answers may vary. A possible answer is:
a. DNA is a long chain of letterslike
the alphabet in a list of instructions.
These instructions are first copied
into a modified set of instructions
called messenger RNA. These
modified instructions are then used
by tiny structures called ribosomes
to assemble a protein. Proteins are
important because some are enzymes
that catalyze chemical reactions, such
as digestion, some make up body
substances, and some determine
physical traits like hair color and eye
color.
b. Once a protein is made, it has to be
packaged and exported from the cell.
A structure called the Golgi apparatus
puts the protein in a membranebound bubble called a vesicle. The
vesicle is then moved to the cell
boundary (called the plasma membrane), where it dumps its contents
out of the cell.
3. a. Glucose will move into the cell by
simple diffusion.
b. Calcium will move out of the cell by
facilitated diffusion.
c. (i) hypertonic (ii) water will flow out
(iii) the cell will shrink.
Chapter 4
Tissues, Glands, and
Membranes
Outcomes
Exercise 4-1: Three
Types of Epithelium
(text Fig. 4-1)
1. simple squamous
2. simple cuboidal
3. simple columnar
4. stratified squamous
Exercise 4-2: Muscle Tissue

(text Fig. 4-6)
1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle
Exercise 4-3: Nervous Tissue

(text Fig. 4-7)
1. white matter
2. gray matter
3. bundles of neuron fibers
4. nucleus
5. cell body
6. neuron fibers
7. neuron
8. nerve (cross-section)
9. brain tissue
Exercise 4-4
1. tissue
2. squamous
3. stratified
4. columnar
5. cuboidal
6. simple
Exercise 4-5
1. voluntary muscle
2. bone
3. myocardium
4. epithelial tissue
5. smooth muscle
6. neuron
7. connective tissue
Exercise 4-6
1. EN
2. EX
3. EX
4. EN
5. B
6. EX
Exercise 4-7: Connective Tissue

(text Figs. 4-4 and 4-5)
1. blood
2. areolar (loose) connective tissue
3. adipose tissue
4. fibrous connective tissue
5. cartilage
6. bone
Exercise 4-8
1. tendon
2. capsule
3. fibrocartilage
4. collagen
5. chondrocyte
6. hyaline cartilage
Exercise 4-9
1. serous membrane
2. cutaneous membrane
3. mucous membrane
4. visceral layer
5. parietal layer
6. mesothelium
7. serous pericardium
Exercise 4-10
1. superficial fascia
2. synovial membrane
3. deep fascia
4. periosteum
5. perichondrium
6. epithelial membrane
7. connective tissue membrane
Exercise 4-11
1. cystic fibrosis
2. simple cuboidal
3. pseudostratified columnar
4. epidermis
5. stratified squamous
Exercise 4-12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
chondr/o; chondrocyte
epi-; epithelial
bone, bone tissue; osteocyte
cardi/o; myocardium
bone, bone tissue; osseous
immature cell, early stage of cell;
osteoblast or fibroblast
around; periosteum
my/o; myocardium
pseud/o-; pseudostratified
tissue; histology
nerve, nervous system; neuron

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
epithelium
connective tissue
muscle tissue
cell shape
squamous
square
columnar
simple
stratified
bood
generalized
areolar
dense
elastic
structural
cartilage
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
neuron
neuroglia
209
210
Answer Key
1. d: O3
2. b: O1
3. b: O1
4. c: O1
5. b: O1
6. a: O3
7. b: O3
8. b: O5
9. a: O5
the skin as well as serous and mucous

membranes. Examples of connective tissue
membranes are synovial membranes, the
meninges, fascia, and the pericardium.
2. The cells in epithelial and muscle tissue
are tightly packed together, so there is
minimal, if any, extracellular matrix. The
cells of connective tissue are rarely in
contact with each other, because they are
separated by large amounts of matrix. The
matrix can be liquid, soft, fibrous, or hard.
3. dermis
4. stratum corneum
5. integument
6. dermal papillae
7. stratum basale
8. subcutaneous layer
Conceptual Thinking
1. sudoriferous
2. eccrine
3. ceruminous
4. sebaceous
5. wax
6. apocrine
7. meibomian
8. vernix caseosa

I. Multiple Choice
1. mucus: O4
2. osteoblasts: O1
3. hyaline cartilage: O3
4. synovial membrane: O5
5. histology: O1
6. peritoneum: O4
7. mucosa: O4
8. simple squamous epithelium: O1
9. cilia: O1
I. True/False
1. T: O3
2. T: O5
3. F: endocrine: O2
4. F: visceral: O4
5. F: regular dense connective tissue; O3

1. deep fascia
2. synovial membrane
3. adipose tissue
4. loose connective tissue
5. periosteum
6. elastic cartilage
7. peritoneum
8. fibroblasts
III. Short Essays

1. Both epithelial and connective tissue
membranes contain connective tissue. Only
epithelial tissue membranes contain epithelial tissuethey may also contain smooth
muscle. Epithelial membranes include
1. Connective tissue is defined as a tissue

containing cells separated by some sort of
matrix. In bone, the cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes) are separated by a matrix containing
calcium and phosphate. In blood, the cells
(red and white blood cells, platelets) are
separated by a liquid matrix (plasma).
Learning Outcome 3
2. a. connective
b. epithelial
c. epithelial
Learning Outcome 1
3. a. hyaline cartilage; structural connective
tissue
b. synovial membrane; connective tissue
membrane
c. adipose tissue; loose connective tissue
d. regular dense connective tissue; generalized connective tissue
e. regular dense connective tissue; generalized connective tissue
Chapter 5
The Integumentary System
Exercise 5-2
1. elastic fibers
2. adipose tissue
3. nerves
4. blood vessels
Exercise 5-3
Exercise 5-4: The Skin

(text Fig. 5-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Outcomes
16.
Exercise 5-1
17.
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
adipose (fat) cells
stratum corneum
stratum basale (growing
layer)
dermal papilla
nerve ending
nerve
touch receptor (Meissner
corpuscle)
pressure receptor (Pacinian
corpuscle)
arrector pili muscle
hair follicle
hair
sudoriferous (sweat)
gland
pore (opening of sweat
gland)
sebaceous (oil) gland.
1. melanocyte
2. keratin
Exercise 5-5: The Nail (text Fig. 5-5)

Number
Structure
Description
Nail plate
The hard portion of the nail
Nail bed
Epithelial tissue underlying the nail plate
Lunula
The pale proximal end of the nail plate overlying the growth region
Cuticle
An extension of the stratum corneum sealing the space between the nail plate and the skin
Nail root
The proximal portion of the nail bed
Growth region (nail matrix)
The region of the nail root where new cells are produced
Answer Key
Exercise 5-6
1. protection against infection and protection of deeper skin layers
2. keratin in epidermis, sebum
3. blood vessels, sweat glands
4. collection of sensory information
Exercise 5-7
1. hemoglobin
2. carotene
3. melanin
Exercise 5-8
1. epidermis
2. blood clot
3. inflammatory response
4. capillaries
5. collagen
6. fibroblasts
7. cicatrix
Exercise 5-9
1. under, below; subcutaneous
2. melan/o; melanin
3. pil/o; arrector pili
4. skin; dermis
5. corne/o; corneum
6. separation from, derivation from; apocrine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
integumentary system
dermis
strata
stratum basale
melanocytes
stratum corneum
keratin
dermal papillae
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
follicles

I. Multiple Choice
1. c: O1
2. b: O3
3. b: O4
4. c: O3
5. b: O3
6. b: O3

1. stratum corneum: O1
2. dermal papillae: O1
3. melanin: O5
4. fibroblasts: O5
5. superficial fascia: O2
6. eccrine (sweat) glands: O3
7. keratin: O3
I. True/False
1. F: stratum corneum: O3
2. T: O4
3. F: vitamin D: O4
4. F: sebaceous glands: O3
5. F: root (or hair root): O3
6. F: stratum basale or stratum
germinativum: O1

1. stratum corneum
2. subcutaneous layer or
hypodermis
3. melanin
4. ceruminous glands
5. apocrine glands
6. fibroblasts
7. cicatrix
8. sebaceous glands
Learning Outcomes 1-3, 5
III. Short Essays

1. Eccrine sweat (sudoriferous) glands
produce a watery secretion. Apocrine
sweat glands produce an organic
secretion that is thicker, containing
cellular material as well as fluid.
Learning Outcome 3
2. Heat loss is controlled at the surface
of the skin. When our body needs to
eliminate more heat, blood vessels
serving the skin dilate. More blood
circulates through the skin, releasing
its heat to the environment. Increased
blood flow also gives the skin a reddish
coloration. If we need to eliminate more
heat, then the sweat glands of the skin
secrete sweat. Heat is lost as the sweat
evaporates from the surface of the skin.
When our body needs to stay warm,
the blood vessels to the skin constrict.
Less blood flows to the skin surface to
conserve heat.
Learning Outcome 4
Chapter 6
The Skeleton: Bones and
Joints
Outcomes
Exercise 6-1
1. to serve as a firm framework
2. to protect delicate structures
3. to enable movement by serving as levers
4. to store calcium
5. to produce blood cells

of a Long Bone (text Fig. 6-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
proximal epiphysis
diaphysis
distal epiphysis
cartilage
epiphyseal line (growth line)
spongy bone (containing bone marrow)
endosteum
compact bone
medullary (marrow) cavity
yellow marrow
periosteum
artery and vein
Exercise 6-3
1. S
2. S
3. C
4. S
5. C
Exercise 6-4
1. R
2. Y
3. R
4. Y
Conceptual Thinking
Exercise 6-5
1. Epithelial tissue is primarily found in

the epidermis. Some epithelial tissue
(the hair follicles and glands) is also
found in the dermis. Connective tissue
is found in the dermis (especially elastic
connective tissue) and the hypodermis
(adipose tissue). Liquid connective tissue
(blood) is also found in the dermis and
subcutaneous layer. Nervous tissue is
found primarily in the dermis. Muscle
tissue is found in the dermis (the arrector
pili muscle).
2. a. paler skin, increased cold sensitivity
b. gray hair, decreased ability to tan
c. decreased hair replacement, thinning
hair
d. thin, less elastic (parchment) skin
e. decreased sweat production, decreased
heat tolerance
Learning Outcomes 1 -5
1. diaphysis
2. periosteum
3. epiphysis
4. spongy bone
5. endosteum
6. medullary cavity
7. central canal
Exercise 6-6
1. osteoclast
2. osteocyte
3. osteoblast
Exercise 6-7
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
Exercise 6-8
1. meatus
2. sinus
211
212
Answer Key
3. head
4. condyle
5. crest
6. fossa
7. foramen
Exercise 6-9: The Skull

(text Fig. 6-5A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
conchae
vomer
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
nasal septum
coronal suture
squamous suture
lambdoid suture
lacrimal
mastoid process
hyoid
ligaments
styloid process
palatine
foramen magnum
frontal sinuses
sella turcica
Exercise 6-10: The Skull: Sagittal

Section (text Fig. 6-6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
palatine
mandible
maxilla
inferior concha
middle concha
superior concha
frontal sinus
sphenoid sinus
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
foramen magnum
Exercise 6-11: Bones of the

Thorax, Anterior View
(text Fig. 6-11)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
clavicular notch
manubrium
sternal angle
body
xiphoid process
sternum
intercostal space
costal cartilage
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
Exercise 6-12: Vertebral

Column, Left Lateral View
(text Fig. 6-8)
1. atlas (1st cervical)
2. axis (2nd cervical)
3. transverse process
4. intervertebral disk
5. body of vertebra
6. spinous process
7. intervertebral foramen
(for spinal nerve)
Exercise 6-13: The Vertebral

Column and Vertebrae (text Fig.
6-9)
1. cervical vertebra
2. thoracic vertebra
3. lumbar vertebra
4. spinous process
5. vertebral foramen
6. transverse process
7. transverse foramen
8. body (centrum)
Exercise 6-14
1. mandible
2. maxilla
3. hyoid bone
4. occipital bone
5. frontal bone
6. nasal bone
7. parietal bone
8. zygomatic bone
Exercise 6-15
1. manubrium
2. xiphoid process
3. costal
4. fontanel
5. floating ribs
6. clavicular notch
7. true ribs
Exercise 6-16
1. thoracic curve
2. thoracic region
3. cervical curve
4. lumbar curve
5. coccyx
6. lumbar region
7. cervical region
Exercise 6-17: The Skeleton

(text Fig. 6-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
clavicle
scapula
humerus
ribs
radius
carpals
ulna
metacarpals
phalanges
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
tarsals
phalanges
metatarsals
calcaneus
sacrum
pelvis
ilium (of pelvis)
vertebral column
sternum
mandible
facial bones
cranium
Exercise 6-18: The Shoulder

Girdle (text Fig. 6-12)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
clavicle
acromion
coracoid process
humerus
scapula
glenoid cavity
infraspinous fossa
supraspinous fossa
spine
vertebral border
Exercise 6-19: Bones of the Upper

Extremity (text Fig. 6-13)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
humerus
head
medial epicondyle
lateral epicondyle
trochlea
olecranon fossa
distal radioulnar joint
radius
styloid process of radius
head of radius
ulna
head of ulna
styloid process of ulna
olecranon
trochlear (semilunar) notch
radial notch
Exercise 6-20: Pelvic Bones

(text Fig. 6-17)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sacrum
ischial spine
pubic symphysis
pubic arch
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
acetabulum
obturator foramen
ischial tuberosity
coccyx
Exercise 6-21: Bones of the

Lower Extremity
(text Fig. 6-19)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
femur
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
lateral condyle
medial condyle
patellar surface
medial epicondyle
tibia
anterior crest
medial condyle
articular surface
lateral condyle
medial malleolus
fibula
head of fibula
lateral malleolus
Answer Key
20. proximal tibiofibular joint

21. distal tibiofibular joint
Exercise 6-29: Types of

Synovial Joints (text Table 6-3)
Exercise 6-22
1. gliding joint
2. hinge joint
3. pivot joint
4. condyloid joint
5. saddle joint
6. ball-and-socket joint
1. clavicle
2. metacarpal bones
3. ulna
4. olecranon
5. phalanges
6. radius
7. scapula
Exercise 6-23
1. acetabulum
2. ischium
3. fibula
4. ilium
5. patella
6. calcaneus
7. greater trochanter
Exercise 6-24
1. male, female
2. female, male
3. female, male
4. male, female
Exercise 6-25
1. articulation
2. amphiarthrosis
3. diarthrosis
4. synarthrosis
5. fibrous joint
6. cartilaginous joint
7. synovial joint
Exercise 6-26:
The Knee Joint (text Fig. 6-22)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
femur
articular cartilage
meniscus
joint cavity
tibia
patellar ligament
synovial membrane
quadriceps tendon
patella
prepatellar bursa
fat pad
infrapatellar bursae
Exercise 6-27: Movements at

Synovial Joints (text Fig. 6-23)
1. flexion/extension
2. pronation/supination
3. abduction/adduction
4. circumduction
5. rotation
6. dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
7. inversion/eversion
Exercise 6-28
1. extension
2. abduction
3. rotation
4. flexion
5. adduction
6. supination
7. plantar flexion
Exercise 6-30
1. calcium
2. protein
3. intervertebral discs
4. intercostal cartilages
5. collagen
Exercise 6-31
a. 4
b. 1
c. 5
d. 2
e. 3
Exercise 6-32
1. wall: parietal
2. break: osteoclast
3. cost/o: intercostal
4. on both sides, around, double:
amphiarthrosis
5. joint, articulation: synarthrosis
6. ab-: abduction
7. circum-: circumduction
8. ad-: adduction
9. through, between: diaphysis

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
skeleton
axial
appendicular
osteocytes
compact bone
central canal
osteons
spongy bone
diaphysis
epiphyses
medullary cavity
yellow marrow

I. Multiple Choice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c: O4
c: O10
a: O6
b: O7
d: O9
a: O9
c: O9
d: O7
d: O7
c: O11

1. atlas: O7
2. sphenoid bone: O7
3. ethmoid bone: O7
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
calcium: O2
femur: O9
bursae: O10
synovial joints or diarthroses: O10
circumduction: O12
dorsiflexion: O12
cartilage: O5
compact bone: O3
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
T: O2
T: O7
F: adduction: O11
F: olecranon; O9
T: O11
F: five: O7
T: O4
F: Freely moveable: O10
T: O3
F: tibia: O9

1. ulna
2. trochlea
3. hinge joint
4. carpal bones
5. acetabulum
6. ischium
7. osteoblasts
III. Short Essays

1. The fontanels enable the skull to compress and change shape during the birth
process and allow for rapid brain growth
during infancy.
Learning Outcome 7
2. The primary curves of the spine are in
the thoracic and sacral regions. These
are concave curves present at birth. The
secondary curves are in the cervical and
lumbar regions. These are convex curves
that appear after birth. These curves add
strength and resilience to the spine and
help in balance and movement.
Learning Outcome 8
3. True ribs are individually attached to the
sternum by means of the costal cartilages.
False ribs do not attach individually to
the sternum. They either attach to the
cartilage of the rib above or, in the case of
the floating ribs, do not have any anterior
attachment.
Learning Outcome 7
4. The elbow joint consists of the distal
humerus and the proximal radius and
ulna. The ulnar olecranon articulates
with the humerus olecranon fossa. The
humerus trochlea articulates with the
ulnas trochlear notch. The radial head
articulates with the radial notch of the
ulna.
Learning Outcome 9
Conceptual Thinking
1. A. diarthrosis
B . hinge joint
213
214
Answer Key
C. synovial joint
D. femur, tibia
E . flexion, extension
2. a. Thigh extension (hyperextension),
thigh flexion
b. head rotation
c. elbow flexion, elbow extension
Learning Outcome 11
3. frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid,
palatine, and lacrimal bones, and the
maxillae
Learning Outcome 7
Chapter 7
4. synaptic cleft
5. motor unit
6. troponin
7. sarcoplasmic reticulum
8. sarcomere
Exercise 7-6
1. acetylcholine
2. ATP
3. calcium
4. ATP
5. calcium
6. acetylcholine
7. creatine phosphate
8. glycogen
9. myoglobin
Exercise 7-7
The Muscular System

Outcomes
Exercise 7-1
1. tendon
2. fascicle
3. perimysium
4. skeletal muscle
5. smooth muscle
6. cardiac muscle
7. epimysium
8. endomysium

of a Skeletal Muscle
(text Fig. 7-1).
1. muscle fiber (cell)
2. muscle fascicle
3. endomysium
4. perimysium
5. epimysium
6. body of muscle
7. blood vessels
8. tendon
9. bone
Exercise 7-3
(order of answers may vary)
1. movement of the skeleton
2. maintenance of posture
3. generation of heat
Exercise 7-4: Neuromuscular

Junction (text Fig. 7-2).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
axon of motor neuron

axon branches
muscle fiber
muscle fiber nucleus
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicle
mitochondrion
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
motor end plate
receptor
Exercise 7-5
1. actin
2. myosin
3. motor end plate
a. 1
b. 7
c. 6
d. 2
e. 8
f. 3
g. 5
h. 9
i. 4
Exercise 7-8
A, D
Exercise 7-9
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
Exercise 7-10
1. synergist
2. insertion
3. origin
4. agonist
5. antagonist
6. isotonic
7. isometric
Exercise 7-11: Muscle attachment

to bones (text Fig. 7-6).
1. biceps brachii
2. insertion
3. origins
4. tendons
5. radius
6. ulna
7. scapula
8. humerus
Exercise 7-12
1. 1st
2. 3rd
3. 2nd
Exercise 7-13
1. shape
2. number of heads, location
3. direction of fibers, location
4. action, location
5. shape, size
Exercise 7-14: Superficial Muscles:

Anterior View (text Fig. 8-8).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
temporalis
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
masseter
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
deltoid
pectoralis major
serratus anterior
intercostals
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominis
abdominal aponeurosis
biceps brachii
brachioradialis
flexor carpi
extensor carpi
adductors of thigh
sartorius
quadriceps femoris
gastrocnemius
soleus
fibularis longus
tibialis anterior
Exercise 7-15: Superficial Muscles:

posterior view (text Fig. 7-9).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
deltoid
teres minor
teres major
latissimus dorsi
triceps brachii
gluteus maximus
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gastrocnemius
fibularis longus
lumbodorsal fascia
iliotibial tract
olecranon
Achilles tendon
gluteus medius
epicranial aponeurosis
hamstring group
vastus lateralis
Exercise 7-16: Muscles of the

Head (text Fig. 7-10).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
nasalis
zygomaticus minor
zygomaticus major
orbicularis oris
depressor labii inferioris
mentalis
depressor anguli oris
buccinator
digastricus
masseter
trapezius
Answer Key
14. sternocleidomastoid
15. temporalis
16. epicranial aponeurosis
Exercise 7-17: Muscles

of the thigh: anterior view
(text Fig. 7-15A).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
iliopsoas
sartorius
iliotibial tract
quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
patella
adductor longus
gracilis
adductor magnus
Exercise 7-18
1. deltoid
2. rotator cuff
3. orbicularis oculi
4. buccinator
5. masseter
6. sternocleidomastoid
7. brachialis
8. trapezius
Exercise 7-19
1. latissimus dorsi
2. levator ani
3. biceps brachii
4. triceps brachii
5. serratus anterior
6. erector spinae
7. intercostals
Exercise 7-20
1. rectus femoris
2. gluteus maximus
3. gluteus medius
4. rectus abdominus
5. adductor longus
6. gracilis
7. iliopsoas
Exercise 7-21
1. sartorius
2. gastrocnemius
3. tibialis anterior
4. flexor digitorum group
5. fibularis longus
6. soleus
7. quadriceps femoris
Exercise 7-22
Answer could include:
1. loss of muscle cells results in smaller
muscles
2. loss of muscle power in extensors results
in kyphosis
Exercise 7-23
Movement (e.g., flexion)
Bend arm at the elbow
Flexion
Muscle(s) involved
Biceps brachii; brachialis
Straighten arm at the elbow
Extension
Triceps brachii
Stand on tiptoe
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius; soleus
Straighten leg at knee
Extension
Quadriceps femoris
Exercise 7-24
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
my/o: myoglobin
arm: biceps brachii
ton/o; isotonic
work: synergist
measure; isometric
quadr/i: quadriceps
-lysis; glycolysis
sarc/o: sarcomere
vessel: vasodilation
same; isometric

1. is a storage site for
2. binds to and displaces
3. actin
4. myosin
5. ATP
6. glycogen
7. is required for the aerobic metabolism of
8. myoglobin
7. a: O5
8. b: O8

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
tonus or muscle tone: O2

myoglobin: O4
origin: O8
eccentric: O7
Achilles tendon: O11
perineum: O11
antagonist: O8
diaphragm: O11
trapezius: O11
pectoralis major: O11
tibialis anterior: O11
I. True/False
GROUP B
1. extensor digitorum muscles
2. gluteus maximus
3. mitochondria
4. hypertrophy
Learning Outcome
III. Short Essays

1. a. Glycogen is the storage form of
glucose, which is used to
generate ATP.
b. Calcium binds the troponin/tropomyosin complex to enable crossbridge formation, whereas oxygen is necessary
for ATP production via fatty acid or
glucose oxidation.
c. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
that transmits the signal between the
motor neuron and the muscle cell,
whereas ATP provides the energy for
muscle contraction.
2. masseter and temporal muscles
Learning Outcome 11
1. F: extends: O11
2. T: O5
3. T: O7
4. T: O8
5. F: acetylcholine: O3
6. F: sarcomere: O3
7. F: glycogen: O4
8. T: O3
I. Multiple Choice
Conceptual Thinking
1. c: O1
2. a: O9
3. b: O11
4. b: O11
5. d: O1
6. b: O3
GROUP A
1. Lactic acid is no longer thought to be a

major cause of muscle fatigue. Fatigue
in beginning exercisers usually reflects
decreased activation of skeletal muscles
by the central nervous system. In
more experienced exercisers, glycogen
1. erector spinae
2. buccinator
3. flexor carpi muscles
Learning Outcome 11
215
216
Answer Key
depletion, inadequate oxygen supply,

or phosphate accumulation can be
responsible.
Learning Outcome 5
2. Endurance (aerobic) exercise has enormous health benefits. It strengthens
the heart muscle, improves blood pressure and cholesterol profiles, reduces
body fat, and improves psychological
well-being. At the level of the muscle,
it results in an increase in (1) the
number of capillaries in the muscle tissue, (2) the number of mitochondria,
and (3) compounds used to generate
energy (glycogen, creatine phosphate,
myoglobin).
Learning Outcome 6
3. A. plantar flexion
B . gastrocnemius
C. soleus
D. tibialis anterior
E . second
F. The fulcrum is the ball of the foot,
and the resistance is the weight of the
body focused at the ankle. The resistance is located between the fulcrum
and the effort.
Exercise 8-4
1. axon
2. dendrite
3. neurilemma
4. node
5. white matter
6. gray matter
Exercise 8-5
The Nervous System: The

Spinal Cord and Spinal
Nerves
Outcomes
Exercise 8-1: Anatomic Divisions
of the Nervous System
(text Fig. 8-1)
1. brain
2. spinal cord
3. central nervous system
4. cranial nerves
5. spinal nerves
6. peripheral nervous system
Exercise 8-2
1. autonomic nervous system
2. somatic nervous system
3. sympathetic nervous system
4. parasympathetic nervous system
6. peripheral nervous system
Exercise 8-13
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. E
1. neuron
2. nerve
3. tract
4. sensory neurons
5. motor neurons
6. endoneurium
7. epineurium
Exercise 8-14
Exercise 8-6
Exercise 8-15: Spinal Cord

(text Fig. 8-11B)

1. protect nervous tissue
2. support nervous tissue and bind it to
other structures
3. help repair cells
4. remove pathogens and impurities
5. regulate fluid composition in
neural tissue
Exercise 8-7
See Figure 8-7.
Exercise 8-8
Chapter 8
9. receptor
10. dendrite
1. repolarization
2. Na+
3. depolarization
4. action potential
5. K+
Exercise 8-9
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
Exercise 8-10: Formation of a

Myelin Sheath (text Fig. 8-4)
1. axon
2. axon membrane
3. nucleus
4. cytoplasm
5. Schwann cell
6. Schwann cell membrane
7. neurilemma
8. node
9. myelin sheath
Exercise 8-11
1. F
2. T
3. T
Exercise 8-3: The Motor Neuron

(text Fig. 8-2)
Exercise 8-12: A Synapse (text

Fig. 8-10)
1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. nucleus
4. axon covered with myelin sheath
5. node
6. axon branch
7. myelin
8. muscle
1. axon
2. end bulb of axon
3. mitochondria
4. vesicles (containing neurotransmitter)
5. presynaptic membrane
6. neurotransmitter (molecules)
7. synaptic cleft
8. postsynaptic membrane
(order of answers may vary; answers may

include any other neurotransmitter discussed in class)
1. epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
3. acetylcholine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root of spinal nerve
central canal
posterior median sulcus
dorsal horn
gray commissure
ventral horn
white matter
anterior median fissure
ventral root of spinal nerve
spinal nerve
Exercise 8-16: Spinal Cord and

Spinal Nerves (text Fig. 8-11A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus
radial nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
intercostal nerves
phrenic nerve
femoral nerve
sciatic nerve
cauda equina
Exercise 8-17: Reflex Arc

(text Fig. 8-13)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
receptor
sensory (afferent) neuron
interneuron
motor (efferent) neuron
effector (biceps brachii muscle)
dorsal root
dorsal root ganglion
cell body
spinal nerve
ventral root
dorsal horn
ventral horn
Exercise 8-18
1. simple reflex
2. somatic reflexes
3. autonomic reflexes
4. patellar reflex
Exercise 8-19
1. S
2. P
Answer Key
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S
P
S
P
P
S
S
S
Exercise 8-20
1. adrenergic receptor
2. nicotinic receptor
3. muscarinic receptor
Exercise 8-21
1. multiple sclerosis
2. myelin
3. white matter
4. ascending
5. sensory
6. dorsal
7. motor (or efferent)
8. descending
9. ventral
Exercise 8-22
1. lemma: neurilemma
2. again, back: repolarization
3. body: somatic
4. neur/i: neurilemma
5. de-: depolarization
6. self: autonomic
7. after: postsynaptic

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
central nervous system

spinal cord
brain
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
interlace to form
controlling the head and the neck is the
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus
autonomic nervous system
(or autonomic division)
11. glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
12. skeletal muscles

9. central canal: O8
10. sodium (Na+): O5
11. gray commissure: O8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
F: ventral: O10
F: dendrite: O2
T: O3
T: O13
T: O9
F: cholinergic: O13
F: peripheral: O1
F: receptors: O7
F: presynaptic: O7
T: O11

1. lumbosacral plexus
2. sensory or afferent nerves
3. patellar tendon
4. sensory (or afferent) neuron
5. ascending tract
Learning Outcomes 911
III. Short Essays

1. The neuron membrane is initially in
the resting state, in which sodium ions
are more concentrated outside the
neuron and potassium ions are more
concentrated inside the neuron and the
membrane has an electrical difference
(is polarized). Depolarization occurs
when sodium channels are opened in the
neuron membrane, permitting sodium
to enter the neuron. Repolarization
occurs when potassium channels open,
permitting potassium to leave the neuron.
Following repolarization, the membrane
returns to the resting state.
Learning Outcome 5
2. Neuroglia are the support cells of the
nervous system. They do not transmit
electrical impulses, but they serve to
protect nervous tissue. They support and
bind this tissue, aid in repair, remove
pathogens and impurities, and regulate
the fluids around and between cells. They
also serve as neuronal stem cells.
Learning Outcome 4
I. Multiple Choice
Conceptual Thinking
1. a: O9
2. d: O8
3. b: O10
4. a: O8
5. c: O7
6. b: O1
7. c: O10
1. Sodium channels permit sodium to enter

the neuron during an action potential. If
sodium channels do not open, there will
not be an action potential. Action potentials are used to conduct nerve impulses.
Ms. J cannot feel her lips because the
toxin is blocking the transmission of sensory nerve impulses from her lips to her
brain.
Learning Outcome 5
2. Reuptake of a neurotransmitter terminates its effects. If dopamine uptake is
blocked by cocaine, the actions of dopamine will be prolonged, and feelings of
pleasure will be prolonged.
Learning Outcome 7

1. dendrites: O2
2. gray matter: O8
3. myelin: O2
4. sympathetic nervous system: O12
5. synaptic cleft: O7
6. lumbosacral plexus: O9
7. central nervous system: O1
8. acetylcholine: O14
Chapter 9
The Nervous System: The
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Outcomes
Exercise 9-1: Brain, Sagittal
Section (text Fig. 9-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
spinal cord
corpus callosum
Exercise 9-2
1. hemisphere
2. cerebellum
3. lobe
4. diencephalon
5. brain stem
6. cerebrum
Exercise 9-3: Meninges and

Related Parts (text Fig. 9-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
skin
periosteum
skull
meninges
dura mater
dural (venous) sinus
arachnoid
arachnoid villus
pia mater
brain tissue
gray matter
white matter
Exercise 9-4: Flow of

Cerebrospinal Fluid (text Fig. 9-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
midbrain
cerebellum
spinal cord
choroid plexus
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
central canal of cord
subarachnoid space
straight sinus
arachnoid villus
superior sagittal sinus
Exercise 9-5: Ventricles of the

Brain (text Fig. 9-4)
1. third ventricle
2. interventricular foramen
3. lateral ventricle
4. anterior horn
5. lateral horn
217
218
Answer Key
6. posterior horn
7. cerebral aqueduct
8. fourth ventricle
Exercise 9-6
1. arachnoid
2. dural sinus
3. pia mater
4. subarachnoid space
5. choroid plexus
6. arachnoid villi
7. dura mater
Exercise 9-7
1. lateral sulcus
2. basal ganglia
3. internal capsule
4. gyrus
5. cortex
6. corpus callosum
7. dopamine
Exercise 9-8: Functional

Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
(text Fig. 9-6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
written speech area

primary motor area
central sulcus
primary sensory area
motor speech (Broca) area
auditory association area
auditory receiving area
speech comprehension
(Wernicke) area
9. visual receiving area
10. visual association area
Exercise 9-9
1. occipital
2. temporal
3. parietal
4. frontal
Exercise 9-10
1. pons
2. midbrain
3. medulla oblongata
4. thalamus
5. limbic system
6. vasomotor center
7. hypothalamus
5. IV: trochlear nerve

6. V: trigeminal nerve
7. VI: abducens nerve
8. VII: facial nerve
9. VIII: vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve
10. IX: glossopharyngeal nerve
11. X: vagus nerve
12. XI: accessory nerve
13. XII: hypoglossal nerve
Exercise 9-14
1. accessory nerve
2. trochlear nerve
3. optic nerve
4. trigeminal nerve
5. vagus nerve
6. facial nerve
7. vestibulocochlear nerve
Exercise 9-15
1. b
2. a
3. c
Exercise 9-16
1. tom/o: tomography
2. membrane: choroid
3. gloss/o: hypoglossal
4. brain: diencephalon
5. brain: cerebrospinal
6. contra-: contralateral
7. later/o: contralateral
8. circle: gyrus

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
cerebellum
cerebrum
brainstem
diencephalon
frontal lobe
primary motor area
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
primary sensory area
pons
midbrain
medulla oblongata

Exercise 9-11
I. Multiple Choice
1. helps coordinate voluntary muscles to

ensure smooth movements
2. helps maintain balance
3. helps maintain muscle tone
1. b: O4
2. b: O2
3. d: O5
4. c: O3
5. a: O10
6. b: O1
7. a: O6
Exercise 9-12
1. PET
2. EEG
3. CT
4. MRI
Exercise 9-13: Cranial Nerves

(text Fig. 9-11)
1. I: olfactory bulb
2. I: olfactory tract
3. II: optic nerve
4. III: oculomotor nerve

1. fourth ventricle: O3
2. ventricles: 03
3. auditory association area: O5
4. hypothalamus: O6
5. vasomotor center: O6
6. electroencephalograph: O9
7. horns: O3
8. brain stem: O7, O10
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
meninges: O2
cerebrospinal fluid: O3
12: O10
limbic system: O6
vermis: O8
I. True/False
1. F: arachnoid: O2
2. F: third ventricle: O3
3. F: frontal lobe: O5
4. T: O4
5. T: O6
6. T: O4
7. F: VIII: O10
8. F: glossopharyngeal nerve: O10

1. frontal lobe
2. cerebrum
3. primary motor area
4. VII
5. computed tomography
6. hemisphere
7. Broca area
III. Short Essays

1. The brain and spinal cord are covered
with three layers of protective tissue, together known as the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in and
around the tissues of the CNS as a support and cushion. It also carries nutrients
to the cells and removes waste. The
bones of the axial skeleton also protect
this delicate tissue. The bones of the cranium protect the brain, and the vertebral
column protects the spinal cord.
2. The thalamus and hypothalamus are
the main areas of the diencephalon. The
thalamus is a receiving area for almost
all sensory impulses coming to the brain.
It sorts these impulses and directs them
to the proper area of the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus is important in maintaining homeostasis. It has centers that
control body temperature, water balance,
sleep, appetite, and some emotions. Both
the pituitary gland and the autonomic
nervous system are under the control of
the hypothalamus as well.
3. I: olfactory nerve, smell impulses from
the nose. II: optic nerve, visual impulses
from the eye. VIII: vestibulocochlear
nerve, auditory and vestibular (equilibrium) impulses from the inner ear.
Conceptual Thinking
1. CSF is synthesized in the choroid plexus
in each ventricle. CSF travels from the
lateral (first and second) ventricles to
the third ventricle by means of foramina,
and from the third ventricle to the fourth
ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. CSF
flows from the fourth ventricle into the
central canal of the spinal cord and into
the arachnoid space surrounding the
brain. Finally, CSF returns to the blood
Answer Key
from the arachnoid space via the arachnoid villi in the dural sinuses.
Learning Outcome 3
Chapter 10
The Sensory System
Outcomes
Exercise 10-1
1. homeostasis
2. sensory receptor
3. sensory neuron
Exercise 10-2
1. G
2. S
3. S
4. G
5. G
6. S
Exercise 10-8: Extrinsic Muscles

of the Eye (text Fig. 10-6)
1. superior oblique
2. inferior oblique
3. superior rectus
4. inferior rectus
5. lateral rectus
Exercise 10-9
1. ciliary muscle
2. aqueous humor
3. choroid
4. pupil
5. vitreous humor
6. pupil
7. conjunctiva
Exercise 10-10: Nerves of the Eye

(text Fig. 10-10)
Exercise 10-3
Sensory adaptation is a process by
which some sensory receptors become
less sensitive when they are continually
stimulated.
Exercise 10-4: The Lacrimal

Apparatus (text Fig. 10-2)
1. lacrimal gland
2. ducts of lacrimal gland
3. superior canal
4. inferior canal
5. lacrimal sac
6. nasolacrimal duct
7. opening of duct (in nose)
Exercise 10-5: The Eye

(text Fig. 10-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
3. optic disk
4. retina
5. rod
6. rhodopsin
7. fovea centralis
conjunctival sac
retinal artery and vein
sclera
cornea
choroid
retina
fovea centralis
optic nerve
optic disk (blind spot)
ciliary muscle
suspensory ligaments
lens
iris
aqueous humor
vitreous body
pupil
Exercise 10-6
1. cornea
2. aqueous humor
3. lens
4. vitreous humor
Exercise 10-7
1. cone
2. cornea
1. oculomotor
2. ophthalmic
3. optic
4. trigeminal
5. mandibular
6. maxillary
Exercise 10-11: The Ear

(text Fig. 10-11)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
outer ear
middle ear (ossicles)
inner ear
pinna
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus
incus
stapes
semicircular canals
cochlea
vestibule
Eustachian (auditory) tube
pharynx
Exercise 10-12: The Inner Ear

(text Fig. 10-12)
1. bony labyrinth
2. membranous labyrinth
3. semicircular canals
4. vestibule
5. cochlea
6. vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
7. vestibular nerve
8. cochlear nerve
Exercise 10-13: Cochlea and Spiral

Organ (text Fig. 10-13)
1. vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve
2. semicircular canals
3. oval window
4. vestibular duct
5. cochlear duct
6. tympanic duct
7. round window
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
perilymph
endolymph
spiral organ
hair cells
tectorial membrane
nerve fibers
Exercise 10-14
1. endolymph
2. malleus
3. pinna
4. eustachian (auditory) tube
5. perilymph
6. spiral organ
7. bony labyrinth
8. cochlear duct
Exercise 10-15
1. hair cells
2. otoliths
3. semicircular canal
4. crista
5. vestibule
6. macula
Exercise 10-16
a. The sense of smell is olfaction and the
sense of taste is gustation.
b. Substances to be smelled and tasted must
always be dissolved in the fluid surrounding the receptor cell.
c. We have hundreds of different types of
odor receptors but less than ten types of
taste receptors.
d. Organic compounds activate bitter receptors and hydrogen ions activate sour
receptors.
Exercise 10-17
1. cochlear nerve
2. optic nerve
3. ophthalmic nerve
4. oculomotor nerve
5. proprioception
6. kinesthesia
7. free nerve endings
8. equilibrium
Exercise 10-18
a. the lens becomes opaque, a disorder
known as cataract, obstructing the passage of light through the lens.
b. the receptor cells of the retina become
damaged, a disorder called macular
degeneration.
Exercise 10-19
1. movement: kinesthesia
2. lith: otoliths
3. ear: otology
4 eye: opthalmologist
5. tympan/o: tympanic membrane
6. lute/o: macula lutea
7. self: proprioception
8. sensation: kinesthesia

1. cornea
2. is part of the eye tunic called the
3. conjunctiva
219
220
Answer Key
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
aqueous humor
refraction
lens
vitreous body
retina
contains photoreceptors that function
in dim light called
10. cones
11. fovea centralis
12. macula lutea

I. Multiple Choice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a: O2
a: O2
a: O6
c: O4
b: O10
b: O5
a: O11
d: O162
c: O5
c: O12

1. cornea: O5
2. ceruminous glands: 10
3. proprioceptors: O2
4. semicircular canals: O12
5. hair cells: O11 and O12
6. photoreceptors: O2
7. dark adaptation: O3, O7
8. retina: O5
9. ciliary muscles: O6
3. cochlea
III. Short Essays
I. True/False
1. F: Intrinsic: O8
2. F: cupula: O12
3. F: stapes: O10
4. T: O11
5. F: cones: O7
6. T: O5
7. F: optic nerve: O9
8. T: O6
9. T: O2
1. A receptor may be the free dendrite of

a sensory neuron, such as the receptors
for pain. It may be a modified ending
(end-organ) of a sensory neuron, such
as receptors for touch and temperature.
It may be a special cell associated with
an afferent neuron, such as the rods and
cones of the retina.
Learning Outcome 2
2. See the Table below.
Conceptual Thinking
GROUP A
1. Some sensory receptors, including tactile

and pressure receptors, undergo sensory
adaptation. That is, sensory receptors
exposed to a continuous stimulus adjust
themselves so that the sensation becomes
less acute.
Learning Outcome 3
2. Visual receptors (the retinas) help to
write ones name in a straight line.
Tactile receptors help feel the pen
or pencil, which is necessary for successful control. Equilibrium receptors
(vestibule especially) are necessary for
maintaining an upright stance in the
chair.
Learning Outcome 2
1. tympanic membrane
2. ossicles
3. Eustacian (auditory) tube
4. equilibrium
5. vestibule
6. endolymph
GROUP B
1. cornea
2. iris
3. conjunctiva
GROUP C
1. cerumen
2. VIII cranial nerve, or vestibulocochlear
nerve
Short Essay #2
Sensory Organ Name
Macula
Membrane Embedding the Cilia

Otolith membrane
Stimulus Sensed by the Sensory

Organ
Gravity and linear acceleration
Spiral organ
Tectorial membrane
Sound waves
Crista
Cupula
Rotational acceleration
Chapter 11
The Endocrine System: Glands
and Hormones
Outcomes
Exercise 11-1
1. N
2. E
3. E
4. N
Exercise 11-2
1. protein within plasma membrane or cytoplasm to which the hormone attaches
2. a specific tissue acted on by a hormone

3. a chemical messenger that has specific
regulatory effects on certain cells or organs.
Exercise 11-5: The Endocrine

Glands (text Fig. 11-2)
1. A
2. L
3. L
4. A
5. L
1. pineal
2. pituitary
3. thyroid
4. parathyroids
5. adrenals
6. pancreatic islets
7. ovaries
8. testes
Exercise 11-4
Exercise 11-6
a. In negative feedback, the hormone (or

the result of its action) inhibits further
hormone secretion.
b. i, ii, iii
1. parathyroid
2. thyroid
3. pineal
4. pancreas
5. adrenal
Exercise 11-3
Answer Key
Exercise 11-7/Exercise 11-13

Hormone
Gland
Effects
Medical Uses
ADH (antidiuretic
hormone)
hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
promotes water reab- N/A

sorption in kidney
tubules and constriction of blood vessels
cortisol
adrenal cortex
increases blood glucose concentration

in response to stress
treat inflammation
oxytocin
hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
uterine contraction,
milk ejection
induce labor
growth hormone
anterior pituitary
promotes growth of
all body tissues
treat children with

growth hormone deficiency; improve bone
mass in the elderly
parathyroid
hormone
parathyroid glands
increases calcium
level in blood
N/A
insulin
pancreas
reduces blood
treat diabetes melglucose concentralitus
tions by promoting
glucose uptake into
cells and glucose
storage; promotes fat
and protein synthesis
thyroid hormones:
thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine
(T3)
thyroid gland
increase metabolic
treat hypothyroidism
rate, influencing both
physical and mental
activities; required
for normal growth
aldosterone
adrenal cortex
promotes salt (and

thus water) retention and potassium
excretion
N/A
glucagon
pancreas
stimulates glucose release from

the liver, thereby
increasing blood
glucose levels
N/A
melatonin
pineal gland
regulates mood,
sexual development,
and daily cycles in
response to environmental light
N/A
Exercise 11-8
Exercise 11-9
1. prolactin
2. epinephrine
3. ACTH
4. estrogen
5. aldosterone
6. follicle-stimulating
hormone
7. antidiuretic hormone
1. parathyroid hormone
2. insulin
3. glucagon
4. cortisol
5. testosterone
Exercise 11-10: The Pituitary Gland

(text Fig. 11-3)
1. hypothalamus
2. infundibulum
3. portal system
4. posterior pituitary
5. anterior pituitary
Exercise 11-11
1. P
2. P
3. A
221
222
Answer Key
Exercise 11-12
Hormone
Site of Synthesis
Effects
atrial natriuretic peptide
atria of heart
increases sodium loss by kidneys; lowers blood pressure
thymosin
thymus
assists in white blood cell maturation
erythropoietin
kidney
stimulates erythrocyte production
Exercise 11-13
See Exercise 11-7.
Exercise 11-14
8. d: O10
9. a: O4
10. a: O8
4. The anterior lobe of the pituitary is

controlled by releasing hormones from
the hypothalamus delivered through a
portal system. It secretes growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, and the
gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH.
The posterior lobe releases ADH and
oxytocin. These are made in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior lobe,
and released by nerve impulses from the
hypothalamus.
Learning Outcome 7
Possible answer: Cortisol raises the blood

concentration of glucose. This action would
increase the metabolic fuel available for
working muscles. It also inhibits inflammation. Since inflammation can interfere with
tissue function (such as joint mobility) and
causes pain, decreased inflammation could
enhance physical performance in the short
term.
Exercise 11-15
Conceptual Thinking
a. hunger
b. weight loss
c. lethargy
d. glucose in the urine
e. hyperglycemia
I. True/False
1. The testosterone in Mr. Js supplements

exerted negative feedback, reducing the
secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that normally
stimulate testosterone production. Now
that hes stopped taking the supplements,
it will take a while for the hypothalamus
and anterior pituitary gland to recover
from their chronic suppression by
exogenous testosterone.
2. Epinephrine is used to treat asthma
attacks because it relaxes the small bronchial tubes. However, epinephrine is similar in action to norepinephrine, the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous
system. It activates the flight-or-fight
response. One aspect of this response is
an increase in heart rate. Ms. K should
use her inhaler less often to reduce her
epinephrine dosage and thereby maintain
a more constant heart rate.
Learning Outcome 9
Exercise 11-16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
acting on: somatotropin

cortic/o: adrenocorticotropin
making, forming: erythropoietin
sodium: natriuretic
andr/o: androgen
insul/o: insulin
kidney: adrenal
-sterone: testosterone
sharp: oxytocin
kidney: epinephrine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
synthesizes
posterior pituitary
oxytocin
induces milk letdown by the
increases water reabsorption by the
anterior pituitary
prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
results from excess growth of the
triiodothyronine
T3
containing 4 iodines are called
T4

I. Multiple Choice
1. a: O6
2. c: O3
3. d: O6
4. a: O6
5. c: O6
6. b: O6
7. a: O3
1. adrenal medulla; O6
2. portal system; O7
3. negative feedback; O4
4. adrenal cortex; O6
5. iodine; O6
6. prostaglandins; O8
7. antidiuretic hormone; O6
8. mammary gland (breast); O6
1. T: O11
2. F: glucagon: O6
3. T: O6
4. T: O3
5. T: O6
6. F: pancreas: O5
7. F: posterior: O5, O6
8. F: heart: O8

1. insulin
2. thyroxine
3. parathyroid glands
4. epinephrine
5. oxytocin
6. ACTH
7. testes
III. Short Essays

1. The cells that respond to a hormone have
receptors in the cell membrane or in the
cytoplasm to which the hormone can
attach. These cells make up the target tissue of the hormone.
Learning Outcome 2
2. The nervous system controls rapid
actions; the endocrine system controls
more long-term actions. The nervous
system uses electrical and chemical messengers; the endocrine system just uses
chemical messengers.
Learning Outcome 1
3. Answers could include any three of:
heart (atrial natriuretic peptide), placenta
(many pregnancy hormones, including
prostaglandins), kidney (erythropoietin),
hypothalamus of brain (releasing hormones, ADH, oxytocin), stomach (digestive hormone), small intestine (digestive
hormone)
Learning Outcome 8
Chapter 12
The Blood
Outcomes
Exercise 12-1
1. transportation (gases, nutrients, wastes,
or hormones)
2. regulation (pH, fluid balance, heat)
3. protection (against disease, blood loss)
Exercise 12-2
B, C, E, F
Exercise 12-3
hematopoetic stem cells
Answer Key
Exercise 12-4: Composition of

Whole Blood (text Fig. 12-1)
3. type AB
4. type O
1. whole blood
2. formed elements
3. erythrocytes
4. leukocytes and platelets
5. plasma
6. water
7. proteins
8. other
Exercise 12-12
Exercise 12-5: Leukocytes

(Table 12-2)
1. neutrophil
2. eosinophil
3. basophil
4. lymphocyte
5. monocyte
6. nucleus
7. granules
8. erythrocyte
9. platelet
1. Rh factor
2. plasmapheresis
3. hemapheresis
4. autologous
5. hematocrit
6. transfusion
7. antigen
8. agglutination
Exercise 12-13
1. coagulation study
2. red cell count
3. platelet count
4. bone marrow biopsy
5. blood smear
Exercise 12-14
1. erythrocyte
2. platelet
3. albumin
4. plasma
5. leukocyte
6. complement
7. serum
8. hemoglobin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise 12-7
Exercise 12-15
1. neutrophil
2. macrophage
3. plasma cell
4. eosinophil
5. monocyte
6. pus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 12-6
Exercise 12-8
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. Hemostasis is
the maintenance of a constant blood volume, that is, the prevention of blood loss.
Exercise 12-9
1. platelet plug
2. coagulation
3. vasoconstriction
4. hemorrhage
5. thrombin
6. fibrin
7. calcium
8. serum
Exercise 12-10: Formation of a

Blood Clot (text Fig. 12-7)
1. prothrombinase
2. prothrombin
3. thrombin
4. fibrin threads
5. blood cells and plasma
6. clot
Exercise 12-11: Blood Typing

(text Fig. 12-8)
1. type A
2. type B
erythrocytes
antigens
antibodies
agglutination
type B
hemoglobin
oxygen
blood smear
capillaries
macrophages
hematocrit
anemia
red: erythrocyte
thromb/o: thrombocyte
before, in front of: prothrombinase
shape: polymorphs
leuk/o: leukocyte
gen: fibrinogen
blood: hematocrit
penia: leukopenia
blood: anemia
lysis: hemolysis

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
erythrocytes
hemoglobin
platelets
hemostasis or forming a platelet plug
are cell fragments of
that are white are called
granulocytes
containing blue-staining granules are
neutrophils
in their immature form are known as
eosinophils
that do not contain granules are called
lymphocytes
that produce antibodies are called
monocytes
mature into
phagocytosis

I. Multiple Choice
1. b:O10
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b:O5
a:O4
b:O7
b:O9
d: O2
b: O5
a: O8
a: O5
c: O11, 15
III. Completion Exercise

1. hematocrit: O10
2. platelets: O14
3. oxygen: O1
4. macrophages: O5
5. carbon dioxide: O1
6. erythropoietin (EPO): O3
7. red bone marrow: O3
8. phagocytosis: O5
9. iron: O3
I. True/False
1. T: O5
2. T: O10
3. F: erythrocytes: O4
4. T: O3
5. F: type O: O8
6. F: megakaryocytes: O4
7. T: O7
8. F: serum: O7
GROUP A
1. hemorrhage
2. O
3. O
4. Rh negative (Rh-)
5. Rh antibodies
6. sickle cell anemia
GROUP B
1. hemostasis
2. coagulation
3. cryoprecipitate
4. iron
5. hematocrit
6. oxygen
GROUP C
1. hemocytometer
2. polycythemia
3. erythropoietin (EPO)
4. anticoagulants
III. Short Essays

1. In blood chemistry tests, blood is tested
for the level of electrolytes, glucose, and
waste products, such as urea and creatinine. Enzymes are studied to look for
signs of tissue damage and some forms of
cancer. Lipids can be measured to evaluate the cardiovascular system. Various
hormones, vitamins, antibodies, and
drugs can also be measured.
2. 1. Prothrombinase is formed in response to
substances released from damaged tissues.
223
224
Answer Key
2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin

(inactive) to thrombin (active). This
enzyme requires calcium to work.
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble).
4. Fibrin threads trap plasma and blood
cells to form a solid clot.
Learning Outcome 7
3. a. massive hemorrhage, internal bleeding,
operations, hemolytic disease of the
newborn
b. thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency)
c. to replace blood volume
d. plasma protein deficiency, to treat circulatory shock
Learning Outcome 10
Conceptual Thinking
1. A dehydrated individual will have less
water, therefore less plasma. The hematocrit indicates the relative proportions
of red blood cells and plasma. If the
level of plasma is lower, the relative
proportion of red blood cells will be
elevated.
Learning Outcome 11
2. a. A and B antigens
b. No antibodies
c. A antigens
d. Yes. There will not be an agglutination reaction. The recipient does not
have any antibodies to bind to the A
antigens on the donors red blood cells.
Learning Outcome 8
Chapter 13
The Heart
Outcomes
Exercise 13-1: Layers of the
Heart Wall and Pericardium
(text Fig. 13-2)
1. heart wall
3. epicardium/visceral pericardium
4. myocardium
5. endocardium
6. pericardial cavity
7. parietal pericardium
8. fibrous pericardium
Exercise 13-2
1. endocardium
2. myocardium
3. epicardium
6. visceral layer
Exercise 13-3
1. apex
3. endocardium
4. myocardium
6. visceral layer
7. base
8. epicardium
Exercise 13-4: The Heart and

Great Vessels (text Fig. 13-4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
superior vena cava

inferior vena cava
right atrium
right AV (tricuspid) valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary trunk
right pulmonary artery
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins
left pulmonary veins
left atrium
left AV (mitral) valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
ascending aorta
aortic arch
chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
apex
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
interventricular septum
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
right ventricle
left atrium
sinoatrial node
internodal pathways
atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Exercise 13-10
1. Purkinje fibers
2. atrioventricular node
3. sinus rhythm
4. bundle of His
5. sinoatrial node
Exercise 13-11
1. P
2. S
3. P
4. S
5. S
Exercise 13-12
1. extrasystole
2. sinus arrhythmia
3. bradycardia
4. tachycardia
Exercise 13-13
1. atrioventricular
2. semilunar
3. organic
4. functional
Exercise 13-5
1. right ventricle
2. pulmonary valve
3. left atrium
4. aortic valve
5. pulmonary circuit
6. atrioventricular valve
7. systemic circuit
8. left ventricle
9. right atrium
Exercise 13-14
Exercise 13-6
1. echocardiography
2. C-reactive protein
3. electrocardiography
4. stethoscope
5. catheterization
6. coronary angiography
1. coronary
2. aortic
3. coronary sinus
4. right
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
Exercise 13-15
Exercise 13-7
1. V
2. A
3. V
4. D
5. V
Exercise 13-8
1. stroke volume
2. atrial systole
3. ventricular systole
4. cardiac output
5. diastole
Exercise 13-9: The Conduction

System of the Heart (text Fig.
13-11)
1. left ventricle
2. right atrium
Exercise 13-16
Answers could include some of the following: Emergency procedures include
cardiopulmonary resuscitation to promote
circulation while the heart is inactive,
defibrillation to restart the heart, intravenous fluids and oxygen to increase blood
pressure and facilitate oxygen delivery,
and an ECG to diagnose the myocardial
infarction. Surgical and medical procedures subsequently attempted to restore
blood flow in the blocked artery. These
include tissue plasminogen activator to
break up existing clots, aspirin to prevent future clots, nitroglycerin to widen
vessels, and eventually coronary bypass
surgery to restore full circulation to the
damaged area.
Answer Key
Exercise 13-17
1. steth/o: stethoscope
2. sinus: sinoatrial
3. angi/o: angioplasty
4. heart: myocardium
5. pulmon/o: pulmonary
6. brady-: bradycardia
7. tachy-: tachycardia

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
right atrium
right AV valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
right pulmonary artery
right lung
right pulmonary veins
left lung
left pulmonary veins
left atrium
left AV valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
body
superior/inferior vena cava
3. myocardial infarction
4. myocardium
5. coronary circulation
GROUP B
1. stethoscope
2. semilunar valves
3. organic murmur
4. ventricles
5. aorta
III. Short Essays

1. The nervous system affects the rate and
strength of heart contractions. The sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous
system stimulates the heart to contract
more rapidly and more forcefully, boosting
the cardiac output. The parasympathetic
system, acting through the vagus (10th
cranial) nerve, decreases the heart rate.
Some other factors that affect the heart
rate are hormones, ions, and drugs.
Learning Outcomes 8 and 9
2. vena cavae; right atrium; right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve; right ventricle;
pulmonary valve; pulmonary artery.
Conceptual Thinking
I. Multiple Choice
1. The parasympathetic nervous system

slows down the heart rate by activating the vagus nerve. Thus, atropine
will increase the heart rate, but will
not significantly affect the strength of
contraction.
Learning Outcome 8
2. His cardiac output is 7.5 L/min. This
value means that each side of his heart
is pumping 7.5 L of blood every
minute.
Learning Outcome 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c: O6
b: O6
b: O7
d: O9
c: O8
b: O12
d: O5
a: O1
b: O2
d: O3

1. vagus nerve: O8
2. pericardium: O2
3. arrhythmia: O9
4. aortic valve: O4
5. cardiac cycle: O6
6. chordae tendineae: O3
7. tricuspid: O4
8. functional murmurs: O10
9. coronary sinus: O5
Blood Vessels and Blood

Circulation
Exercise 14-1: Sections of Small

Blood Vessels (text Fig. 14-2)
I. True/False
1. F: sympathetic: O8
2. F: lungs: O11
3. T: O9
4. F: endocardium: O1
5. F: systemic: O3
6. F: SA node: O7
7. T: O7
GROUP A
1. tachycardia
2. sinus rhythm
Chapter 14

Outcomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein
inner tunic (endothelium)
elastic tissue
middle tunic (smooth muscle)
outer tunic (connective tissue)
valve
Exercise 14-2
1. capillary
2. venule
3. artery
4. arteriole
5. vein
Exercise 14-3: The Cardiovascular

System (text Fig. 14-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
right atrium
right ventricle
left pulmonary artery (P)
left lung (P)
right lung (P)
left pulmonary vein (P)
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta (S)
head and arms (S)
superior vena cava (S)
internal organs (S)
legs (S)
inferior vena cava (S)
arteries (S)
capillaries (S)
veins (S)
Exercise 14-4: Aorta and Its

Branches (text Fig. 14-4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
ascending aorta
aortic arch
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
coronary arteries
brachiocephalic artery
right subclavian artery
right common carotid artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
intercostal arteries
left gastric artery
splenic artery
hepatic artery
celiac trunk to
renal artery
superior mesenteric artery
gonadal artery
inferior mesenteric artery
common iliac artery
external iliac artery
internal iliac artery
Exercise 14-5: Principal Systemic

Arteries (text Fig. 14-5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
aortic arch
common carotid
vertebral
brachiocephalic
subclavian
axillary
brachial
radial
ulnar
palmar arch
palmar metacarpals
digitals
intercostals
celiac
renal
225
226
Answer Key
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
superior mesenteric
testicular
inferior mesenteric
common iliac
internal iliac
external iliac
femoral
popliteal
geniculate
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
fibular
dorsalis pedis
dorsal metatarsals
Exercise 14-6
1. phrenic arteries
2. coronary arteries
3. renal arteries
4. common iliac arteries
5. carotid arteries
6. brachial arteries
7. intercostal arteries
8. lumbar arteries
Exercise 14-7
1. celiac trunk
2. ascending aorta
3. aortic arch
4. brachiocephalic artery
5. abdominal aorta
6. hepatic artery
Exercise 14-8: Cerebral Arterial

Circle (text Fig. 14-6)
1. vertebral arteries
2. basilar artery
3. cerebral arterial circle
4. anterior communicating
5. anterior cerebral
6. middle cerebral
7. internal carotid
8. posterior communicating
9. posterior cerebral
Exercise 14-9
1. anastomosis
2. mesenteric arch
3. cerebral arterial circle
4. basilar artery
5. superficial palmar arch
Exercise 14-10
1. S
2. S
3. D
4. D
5. D
Exercise 14-11: Principal Systemic

Veins (text Fig. 14-8)
1. volar digitals
2. basilic
3. cephalic
4. median cubital
5. brachial
6. axillary
7. subclavian
8. brachiocephalic
9. superior vena cava
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
internal jugular
external jugular
intercostals
azygos
dorsal digitals
venous arch
tibial
popliteal
femoral
saphenous
external iliac
internal iliac
lumbar
testicular
renal
hepatic
inferior vena cava
Exercise 14-12: Principal Arteries

and Veins of the Head
(text Figs. 14-5B and 14-7B)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
common carotid
superior thyroid
internal carotid
external carotid
facial
labial
maxillary
superior temporal
superficial temporal
occipital
vertebral
frontal
facial
lingual
internal jugular
superficial temporal
occipital
external jugular
Exercise 14-13
1. jugular vein
2. saphenous vein
3. cephalic vein
4. femoral vein
5. lumbar vein
6. hepatic portal vein
7. gastric vein
Exercise 14-14: Cranial Venous

Sinuses (text Fig. 14-9)
1. inferior sagittal sinus
2. straight sinus
3. confluence
4. superior sagittal sinus
5. transverse sinus
6. ophthalmic vein
7. cavernous sinus
8. petrosal sinuses
9. internal jugular vein
Exercise 14-15
1. azygos vein
2. superior vena cava
3. median cubital vein
4. inferior vena cava
5. cavernous sinus
6. superior sagittal sinus
7. coronary sinus
Exercise 14-16: Hepatic Portal

Circulation (text Fig. 14-10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
stomach
inferior mesenteric vein
spleen
splenic vein
pancreas
descending colon
small intestine
ascending colon
superior mesenteric vein
hepatic portal vein
liver
hepatic veins
inferior vena cava
Exercise 14-17
1. blood pressure
2. diffusion
3. osmotic pressure
Exercise 14-18
1. valve
2. precapillary sphincter
3. vasoconstriction
4. vasodilation
5. vasomotor center
Exercise 14-19
1. D
2. D
3. I
4. I
5. I
Exercise 14-20
1. D
2. I
3. D
4. I
5. D
6. I
7. I
Exercise 14-21
1. diastolic pressure
2. sphygmomanometer
3. systolic pressure
4. viscosity
5. stethoscope
Exercise 14-22
femoral veinexternal iliac vein common iliac vein inferior vena cava
right atrium right ventricle pulmonary
artery
Exercise 14-23
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ped/o: pedis
pressure: baroreceptor
stoma: anastomosis
liver: hepatic
surgical removal:
endarterectomy
gastr/o: gastric
brachi/o: brachiocephalic
enter/o: mesenteric
pulse: sphygmomanometer
abdomen: celiac
Answer Key
III. Short Essays
1. sphygmomanometer or cardiac catheterization

2. diastolic pressure
3. the highest value is the
4. total blood volume
5. heart rate
6. stroke volume
7. peripheral resistance
8. viscosity
9. narrows during
10. vasodilation
1. An anastomosis is a communication
between two vessels. Arterial anastomoses allow blood to reach vital organs by
more than one route. Arteriovenous anastomoses connect arteries directly with
veins and bypass the capillaries.
Learning Outcome 4
2. The hepatic portal system carries blood
from the abdominal organs to the liver
to be processed. For example, nutrients
absorbed from the intestine may be
altered, stored, or released into the blood
by the liver. The vessels that contribute
to the hepatic portal system include the
veins that drain the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.
Learning Outcome 8
3. left femoral vein, left external iliac vein,
inferior vena cava, right atrium.
4. Answer could include: 1. The
arterial wall is thicker and more elastic.
2. Arteries carry blood away from the
heart, but veins carry blood toward the
heart. 3. The muscle layer is thicker in
arteries than in veins.
Learning Outcome 1

I. Multiple Choice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
c: O3
a: O10
a: O2
d: O14
b: O10
d: O6
c: O5
b: O1
a: O13
c: O3
b: O7

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
liver: O9
endothelium or inner tunic: O1
hepatic portal artery: O9
saphenous vein: O6
systemic circuit: O2
venous sinus: O8
arterioles: O1
vasoconstriction: O10
anastomosis: O5
facial artery: O4, O16
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
T: O5
F: increase: O13
F: increase: O10
T: O4
F: brain: O7
F: liver: O9
T: O11
F: stroke volume: O13
F: endothelium or epithelial tissue: O1
F: right: O4
Conceptual Thinking
1. Mr. Bs blood pressure will decrease due
to reduced blood volume. Activation of
the sympathetic nervous system would
increase blood pressure. Increasing his
heart rate and stroke volume would
increase cardiac output, and stimulating vascular smooth muscle contraction
would result in vasoconstriction and
increased peripheral resistance.
Learning Outcome 13
2. A. 145 mm Hg
B. 92 mm Hg
C. higher than normal.
Chapter 15
The Lymphatic System and
Immunity

Outcomes
GROUP A
Exercise 15-1
1. common carotid artery

2. basilar artery
3. anastomosis
4. mesenteric arches
1. fluid balance. The lymphatic system

returns excess tissue fluid to the blood.
2. protection from infection. Lymphocytes
live and multiply in the lymphatic system.
3. fat absorption. Digested fats enter the
lymphatic vessels to be diluted in lymph
before they enter the circulation.
GROUP B
1. 120
2. renin
3. ascending aorta
4. brachiocephalic trunk
5. endothelium
Exercise 15-2: Lymphatic System

in Relation to the Cardiovascular
1. tissue fluid
2. lymphatic capillaries
3. lymph node
4. valve
5. lymphatic vessel
6. pulmonary circuit
7. pulmonary capillaries
8. systemic circuit
9. systemic capillaries
Exercise 15-3
1. BOTH
2. L
3. BOTH
4. B
5. L
6. B
7. BOTH
8. B
Exercise 15-4
1. T
2. R
3. R
4. T
5. T
6. T
Exercise 15-5: Lymphatic System

(text Fig. 15-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
mammary vessels
axillary nodes
right lymphatic duct
tibial vessels
popliteal nodes
femoral vessels
inguinal nodes
iliac nodes and vessels
lumbar nodes
cisterna chyli
mesenteric nodes
cubital nodes
thoracic duct
occipital nodes
cervical nodes
parotid nodes
mandibular nodes
left subclavian vein
left brachiocephalic vein
right subclavian vein
right brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
Exercise 15-6
1. inguinal nodes
2. axillary nodes
3. superficial
4. mesenteric nodes
5. lacteal
6. cervical nodes
Exercise 15-7
1. cisterna chyli
2. lymph
3. thoracic duct
4. chyle
5. valve
6. lymphatic capillary
227
228
Answer Key
Exercise 15-8: Lymph Node

(text Fig. 15-4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
flow of lymph
afferent lymphatic vessel
valve
subcapsular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel
flow of lymph
capsule
trabecula
hilium
medullary cord
cortical nodule
germinal center
Exercise 15-9: Location of

Lymphoid Tissue (text Fig. 15-5)
1. adenoids
2. palatine tonsil
3. lingual tonsil
4. nodes
5. thymus
6. spleen
7. appendix
8. Peyer patches (in intestine)
Exercise 15-15
1. Antibodies prevent the pathogen from
attaching to a body cell.
2. Antibodies clump small pathogens
together so that they can be ingested by
phagocytes.
3. Antibodies bind toxins so that they cannot damage cells.
4. Antibodies coat antigens so that
phagocytes can attach to them more
easily.
5. Antibodies activate complement, which
helps destroy foreign cells and induces
inflammation.
6. Antibodies activate natural killer cells.
Exercise 15-16
1. humoral immunity
2. cellular immunity
3. IgM
4. plasma cell
Exercise 15-17
1. ACT, N
2. P, N
3. ACT, ART
4. P, ART
Exercise 15-10
Exercise 15-18
1. palatine tonsil
2. spleen
3. lingual tonsil
4. pharyngeal tonsil
5. thymus
6. hilum
7. MALT
8. Peyer patch
1. attenuation
2. toxoid
3. gamma globulin
4. immunization
5. immune serum
Exercise 15-11
1. interferon
2. natural killer (NK) cell
3. nonspecific defenses
4. specific defenses
5. neutrophil
6. complement
7. macrophage
Exercise 15-12
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
Exercise 15-13
1. antigen
2. plasma cell
3. Treg cell
4. Tc cell
5. antibody
6. memory cell
7. Th cell
Exercise 15-14
1. monocyte
2. lysosome
3. foreign antigen
4. MHC protein
5. T cell receptor
6. interleukin
7. dendritic cell
Exercise 15-19
1, 6, 7
Exercise 15-20
1. aden/o; adenoids
2. tongue; lingual
3. like, resembling; lymphoid
10. helper T cells (or Th cells)

11. cytotoxic T cells (or Tc cells)
12. includes humoral immunity, which is
mediated by
13. plasma cells
14. antibodies
15. when complexed with antigen, can
activate

I. Multiple Choice
1. c: O4
2. d: O4
3. c: O4
4. b: O4
5. c: O2
6. a: O3
7. b: O5
8. b: O8
9. c: O5
10. a:O8
11. d:O5
12. d:O8
13. c: O9
14. a:O12

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
germinal centers: O4
chyle: O3
lymph: O1
right subclavian vein: O3
tracheobronchial nodes: O4
axillary nodes: O4
phagocytosis: O4
humoral immunity: O8
inflammation: O6
passive immunity: O12
active immunity: O12
phagocytosis: O5
Map A
1. lymph capillaries
2. that absorb fat from the intestinal cells
are called
3. lymphatic vessels
4. from the left side and the lower right side
drain into the
5. right lymphatic duct
6. subclavian vein
7. lymph nodes
8. organ where T cells mature
9. spleen
Map B
1. nonspecific immunity (or defenses)
2. neutrophils
3. macrophages
4. includes the activity of specialized
lymphocytes called
5. includes a set of nonspecific tissue
responses called
6. histamine
7. complement
8. effective against a specific harmful
agent
9. T cells
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
T: O3, O4
F: fats: O1
F: blood; lymph: O4
F: mesenteric: O4
F: lymphatic capillary: O2
F: interferon: O5
F: cell-mediated: O8
T: O12
T: O5
F: antibodies: O10
F: interleukins: O8
T: O11, 12
GROUP A
1. lymphatic capillaries
2. popliteal lymph nodes
3. inguinal lymph nodes
GROUP B
1. inflammatory reaction
2. histamine
3. vaccination
4. toxins
Answer Key
5. passive immunity (or artificial passive

immunity)
III. Short Essays

1. The droplet will be collected into a
lymphatic capillary. It will pass into a
tibial vessel, through a popliteal node
to the femoral vessels, through the
iliac nodes and vessels, and through
the lumbar nodes and vessels to the
cisterna chyli of the thoracic duct. The
droplet will pass through the thoracic
duct to the left lymphatic duct, which
drains into the left subclavian vein. The
droplet will mix with blood passing
through the left brachiocephalic vein
and the superior vena cava into the
right atrium.
Learning Outcome 3
2. Macrophages participate in nonspecific
defenses by destroying pathogens by
phagocytosis. Macrophages participate
in specific body defenses by acting as
antigen-presenting cells. T cells bind
to the antigen displayed on the macrophage surface and launch a specific
immune attack against the presented
antigen.
Conceptual Thinking
1. The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream in the form
of lymph. However, the pressure in lymphatic vessels is very low. Contractions
of the leg muscles help propel the lymph
up to the thoracic duct, from which it
can drain into the left subclavian vein.
Ms. Y has been sitting down for too
long. Gravity will increase the amount of
interstitial fluid in the legs, and the lack
of movement will impair the ability of
the lymphatic vessels to drain this fluid.
Ms. Y should try to move around more
often, and perhaps she should wear support hose.
Learning Outcome 3
2. Baby G will not be able to produce
T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T cells are
responsible for cell-mediated immunity and are involved in immune
surveillance. Helper T cells secrete
many substances that activate other
immune responses, and regulatory T
cells suppress inappropriate immune
reactions. All of these functions
will therefore be adversely affected.
Although cellular and nonspecific
defenses will not be directly impaired,
the lack of helper T cells will result
in less stimulation of macrophages, B
cells, natural killer cells, and neutrophils. Thus, aside from the chemical
and physical barriers, all aspects of
immunity will be affected.
Chapter 16
The Respiratory System
Outcomes
Exercise 16-1
1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external gas exchange
3. internal gas exchange
4. gas transport
5. cellular respiration
Exercise 16-2: Respiratory System

(text Fig. 16-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
frontal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
nasal cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
epiglottis
larynx and vocal cords
trachea
right bronchus
right lung
left lung
mediastinum
left bronchus
terminal bronchiole
diaphragm
Exercise 16-3: The Larynx

(text Fig. 16-3)
1. epiglottis
2. hyoid bone
3. thyroid cartilage
4. cricoid cartilage
5. tracheal cartilage
6. trachea
Exercise 16-4
1. nares
2. conchae
3. larynx
4. epiglottis
5. bronchus
6. visceral
7. pharynx
8. bronchiole
Exercise 16-5: A Spirogram

(text Fig. 16-9)
1. inspiratory reserve volume
2. tidal volume
3. expiratory reserve volume
4. residual volume
5. vital capacity
6. functional residual capacity
7. total lung capacity
Exercise 16-6
1. surfactant
2. exhalation
3. inhalation
4. external intercostals
5. alveoli
6. tidal volume
7. compliance
8. vital capacity
Exercise 16-7
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
Exercise 16-8
1. alveoli
2. into
3. out of
4. body cells
5. out of
6. into
7. diffusion
8. partial pressure gradient
Exercise 16-9
1. carbon dioxide
2. bicarbonate ion
3. hemoglobin
4. oxygen
5. hydrogen ion
6. 10%
7. 75%
8. 15%
Exercise 16-10
1. medulla
2. hypercapnia
3. aortic arch
4. hydrogen ion
5. carbon dioxide
6. phrenic nerve
Exercise 16-11
1. hyper
2. hypo
3. hypo
4. hypo
5. hyper
Exercise 16-12
1. dyspnea
2. hyperpnea
3. apnea
4. orthopnea
5. hypopnea
6. tachypnea
7. hypoxemia
8. hypoxia
Exercise 16-13
1. spirometry
2. bronchi or bronchioles
3. cold (or exercise)
4. exercise (or cold)
5. corticosteroid
6. leukotrienes
Exercise 16-14
1. or/o: oropharynx
2. breathing; spirometer
3. nas/o; nasopharynx
229
230
Answer Key
4. laryng/o: laryngeal pharynx

5. breathing; hypopnea
6. capn/o; hypercapnia
7. pneumon/o; pneumonia
8. pneum/o; pneumothorax
9. straight; orthopnea

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
pulmonary ventilation
inhalation
exhalation
diaphragm
phase that transfers gases between
blood and alveoli
oxygen
carbon dioxide
gas transport
oxygen
hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
carbonic anhydrase
internal gas exchange

I. Multiple Choice
1. b: O1
2. d: O2
3. b: O2
4. b: O5, O6
5. a: O2
6. a: O3

1. glottis: O2
2. hypopnea: O7
3. hypoxia: O7
4. mediastinum: O2
5. two: O2
6. partial pressure: O4
7. iron or Fe: O5
8. phrenic nerve: O3
diaphragm and intercostal muscles

expand the thoracic cavity, drawing air
into the alveoli. They passively recoil
during exhalation because these muscles
relax, shrinking the thoracic cavity and
forcing air out. The elastic tissue of the
lungs also helps them to contract.
Learning Outcome 3
2. Gas exchange occurs through the walls
of the alveoli. The passages leading to
the alveoli do not participate in gas
exchange. These include the nasal cavities, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Learning Outcome 2
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Conceptual Thinking
Exercise 17-4: Abdominopelvic

Cavity and Peritoneum (text
Fig. 17-2)
1. A. pulmonary ventilation.
B. The respiratory control center modulates the activity of the motor nerve
that controls the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (the phrenic nerve).
This nerve will cause the diaphragm
and external intercostals to contract
more strongly and more often if greater pulmonary ventilation is required
(other muscles can also be recruited).
C. The most important chemical factor
is hydrogen ions in the medullary
interstitial fluid, which act on central
chemoreceptors, but increased carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and
decreased oxygen in peripheral blood
are secondary factors.
2. a. It increases the carbon dioxide content
of his blood, which increases blood
acidity.
b. It will increase.
3. a. total lung capacity
b. vital capacity
c. functional residual capacity
d. residual volume
Learning Outcome 3
I. True/False
1. T: O5, O6
2. F: oxygen: O5
3. F: simple: O2
4. T: O1
5. F: pons: O6
6. T: O8
7. F: less: O3
8. T: O3
9. F: decrease: O6

1. pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
2. alveoli
3. cilia
4. spirometer
5. vital capacity
6. functional residual capacity
III. Short Essays

1. The lungs are passive. They passively
expand during inhalation because the
Chapter 17
The Digestive System
Outcomes
Exercise 17-1
1. digestion
2. absorption
3. elimination
Exercise 17-2: The Wall of the

Small Intestine (text Fig. 17-1)
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis externa
4. serosa
5. epithelium
6. lamina propria
7. smooth muscle
8. lymphoid tissue
glands
nerve
circular layer
longitudinal layer
nerve
areolar connective tissue
epithelium
Exercise 17-3
1. mucosa
2. serosa
3. submucosa
4. muscularis externa
5. squamous epithelium
6. simple columnar epithelium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
liver
stomach
small intestine
duodenum
transverse colon
rectum
pancreas
uterus
urinary bladder
mesentery
mesocolon
greater omentum
lesser omentum
retroperitoneal space
parietal peritoneum
Exercise 17-5
1. visceral peritoneum
2. parietal peritoneum
3. greater omentum
4. lesser omentum
5. mesocolon
6. lesser peritoneal cavity
Exercise 17-6: The Mouth (text

Fig. 17-4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
central incisor
lateral incisor
cuspid (canine)
premolars
six-year molar
molars
upper lip
lower lip
gum (gingiva)
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
palatine tonsil
pharynx
Exercise 17-7: A Molar Tooth (text

Fig. 17-5)
1. crown
2. root
3. enamel
4. cementum
5. dentin
Answer Key
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
pulp
root canal
periodontal ligament
gingiva
alveolar bone
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal sphincter
anus
tenia coli
Exercise 17-8
Exercise 17-12
1. deciduous
2. mastication
3. deglutition
4. gingiva
5. incisors
6. dentin
7. periodontal ligament
8. enamel
1. pyloric sphincter
2. LES
3. epiglottis
4. soft palate
5. ileum
6. duodenum
7. chyme
8. rugae
Exercise 17-9: Digestive System

(text Fig. 17-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
small intestine
cecum
appendix
large intestine (transverse colon)
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
parotid (salivary gland)
sublingual (salivary gland)
submandibular (salivary gland)
liver
gallbladder
tongue
pancreas
Exercise 17-10: Longitudinal

Section of the Stomach
(text Fig. 17-6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
esophagus
body
fundus
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
esophageal hiatus
duodenum
oblique (muscle layer)
circular (muscle layer)
longitudinal (muscle layer)
rugae
lesser curvature
greater curvature
Exercise 17-11: The Intestines

(text Fig. 17-7A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
ileocecal valve
cecum (cut)
appendix
ascending colon
right colic (hepatic) flexure
transverse colon
left colic (splenic) flexure
descending colon
Exercise 17-13
1. rectum
2. vermiform appendix
3. ileocecal valve
4. villi
5. lacteal
6. teniae coli
7. transverse colon
8. cecum
Exercise 17-14: Accessory Organs

of Digestion (text Fig. 17-9)
1. diaphragm
2. spleen
3. liver
4. gall bladder
5. common hepatic duct
6. cystic duct
7. common bile duct
8. pancreas
9. pancreatic duct
10. duodenum
Exercise 17-15
1. pancreas
2. liver
3. gallbladder
4. parotid glands
5. sublingual glands
Exercise 17-16
1. bile
2. glycogen
3. bilirubin
4. urea
5. cystic duct
6. common bile duct
7. common hepatic duct
Exercise 17-17
1. maltase
2. sodium bicarbonate
3. nuclease
4. trypsin
5. pepsin
6. hydrolysis
7. fat
8. protein
Exercise 17-18
1. C
2. P
3. F
4. P
5. C
Exercise 17-19
Absorption is the uptake of digested nutrients into the blood.
Exercise 17-20
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
Exercise 17-21
1. negative
2. secretin
3. increased
4. bicarbonate
5. decreased
Exercise 17-22
1. leptin
2. gastric-inhibitory peptide
3. gastrin
4. cholecystokinin (CCK)
5. secretin
Exercise 17-23
a. F
b. T
c. F
d. T
Exercise 17-24
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
amyl/o; amylase
middle; mesocolon
enter/o; mesentery
bile, gall; cholecystokinin
bile; bilirubin
cyst/o; cystic
gastr/o; gastrointestinal
ab-; absorption
liver; hepatic
tongue; sublingual

1. esophageal hiatus
2. peristalsis
3. sends a food bolus through the lower
esophageal sphincter to the
4. rugae
5. secretes a hormone that regulates
the production of gastric juice
called
6. sends chyme through the pyloric
sphincter to the
7. villi
8. GIP
9. secretes this hormone that stimulates
bicarbonate release
10. secretes a hormone that stimulates bile
release called
11. receives exocrine secretions from the
12. gallbladder
13. liver

I. Multiple Choice
1. c: O4
2. d: O2
3. a: O6
231
232
Answer Key
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c: O3
b: O8
b: O12
c: O9
c: O5
c: O8
b: O5

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
digestion: O1
sigmoid colon: O5
rectum: O5
peristalsis: O5
colonoscope: O13
enzymes: O8
lesser omentum: O3
deglutition: O5
dentin: O4
esophageal hiatus: O5
cholecystokinin (CCK): O12
microvilli: O10
pepsin: O8
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
F: 20: O4
T: O3
F: esophagus: O5
T: O8
F: pancreas: O8
F: secretin: O12
F: lacteals: O10
T: O5
F: rugae: O5
T: O7
T: O8
F: liver: O6

1. mucosa
2. duodenum
3. pylorus
4. gastrin
5. bilirubin
6. cystic duct
III. Short Essays

1. The small intestine is coiled to compress
its length within the abdomen. The
intestinal wall is formed into many small
circular folds. The mucous membrane is
formed into millions of tiny projections
called villi. Each cell in the mucosa has
even smaller projections of the plasma
membrane called microvilli.
Learning Outcome 5
2. 1. Proteins are digested in the stomach
and small intestine, whereas fats are
digested only in the small intestine.
2. The digestion of fat, but not protein,
requires the emulsifying action of
bile.
3. Proteins are digested into small
peptides and amino acids, whereas
fats (triglycerides) are digested into
glycerol and fatty acids. 4. Most
products of digested fats are absorbed
into lacteals, whereas amino acids and
peptides are absorbed directly into

blood capillaries.
Conceptual Thinking
1. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas
to release digestive enzymes and the
gallbladder to release bile. Although
bile will still be produced by the liver,
chyme arriving in the intestine will no
longer induce the release of bile and
enzymes into the duodenum; thus, the
digestion of all nutrient types (proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids)
will be significantly impaired.
Learning Outcome 12
2. No. Bile does not catalyze the chemical
breakdown of fat; instead, it emulsifies
fats to increase the ability of enzymes to
access the fat molecules.
Chapter 18
6. nonessential amino acids

7. essential fatty acids
Exercise 18-6
1. vitamin A
2. folate
3. calciferol
4. iodine
5. calcium
6. iron
7. zinc
8. vitamin K
Exercise 18-7
1. C
2. B
3. A
Exercise 18-8
1. saturated fats
2. trans-fatty acids
3. polysaccharides
4. monosaccharides
5. unsaturated fats
Exercise 18-9
Metabolism, Nutrition, and

Body Temperature
1. conduction
2. evaporation
3. convection
4. radiation

Outcomes
Exercise 18-10
Exercise 18-1
1. C
2. A
3. C
Exercise 18-2
1. AN
2. AE
3. AE
4. AN
5. AN
6. AE
7. AN
1. C
2. H
3. H
4. C
Exercise 18-11
1. whole grain bread, because it has a lower
glycemic effect. That is, it results in a
lower increase in insulin than white
bread.
2. olive oil, because it contains unsaturated
fat. Unsaturated fats are healthier than
the saturated fats found in butter.
3. fruit, because it contains more vitamins,
minerals, and fiber.
Exercise 18-3
Exercise 18-12
1. all of the chemical reactions that occur

in the cell. Or: all of the bodys cellular
activities.
2. the rate at which energy is released from
nutrients.
3. the amount of energy required to maintain basic life functions.
1. separating, dissolving; glycolysis

2. glyc/o; glycogen
Exercise 18-4
1. glycogen
2. deamination
3. pyruvic acid
4. lactic acid
5. fat
6. glycerol
7. protein
Exercise 18-5
1. antioxidants
2. trace elements
3. vitamins
4. essential amino acids
5. minerals

1. proteins
2. minerals
3. should obtain less than 30% of total
calories from
4. must include a variety of complex
organic substances called
5. carbohydrate
6. amino acids
7. deamination
8. produces a waste product called
9. unsaturated fatty acids
10. containing all single bonds
11. glycogen
12. is composed of monosaccharides called
13. glycolysis
14. pyruvic acid
15. can be fully metabolized to generate
large amounts of energy in the
Answer Key
Conceptual Thinking
1. Carbohydrates in the blood stimulate

the production of pancreatic insulin.
Insulin stimulates the conversion of
nutrients to storage forms, including
fat. Low carbohydrate intake should
keep blood sugar low, thereby reducing
insulin levels and fat deposition. In the
absence of carbohydrates, the body will
use fat and protein for fuel. Protein is
not stored as an energy source, so lowcarbohydrate diets are often associated
with the breakdown of muscle and other
protein-rich tissues.
I. Multiple Choice
1. a: O12
2. d: O6
3. d: O4
4. c: O12
5. b: O2
6. d: O7
7. b: O11
8. d: O10
9. a: O1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Calorie: O5
basal metabolic rate: O11
muscles: O13
vitamins: O7
hypothalamus: O12
cellular respiration or nutrient
oxidation: O1
convection: O11
cytoplasm: O2
essential: O6
glucose: O2
I. True/False
1. T: O12
2. F: unsaturated: O10
3. T: O1
4. T: O13
5. F: proteins: O4
6. F: carbon dioxide, water, and
energy: O2
7. F: fat: O5
8. F: minerals: O7
9. F: essential fatty acid: O6

1. radiation
2. 2
3. pyruvic acid
4. lactic acid
5. convection
6. vitamin C
7. trans fatty acids (or trans fats)
8. polysaccharides
III. Short Essays

1. No. Although alcohol yields energy
(7 kcal/g), it does not yield any useful
end products and can interfere with the
metabolism of nutrients.
Learning Outcome 11
2. Glucose will be converted into pyruvic
acid in the cytoplasm by the process of
glycolysis (anaerobic), which produces
2 ATPs. Pyruvic acid will be converted
to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria by the oxygen-requiring process
of aerobic respiration. 30 molecules of
ATP will be produced by the breakdown
of pyruvic acid, making a grand total of
32 ATPs/glucose molecule.
Learning Outcome 2
Chapter 19
The Urinary System and Body
Fluids
Outcomes
Exercise 19-1: Male Urinary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
abdominal aorta
renal artery
common iliac artery
common iliac vein
renal vein
inferior vena cava
diaphragm
adrenal gland
right kidney
right ureter
urinary bladder
prostate gland
urethra
Exercise 19-2: Kidney Structure

and the Renal Blood Supply (text
Fig. 19-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
renal artery
renal vein
renal capsule
hilum
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pyramids
calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
Exercise 19-3
1. renal pelvis
2. urethra
3. retroperitoneal space
4. nephron
5. ureter
6. adipose capsule
7. renal medulla
8. renal cortex
Exercise 19-4
1. R
2. D
3. U, D, R, I
4. U, D, I
5. D
6. U, I
Exercise 19-5
1. toxin levels (kept at minimal levels)
2. water levels
3. blood pH
4. blood pressure
5. red blood cell number
Exercise 19-6: A Nephron and Its

Blood Supply (text Fig. 19-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
renal vein
glomerular capsule
proximal tubule
descending limb of the nephron
loop
ascending limb of the nephron
loop
distal tubule
collecting duct
calyx
renal cortex
renal medulla
Exercise 19-7
1. glomerular capsule
2. glomerulus
3. proximal tubule
4. afferent arteriole
5. renal vein
6. peritubular capillaries
7. collecting duct
8. nephron loop
Exercise 19-8: Glomerular

Filtration (text Fig. 19-5)
2. glomerulus
3. efferent arteriole
4. endothelium
6. proximal capsule
7. filtrate
Exercise 19-9: Summary of Urine

Formation (text Fig. 19-7)
1. filtration from blood into nephron
2. reabsorption from filtrate into blood
3. tubular secretion from blood into
filtrate
4. urine concentration; reabsorption of
water; controlled by ADH
7. peritubular capillaries
8. blood with reabsorbed substances
10. filtrate
11. urine (excreted)
12. ADH
233
234
Answer Key
Exercise 19-10
Exercise 19-18
1. A
2. F
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. E
1. blood plasma
2. water
3. hypothalamus
4. interstitial
5. body fluid concentration
6. body fluid volume
7. intracellular
Exercise 19-11: The Juxtaglomerular

(JG) Apparatus (text Fig. 19-6)
Exercise 19-19
2. glomerulus
5. proximal tubule
6. nephron loop
7. distal tubule
8. juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
Exercise 19-12
1. renin
2. aldosterone
3. tubular reabsorption
4. filtration
5. juxtaglomerular apparatus
6. EPO
7. tubular secretion
Exercise 19-13: The Male Urinary

Bladder (text Fig. 19-9)
1. ureter
2. openings of ureters
3. rugae
4. smooth muscle
5. trigone
6. internal urethral sphincter
7. prostate
8. urethra
9. external urethral sphincter
Exercise 19-14
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
Exercise 19-15
3,4,6
Exercise 19-16: Main Fluid

Compartments (text Fig. 19-10)
1. extracellular fluid
2. blood plasma and lymph
3. interstitial fluid
4. intracellular fluid
Exercise 19-17: Daily Gain and

Loss of Water (text Fig. 19-11)
1. metabolism
2. food
3. drink
4. feces
5. lungs
6. skin
7. urine
1. cation
2. anion
3. chloride
4. potassium
5. electrolyte
6. calcium
7. sodium
Exercise 19-20
2. atrial natriuretic peptide
3. aldosterone
4. parathyroid hormone
13. reabsorption
14. secretion
15. urine concentration
MAP B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Exercise 19-21
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
blood plasma
is also present in the eye humors, the
cerebrospinal fluid, and other
found in lacteals and lymphatic vessels is
between cells is called
gained by the body are considered the
output
over a given period must match
food and drink (or diet)
of approximately 200 ml results from
byproducts of
kidneys (or renal system)
lungs (or respiratory system)
includes fluids lost by evaporation
from the
includes fluids in feces that had been
secreted into the
1. buffer
2. hydrogen ion
3. kidney
4. lung
Exercise 19-22
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1. prostate
2. micturition
3. external urethral
4. urethra
5. ureters
6. hydroureter
7. hydronephrosis
8. cystoscope
9. resectoscope
Exercise 19-23
1. noct/i; nocturia
2. beyond, outside of: extracellular,
extraperitoneal
3. poly-; polydipsia
4. partial, half; semipermeable
5. kidney; nephron
6. intra-; intracellular
7. retro-; retroperitoneal
8. juxta-; juxtaglomerular apparatus
9. kidney; renal
10. osmosis; osmoreceptors

MAP A
1. nephrons
2. are associated with
3. receiving blood from the renal arteries
are the
4. glomerulus
5. efferent arterioles
6. deliver blood directly into the
7. urinary system
9. proximal tubule
10. nephron loop
11. distal tubule
12. filtration
I. Multiple Choice
c: O1
b: O5
c: O7
d: O8
a: O3
c: O6
c: O10
b: O9
b: O1
d: O16
c: O16
d: O15
c: O17
a: O11

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
anion: O15
osmoreceptors: O13
sodium: O15
rugae: O1
afferent arteriole: O4
hypothalamus: O14
collecting duct: O5
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): O16
filtration: O6
glomerulus: O4, O5
peritubular capillaries: O4
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
F: antidiuretic hormone: O7
T: O6
F: alkaline: O17
T: O10
T: O7
F: external: O9
F: trigone: O1
F: urinary or excretory: O2
T: O10
F: kidneys: O13
Answer Key
GROUP A
1. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
2. isotonic
3. 7.357.45
4. buffer
GROUP B
1. juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
2. angiotensin
3. nephrons
4. interstitial
5. erythropoietin
III. Short Essays

1. Both filtration and secretion move
substances from the blood to the filtrate. Filtration occurs because of the
hydrostatic pressure of blood, whereas
secretion occurs because substances are
moved by active transporters. Filtration
occurs between the glomerulus and
the Bowman capsule, whereas active
transport occurs between the nephron
and the pertibular capillaries. Filtration is
relatively nonspecific, moving water and
small dissolved substances (not large proteins or cells). Secretion is very specific,
moving particular chemicals and ions.
Learning Outcome 6
2. Breath holding will increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
The actions of carbonic anhydrase will
result in the production of bicarbnate and
hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions will
increase the blood acidity. The kidney
can counteract this increase by excreting
more hydrogen ions in the urine.
Learning Outcome 17
Conceptual Thinking
1. Yes. Antidiuretic hormone stimulates
water reabsorption in the collecting duct
independent of salt reabsorption. Water
will leave the nephron due to the osmotic
gradient created by the nephron loop.
2. The penicillin that is filtered into the glomerular capsule will not be reabsorbed.
The penicillin remaining in the peritubular capillaries will be secreted into
the nephron. The filtered and secreted
penicillin molecules will subsequently be
excreted in the urine.
Learning Outcome 6
3. A. Ms. Js body fluids will be reduced in
volume and increased in osmolarity
(concentration).
B. Her hypothalamic osmoreceptors will
be activated, which in turn will activate Ms. Js hypothalamic thirst center.
Her hypothalamus also will respond to
the increased osmolarity by synthesizing more antidiuretic hormone, which
is secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland. This hormone will also stimu-
late thirst and will increase water

reabsorption by the kidney.
C. Ms. J will be very thirsty and will
excrete small amounts of very concentrated urine.
4. a. This compound will not alter blood
pressure because parathyroid hormone alters calcium and phosphate
handling. These ions are not very
important in the regulation of water
retention and blood volume.
b. This compound would reduce blood
pressure. Without normal aldosterone
action, the kidney will retain less
sodium and thus less water. Reduced
blood volume and blood pressure
would result.
c. This compound would decrease blood
pressure. ANP reduces sodium retention and water retention, and would
thus reduce blood volume.
Learning Outcome 16
Chapter 20
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
head of epididymis
body of epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
testis
lobule
septum
capsule
Exercise 20-4
1. sustentacular cell
2. interstitial cell
3. spermatozoon
4. ovum
5. ovarian follicle
Exercise 20-5: Cross-Section of

the Penis (text Fig. 20-5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
skin
subcutaneous tissue
connective tissue
corpus spongiosum
corpora cavernosa
urethra
central artery
dorsal artery
dorsal veins
dorsal nerve
Exercise 20-6
The Male and Female

Reproductive Systems
Outcomes
Exercise 20-1
1. T
2. F
Exercise 20-2: Male Reproductive

System (text Fig. 20-1A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
rectum
anus
peritoneal cavity
scrotum
testis
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
ampulla of ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
prostate
bulbourethral (Cowper) gland
urethra
corpus spongiosum (penis)
corpus cavernosum (penis)
glans penis
prepuce
Exercise 20-3: Structure of the

Testis (text Fig. 20-1B)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
spermatic cord
artery
vein
nerve
seminiferous tubule
1. nourish the spermatozoa

2. transport the spermatozoa
3. neutralize the acidity of the male
urethra and the female reproductive tract
4. lubricate the female reproductive tract
during sexual intercourse
5. prevent infection
Exercise 20-7: Diagram of a

Human Spermatozoon
(text Fig. 20-4)
1. head
2. neck
3. midpiece
4. tail (flagellum)
5. acrosome
6. nucleus
7. mitochondria
Exercise 20-8
1. follicle-stimulating hormone;
luteinizing hormone
2. testosterone
3. luteinizing hormone
4. luteinizing hormone
5. testosterone; follicle-stimulating hormone
6. testosterone
7. follicle-stimulating hormone
Exercise 20-9: Female

Reproductive System
(text Fig. 20-6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
ovary
maturing follicle
ruptured ovarian follicle
ovum
corpus luteum
fimbriae
235
236
Answer Key
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
uterine tube
fundus of uterus
corpus of uterus
cervical canal
cervix
vagina
rugae
Greater vestibular (Bartholin) gland
Exercise 20-10: Female

Reproductive System (Sagittal
Section) (text Fig. 20-9)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
peritoneal cavity
cul-de-sac
urinary bladder
urethra
rectum
anus
sacrum
pubic symphysis
ovary
uterine tube
uterus
round ligament
uterosacral ligament
cervix
posterior fornix
vagina
clitoris
labium minus
labium majus
Exercise 20-11: External Parts

of the Female Reproductive
1. mons pubis
2. labium majus
3. labium minus
4. clitoris
5. vaginal orifice
6. urethral orifice
7. hymen
8. obstetrical perineum
9. anus
Exercise 20-12
1. seminal vesicle
2. prostate gland
3. epididymis
4. uterine tube
5. fimbriae
6. greater vestibular gland
7. ejaculatory duct
8. bulbourethral gland
Exercise 20-13
1. vestibule
2. fornix
3. endometrium
4. fundus
5. hymen
6. cervix
7. myometrium
Exercise 20-14: The Menstrual

Cycle (text Fig. 20-11)
1. FSH
2. LH
3. estrogen
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
progesterone
follicular phase
luteal phase
menstrual phase
proliferative phase
ovulation
secretory phase
9. results in the conversion of the follicle

into the
10. progesterone
11. stimulates the activity of the

I. Multiple Choice
Exercise 20-15
1. progesterone
2. estrogen
3. ovulation
4. follicle-stimulating hormone
5. corpus luteum
6. menstruation
Exercise 20-16
(answers could include the following)
1. the vaginal mucosa becomes thinner,
dryer, and more sensitive
2. hot flashes
3. insomnia
4. anxiety
5. atrophy of the uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, and vulva
Exercise 20-17
1. birth control patch
2. IUD
3. diaphragm
4. condom
5. birth control ring
6. tubal ligation
Exercise 20-18
1. A hysterectomy removes the entire uterus,
but a myomectomy only removes myomas.
2. Hysterectoscopy examines the interior of
the uterus; the probe is inserted into the
uterine cavity via the vagina. Laparoscopy
examines the abdominal cavity (for
instance, the exterior of the uterus). The
probe is inserted into the abdominal cavity via an incision.
3. Myoma and fibroid are synonyms; they
both refer to a benign tumor of the uterine myometrium.
Exercise 20-19
1. acro-; acrosome
2. to carry: deferens
3. ov/o, ov/i; ovum
4. uterus; myometrium
5. semen, seed: seminiferous tubules
6. testis; testosterone
7. ovary: ovarian follicle
8. rectum: rectouterine pouch

1. LH
2. stimulates the development of one or
more
3. estrogen
4. inhibits the release of
5. endometrium
6. is lost during
7. surge triggers
8. induces the formation and activity of the
1. b: O7
2. a: O6
3. d: O2
4. b: O2
5. a: O2
6. b: O7
7. d: O6
8. a: O6
9. c: O3

1. acrosome: O4
2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
O5, O7
3. meiosis: O1
4. scrotum: O2
5. testosterone: O5
6. perineum: O2, O6
7. luteinizing hormone (LH): O7
8. urethra: O2
9. prostate gland: O2
10. circumcision: O2
I. True/False
1. F: 2-5 mL: O3
2. T: O2
3. T: O6
4. F: meiosis: O1
5. F: perineum: O6
6. F: luteal phase: O7
7. F: estrogen: O7
8. T: O5
GROUP A
1. myometrium
2. endometrium
3. cervix
4. fibroids
5. hysteroscope
6. hysterectomy
GROUP B
1. spermatozoa
2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. interstitial cells
4. vasectomy
III. Short Essays

1. In the ovary, the follicle is growing and
secreting increasing amounts of estrogen under the influence of FSH. In the
uterus, the endometrium is thickening
under the influence of estrogen.
Learning Outcome 8
2. Both spermatozoa and ova are produced by meiosis, but meiosis results in
four spermatozoa but only one mature
Answer Key
ovum. The ovum is larger and contains

more organelles than the spermatozoa.
Spermatozoa synthesis occurs throughout
life: ova synthesis does not.
Conceptual Thinking
1. The synthetic testosterone is inhibiting the
production of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary by a negative feedback loop.
These pituitary hormones are necessary for
maintenance of testicular size and function.
Learning Outcome 5
2. Both male and female gonads are regulated by the same anterior pituitary hormonesfollicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In
both males and females, FSH affects the
development of the gametes. In males,
FSH acts on sustenacular cells, which
promote sperm development. In females,
FSH stimulates the development of the
ovarian follicle, which contains the ovum.
FSH plays a critical role in hormone
production in females, but not in males,
since the follicle produces estrogen.
Chapter 21
Development and Heredity
Outcomes
Exercise 21-1
1. zygote
2. fetus
3. gestation
4. implantation
5. embryo
6. morula
Exercise 21-2
1. relaxin
2. human placental lactogen
3. human chorionic gonadotropin
4. placenta
5. chorionic villi
6. venous sinuses
7. chorion
Exercise 21-3: Fetal Circulation

(text Fig. 21-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
endometrium
capillaries
maternal blood vessels
venous sinuses
myometrium
descending aorta
umbilical arteries
umbilical cord
umbilical vein
liver
portal vein
ductus venosus
inferior vena cava
heart
15.
16.
17.
18.
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
aortic arch
Exercise 21-4: Midsagittal Section of

a Pregnant Uterus (text Fig. 21-5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
rectum
anus
urinary bladder
urethra
pubic symphysis
wall of uterus
placenta
umbilical cord
amniotic sac
amniotic fluid
fetus
cervix
vagina
perineum
Exercise 21-5
1. amniotic sac
2. ductus arteriosus
3. foramen ovale
4. vernix caseosa
5. ultrasonography
6. ductus venosus
7. umbilical vein
8. umbilical artery
Exercise 21-6
1. cortisol
2. oxytocin
3. prostaglandin
4. second stage
5. third stage
6. fourth stage
7. first stage
8. positive feedback
Exercise 21-7
1. P
2. O
3. O
4. P
5. O
Exercise 21-8: Section of the

Breast (text Fig. 21-9)
1. pectoralis major
2. adipose tissue
3. lobe of gland tissue
4. duct of lobe
5. lactiferous duct
6. areola
7. papilla
Exercise 21-9
(answers could include the following)
1. Breast milk is always sterile
2. Breast milk and colostrum contain
maternal antibodies
3. Breast milk contains the ideal concentration of nutrients and salt for human
babies.
4. Nursing brings emotional and psychological benefits to mother and child.
Exercise 21-10
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
Exercise 21-11
1. allele
2. recessive
3. homozygous
4. autosome
5. heterozygous
6. dominant
Exercise 21-12
1. G
2. P
3. P
4. G
5. P
6. G
Exercise 21-13
A
Exercise 21-14
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
Exercise 21-15
1. F
2. M
Exercise 21-16
1. S
2. S
3. A
4. A
5. S
Exercise 21-17
(answers may include the following)
1. environment
2. other genes
3. gender
Exercise 21-18
The Punnett square should resemble that
of Figure 21-11 (but with different letters).
The probability of a carrier is 50%.
Exercise 21-19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
zyg/o; zygote
labor: oxytocin
chrom/o; chromosome
body; human chorionic somatomammotropin
to show; phenotype
aut/o-; autosomes
ox/y; oxytocin
heter/o; heterozygous
same; homozygous
membrane, chorion; human chorionic
gonadotropin
237
238
Answer Key

MAP A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
nourishes the
is derived from an implanted
fetus
becomes a baby following
is partially initiated by
oxytocin
may require the inhibition of maternal
progesterone by
produces a hormone that relaxes joints
called
along with the embryo, secretes
corpus luteum
progesterone
endometrium (or uterine lining)
human placental lactogen
breasts
prepares these organs for lactation
MAP B
1. on autosomal chromosomes are found
in
2. determine the
3. helps determine the traits a person has,
or the
4. chromosomes
5. sex chromosomes
6. autosomes
7. contain genes determining
8. that always express their effects are
called
9. that only express their effect in a
homozygous pair are called
10. of genes with identical alleles are called
11. heterozygous
12. individuals for recessive traits are
called

I. Multiple Choice
1. d: O4
2. a: O3
3. c: O8
4. d: O12
5. b: O11
6. c: O2
7. b: O4
8. a: O1
9. c: O14

1. episiotomy: O4
2. limb buds: O4
3. lactation: O5
4. third stage: O4
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
identical twins: O4
uterine tube: O1
amniotic fluid: O2
X chromosome: O12
44: O11
meiosis: O11
25%: O8
I. True/False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
T: O4
F: second: O4
T: O4
T: O2
F: cortisol: O4
F: chorion: O2
T: O13
T: O12
F: heterozygous: O10
F: homozygous: O8
GROUP A
1. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
2. 4 weeks
3. ultrasonography
4. colostrum
GROUP B
1. recessive
2. carriers
3. heterozygous
4. female
III. Short Essays

1. Both hormones are produced by the
placenta and are thus present only in
pregnant women. The hormone hCG
is also produced in embryonic cells
prior to the formation of the placenta,
but hPL is not. hCG is similar in
structure to luteinizing hormone and
stimulates progesterone production by
the corpus luteum. The hormone hPL,
conversely, helps prepare the breasts for
lactation and modifies maternal metabolism to increase nutrient availability to
the fetus.
Learning Outcome 2
2. Lactation is the secretion of milk from
the mammary glands. Prolactin (PRL),
from the anterior pituitary, stimulates
cells in the mammary glands to produce milk. Oxytocin, synthesized in the
hypothalamus and secreted from the
posterior pituitary, stimulates the ejection,
or letdown, of milk in response to suckling. Progesterone and human placental
lactogen, secreted by the placenta, help

prepare the breasts for milk secretion.
Learning Outcome 5
3. Some traits that vary over a range of
values are skin and hair color, eye color,
height, and weight. These traits are
determined by more than one pair of
genes. Different gene combinations will
produce a range of appearances. This
form of heredity is described as multifactorial inheritance. These traits may also
be partially determined by factors such
as other genes, the environment, and
hormones.
Learning Outcome 14
Conceptual Thinking
1. The blood cell will leave the placenta
through the umbilical vein and travel
through the ductus venosus to the inferior
vena cava. It will enter the right atrium
and pass through the foramen ovale to
the left atrium and ventricle. The left
ventricle will pump the cell into the aorta.
The blood cell will pass through the fetal
tissues. Eventually, it will pass into
an umbilical artery to return to the
placental capillaries, where exchanges
will take place between the fetal and
maternal blood.
2. Identical twins share the same genotype, or genetic makeup, because they
result from division of a single zygote.
However, genotype is not the only factor
that determines an individuals observable
traits and characteristics (the phenotype).
Prenatal and postnatal environment also
plays an important role. For instance,
the prenatal environment could differ
between twins if one twin received a
larger blood supply.
Learning Outcome 9
3. a. The heart pumps more blood, in order
to supply the fetus with the blood it
needs to bring nutrients and carry away
wastes.
b. The rate and the depth of breathing
increase in order to meet the increased
metabolic needs of the fetus.
c. Kidney activity increases to excrete the
nitrogenous wastes produced by the
fetus.
d. Bladder size decreases. This change is
necessitated by fetal growth.
e. Digestive efficiency increases, supplying more nutrients for fetal growth and
subsequent milk production.
Learning Outcome 4

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Answer Key for Study Guide for Memmlers

Structure and Function of the Human Body, 10th Edition

Making the Connections

Testing Your Knowledge

GROUP A: General Terminology

II. Completion Exercise

GROUP B: Body Cavities, Directional

GROUP C: Body Regions

II. Practical Applications

GROUP A: Directional Terms

GROUP B: Body Cavities & Body Regions

GROUP C: Body Systems

III. Short Answer

Addressing the Learning

Exercise 2-10: Carbohydrates

Exercise 2-2: Parts of the

Exercise 2-11: Lipids

Exercise 2-12: Proteins

Exercise 2-13: Enzyme

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Triglyceride (simple fat)

Purpose: Insulation, protection,

Examples: starch, glycogen

Purpose: enzyme, structural component

One nucleotide containing three

Purpose: high-energy compound

Purpose: transmission of genetic

Making the Connections

Testing Your Knowledge

II. Completion Exercise

II. Practical Applications

III. Short Essays

bonds. These chains of amino acids can

Exercise 3-2: Structure

Exercise 3-3: Membrane Proteins

Exercise 3-4: Typical Animal Cell

Exercise 3-7: Osmosis

Testing Your Knowledge

Exercise 3-8: Basic Structure of a

Exercise 3-10: Stages of Mitosis

to eat, ingest; phagocytosis

Making the Connections

II. Completion Exercise

II. Practical Applications

III. Short Essays

(hypertonic), the cells will lose water and

Exercise 4-2: Muscle Tissue

Exercise 4-3: Nervous Tissue

Exercise 4-7: Connective Tissue

Making the Connections

the skin as well as serous and mucous

II. Completion Exercise

Testing Your Knowledge

II. Practical Applications

III. Short Essays

1. Connective tissue is defined as a tissue

Exercise 5-4: The Skin

Addressing the Learning

Exercise 5-5: The Nail (text Fig. 5-5)

The hard portion of the nail

Epithelial tissue underlying the nail plate

The proximal portion of the nail bed

Growth region (nail matrix)