Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NOTES
Compiled by: FAHMEED RAJPUT
Chartered Accountant, Petroleum Engr.
MBA, M.Phil
This is possible because the places in the table occupy the columns and the place values in the
column vectors occupy the rows. When we multiply as above we sum the total points for each
team.
This method is applicable to a wide variety of situations and suitable for calculation by
computers. It is widely used in spreadsheets.
has period
if
is
or
or
then
and period
if
is
is
or
and
The transformation of graph rules are applied in the usual way. This is illustrated above for
This means that the maximum and minimum values of
are and
respectively,
and the period of
is
the frequency is
The period and frequency of each curve above are the same since the coefficient of is the
same. The normal transformation rules apply. Adding 1 to sin x moves the curve up 1 and
subtracting
The task is to find the shaded area above between the two curves
and
I labelled the curves top and bottom. Using this sophisticated notation, the area is
Sometimes it is not quite so obvious what the equation of either the top or bottom curve is.
The graph is
of the region marked A. The top is obviously
then
OR
so
so
We have
then
Differentiation
We often have to differentiate functions. For functions of the form
multiplying by the power and subtracting one from the power.
it is as simple as
Example:
Whatever form the question is given it we must expression the function to be differentiated in
the form
For example,
We write this as
then
Differentiation is used to find rates of change (when we differentiate with respect to time),
gradients, slopes, tangents and normals.
is negative
In both cases at the actual turning point (maximum or minimum) the gradient
find and classify the turning points we first differentiate and set
is zero. To
To summarise:
To find a turning point solve for
To classify a turning point, put the values of the turning point into the expression for
If this value is positive, we have a minimum, and if it is negative we have a maximum. To find
the value of the turning point, substitute the values of the turning point into the
expression for
Example. Find and classify the turning points of
Solve
so the coordinates of the turning point are
When
When
At
At
Example:
Multiplying Matrices: Multiplying is a little more complex. Remember that you multiply
rows by columns.
Example:
Example:
Inverses of Matrices
So for example suppose we have the velocity and we want to find the acceleration. We
differentiate. If we have the velocity and we want to find the displacement, we integrate.
Example:
so when
b}
when
so
To expand
we could expand
winded process. Or we could just substitute for
expansion. Example: Expand
which simplifies to
and further to
We may be asked to solve questions involving the coefficients. For example, the coefficient
of in the binomial expansion of
is equal to 3 times the coefficient of
.Find n.
is
is
Practical Vectors
Planes rarely fly in the direction they are pointing. If the wind is blowing and the world is turning the pilot
has to take account of these when he plots a course. Even with modern gps systems available, , it is
beneficial to the pilot to take these into account because of the resulting increase in fuel efficiency. It is
worse though for the sailor, who has to take the tide into account as well
We can deal with these problems by representing the velocities of the wind, tide and boat as vectors, then
using trigonometry to find the course to take or the velocity to travel at.
For example:
A motor boat travels in a straight line across a river which flows at 3m/s between straight parallel banks
200 m apart. The motor boat, which has a top speed of 6m/s in still water, travels directly from a point A on
one bank to a point B, 150m downstream of A, on the opposite bank. Assuming that the motor boat is
travelling at top speed, find, to the nearest second, the time it takes to travel from A to B.
What is the first thing you do? DRAW A DIAGRAM!!
We need to calculate V, the resultant velocity. Using the sine rule we can find x:
Then
Integration by Parts
Integration by parts is used to integrate a product. It is derived from the product rule for
differentiating a product:
We subtract a term from the right hand side to give
and then integrate to give
Example:
Example: Find
Example: Find
To integrate this we have to write
The graph of against Area is shown above. The maximum Area seems to be
value of is 25. We could have solved this problem by completing the square:
so
and the
when
The point
We now have to find C. We are told in the question that y=0 when x=5. Hence
Example:
The point
Example
The point
when
Hence
when
Hence
is the gradient
by finding the
point
into the expression for
to find the gradient at that point. Finally substitute into
the equation
to find the equation of the line.
Example: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
We differentiate implicitly to get
is
at the point
The gradient at the point
We have to make
the subject of
is
at the point
is
at the point
We have to make
the subject of
and solved
to obtain
hence the
For the quadratic above, since the coefficient of is 1 which is positive, we know it will be a
bum curve,so the set of solutions for will come in two parts,
or
We are asked
The curve is a breast curve and we can read off the solutions
and solve
or
hence
then
the remainder is
is a factor of
Example:
Show that
is a factor of
therefore
is a factor.
Example
is divided by
on division by
is
is
is divided by
Then
0.125
0.160
0.200
0.400
0.050
0.064
0.085
0.111
0.286
since both increase together, but the relationship is not linear since the gradient between
and
and plot
against
10.0
8.0
6.3
5.0
2.5
20.0
15.6
11.8
9.0
3.5
The graph below shows an excellent fit to a straight line with equation
then
has no remainder or
equivalently,
We show uses of the factor theorems in the following examples.
Example: Show that
Solve
is a factor of
to get
therefore
is a factor of
Example: Find the polynomial with with integer coefficients whose roots are
is divided by
Remainder 0 when
is divided by
or
to get
is divided by
Hence
or
and
hence we
#
or
Logarithms
There are several Laws of Logarithms. They are:
Example:
We must make the bases the same for both logs. We can do this with the
second case of the fifth rule:
Substitute
Subtract
We have,
to give
So,
or
Example: Differentiate
It is a good habit to get into to write down
Example: Differentiate
The product rule can be used repeatedly with any number of products.
If a function h consists of three simpler functions
Example: Differentiate
or
Working from first principles we can pick the first from 10, the second from 9, the third from 8,
the fourth from 7, hence 10*9*8*7=5040. But the order of the picking will not matter here. The
four people can be picked in any order and we have not taken account of this. To take account
of this objection we notice that 4 people can be arranged in 4*3*2*1=4!=24 ways, so now we
divide 5040 by 24 to get 210.
The order did not matter for the above question, but sometimes the order does matter, For
example 10 runners in a race will obviously differentiate between first, second and third place.
In this case we find
different possibilities.
independent we multiply, and so with combinations. Hence the number of ways in which we
can pick four men and three women from 6 men and five women is
Sometimes though, we have to write down list of possible arrangements because not every
arrangement is acceptable.
Suppose a committee of 5 people is to be selected from 6 men and 4 women. We are required to
find the number of selections which has more men than women.
We could have 5 men and no women:
possible choices.
possible choices.
possible choices.
Now we equate
Equating coefficients of
Equating coefficients of
Equating constant terms:
Hence
Equating coefficients of
Equating coefficients of
Equating constant terms:
Hence
then
(1)
Proof:
At this point we perform the sort of trick common in maths. We take
term and add it to the second. We can then factorise and simplify.
and
denominator,
and if we we let
We then obtain (1).
then in the
Example: Differentiate
It is a good habit to get into to write down
into the expression for
Example: Differentiate
(red)
We can either read off the solutions or solve algebraically in the following way. When the
modulus signs are removed the result can either be positive or negative.
or
or
or
has no simple integer solutions. This equation can only be solving by taking the log of
to 4 significant figures.
Slightly more complicated are expressions where
to 4 decimal places.
Sometimes an equation may have to be rearranged to express it in one of the above forms. For example,
We use the rule
(1)
Factorise to get
or
The above equation has two solutions. In general, as for quadratic equations, an exponential
which can be expressed as two factors can have one, two or no solutions. It is convenient to
make clear the connection by expressing the original equation as a quadratic using the
substitution
Then
and equation (1) above becomes
This equation
factorises to give
so
Since the original equation was expressed in terms
of we still have to find but we can use the substitution
with the values of that we
have found, to find
or
Example: Solve
Substitute
to get
negative number.
Example: Solve
Substitute
to get
and
blue
black
Now is the tricky part. There is more than one solution for We have found one. The other
solutions are given by using the symmetry of the cosine graph. It is symmetric about 180 We
are using degrees here. The solutions are
41.41, 360-41.41, 360+41.41, 720-41.41, 720+41.41, 1080-41.41, 1080+41.41 ....degrees
Example: Solve
Now we use the symmetry of the sin curve. The solutions are
17.46, 180-17.46, 360+17.46, 540-17.46, 720+17.46,900-17.46 ....degrees
Example: Solve
Now we we the property of the tan curve that it repeats every 180 degrees. The solutions are
60.26, 180+60.26, 360+60.26, 540+60.26, 720+60.26, 900+60.26.....degrees