IX.

Laboratory
Hematology
Date: February 6, 2014

Exam Name
Hematocrit

Result
0.26 L/L

Normal Values
0.37 - 0.47

Interpretation

Implication

Decreased

May indicate
acute blood loss
or anemia

84 g/L

120 - 160

Decreased

May indicate
acute blood loss,
anemia,
carcinoma

RBC

3.49 1012/ L

4.5 - 5.5

Decreased

May indicate
anemia

WBC

11.3 109/L

4.5 - 11

Normal

Normal

74%

50 -70

Increased

May indicate
infection

Hemoglobin

Segmenters

Lymphocytes

14%

25 - 35

Decreased

May indicate
defective
lymphatic
circulation or
sepsis

Monocytes

9%

0 - 15

Normal

Normal

Eosinophils

3%

1-5

Normal

Normal

Increased

May indicate
acute blood loss,
iron deficiency,
cancer, or
infection

Platelet

Blood Type

725 109/L

150 - 400

"O" Positive

Implication: The CBC and hemogram findings give valuable diagnostic information about the
hematologic and other body systems, prognosis, response to treatment, and recovery. The CBC consists
of a series of tests that determine the number, variety, percentage, concentrations, and quality of blood
cells. It is also used to diagnose anemia, inflammatory conditions, polycythemia, leukemia, and
myeloproliferative disorders.

BUN and Creatinine (Clinical Chemistry)

Date: February 6, 2014
Exam Name
BUN

Creatinine

Result

Normal Values

Interpretation

Implication

10.39 mg/dL

8 - 20

Normal

Normal

Decreased

May indicate
decreased muscle
mass, inadequate
protein intake, or
may be due to a
small stature

0.34 mg/dL

0.6 - 1.2

Implication: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels reflect the balance between the production and
excretion of urea. The amount of creatinine generated in an individual is proportional to the mass of
skeletal muscle present and remains fairly constant, unless there is a massive muscle damage resulting
from crushing injury or degenerative muscle disease. BUN and creatinine values are commonly
evaluated together. The normal BUN/creatinine ratio is 15:1 to 24:1 (e.g. if a patient has a BUN of 15
mg/dL, the creatinine should be approximately 0.6 to 1.0 mg/dL).
Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase (Clinical Chemistry)
Date: February 6, 2014

Exam Name

Result

Normal Values

Interpretation

Implication

SGPT/ALT

9.00 U/L

3-31

Normal

Normal

SGOT/AST

15.00 U/L

2 - 37

Normal

Normal

Implication: AST and ALT are released from any damaged cell in which they are stored so conditions
that affect the liver, kidneys, heart, or skeletal muscle and cause cellular destruction demonstrate
elevated AST and ALT levels. ALT and AST are compared serially to track the course of liver disease
and are measured to monitor liver damage resulting from hepatotoxic drugs.

Electrolytes (Clinical Chemistry)

Date: February 6, 2014

Exam Name

Magnesium

Sodium

Result

Normal Values

Interpretation

Implication

1.46 mg/dL

1.6 - 2.6

Decreased

May indicate
inadequate intake
of Mg, or severe
loss of body
fluids

137.00 meg/l

134 - 148

Normal

Normal

Potassium

3.50 meq/l

3.6 - 5.4

Decreased

May indicate
alkalosis,
bradycardia, diet
deficient in meat
and vegetables,
or
hypomagnesemia

Ionized (free) Calcium

1.15 meq/l

1.12 - 1.32

Normal

Normal

Implication: This series of tests is performed to evaluate electrolytes and acid-base balance in the
body. Levels of these ions can be used in the early detection for the potential or actual imbalances so
that corrective treatment can be initiated. Calcium in blood is measured for parathyroid function,
calcium metabolism and malignancy activity. Magnesium as an index of renal function, electrolyte
status, and magnesium metabolism. Potassium ion to identify unsuspected and anticipated potassium
imbalances, which can be lethal; and evaluation of acid-base imbalances. Lastly, sodium ion for renal
and adrenal disturbances, acid-base balance, changes in water balance, dehydration, and water
intoxication.

Urinalysis
Date: February 7, 2014
Exam Name

Result

Normal Values

Interpretation

Implication

Straw

Pale yellow to
amber straw:
Normal with low
specific gravity;
Amber: Normal
with high
specific gravity

Normal

Normal

Slightly cloudy

Clear to slightly
cloudy

Normal

Normal

7.0

4.6 - 8.0

Normal

Normal

1.020

1.015 - 1.025

Normal

Normal

Physical Properties

Color

Transparency
pH
Specific Gravity

Chemical Test
Glucose

Negative

Negative

Normal

Normal

Protein

Trace

Negative or trace

Normal

Normal

2+

1+ or 2+

Normal

Normal

Urobilinogen

Cells
Pus Cell(s)

0-2/hpf

Less than 5/hpf

Normal

Normal

RBC

0-2/hpf

Less than 5/hpf

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

Abundant/lpf

Present but
usually has no
clinical
significance

Normal

Normal

few/lpf

Present but
usually has no
clinical
significance

Normal

Normal

Bacteria present

May indicate
genitourinary
infection

Transitional Cells
Squamous

few/lpf

Few or rare;
usually no
clinical
significance
Crystals

Amorphous Urates

Calcium Oxalates

Others
Bacteria

many/hpf

Negative

Implication: Urinalysis comprises a battery of tests that evaluate the kidneys ability to selectively
excrete and reabsorb substances while maintaining proper water balance. Urine pH is an indication of
the kidneys ability to help maintain balanced hydrogen ion concentration in the blood. Specific gravity
is a reflection of the concentration ability of the kidneys. Urine protein is the most common indicator of
renal disease, although there are conditions that can cause benign proteinuria. Glucose is
used as an indicator of diabetes. Urobilinogen indicates hepatic or hematopoietic conditions. Nitrites
and leukocytes are used to test for bacteriuria and other sources of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Chest X-ray (Chest PA)

Date: February 7, 2014
Results:
A homogeneous density with upward lateral curve is seen at the lower half of the
left hemithorax obscuring the hemidiaphragm, costrophrenic angle and partly the
cardiac border.
The right costophrenic angle is shallow.
Trachea is at midline.
Heart is not enlarged.
Aortic knob is calcified.
The visualised osseous structures are porotico.
Rest of the chest structures are unremarkable.
Remarks:
Pneumonia, Right.
Moderate pleural effusion, Left.
Minimal pleural effusion vs. pleural thickening, Right.
Arteriosclerotic aorta.
Osteoporosis.
Implication: The chest x-ray is a common procedure used to demonstrate the
appearance of lungs, mediastinum, bony thorax, diaphragm, chest wall, cardiac
silhouette, and thyroid gland. It is used to evaluate suspected pulmonary or
cardiac disease and trauma to chest, and to check for pneumothorax after
bronchoscopy and following biopsy.