Matrix and Determinant Formulas

Matrix and Determinants
Determinants
a square array of numbers enclosed by two bars
and is subjected to mathematical operation. The
elements of which have corresponding numbers
of rows to that of the columns.
a11 a12 a13
D a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
where:
aij = the element of the ith row and jth column
Sign of Operators
Properties of Determinants:
1.
If the value of a single row or column are all 0 then D =

0.
0 1 4
D 0 2 5 0
0 3 6
2.
If two rows or columns are interchanged, the sign of

the determinant is changed
1 4 7
2 5 8
D 2 5 8 1 4 7
3 6 9
3 6 9
3.
If each element of a row or column of a determinant

can be multiplied by a common factor then the
determinant is multiplied by that number.
2 4 4 2 1 4
D 4 12 5 4 3 5 4
5 16 6 5 4 6
common factor =4
4. If two rows or columns are identical then D = 0.
1 1 4
D 2 2 5 0
3 3 6
identical
5. If two rows or columns are proportional then D is
equivalent to 0.
1 2 7
D 2 4 8 0
3 6 9
proportional
6. If the corresponding rows and columns of a determinant
are interchanged, its value is unchanged.
1 4 7 1 2 3
D 2 5 8 4 5 6
3 6 9 7 8 9
7. If three determinants D1, D2 and D3 have corresponding
equal elements except for a single row or column in
which the elements at D1 are the sum of the
corresponding elements of D2 and D3 then D1 = D2 +
D3
a11 b11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 b11 a12 a13
a
a
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
21 21 22 23 21 22 23 21 22 23
a31 b31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33 b31 a32 a33
D1
D2
D3
8.
The product of two determinants of the same order is

also a determinant of the same order whose element
in the ith row and jth column is the sum of the products
of the ith row of the first determinant and the jth
column of the second determinant.
a11 a12
A
a21 a22
b11 b12
B
b21 b22
(a11b11 a12b21) (a11b12 a12b22 )

A* B
(a21b11 a22b21) (a21b12 a22b22 )
9. The value of a determinant is the algebraic sum of the
products obtained by multiplying each element of a
column or row by its co-factor or signed minor.
(Expansion of Determinants by Minor)
Ex.
Expansion by Row
D = a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
=(+) a11 a22 a23

a32 a33
+ (-) a12 a21 a23 + (+) a13 a21

a31 a33
a31
a22
a32
Minor and Cofactors

The Minor of the element Aij in the ith row and jth
column in any determinant order formed from
the element remained after isolating the ith row
and jth column.
M13 =
a21 a22
a31 a32
M23 =
a11 a12
a31 a32
where :
Mij = the minor of Aij
Minor and Cofactors

The cofactor of the element Aij in any
determinant of order n is that signed minor
determined by,
Dij = ( -1 )i + j ( Mij )
D13 = ( -1 )1+3 ( M13 )
= ( +1 ) a21 a22
a31 a32
D23 = ( -1 )2+3 ( M23 )
= ( -1 ) a11 a12
a31 a32
where :
Dij = the cofactor of Aij
Example
Find the cofactor using the minor of the
given matrix
D= 1
-2
3
2 3
3 1
2 1
Solution
3
(1)
2
2 1 2
(1)
2
31 2
(1)
3
11
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
(1)
3
2 2 1
(1)
3
3 2 1
(1)
2
1 2
1
1
3
1
3
1
2
(1)
3
23 1
(1)
3
3 3 1
(1)
2
1 3
3
2
2
2
2
3
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
1. Conventional Method
used for 2nd degree determinants and
commonly denoted as cross product method.
Ex.
D =
2
1
8
5
D = [(2x5)-(8x1)]
D = ( 10 - 8 ) = 2
2. Diagonal Method
used for 3rd degree determinants commonly
described as the sum of products of the
diagonal leaning \ minus the sum of products
of the diagonal leaning / .
Ex.
D
2
5
1
5
0
-3
4
1
3
D = [( 2 x 0 x 3 ) + ( 5 x 1 x 1 ) + ( 4 x 5 x -3 )]
- [( 1 x 0 x 4 ) + ( -3 x 1 x 2 ) + ( 3 x 5 x 5 )]
D = ( 0 + 5 + -60 ) - ( 0 + -6 + 75 )
D = - 55 - 69 = - 124
3. Expansion by Minor Cofactor Method
used for 3rd degree and higher degree order
of determinants.
a. Expansion by Row
n
D Aik Dik
k 1
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using expansion by row.
D
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
n 3; i row
position 2nd
row
D A2 k D2 k A21D21 A22 D22 A23D23

k 1
D 4(1)
2 1
4 3
3
4
2 2 1
2 1 1
4(1)
5(1)
5 4
2 4
2 5
D 4(16 15) 4(4 6) 5(5 8)

D 4(1) 4(2) 5(3)
D 4 8 15 3
b. Expansion by Column
n
D Akj Dkj
k 1
using expansion by column.
D
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
n 3; j column
position 1st column
D Ak1 Dk1 A11D11 A21D21 A31D31

k 1
11
D 1(1)
4 5
3
3
2 1 4
31 4
4(1)
2(1)
5 4
5 4
4 5
D 1(16 25) 4(16 15) 2(20 12)

D 1(9) 4(1) 2(8)
D 9 4 16 3
Chios Method
Another method in evaluating the
determinant of an (m x m) order matrix
where a11 is not equal to zero.
Chios Method (3x3)
a11 a12
A a 21 a 22
a31 a32
a13
a 23
a33 33
1
det . A
(a11 ) ( m 2 )
where: m is the size of

the square matrix
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
a11 a12
a11 a13
a 21 a 23
a11 a13
a31 a32
a31 a33
33
Chios Method (4x4)
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
A
a31 a32
a 41 a 42
a13
a 23
a33
a 43
1
det . A
(a11 ) ( m 2 )
a14
a 24
a34
a 44
where: m is the size of

the square matrix
44
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
a11 a12
a31 a32
a11 a12
a 41 a 42
a11 a13
a 21 a 23
a11 a13
a31 a33
a11 a13
a 41 a 43
a11 a14
a 21 a 24
a11 a14
a31 a34
a11 a14
a 41 a 44
4 4
using Chios method.
D
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
1 4 3
A 4 4 5
2 5 4
det . A
1
(1) (3 2 )
1
4
1
2
4
4
4
5
1
4
1
2
3
5
1 (4 16) (5 12)
(1)
3 (1) (5 8) (4 6)
4
12 7
det . A (1)
24 21 3
3 2
Techniques in Altering the

Elements of the Determinants.
used for 3rd degree and higher degree

order of determinants.
a. Alteration by zero
The element of any row (or column) may
be multiplied by a constant and the result
added to the corresponding element of
any other row (or column) without
changing the value of the determinants.

D
A
D
G
B
E
H
C
F
I
A
0
0
B
E
0
C
F
I
(A x E x I )

using alteration by zero.
D
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
1 4 3
R1
A 4 4 5 R2 4 R1
2 5 4 R3 2 R1
1 4
3
R1
A 0 12 7
R2
0 3 2 R3 R2 4
1 4
3
A 0 12 7 (1)(12)(1 4) 3
0 0 1 4

b.
Pivotal Element Method

Steps:
1. Select a pivot element except zero.
2. Draw cancellation lines along the row and column of
the pivotal element.
3. Replace the remaining element by subtracting from
the original element, the product of the elements
intersecting the cancellation lines and perpendicular
lines dividing it by the pivot element.
4. Multiply the resulting determinant by the pivot
element along with its corresponding sign of cofactor.

using pivot element method.
D
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
1 4 3
A 4 4 5
2 5 4
A 4(1)
(4)(4)
1
4
2 2
(4)(5)
3
4
(4)(5)
(5)(5)
2
4
4
4
3 2
A4
4(27 4 6)
3 9 4
27 24
A 4
3
4
Seatwork 2.1
3 6 4 9
12 11
8
13
B
1. If
2
14 10 5 , find its
16 1 7
15
determinant using:
a. Expansion by row
b. Expansion by column
c. Chios Method
d. Alteration by zero
e. Pivotal Element Method
Matrix
It is a rectangular array of numbers or functions enclosed
in a pair of brackets and subject to certain rules of
operation.
A
=
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33 3x3
A = /aij/mxn
where: aij = element of matrix A
mxn = size of order of matrix
m = number of row matrix
n = number of column matrix
Note: m & n may or may not be equal
Special Type of Matrices

1. Row Vector Matrix
A matrix which contains only one row and several
columns.
Ex.
B = [ 1 2 3 4 .. n ] 1 x n

2.
Column Vector Matrix

A matrix which contains only one column and several
rows.
Ex.
C=
1
2
3
.
.
.
n
m x1

3.
Square Matrix
It is a matrix whose elements have equal number of
rows and columns.
Ex.
A
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4

4. Null or Zero Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements are all zeros.
Ex.
A =
0
0
0
0

5. Diagonal Matrix
It is a square matrix wherein the values lie in the main
diagonal and the rest are all zeros.
Ex.
A =
3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
3

6. Unity or Identity Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements in the main
diagonal are all 1s and the rest are all zeros.
Ex.
A =
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

7. Symmetric Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element Aij is equal
to the element Aji or the elements of the rows
corresponds to that of the column.
Ex.
A =
1
-5
6
-5
7
2
6
2
3

8. Skew Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element Aij is equal
to the negative of the element Aji.
Ex.
A =
1
-5
6
5
7
-2
-6
2
3

9. Singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value is
equivalent to 0.
Ex.
A =
1
2
4
8

10. Non-singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value is not
equivalent to 0.
Ex.
A
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
determinant value
/A/ = 3
MATRIX LAWS
1. A + B = B + A
(Matrix addition is commutative)
2. A + 0 = 0 + A = A
(0 is the zero for matrix addition)
3. A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0 (-A is the negative of A)
4. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)(Matrix addition is associative)
5. (sA)B = A (sB) = s(AB) (Scalars can be moved through
products)
6. For Amxn, ImA = Ain = A (I is the identity for matrix
multiplication)
7. (A + B)C = AC + BC
(Right distributive law)
8. A(B + C) = AB + AC
(Left distributive law)
9. A(BC) = (AB) C
(Matrix multiplication is
associative)
MATRIX OPERATION
In matrix operation, only addition, subtraction,
and multiplication are defined. Division is done
by a different technique.
1. Addition / Subtraction
-two matrices may be conformable to
addition/subtraction, if and only if the
of the two matrices are equal.
Amxn + Bmxn = Cmxn
size
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:
Evaluate A & B
A= 1
2
3
3
2
1 2x3
B= 1
2
4
1
0
1 3x2
A + B = not possible because they are not of the
same order.
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:
Find the sum and difference of the two matrices

based on the following conditions:
a. C = A + B
b. C = B A
A=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 3x3
B=
2
1
0
5
6
3
1
4
7 3x3
Solution
1 4 7
A 2 5 8
3 6 9
2 5 1
B 1 6 4
0 3 7
(1 2) (4 5) (7 1) 3 9 8
C A B (2 1) (5 6) (8 4) 3 11 12
(3 0) (6 3) (9 7) 3 9 16
Solution
1 4 7
A 2 5 8
3 6 9
2 5 1
B 1 6 4
0 3 7
(2 1) (5 4) (1 7)
1
1 6
C B A (1 2) (6 5) (4 8) 1 1 4
(0 3) (3 6) (7 9) 3 3 2
MATRIX OPERATION
2. Multiplication
a. By scalar
Example:
A x 5 where A = 1
3
4
Ax5= 5
15
20
0
-4
5
1
3
2
0
-20
25
5
15
10
MATRIX OPERATION
b. By another matrix
-two matrices can be multiplied if the number of
column (left hand) of the first matrix is equal to
the number of row (right hand) of the second
matrix.
MATRIX OPERATION
A*B=
a11
a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
3x3
b11
b21
b31
b12
b22
b32
3x2
MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = (a11b11+a12b21+a13b31) (a11b12+a12b22+a13b32)
C 11
C 12
(a21b11+a22b21+a23b31) (a21b12+a22b22+a23b32)
C 21
C 22
(a31b11+a32b21+a33b31) (a31b12+a32b22+a33b32)
C 31
C 32
MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = C = c11
c21
c31
c12
c22
c32
3x2
MATRIX OPERATION
3. Division
Inverse of a matrix
B=1
A
= A-1
where: A-1 inverse of matrix A
MATRIX OPERATION
a. Inverse of a matrix
A-1 = 1 adj AT
/A/
where: /A/ = determinant value of a matrix
AT = transpose of a matrix
adj = adjoint of a matrix
Note: Division operation is not conformable to
matrices of unequal rows & columns. Hence,
this operation is restricted to square matrices
only.
MATRIX OPERATION
Transpose of a matrix ( AT )
-to determine the transpose of a matrix,
interchange the corresponding rows and
columns of the given determinant.
Example:
A=
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
AT = 1
4
3
4
4
5
2
5
4
MATRIX OPERATION
Adjoint of a Matrix ( adj. )
-to obtain the adjoint of any matrix, replace each
element by its corresponding co-factor.
Example:
A= 1
4
3
4
4
5
2
5
4
MATRIX OPERATION
adj A =
(+)4 5
5 4
(-)4 5
2 4
(+)4 4
2 5
(-)4 3
5 4
(+)1 3
2 4
(-)1 4
2 5
(+)4 3
4 5
(-)1 3
4 5
(+)1 4
4 4
MATRIX OPERATION
Ex. Solve for the inverse matrix.
A=
1
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
4
Solution
1 4 3
A 4 4 5
2 5 4
T
adjo
int
A
A1
det . A
1 4 2
AT 4 4 5
3 5 4
Solution
4
(1)
5
T
2 1 4
adj. A (1)
5
31 4
(1)
4
11
5
4
2
4
2
5
4
(1)
3
2 2 1
(1)
3
3 2 1
(1)
4
9 1 8
T
adj. A 6 2 7
12 3 12
1 2
5
4
2
4
2
5
4
(1)
3
23 1
(1)
3
3 3 1
(1)
4
1 3
4
5
4
5
4
4
Solution
3
D A2 k D2 k A21D21 A22 D22 A23D23

k 1
D 4(1)
2 1
4 3
3
4
2 2 1
2 1 1
4(1)
5(1)
5 4
2 4
2 5
D 4(16 15) 4(4 6) 5(5 8)

D 4(1) 4(2) 5(3)
D 4 8 15 3
Solution
A1
9 1 8
6 2 7
12 3 12
3
3 1/ 3 8 / 3
2 2/3 7/3
4
1
4
Solutions to Linear Equations

Cramers Rule
Gauss-Jordan Methods
LU Decomposition
Cramers Rule
It is a theorem, which gives an expression for
the solution of a system of linear equations with
as many equations as unknowns, valid in those
cases where there is a unique solution.
The solution is expressed in terms of the
determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix
and of matrices obtained from it by replacing
one column by the vector of right hand sides of
the equations.
Cramers Rule
Use Cramers Rule and conventional
method to solve the system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Solution
4 1
2 2
5 2
4
A 2
5
1 x 5
3 y 10
6 z 1
1 1
2 3
2 6
11
det . A 4(1)
2 3
3
2
1 2 2
1 3 2
(1)(1)
1(1)
2 6
5 6
5 2
det . A 4(12 6) 1(12 15) 1(4 10) 72 3 14 55
Solution
5 1 1
B 10 2 3
1 2 6
11
det .B 5(1)
2 3
3
2
1 2 10
1 3 10
(1)(1)
1(1)
2 6
1 6
1 2
det .B 5(12 6) 1(60 3) 1(20 2) 90 57 22 55

det .B 55
x
1
det . A 55
Solution
4 5 1
C 2 10 3
5 1 6
3
3
1 3 2 10
1 2 2
11 10
1(1)
(5)(1)
det .C 4(1)
5 1
5 6
1 6
det .C 4(60 3) 5(12 15) 1(2 50) 228 15 48 165
det .C 165
3
y
det . A 55
Solution
4 1 5
D 2 2 10
5 2 1
10
2
11 2
1 2 2 10
1 3 2
det .D 4(1)
(1)(1)
(5)(1)
2 1
5 1
5 2
det .D 4(2 20) 1(2 50) (5)(4 10) 88 48 70 110
det .D 110
z
2
det . A 55
GAUSS-JORDAN METHODS
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gauss-Jordan Reduction
To obtain the values of the unknown

variables in a given linear equation: plot
the constants along with the coefficients
of the unknown variables and then apply
alteration by zero producing simplified
equations to solve for the unknown
variables.
A1 X1 + B1 X2 + C1 X3 = D1
A2 X1 + B2 X2 + C2 X3 = D2
A3 X1 + B3 X2 + C3 X3 = D3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
:
:
:
D1
D2
D3
A1
0
0
B1
B2
0
C1
C 2
C 3
:
:
:
D1
D2
D3
X1
X2
X3
1
2
3
To obtain the values of the unknown

variables in a given linear equation: plot
the constants along with the coefficients
of the unknown variables and then apply
row-by-row transformation to change the
given matrix to a unity matrix thus,
altering the value of the constants
yielding the values of the unknown
variables.
A1 X1 + B1 X2 + C1 X3 = D1
A2 X1 + B2 X2 + C2 X3 = D2
A3 X1 + B3 X2 + C3 X3 = D3
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
:
:
:
D1
D2
D3
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
:
:
:
X1
X2
X3
GAUSS-JORDAN METHODS
Use Gauss-Jordan Reduction and GaussJordan Elimination to solve the given
system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Solution to Gauss-Jordan
Reduction
4 1 1 : 5
R1 / 4
2 2 3 : 10 R2 R1 / 2
5 2 6 : 1 R3 (5 / 4) R1
1 1 / 4 1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0 5 / 2 5 / 2 : 25 / 2 R2 /(5 / 2)
0 3 / 4 19 / 4 : 29 / 4 R3 /( 3 / 4)
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
1
19 3 : 29 3 R3 R2
Reduction
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
1
19 3 : 29 3 R3 R2
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4 R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
0
22 3 : 44 3 R3
22
44
z ;z 2
3
3
y z 5; y 2 5; y 3
1
1
5
1
1
5
x y z ; x (3) (2) ; x 1
4
4
4
4
4
4
Elimination
4 1 1 : 5
R1 / 4
2 2 3 : 10 R2 R1 / 2
5 2 6 : 1 R3 (5 / 4) R1
1 1 / 4 1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0 5 / 2 5 / 2 : 25 / 2 R2 /(5 / 2)
0 3 / 4 19 / 4 : 29 / 4 R3 /( 3 / 4)
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
1
19 3 : 29 3 R3 R2
Elimination
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
1
19 3 : 29 3 R3 R2
1 1/ 4
1 / 4 : 5 / 4
R1
0
1
1: 5
R2
0
0
22 3 : 44 3 R3 /( 22 / 3)
1 1 / 4 1 / 4 : 5 / 4 R1 (1 / 4) R3
0
1
1: 5
R2 R3
0
0
1: 2
R3
Elimination
1 1 / 4 1 / 4 : 5 / 4 R1 (1 / 4) R3
0
1
1: 5
R2 R3
0
0
1: 2
R3
1 1 / 4 0 : 7 / 4 R1 (1 / 4) R2
0
1
0:3
R2
0
0
1: 2
R3
1 0 0 : 1 R1
0 1 0 : 3 R2
0 0 1 : 2 R3
x 1; y 3; z 2
LU Decomposition
Crouts / Choleskys Method
A L U
a11 a12 a13
A a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a32 a33
0
L11 0
L L21 L22 0
L31 L32 L33
1 U 12 U 13
U 0 1 U 23
0 0
1
LU Decomposition
From,
Ax C
After decomposition
LU x C
Let
y U x equation 1
then,
Ly C equation 2
LU Decomposition
From the matrix equation 2 evaluate for
the variables of matrix [y] by using forward
substitution. Substitute the values of the
matrix [y] to the initial assumption in
equation 1 and determine the values of the
unknown variables in matrix [x] by reverse
substitution.
LU Decomposition
LU Decomposition
Use LU decomposition to solve the given
system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Solution to LU Decomposition
a11 a12
A a 21 a 22
a31 a32
L11 0
L L21 L22
L31 L32
a13
a 23 L U
a33
0
0
L33
1 U 12 U 13
U 0 1 U 23
0 0
1
Ax c
LU x c; let .U x y
L y c
c
y L1 c
L
U x y
y
1
x U y
U
a11 a12
a
21 a 22
a31 a32
a11 a12
a
21 a 22
a31 a32
a13 L11
a 23 L21
a33 L31
0 1 U 12 U 13
0 0 1 U 23
L33 0 0
1
a13 L11 (1) 0(0) 0(0)
L11 (U 12 ) 0(1) 0(0)
L11 (U 13 ) 0(U 23 ) 0(1)
a 23 L21 (1) L22 (0) 0(0)
L21 (U 12 ) L22 (1) 0(0)
L21 (U 13 ) L22 (U 23 ) 0(1)
a33 L31 (1) L32 (0) L33 (0) L31 (U 12 ) L32 (1) L33 (0) L31 (U 13 ) L32 (U 23 ) L33 (1)
0
L22
L32
a11 L11(1) 0(0) 0(0)
a11 L11
a21 L21(1) L22 (0) 0(0)
a21 L21
a31 L31(1) L32 (0) L33 (0)
a31 L31
a12 L11(U12 ) 0(1) 0(0)
a12
U12
L11
a22 L21(U12 ) L22 (1) 0(0)

L22 a22 L21(U12 )
a32 L31(U12 ) L32 (1) L33 (0)
L32 a32 L31(U12 )
a13 L11(U13 ) 0(U 23 ) 0(1)
a13
U13
L11
a23 L21(U13 ) L22 (U 23 ) 0(1)

a23 L21(U13 )
U 23
L22
a33 L31(U13 ) L32 (U 23 ) L33 (1)
L33 a33 L31(U13 ) L32 (U 23 )
4 1 1 x 5
2 2 3 y 10

5 2 6 z 1
Ax c
a11 4 L11
a21 2 L21
a31 5 L31
a12 1
U12
L11 4
L22 2 (2)(1 4) 5 2
L32 2 (5)(1 4) 3 4
1
U13
4
3 (2)(1 4)
U 23
1
52
L33 6 (5)(1 4) ( 3 4)(1) 11 2
A L U
0
0 1 1 4 1 4
4 1 1 4
2 2 3 2 5 2
0
0
1
1
5 2 6 5 3 4 11 2 0
0
1
Ax c
LU x c; let .U x y
L y c
c
y L1 c
L
U x y
y
1
x U y
U
4 1 1 x 5
2 2 3 y 10

5 2 6 z 1
0
0 1 1 4 1 4 x 5
4
2 5 2
0
y 10
0
1
1

5 3 4 11 2 0
0
1 z 1
0
0 5
4
2 5 2
y 10
0

5 3 4 11 2 1
0
0 5
4
2 5 2
0 y 10
5 3 4 11 2 1
L y C
C
1
y C L
L
0
0
4
L 2 5 2 0
5 3 4 11 2
adj.L
1
L
det .L
T
det .L 4(1)
11
52
0
0
1 2 2
(0)(1)
3 4 11 2
5 11 2
1 3
(0)(1)
2 52
5 3 4
det .L 4(55 4) 0 0 55
5
4 2
T
L 0 5 2 3 4
0 0 11 2
3 4
11 5 2
(1)
0 11 2
T
2 1 2
adj.L (1)
0 11 2
31 2
(1) 5 2 3 4
0
(1)
0
2 2 4
(1)
0
3 2 4
(1)
0
1 2
3 4
11 2
5
11 2
5
3 4
0
(1)
0
23 4
(1)
0
3 3 4
(1)
0
1 3
5 2
0
2
0
2
5 2
55
0
0
4
T
adj.L 11 22 0
14 3 10
55
0
0
4
11 22 0 1

14 3 10 4
T
adj.L
1
1
L
det .L
55
5
14
55
0 0
2
0
5
3 2
55 11
1
0 0
4
5
1
2
y
0 10
5
5
14 3 2 1
55 55 11
1
4 5 (0)(10) (0)(1) 5

4
1
2
y 5 (10) (0)(1) 5
5
5
14
2
3
2
5 (10) (1)
55
55
11
U x y
y
1
x U y
U
T
adj.U
1
U
det .U
det .U 1(1)
11
1 1
31 1 4 1 4
2 1 1 4 1 4
0(1)
0(1)
1
1
1
0
0 1
det .U 1 0 0 1
0 0
1
T
U 1 4 1 0
1 4 1 1
11 1
(1)
1
T
2 1 0
adj.U (1)
1
31 0
(1) 1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1 4
(1)
14
2 2 1
(1)
14
1
3 2
(1)
1 4
1 2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1 4
(1)
14
23 1
(1)
14
1
3 3
(1)
1 4
1 3
1
0
1
0
1
adj.U
1 1 4 1 2
0 1
1
0 0
1
5 1
1
5 (1) 4 4 5 2 (2)

1
x 1 1 4 1 2
4
5
y 0 1
1
5
(
0
)
(
1
)
5
1
)(
2
)

4
z 0 0
2
1 2
(0) 5 (0)5 (1)(2)
4
x 1; y 3; z 2
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

of a Matrix

x
x
M
y
y
x 0
x
M
y 0
y
x 0
x
M I
y 0
y
x 0
M I
y 0
M is a matrix and is a scalar constant
Rearranging
In order to factorise scalar must turn
into a matrix by multiplying it by the
identity matrix.
now it can be factorise

x 0
M I
y 0
a b
M
c
d
a b 0
M I
c
d
0
b
a
M I
c
d
a
c
b x 0

d y 0
Write M as a matrix
Write (M- I) in the following way and

then simplify the equation.
If the determinant of (M- I) was nonzero, it could be inverse and multiplied

by the RHS.

a
c
b x 0

d y 0
x a
y c

x 0
y 0

If the determinant of (M- I) was nonzero, it could be inverse and multiply it

by the RHS.
b 0
d 0
This would mean that the vector was

zero.
This means that the determinant of

(M- I) must be zero so is singular.

a
c
b
0
d
This bit is the useful bit to remember
a d bc 0
2 a d ad bc 0
This is called the characteristic
equations and will allow to find the
eigenvalues (characteristic values)
The Eigenvalues represent the scale factor of the distance our position
vector (which we still need to find) moves in relation to its original
position. There may be 1, 2 or no real eigenvalues in a 2x2 matrix.

Once the Eigenvalues have found, substitute these back to find their
corresponding Eigenvectors.
x
x
M
y
y
This represents the Eigenvector.

It is not unique as any multiple of
it would still be an Eigenvector!
Eigenvectors represent Invariant Lines. These are the lines of points

that map onto themselves after a transformation.

Find the eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors of matrix A.
1 4
A
2 3
Solution
1 4
A
2 3
1 4 0 1
4
A I
2 4 3 8
2 3 0
2
3
A I 2 4 5
2 4 5 0
( 5)( 1) 0
5; 1(eigenvalue s )
Solution
5
1 5
4
4 4
2 35
2 2
4 4 x
2 2 y
4 4 1
0; x 1 & y 1(eigen
2 21
vector )
4 4 1
0; x 1 & y 1(eigen
2 2 1
vector )
Solution
1
11 4
2 4
2 3 1 2 4
2 4x
2 4y
2 4 2
0; x 2 & y 1(eigen
2 4 1
vector )
2 4 2
0; x 2 & y 1(eigen
2 4 1
vector )
Seatwork 2.2
2 6 8
4 8
4
1. If A 3 7 7 and B 6 4
3 ,
2 3 5
4 5 6
find the sum of A and B.
2 3 1
6 4 6
2. If A 7 5 7 and B 3 4 5 , find A - B.
1 2 6
8 2 9
Seatwork 2.2
5 6 2
6 4
3. If A 2 4 1 and B 3 3, find AB.
1 1
3 3 2
4 8
4
2 6 8
3 ,find A/B
4. If A 3 7 7 and B 6 4
2 3 5
4 5 6
Homework 2.1
1. Find the value of x, y, and z using Conventional
method, Cramers rule, Gauss Jordan Methods
and LU decomposition.
x + 2y + 3z = 12
2x + 5y - 9z = 6
3x - 9y + 16z = 36
3 6
2. Find the eigenvalue of C
4 2

Matrix and Determinant Formulas

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Matrix and Determinant Formulas

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Matrix and Determinants

If the value of a single row or column are all 0 then D =

If two rows or columns are interchanged, the sign of

If each element of a row or column of a determinant

The product of two determinants of the same order is

(a11b11 a12b21) (a11b12 a12b22 )

(a21b11 a22b21) (a21b12 a22b22 )

=(+) a11 a22 a23

+ (-) a12 a21 a23 + (+) a13 a21

Minor and Cofactors

Minor and Cofactors

D A2 k D2 k A21D21 A22 D22 A23D23

D 4(16 15) 4(4 6) 5(5 8)

position 1st column

D Ak1 Dk1 A11D11 A21D21 A31D31

D 1(16 25) 4(16 15) 2(20 12)

where: m is the size of

where: m is the size of

Techniques in Altering the

used for 3rd degree and higher degree

Techniques in Altering the

Techniques in Altering the

Techniques in Altering the

Pivotal Element Method

Techniques in Altering the

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Column Vector Matrix

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Special Type of Matrices

Amxn + Bmxn = Cmxn

Find the sum and difference of the two matrices

where: A-1 inverse of matrix A

D A2 k D2 k A21D21 A22 D22 A23D23

D 4(16 15) 4(4 6) 5(5 8)

Solutions to Linear Equations

det . A 4(12 6) 1(12 15) 1(4 10) 72 3 14 55

det .B 5(12 6) 1(60 3) 1(20 2) 90 57 22 55

To obtain the values of the unknown

To obtain the values of the unknown

a22 L21(U12 ) L22 (1) 0(0)

a23 L21(U13 ) L22 (U 23 ) 0(1)

(0) 5 (0)5 (1)(2)

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

M is a matrix and is a scalar constant

now it can be factorise

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Write (M- I) in the following way and

If the determinant of (M- I) was nonzero, it could be inverse and multiplied

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

If the determinant of (M- I) was nonzero, it could be inverse and multiply it

This would mean that the vector was

This means that the determinant of

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

This bit is the useful bit to remember