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TOUGHNESS
THE LOAD-CMOD
CHARACTERIZATION
REINFORCED CONCRETES
V. S. Gopalaratnam,
Department of Civil Engineering, University ofMissouri, Columbia, USA.
Gettu, S. Carmona*, and D.
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
(*on leave from Univ. Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso,
Abstract
Engineering measures of the toughness of fiber reinforced concretes (FRC) are
usually obtained from the load-deflection response of unnotched beams.
problems with this approach are avoided in part by the use
specimens.
the present work, toughness measures based on
crack opening (CMOD) response
beams under
are analyzed. The influences
1%) on
load-CMOD based ,.,....,..,..jU.,J...LUL'"""-'"-'
c<i-rc..-.n1~h silica
concrete.
hooked steel fibers.
servohydraulic testing . .
and fiber concretes.
fracture parameters of the . . . . ...., . . . . .,...
important conclusions are
under the load-CMQD curve ..-u.r"~'T~'
effectiveness of
fiber and
deflection-CMOD relation is ~r<:r>t-1 "'1' independent of the specimen
content.
.ll. ......,.., ... JLU..ll.....,
769
"
01
11
'"
.llJlV'41'".Jl.L
1"H1'"\rl"Jl'l1
nrt:c<t:>1nf"
2
configuration is the most popular test setup for characterizing
toughness due to
simplicity and due to its ability to simulate the
practical situations. The various toughness measures
flexural
and the problems associated with them have
reviewed recently by Gopalaratnam and Gettu (1995). The specimen
is commonly used is
unnotched beam subjected to four-point (or
Jl...,...,........jlJ~ and tested
displacement control. Other configurations
770
measures,
sensitive to the
at relatively
"'"'.....,"""''-'U'""''-"'-'
et al. 995)
this
that the absolute loadof the
vU.l\,;Ul.J..U.11-'-''V
response
increases in
areas under the load-deflection and load-CMOD
curves after the peak are plotted with respect to the deflection and the
respectively.
areas are normalized with the areas up to
peak
the displacements are normalized with the displacements at the
also suggests that
load-CMOD area is more sensitive to crack
propagation than the load-deflection area. The deflection-CMOD relation is
in Fig. 2c,
the initial part corresponds to increasing load
crack propagation (a=a 0 , K1<K1J, the
corresponds to
K1=Kic) and
curve after the kink corresponds to
propagation (a>a 0 , K i=K1J
s=2.5d
Fig. 1. Notched beam geometry
772
(a)
b 1, d 100
E =1, K1c= 1
0
0
40
120
80
displacement
-~-----------
(c)
2.5
2.0
-:
m
c..
1.5
1.0
0.5
c;::::
(!)
b 1, d 100
E =1, Kie= 1
"C
0.0
0
Fig. 2.
773
Tests
this study were conducted on a concrete with a composition of
cement:sand:gravel:microsilica:water equal to 1: 1.32:2.2:0.1 :0.42, by weight.
ASTM Type I (Spanish Type 45-A) cement, crushed limestone aggregates and
silica fume slurry were used. DRAMIX ZC 30/.50 collated hooked
fibers (tensile strength of2000 MPa, 0.8-1.0% elongation, 30 mm length
0.5 mm diameter) were incorporated in the concrete. The unreinforced
concrete is hereafter denoted as HSC-0.0, and the concretes with 40 kg/m 3
(volume fraction, ~, of approximately 0.5%) and 80 kg/m3 (~ = 1%) of
fibers as HSC-0.5 and HSC-1.0, respectively. Different amounts (8-20 lit./m3 )
of super-plasticizer were used in the three concretes since the addition of
fibers decreased the workability. The compressive strength was obtained
150x300 mm cylinders and was observed to decrease due to the
addition of fibers, which may be attributed to the increase in air content. The
mean values of the 21-day strength were HSC-0.0: 73 MPa, HSC-0.5: 66 MPa
and
.0: 64 MPa.
Beams of three different sizes, three specimens in each size, were cast from
each of the concretes. The specimens were geometrically similar (Fig. 1),
b = 90 mm and d = 90, 180 and 320 mm. The notches were cut with a
.................................. disc saw. The tests were performed at the age of 25-28 days in a
closed-loop INSTRON servo-hydraulic system at constant CMOD rates,
which were chosen to give peak loads in the HSC-0. 0 specimens at
approximately 3 minutes. The CMOD was measured with a clip gage
mounted across the crack mouth. The midspan deflection was measured on
the tensile face with an L VDT fixed to a yoke resting above the supports on
compressive face. Typical load-CMOD and load-deflection curves of the
concretes are shown in Figs. 3a-c and 4a-c. The size effect method of
Bazant and linear regression (RILEM, 1990) were used to determine the
fracture parameters of the plain concrete HSC-0. 0. The values obtained were
Kic = 36.1 MPa-mm0 5 and c1 = 30.6 mm.
plots of deflection versus CMOD for all the specimens tested are
presented in Fig. 5. This shows an approximately unique relation, which is
practically linear in the post-peak regime as for LEFM (see Fig. 2c). This
trend suggests that toughness measures determined on the basis of CMOD can
be compared to those based on deflection, for all practical purposes, using a
simple relation. Therefore, the following discussion will focus only on the
load-CMOD response and its utilization for the calculation of toughness
measures, especially since the measurement of CMOD is more straightforward
and less prone to errors than the deflection.
774
10000
8000
Large
d=320mm
Medium
d=l80mm!
4000
Small
300
400
0
0
100
200
500
CMOD (microns)
Fiber concrete, HSC-0.5
Steel fibers 30 mm, Vt= 0.5%)
20000
a..
-0
15000
r
Medium
d= 180mm
100CO
Small
d=90mm
5000
0
0
400
800
1200
CMOD (microns)
Fiber concrete, HSC-1.0
Steel fibers (30 mm, Vf 1%)
36000
30000
a..
-0
24000
Medium
d= 180mm
18000
12000
~-..__Small
d=90mm
0000
0
0
500
1000
1500
CMOD (microns)
Fig. 3. Typical load-CM OD curves for concrete (a) without fibers, (b)
0.5% fibers, and (c) with 1.0% fibers
775
12000
a..
8CXXl
t:f
I
Medium
d 180 mm!
I
40CX)
Small
d=90mm:
100
300
200
deflection (microns)
20000
1500J
a..
Med mm
d= 180mm
"'C 10000
Small
d=90mm
5000 '
0 '----~-~----'-------~
200
ocx:>
400
800
deflection (microns)
Fiber concrete, HSC-1.0
Steel fibers (30 mm, Vt= 1%)
30000
-z
a..
20000
Medium
d= 180mm
"'C
.3
10000
Small
d = 90min
250
500
750
1CXX)
deflection (microns)
800
~
I
600
I-
400 ~
200
~~~-'-~~~-"---~-'---'--_l__~L___J__l____c___J__L_J
400
Fig. 5.
800
1200
deflection-CMOD responses
2000
the concretes
response
on
1600
h~-
777
0
200
400
600
800
CMOD (microns)
E'
15
(b)
12
200
400
600
800
CMOD (microns)
30
(c)
25
__,
20
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
CMOD (microns)
Fig. 6. Typical evolution of the area under the load-CMOD curve for
(a) small, (b) medium, and (c) large beams
778
Material
d
(mm)
A =
HSC-0.5
HSC-1.0
n;_
A/ 11e~mPnt area
n=2000 n=lOOO
n=500
n=250
90
0.195
0.301
0.379
---
0.033
0.051
0.065
180
0.604
0.800
0.912
---
0.051
0.068
0.078
320
1.396
1.771
---
---
0.069
0.085
---
90
0.221
0.447
0.903
1.90
0.038
0.076
0.154
180
0.839
1.793
3.882
8.39
0.071
0.153
0.331
320
2.321
5.188 11.151
22.35
0.11
0.248
0.534
90
0.234
0.546
1.243
3.94
0.040
0.093
0.217
180
0.925
2.165
5.187 12.18
0.079
0.184
0.442
.037
320
2.629
0.126
0.305
0.710
.418
Note that values are omitted when the experimental CMOD range is smaller than the
779
..,.,"'"'"'
0.324
defining the toughness of FRC, and that the toughness is dependent on the
specimen size and the CMOD limit (i.e., din).
HSC-0.5
HSC-1.0
d
(mm)
TnEr
(N/mm)
n = 2000 n = 1000
n= 500
90
0.005
0.025
0.089
180
0.020
0.085
0.253
320
0.042
0.163
---
90
0.007
0.042
0.149
180
0.028
0.116
0.364
320
0.057
0.220
---
5 Conclusions
1. The area under the load-CMOD curve obtained experimentally from
notched beam tests provides a satisfactory basis for the toughness
characterization of FRC. This procedure avoids the problems associated
with deflection measurements and with the identification of the first-crack
load.
2. The toughness measures defined in this work reflect the effectiveness of
the fibers adequately.
780
6 Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by Spanish DGICYT grants PB93-0955
and MAT93-0293 to the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya.
V.S.Gopalaratnam was supported during his sabbatical stay at
UPC by
DGICYT grant SAB93-0190 and the University of Missouri-Columbia.
S. Carmona and D .Jamet are supported by the Institute de Cooperaci6n
Iberoamericano during their doctoral studies at the UPC.
7 References
ACI Committee 544 (1988) Measurements of properties of fiber reinforced
concrete. ACI Mater. J., 85 (6), 583-593.
ASTM (1992) Standard test method for flexural toughness and first-crack
strength of fiber-reinforced concrete using beam with third-point loading,
C 1018-92. Annual Book of Standards, 04.02, ASTM,
USA, 510-516.
Barr, B.I.G. and Hasso, E.B.D. (1985)
Coner. Res., 37 (132), 162-173.
Bryars, L., Gettu, R., Barr, B. and Ariiio, A. (1994) Size effect on
fracture
of fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete, in Fracture and Damage
Quasibrittle Structures (eds. Z.P.Bazant, Z.Bittnar, M.Jirasek and
J.Mazars), E&FN Spon, London, 319-326.
DBV (1992) Technologie des Stahlfaserbetons und Stahlfaserspritzbetons (in
German, Technology of steel fiber reinforced concrete and steel fiber
shotcrete), in Deutsche Beton-Verein, 3-18.
Gopalaratnam, V.S., Shah, S.P., Batson,
Criswell, M.E.,
Ramakrishnan, V. and Wecharatana, M. (1991) Fracture toughness of fiber
reinforced concrete. ACI Mater. J., 88 (4), 339-353.
781
S., Gettu,
0 n 1~11" 01rn
and Banthia, N. (1995) Toughness revisited Testing of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Special
m press.
hn- 141 _ 0
......
. . , . . . . . . . . . ._. ., V.S.
Aguado,
995) Toughness
+ r.ann-+h concrete from notched beam tests,
Concrete, Special Publication, ACI,
1
m press.
(1984)
reinforced
Concrete,
A,-,.11",nra:ra
h...-.a_r.a 11 n+rrr-.:n