EE2 Unit 2 PDF

09-11-2013
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Sewerage System
The Sewerage system consists mainly of,

1) Collection System (Sewer, Sewer
appurtenances)
2) Conveyance System (Pumping Station, Pumping
Main, etc)
3) Treatment Plant
09-Nov-13
M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil
09-11-2013
Sanitary Sewer is a type of under ground carriage system for

transporting sewage from houses or industry to treatment or
disposal.
Storm Sewer is designed to drain excess rainfall and ground
water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks and roofs.
09-Nov-13
09-Nov-13
09-11-2013
09-Nov-13
Hydraulics of flow in sewers

To avoid clogging or silting of sewers.
To generate self-cleansing velocity at different
possible discharges.
09-Nov-13
09-11-2013
Gravity and Pressure flow

A flow condition in which flow takes
place due to the energy within the
conduit and flowing fluid, namely,
the force of gravity.
A flow condition in which fluid moves
through a closed conduit as a result of
source of energy, such as the energy
supplied by a pump or a external
pressure head.
09-Nov-13
Formulas used.....
Chezys formula
Kutters formula
Bazins formula
Mannings formula
Crimp and Burges formula
William Hazen formula
The most commonly used formula is the Mannings

formula because of its wide acceptance.
Mannings formula takes on different forms.
09-Nov-13
09-11-2013
Mannings formula
09-Nov-13
The future period for which the provision is made

in designing the capacities of the various
components of the sewerage scheme is known as
the Design Period.
09-Nov-13
10
09-11-2013
Considerations of the Design period

Designed normally to meet the requirements over a 30 year
period after their completion.
Period between design and completion is also taken into
account, which should be less than three to six years depending
on type and size of the project.
30 year period is subjected to modification based on their useful
life or facility for carrying out extensions when required and
rate of interest where expenditure of its utilization is avoided.
Necessary land for future expansion or duplication of
components should be acquired in the beginning it self.
09-Nov-13
11
Design periods for components of Sewerage System and

Sewage Treatment
Recommended Design
Period in years
Clarifications
30
The system should be designed for the

prospective population of 30 years, as
its replacement is not possible during
its use.
Pumping Station
(Civil Works)
30
Duplicating machinery within the

pumping station would be easier/cost
of civil works will be economical for full
design period.
Pumping
Machinery
15
Life of machines is generally 15 yrs
Sewage
Treatment Plant
30
Construction may be in phase manner

in which completion of project in a
stretch is uneconomical
Effluent
09-Nov-13
disposal
utilization
30
Component
Collection
System i.e.
Sewer network
Provision of design capacities in12 the

initial stage itself is economical
09-11-2013
Difference in design of Water Supply pipes and Sewer pipes

Water supply line carries pure water and negligible amount
of solid particle but Sewer line carry solid particles i.e. sludge
which leads to clogging of Sewers and to avoid clogging or
silting of Sewers, it is necessary to be of proper size and in
proper gradient as to generate self-cleansing velocity at
different possible discharges.
Water supply line are laid in ups and downs of the hills and
valleys but Sewer lines are laid only at a continuous gradient
in the downward direction up to the outfall.
09-Nov-13
13
Value of Freeboard Design of Sewer drains

Peak discharge in the drain for
which designed, in cumecs
Freeboard to be left in
metres
Below 0.3
0.3
0.3 1.0
0.4
15
0.5
5 10
0.6
10 30
0.75
30 150
0.90
More than 150
1.0
09-Nov-13
14
09-11-2013
Basic Design Considerations

Design consideration begins from the final disposal point
to give integrated and optimum design. Once disposal
point is assigned tentatively, considerations starts by,
Engineering
Environmental
Process
Cost
09-Nov-13
15
Problem: 1 Design of Sanitary Sewers

A 300mm dia sewer is to flow at 0.3 depth on a grade
ensuring a degree of self-cleansing equivalent to that
obtained at full depth at a velocity of 0.90 m/sec. Find
the required grade and associated velocity and rate of
discharge at this depth. Assume Mannings rugosity
coefficient n as 0.013. The variations of n with depth
may be neglected.
09-Nov-13
16
09-11-2013
To start with........
Mannings formula
Given:
Sewer Dia, D = 300mm
d = 0.3 times the full depth
Velocity of flow = 0.90 m/sec
Mannings rugosity coefficient =
At full depth,
0.013
To Find:
Required grade
Associated Velocity
Rate of discharge at this depth
09-Nov-13
17
Solution........
V = 0.90 m/sec
N = 0.013
R = D/4 = 300/4 = 75mm
0.90=(1/0.013).(0.075)2/3 . (S)1/2
(S)1/2 =0.90 x 0.013/0.178 = 0.0657
S = 0.0043 (Say 4.3 0/00)
Q = A . V = (d2/4) . V = 0.064 cumecs.
09-Nov-13
18
09-11-2013
Solution........
Now at a depth (d) equals to 0.3 times the full depth (D)
d/D = 0.3
Using table 4.8,
For d/D = 0.3, /A = 0.252, r/R = 0.684
Required gradient for the sewer of same self-cleansing to be same

at 0.3 depth (d), as full depth,
ss = (1/0.684) S = (1/0.684) . 0.0043 = 0.0063

09-Nov-13
19
Solution........
Velocity generated at this gradient,
= 1 x (0.684)1/6 x 0.9 m/sec
= 0.939 x 0.9
= 0.846 m/sec.
Rate of Discharge at this depth,

= (1).(0.252).(0.939).(0.064)
= 0.015 cumecs.
09-Nov-13
20
10
09-11-2013
Problem: 2
Design of Sanitary Sewers
Design a sewer to serve a population of 36,000. The

daily per capita water supply allowance being 135
litres, of which 80 per cent finds its way into the sewer.
The slope available for the sewer to be laid is 1 in 625
and the sewer should be designed to carry four times
the dry weather flow when running full. What would
be the velocity of flow in the sewer when running full?
Assume n = 0.012 in Mannings formula.
09-Nov-13
21
Given:
Population=36,000
Per capita water supply=135litres
Available slope for sewer=1 in 625

To Find:
Velocity of flow in Sewer when
running full?
Mannings formula
09-Nov-13
22
11
09-11-2013
Solution........
Population = 36,000
Per Capita water supply = 135 litres/person/day
Avg water supplied daily = 36,000 x 135 litres/day
= 4860000 litres/day
Avg water supplied in cumecs = 4860000/(1000x24x60x60)
= 0.0562 cumecs.
Avg Sewage discharge = 80% of water supplied
= 0.8 x 0.0562 cumecs
= 0.045 cumecs
D.W.F = 0.045 cumecs
09-Nov-13
23
Solution........
Maximum discharge for which sewer should be designed running
full,
= 4 x 0.045 cumecs
= 0.18 cumecs
Now, using Mannings formula,
D = 0.51m Hence use 0.51m dia sewer pipe.

09-Nov-13
24
12
09-11-2013
Solution........
Velocity of flow when running full,
V=Q/A
= 0.18 / ( . 0.312 / 4)
V = 2.39 m/sec
09-Nov-13
Problem: 3
25
Design of Storm Sewers
Design a suitable stone pitched section for a drain

reach, required to pass the expected urban drainage
discharge from a catchment area of 300 hectares. The
maximum hourly design rainfall is 4 cm/hr and the
time of concentration for the drain is 1 hour. The FSL
line for the proposed drain has been fixed, as to give a
longitudinal slope of 1 in 2300.

09-Nov-13
26
13
09-11-2013
Given:
Catchment area = 300 hectares
Maximum hourly rainfall design = 4cm/hr
Time of Concentration = 1 hour
Longitudinal slope = 1 in 2300
To Find:
Design a stone pitched section for a drain?
09-Nov-13
27
Solution........
p0 = 4 cm/hr
Tc = 1 hr
pc = 4 cm/hr
Using K = 0.55 in Rational formula,
09-Nov-13
28
14
09-11-2013
Solution........
The expected peak discharge in the drain,
Assuming a depth of 1.5m,
(OR)
09-Nov-13
29
Solution........
Free Board
y
B
Use a trapezoidal drain section with 1:1 side slopes as shown

above.
A = (B + y) y = (9.0+1.5)1.5 = 15.75 sq.m
R = A / P = 15.75 / 13.24 = 1.19m

09-Nov-13
30
15
09-11-2013
Solution........
Using Mannings formula and value of n as 0.020, for ordinary dry
stone pitching,
Required is 18.3 cumecs i.e. Safe

09-Nov-13
31
Solution........
Velocity generated
V=Q/A
= 18.30 / 15.75
V = 1.16 m/sec < permissible velocity of 1.5 m/sec.
Hence, use a trapezoidal drain section with base width as
9m and water depth as 1.5m, side slopes 1:1, laid at a longitudinal
bed slope (parallel to water surface) of 1 in 2300.
09-Nov-13
32
16
09-11-2013
Computer Applications
09-Nov-13
Optimal design of Sewer Systems

Hydraulics performance
Defect Coding
Defect Mapping
Defect Rating
Renewal method selection
Failure probability
Failure consequences
Site considerations
Design review
33
Sewer Modelling is a computer program that designs and
analyzes the gravity flow and pressure flow through
sanitary sewer pipe networks and lift stations.
This program is also useful in:
Designing new lift stations
Analyzing different what-if scenarios
Calculating flows for future development and the effects
downstream of that development
09-Nov-13
34
17
09-11-2013
09-Nov-13
35
Construction of Sewers
Sewer pipes are generally circular in shape laid below the
ground level sloping continuously towards the outfall.
Forces acting on Sewer pipes
Internal pressure of sewage
Pressure due to external loads
Temperature stresses
Flexural stresses
09-Nov-13
36
18
09-11-2013
Factors to be considered on selecting Sewer materials,
Resistance to corrosion
Resistance to abrasion
Strength and Durability
Light weight
Imperviousness
Economy and Cost
Hydraulically efficient
09-Nov-13
37
Sewer materials,
Asbestos Cement
PCC and RCC
Vitrified clay
Brick sewers
Cast iron
Lead sewers
Plastic sewers
09-Nov-13
38
19
09-11-2013
Laying of Sewer pipes
Excavation
09-Nov-13
39
Width of the trench
The width of the trench at and below the top of the
sewer should be the minimum necessary and depends
on the following,
The type of shoring
Working space required in the lower part of the
trench for making joints
Its effect upon the adjoining services and nearby
structures
Increase width would cause unduly increased load
on the pipe
09-Nov-13
40
20
09-11-2013
Depth of Cover
Minimum cover b/w Top of the pipe and finished
grade elevation of the pipe 900mm
Under extraordinary conditions < 900mm
Dewatering of trench
The ground water may be removed through an open
jointed drain constructed below the sewer trench.
09-Nov-13
41
Shaping the trench bottom

Shoring and Strutting
Laying the sewer pipes

09-Nov-13
42
21
09-11-2013
Jointing of Sewer pipes
Ductile Iron and Cast Iron pipe: Rubber gasket BIS
12820:1989
Stoneware pipes: Light caulking not more than socket
depth Socket filled with cement mortar 1:1 with clean
fine sand faces were smoothened using trowel forming
45o
RCC pipes with Collars: Light caulking not more than
socket depth Socket filled with cement mortar 1:2 with
clean fine sand faces were smoothened using trowel
forming 45o
09-Nov-13
43
Haunching of Sewers:
09-Nov-13
44
22
09-11-2013
Encasing of Sewers:
09-Nov-13
45
Testing of Sewer pipes
Alignment test: Flashing of light or reflection of sunlight
using mirror from one manhole to another manhole.
Atleast 75% sewer should be visible.
Deflection test: Using Go-No-Go Mandrell Max allowable
deflection shall not exceed 5% of the pipes internal
diameter.
09-Nov-13
46
23
09-11-2013
Testing of Sewer pipes
Infiltration test: Tested when GW table is min of 1200m
above the crown of the sewer throughout the full length
of the segment.
Less than 600mm dia = 10 l/mm/day/km
Larger than 600mm dia = 30 /mm/day/km
Hydraulic testing: Using Plumbers expansion plug tested
between two MH.
Leakage test: Testing head of about 1.5m is maintained in
MH.
09-Nov-13
47
Need for Sewer Appurtenances
Structures constructed at suitable interval along the sewer
network. Appurtenances help in efficient operation and
maintenance (O&M) of the sewage system.
Sewer Appurtenances
Manholes
Drop manholes
Street inlets called Gullies
Flushing tanks
Grease and Oil traps
Inverted siphons
09-Nov-13
48
24
09-11-2013
PUMPS
Pumping of sewage is required to elevate and transport
sewage in a sewerage system when continuation of
gravity flow is no longer feasible or uneconomical.
Necessity of pumping sewage:
1. From low lying areas of city
2. When area is flat, gradient line goes deeper were lifting from
final point of collection to treatment point
3. For disposing of sewage from a low basement storage area
4. When outfall sewer is lower than the level of the treatment plant
5. When sewer has to go across a high ridge
09-Nov-13
49
PUMPS
Type:
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Reciprocating pump
a. Ram type
b. Propeller type
3. Pneumatic ejectors or Air pressure pumps
09-Nov-13
50
25
09-11-2013
PUMPS
Selection of pumps:
1. Non-clog Submersible pumps as appropriate are proposed. The
pumps shall be of single speed with low rpm
2. All pumps in a pumping station shall be of equal capacities
3. For all pumping stations, provision is made for automatic and
manual operations
4. Manual operation: Two starts and two stops
5. Automatic operation: Six starts and stops
6. Screens shall be provided ahead of wet well to prevent large size
solids entering the pump
7. Natural or forced ventilation system would be provided for all
pumping stations
8. Level indicators are also provided in all stations
09-Nov-13
51
PIPES
Selection of pipe connections:
1. Each pump should have suction pipe
2. Full closing valves shall be installed on the discharge piping of
each pump and on the suction piping of all dry pit pumps
3. Check valve shall be installed proceeding the full closing valve
4. Flanged pipe and welded pipe shall be used for exposed piping
inside of pumping stations
5. A flexible or flanged connections shall be installed in the piping
for easier removal during repairs
6. Provisions shall be made in the design to permit flexure where
pipes pass through walls of the station
7. Piping should be normally sized where max suction velocity does
not exceed 1.5m/s and max discharge velocity does not exceed
2.4m/s
09-Nov-13
52
26
09-11-2013
SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Sanitary Fittings
Plumbing is the practice, materials and fixtures used in
the installation or maintenance of all pipes in connection
within the building.
Water closets
Urinals
Flushing cistern for water closets
Bath tubs
Washing basins
Kitchen sinks
09-Nov-13
53

Plumbing System
The entire system of piping, fittings and the appurtenances are
known as plumbing system.
Principles of Sanitary plumbing system

For better maintenance pipes should be laid into the ground by
the said rather than in walls or underground
Vertical pipes in the building should be kept outside and
accommodated in shafts
Horizontal pipes should be laid straight and at grade between
inspection chambers
All sharp bends and junctions should be avoided
The entire plumbing system should be ventilated
09-Nov-13
54
27
09-11-2013

Principles of Sanitary plumbing system
The house sewer should be connected to the street sewer, keeping
the outfall level of the house sewer sufficiently higher than the
street sewer water level to avoid backflow
System should contain enough number of traps to avoid foul
smelling and efficient functioning
Laterals should be laid at sufficient slope to develop self-cleansing
velocities
Joints of pipes should be made watertight
Layout should be in such a way to permit easy cleaning in case of
blockage
High quality sewers should be used and no rain water from roofs
to be allowed to mix with house sewage
09-Nov-13
55
Systems of plumbing
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Partially ventilated single stack system
09-Nov-13
56
28
09-11-2013

Two pipe system
09-Nov-13
57

One pipe system
09-Nov-13
58
29
09-11-2013

Single stack system
09-Nov-13
59

Partially ventilated stack system
09-Nov-13
60
30
09-11-2013
Problem: 4
Design a three barrel siphon for carrying sewage across a
river stream. The total length of the siphon measured along
the central line including slopes is about 80m. The invert
levels at the inlet and the outlet ends of the sewer are
202.38m and 201.80m respectively. The average flow of
the sewage is 180 litres per second, the maximum and the
minimum flows are 250% and 40% of the average
respectively, Assume the minor losses to be about 6cm.
09-Nov-13
61
Problem: 5
A low lying residential colony is having a population of
3000 persons. The colony gets a per capita supply of
water at the rate of 140 litres per day. A separate
sewerage system for the colony is installed. It is further
required to lift the entire sewage of the colony by
installing an air-ejector. Assuming the velocity in the
main sewer as 0.9 m/sec, velocity of compressed air as
5m/sec, design the ejector.
09-Nov-13
62
31
09-11-2013
Problem: 6
Draw a typical sketch of a sewage pumping station for a town having
a population of 50,000 supplied with a per capita water supply of
130 litres per day. The sewage from this town enters the pumping
station through a low levelled sewer at R.L 195.0m and leaves
through the high levelled sewer at R.L 205.0m. The town has been
provided with a separate sewerage system, and there are no chances
of storm water getting infiltrated into sewers. Calculate (a) The size
of the rising main, (b) Size of the sump well, (c) B.H.P of the pump
motor required. Assume the length of the rising main as 100m. Make
other suitable assumptions, where needed.
09-Nov-13
63
Wastewater Recycling
09-Nov-13
64
32

EE2 Unit 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EE2 Unit 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

09-11-2013

The Sewerage system consists mainly of,

Sanitary Sewer is a type of under ground carriage system for

Hydraulics of flow in sewers

Gravity and Pressure flow

The most commonly used formula is the Mannings

The future period for which the provision is made

Considerations of the Design period

Design periods for components of Sewerage System and

The system should be designed for the

Duplicating machinery within the

Life of machines is generally 15 yrs

Construction may be in phase manner

Provision of design capacities in12 the

Difference in design of Water Supply pipes and Sewer pipes

Value of Freeboard Design of Sewer drains

More than 150

Basic Design Considerations

Problem: 1 Design of Sanitary Sewers

Required gradient for the sewer of same self-cleansing to be same

ss = (1/0.684) S = (1/0.684) . 0.0043 = 0.0063

Rate of Discharge at this depth,

Design of Sanitary Sewers

Design a sewer to serve a population of 36,000. The

Available slope for sewer=1 in 625

D = 0.51m Hence use 0.51m dia sewer pipe.

Design of Storm Sewers

Design a suitable stone pitched section for a drain

longitudinal slope of 1 in 2300.

Assuming a depth of 1.5m,

Use a trapezoidal drain section with 1:1 side slopes as shown

R = A / P = 15.75 / 13.24 = 1.19m

Required is 18.3 cumecs i.e. Safe

Optimal design of Sewer Systems

Shaping the trench bottom

Laying the sewer pipes

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Principles of Sanitary plumbing system

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen