1759 Start+Up+Science+6+CCE

Viva
Teachers Guide
Shweta SharmaNeha SharmaDimple Tomar
New Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata Bengaluru Hyderabad Kochi Guwahati
Contents
1. Sources of Food
2. Components of Food
3. Separation of SubstancesCleaning of Food
4. Materials of Daily Use: Clothes
11
5. Grouping Materials of Different Kinds
13
6.
16
How Things Change
7. Things around Us
18
8. The Habitat of the Living
19
9. PlantsForm and Function
21
10. AnimalsForm and Function
25
11. Motion and Measurement of Distances
27
12. Electric Current and Circuits
30
13. Magnets
33
14. Rain, Thunder and Lightning
36
15. Light
38
16.
41
Importance of Water
17. Importance of Air
43
18. Waste
45
Sample Test Papers

Sample Test Paper 1 for Formative Assessment


Sample Test Paper 1 for Summative Assessment



4752
47
48
48
50
50
50
Note: Discuss activities and Classroom Discussion before letting

the children attempt them. Any logically correct answer should be
acceptable. Some hints have been given in the manuals.
1. Sources of Food
Classroom Discussion (page 3)
Hint: Onion, garlic, ginger, tomato and coriander
Activity 1.3 (page 4)

Animal
1. Cow (or buffalo)
2. Horse
3. Goat
4. Lion (or tiger)
5. Cat
6. Dog
7. Crow
8. Squirrel
9. Lizard
10. Human beings
11. Cockroach
12. Butterfly
13. Elephant
14. Deer
15. Spider
Food eaten
Grass or fodder
Grass or plant products
Grass
Animal flesh
Animal flesh
Animal flesh
Animal flesh and plant products
Animal flesh and plant products
Insects
Meat and plant products
Insects and plant products
Flower nectar
Sugarcane, banana and other plant products
Plants
Insects

Herbivores
Carnivores Omnivores
Cow
Lion (or tiger)
Crow
Horse
Cat
Squirrel
Goat
Dog
Human beings
Butterfly
Lizard
Cockroach
Elephant Spider
Deer
Answer Orally (page 5)
1. (a) The material or substance which we eat is called food.
(b) Materials which are used to prepare food items are called food ingredients.
(c) Animals which eat only plants or plant products are called herbivores.
(d) Animals which eat other animals are called carnivores.
(e) Animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores.
2. Herbivores Cow, buffalo, goat, deer (any two)
Carnivores Lion, tiger, dog, jackal (any two)
Omnivores Crow, human beings, cockroach, squirrel (any two)
Hint: Singhara, foxnut (makhana) , lotus, lotus stem, etc.
Mind Scrambler (page 8)
(a)
PRODUCE(b) HERBIVORE(c) CARNIVORE
3

1. (a) Living organisms like green plants which can prepare their own food are called producers.
(b) Germinated seeds are called sprouts.
(c) The plant parts which are eaten are called edible parts.
(d) Nest of honeybees where honey is stored is known as beehive.
2. Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, seeds and fruits
3. Eggs, meat, honey and milk
Exercises
A. 1. Food is required by our body for the following purposes:

(i) To provide energy for various activities of the body

(ii) For growth and development of the body

(iii) To protect the body from diseases and keep it healthy

(iv) For reproduction

(v) For repair of injured body parts

2. No. All organisms do not require the same kind of food. This is because different organisms
have different eating habits and their digestive systems cannot digest all kinds of food.
Most plants can prepare their own food. Animals including human beings, on the other hand,
cannot. They either eat plants or other animals.
Based on the food eaten, animals can be classified into three groups or categories: herbivores,
carnivores and omnivores.

(i) Herbivores or herbivorous animals (Herbi = plant, vore = eater) eat only plants or plant
products. Cow, buffalo, horse, deer, goat and elephant are herbivores.

(ii) Carnivores or carnivorous animals (Carni = meat, vore = eater) eat other animals. Lion,
tiger, dog and jackal are carnivores.

(iii) Omnivores or omnivorous animals (Omni = all, vore = eater) eat both plants and animals.
Human being, crow, cockroach and squirrel are omnivores.

3. Animals are classified into three groups based on the food eaten by them. They are herbivores,
(i) Herbivores or herbivorous animals eat only plants or plants products.
(ii) Carnivores or carnivorous animals eat other animals.
(iii) Omnivores or omnivorous animals eat both plants and animals.
4. Food Items Obtained from Plants.

(i) Cereals (wheat, rice, maize)
(ii) Pulses (pea, bean, soyabean, gram, groundnut)
(iii) Vegetables (carrot, radish, potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, tomato)
(iv) Fruits (banana, apple, mango, grape, orange, pineapple)
(v) Sugar (sugarcane)
(vi) Oils (mustard, groundnut, coconut, soyabean, cotton seed, sunflower)
(vii) Spices (turmeric, chilli, ginger, saunf or fennel, elaichi or cardamom)
5. Based on the food eaten, animals can be classified into three groups or categories: herbivores,

(i) Herbivores or herbivorous animals (Herbi = plant, vore = eater) eat only plants or plant
products. Cow, buffalo, horse, deer, goat and elephant are herbivores.

(ii) Carnivores or carnivorous animals (Carni = meat, vore = eater) eat other animals. Lion,
tiger, dog and jackal are carnivores.

(iii) Omnivores or omnivorous animals (Omni = all, vore = eater) eat both plants and animals.
Human being, crow, cockroach and squirrel are omnivores.
B. 1. Eggs, meat, honey, milk and milk products are obtained from animals.
2. (a) Vegetable rice: Rice grains, water, vegetables, oil/ghee, salt, spices
(b) Chapati/roti: Flour, water
(c) Vegetable curry: Vegetables, salt, oil, spices, water
(d) Egg curry: Eggs, oil, salt, spices, water, vegetables
C. C1. 1. Root
2. Root
3. Stem
4. Stem
5. Seeds
6. Seeds
7. Leaves 8. Fruit
9. Fruit
10. Stem
11. Seeds 12. Seeds
C2. 1. Poultryhen, duck
2. Dairy productspaneer, cheese
C3. 1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. T
C4. 1. milk, rice, sugar
2. four
3. omnivore, plants, animals
4. herbivore, plants
5. other animals
6. leaf
7. Carrot, radish
8. nectar, flowers
9. poultry
10. stem, sugarcane
C5. 1. Herbivores
2. Omnivores
3. Carnivores
4. Carrot
5. Potato
6. Spinach 7. Sprouts
C6. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (b)
5. (a)
Tasks for Formative Assessment
A. (a) Animals (on the basis of food eaten)
Herbivores
Carnivores Omnivores
1. Cow
1. Lion 1. Human beings
2. Deer
2. Tiger
2. Crow
3. Goat
3. Dog
3. Cockroach
(b) Food items obtained form plants
Cereals
Pulses
Oils
Fruits
1. Wheat
1. Gram
1. Groundnut
1. Mango
2. Rice
2. Pea
2. Mustard
2. Apple
3. Maize
3. Bean
3. Coconut
3. Banana
E. Crossword Puzzle
Across
2. Producer
Down
1. Food
7. Herbivore
9. Butter
3. Carnivore
4. Omnivore
5
5. Sprouts
Vegetables
1. Carrot
2. Potato
3. Tomato
6. Beehive
8. Curd
2. Components of Food
Hint: Kerosene and petrol are fossil fuels which on burning produce energy. These are not consumed
by living organisms.
(a) Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water
(b) Carbohydrates and fats
(c) Proteins
(d) Minerals and vitamins
(e) Calcium
(f ) Vitamin A
(g) Vegetables like carrots, cabbage, etc.
Hint: Food provides energy for growth, development, repairing of injured body parts, reproduction,
etc. However, petrol provides energy for running the vehicle.

Food provides us energy internally, but petrol provides energy externally.

Food provides energy to living organisms whereas petrol provides energy to non-living things.
Hint: Bread provides carbohydrates, butter provides fats and cheese provides proteins. These lack
vitamins, minerals and fibre.
1. (a) A diet containing all the nutrients that our body needs in adequate amounts is called a
balanced diet.
(b) Excessive body weight due to overeating leads to a condition called obesity.
(c) Diseases due to the deficiency of one or more essential nutrients in the diet are known as
deficiency diseases.
(d) Eating more food than required by the body is called overeating.
(e) Malnutrition is the condition arising due to inadequate food, or unbalanced diet.
2. (a) Kwashiorkor
(b) Marasmus
(c) Carbohydrates
(d) Vitamin C
(e) Vitamin A
(f ) Iodine
(g) Calcium
(a)
NUTRIENTS(b) PROTEINS(c) FATS
Exercises
A. 1.

(a)
(b)
(c)

Carbohydrates are important to us because they provide energy to the body.

Fats are important to us because they provide energy to the body.
Proteins are important to us because they are body-building foods required for
growth and repair of the body,
to regulate body functions, and
to protect the body from infections.
6
(d) Vitamins are protective foods as they protect the body from diseases. Vitamins also help
to keep the bones, teeth, gums and eyes healthy.
(e) Minerals are also protective foods which help our body to remain healthy.
(f ) Dietary fibre is needed by our body as it

prevents constipation,

assists in the process of digestion, and

helps to get rid of undigested food.
(g) Water is important to us as it helps

to transport substances within the body,

to absorb nutrients from food,

in throwing out wastes such as urine and sweat from the body, and

to maintain a constant body temperature.
2.
Nutrient deficiency Symptoms
Diseases
(a) Vitamin A
Loss of vision in the dark (night)
Loss of vision (night blindness)
(b) Vitamin B1
Very little energy to work,
Beri-beri

weak muscles
(c) Vitamin C
Swelling and bleeding of gums, Scurvy

swelling of joints
(d) Vitamin D
Weak bones, decaying teeth,
Rickets

bow legs and development of pigeon

chest conditions
(e) Calcium
Brittle bones, tooth decay,
Bones and tooth decay

excessive bleeding
(rickets in children)
(f ) Iron
Pale body colour, whitish nails,
Anaemia

body weakness
(g) Iodine
Enlargement of thyroid gland
Goitre

(in the neck), mental retardation

in children
3. See the text of Activity 2.2 (page 15) for fats, Activity 2.1 (page 14) for starch and Activity 2.3
(page 16) for protein.
4.
Symptoms of kwashiorkor

(i) Stunted growth

(ii) Discolouration of hair

(iii) Swelling of face

(iv) Diarrhoea

(v) Skin problems

(vi) Swollen abdomen
Symptoms of Marasmus

(i) Poor muscle development

(ii) Weak legs

(iii) Bones can be seen through the skin, no fat

(iv) Anaemia

(v) Body highly underweight
7
B. 1.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Carbohydrates potato, bread, table sugar, honey, wheat

Fats meat, butter, cream, groundnut, cashew nut
Proteins -Soyabean, gram, milk, egg, paneer
Dietary fibre carrot, cabbage, apple, beans, whole grains (wheat, rice)
2. Potato, bread, rice, wheat (any two)
3. Three food groups:

(i) Energy-giving foods sugar, potato, cereals
(ii) Body-building foods milk, eggs, pulses
(iii) Protective foods spinach, eggs, fruits
4. One type of food will not provide all the nutrients (in adequate amount) required for
maintaining good health of the body.
C. C1. 1. F
2. F
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
C2. 1. vitamin A
5. vitamins, minerals
2. carbohydrates
3. proteins
5. scurvy
6. dietary fibre
7. Rickets
C3. 1. (iv)
2. (vi)
3. (v)
4. (i)
5. (ii)
6. (iii)
C4. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (c)
7. T

A. Food groups
Energy-giving foods
Carbohydrates and fats
1. Potato
2. Sugar
3. Oil
B.

Deficiency disease
1. Scurvy
2. Anaemia
3. Constipation
4. Anaemia
5. Rickets
E. Crossword Puzzle
Across
4. Proteins
6. Fats
Down
1. Carbohydrates 2. Goitre
Body-building foods
Proteins
1. Pulses
2. Eggs
3. Milk
Protective foods
Vitamins and minerals
1. Carrot
2. Tomato
3. Fruits
Nutrient
Vitamin C
Iron
Fibre
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Source of nutrient
Citrus fruits, tomato
Pulses, eggs, meat
Vegetables like carrot, cabbage
Meat, liver, fish, yeast
Sunlight, milk, eggs
9. Minerals
10. Fibre
11. Anaemia
3. Vitamins
5. Kwashiorkor 7. Marasmus
3. Separation of SubstancesCleaning of Food

Classroom Discussion (Page 29)
Hint: Talcum powder, vegetable oil, sugar, salt, water, wheat flour, milk
12. Nutrients
8. Rickets

Hint: We boil milk to kill bacteria present in it.
Note: Separation of the components of this mixture can be done only in the laboratory as it requires
special apparatus for separation of water.
Mixture (sand, salt, water and iron filings)
Using a magnet
Mixture iron filings
Sedimentation and decantation
Remaining mixture sand
Evaporation and condensation (in special apparatus)
Sand and water are separated
Hint: Cooked vegetable: Vegetables, salt, spices, water, oil

Chapatti: Flour, water, salt (sometimes)

Bread: Flour, salt, water, baking powder

Tea: Water, milk, sugar, tea leaves

Vegetable soup: Vegetables, water, salt, spices, cream
Hint: An epidemic spreads because of virus or bacteria. The chances of spreading of disease
through water and air are very strong. Also, water sources are quite prone to become
infected with the faeces of infected people. Hence, it is advised to boil and filter the drinking
water in order to minimize the chances of spreading of infection as boiling kills the germs.
(a) Decantation(b) Threshing(c) Condensation
1. (a) Handpicking: It is the practice of separating undesirable solid substances or impurities from
useful solids by hand.
(b) Sieving: It is a method used to separate the components of a mixture which are of different
sizes.

(c) Filtration: The process by which two substances (an insoluble solid and a liquid) are separated
by using a filter is called filtration.
(d) Sediment: The solid particles that settle down during sedimentation forming a layer are called
sediment.
2.

(a) Evaporation and condensation

(b) Sedimentation and decantation followed by evaporation
(c) Sedimentation and decantation
(d) Sieving/Handpicking
Exercises

A. 1.

(a)
Threshing
Winnowing
It is the process of separating grains from It is the method of separating lighter

the stalks by beating the stalks with stick components of a mixture from the heavier
on the ground, by allowing animals like ones by wind or by blowing air.
bullocks to trample the stalks, or by using
machines.
(b)
Sedimentation
Decantation
It is a process in which heavier particles of It is the process of pouring out the

an insoluble solid in a liquid settle down. liquid or water (which contains dust or
soil particles) without disturbing the
sediment.
(c)
Evaporation
Condensation
It is the process of converting a liquid into It is the process of conversion of water

its vapour form.
vapour into its liquid form.

2. We can obtain clean water from muddy water using the process of filtration. Take a circular
piece of filter paper and fold it twice in the form of a cone. Place the cone-shaped filter paper
inside a funnel and keep a beaker below the funnel. Pour the muddy water into the filter paper
cone using a glass rod. Clean water collects in the beaker, while the mud particles remain
inside the cone.
3. A method of separation is chosen on the basis of the components of a mixture. The size of
particles is an important basis for the separation of substances. Substances are also separated
on the basis of some property that one component has and the other does not have.
B. 1. We need to separate different components of mixture because some of the components or
substances in the mixture may be undesirable or even harmful to human health. Sometimes
we separate useful components of a mixture if we need to use them separately.
2. Handpicking is used in three situations when:

(i) the quantity of the mixture is not very large,

(ii) the undesirable substances differ from the useful ones in shape, size or colour, and

(iii) the undesirable substances are present in small quantities.
3. The components of a mixture which are of different sizes can be separated by sieving.
4. Impurities from pulses or rice grains can be removed before cooking by the process of
sedimentation and decantation.
5. Winnowing is used by farmers to separate husk from grains.
6. Common salt is obtained from sea water by evaporation. Sea water is allowed to stand in
shallow ponds or pits. Water gets heated due to sunlight and slowly turns into vapour. Salt is
left behind.
7. Yes, it is possible to separate a mixture of sugar and wheat flour. It can be done by sieving the
mixture of sugar and wheat flour. The wheat flour being fine will pass through the sieve and
sugar cubes will be left behind in the sieve.
10
C. C1. 1. threshing 2. condensation

5. Harvesting 6. sedimentation
C2. 1. False
2. True
3. False
C3. 1. (iv)
2. (v)
3. (vi)
C4. 1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
3. evaporation
4. sedimentation
7. Husk
8. Filtration, pulp
4. True
5. False
4. (vii)
5. (ii)
6. (iii)
7. (i)
4. (d)
5. (a)

C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Sieving
5. Decantation
Down
1. Sediment
2. Condensation
6. Evaporation
7. Sedimentation
3. Filtration
4. Winnowing
8. Threshing
4. Materials of Daily Use: Clothes

1. Fabrics are the materials made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc.
2. We need clothes to protect our body from weather conditions such as heat, cold and rain.
3. Wool and silk are examples of animal fabrics.
4. Cotton and jute are examples of plant fabrics.
5. Nylon and polyester are examples of synthetic fabrics.
Hint: Yes, paper is also made from plants.
(a) RETTING
(b) POLYESTER
(c) CHARKHA

1. Any two bullet points from section 4.3.3 Uses of cotton on page 46.
2. Ginning is a process in which cotton fibres are separated from the seeds by combing.
3. Spinning is the process in which cotton fibres are twisted to form the yarn.
4. Jute is obtained from the stem of jute plant.
5. Cotton grows best in black soil.
Exercises
A. 1. Based on the origin, fabrics can be classified as natural fabrics and synthetic fabrics. Natural
fabrics can be further classified as animal fabrics and plant fabrics.
2. In ancient times, people used to cover their bodies with bark and big leaves of trees or animal
skins and furs. People used to just wrap these around various parts of the body in different
ways.
After people began to settle down in different communities and with the development of
agriculture, they learnt to weave twigs and grasses into mats, baskets and other utility items.
They also used to twist vines (climbing plants) and animal fleece (wool coat of animals) or hair
into long strands. These long strands were than woven into fabrics.
11
Invention of sewing needle led to the stitching of fabrics into various types of dresses such as
shirts, pants, suits, blouses and skirts.
3. When the crop grows to maturity, the cotton bolls burst open and seeds with their fibres are
harvested. Cotton is usually handpicked from cotton bolls. Fibres are then separated from the
seeds by combing.
4. Uses of cotton are as follows:

(a) It is used to make a variety of clothing materials and other upholstery items.

(b) Since it is very light and a good absorbent, it is mainly used for making clothes for summers.

(c) Cotton seeds, left after separation of cotton bolls, are used to produce cotton seed oil.
Cotton seed oil is refined and used like other vegetable oils for human consumption.

(d) The cotton seed meal (khal) now left is used to feed livestock.

5. Jute plants are harvested after flowering and before they turn into seeds. The harvested plants
are kept immersed in water for a few days. It leads to the rotting of the stem. Later on, fibres
are stripped from the stalks in long strands, washed, dried and then woven into fabrics.
6. A few uses of jute are:

(a) It is used to make cloth for wrapping bales of raw cotton.

(b) It is used to make sacks and other wrapping materials.

(c) It is woven into curtains, handbags, chair coverings, carpets and many other things.
B. 1. Different types of people wear different types of clothes depending upon the weather
conditions and their culture.
2. Cotton grows best in warm weather. It requires temperature ranging from 21C to 27C.
Rainfall between 50 cm to 80 cm is required for its adequate growth. Black soil has the ability
to retain moisture and is best suited for the cultivation of cotton plant.
3. Cotton is obtained from cotton bolls, which are the fruits of cotton plant.
4. Jute is a rainy season crop and grows best in warm and humid weather. It requires an ideal
temperature range of 18C to 33C and humidity in the range of 70% to 80% to grow well.
5. In weaving, a fabric is produced by interlacing two sets of threads at right angles. In knitting,
a fabric is produced from a single yarn.
6. Yarn is made from fibres by a process called spinning. During spinning, fibres are twisted to
form the yarn.
7. Natural fibres: Cotton, silk, jute, wool, flax
Synthetic fibres: Nylon, PVC, polyester

8. Cotton: Cotton bolls 2. Jute: Stem of jute plant
9. 1. Cotton: It is harvested when the cotton bolls burst open.

2. Jute: It is harvested after flowering and before they turn into seeds.
C. C1. 1. False
7. True
2. True
8. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
C2. 1. Cotton, jute

5. flowering, seeds
2. synthetic 3. Combing 4. Jute

6. weaving 7. knitting 8. yarn
C3. 1. (iv)
2. (vi)
3. (i)
4. (ii)
5. (iii)
6. (v)
C4. 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (c)
12

C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Yarn
4. Retting
5. Loom
12. Jute
Down
2. Artificial
3. Combing
7. Charkha
6. Black soil
8. Fabric
9. Cotton
10. Fibre
11. Weaving
5. Grouping Materials of Different Kinds

Hint: Similarities between plants and animals are
Both are made up of cells
Both require water to survive
Both use energy to carry various life processes
Both respond to stimuli
Both reproduce
Both grow and develop
Both show movement
Differences between plants and animals
Plants can prepare their own food, while animals cannot.
Plants cannot move from one place to another whereas animals show locomotion.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. On the other hand, animals take in oxygen and
give out carbon dioxide.
Hint: Table, chair and almirah are made of either wood, metal or plastic. They, therefore, belong to the
same group. A carpet is made of either wool or jute, so it belongs to a different group. Table, chair and
almirah are shiny as compared to the carpet.
1. Utensils and vehicles are made of metals. (Any logically correct answer should be acceptable.)
2. Pen and plate can be made from steel, plastic or glass. (Any logically correct answer should be
acceptable.)
3. A shopkeeper groups various items in his shop for his convenience. He does this so that he can
remember where he has kept different things and save his time.
4. Classification is a process of sorting out and grouping things according to some basis or criteria.
5. properties, requirements
1. Paper
2. Metallic chain
3. Cardboard
4. Cotton
Dull
Shiny
Dull
Dull
13
5. Silk
6. Wood
7. Chalk
8. Copper wire
9. Aluminum foil
10. Steel utensils
Shiny
Dull
Dull
Shiny
Shiny
Shiny
Activity 5.4 (Page 59)

1. Salt
2. Chalk powder
3. Kerosene oil
4. Sugar
5. Sand
6. Vinegar
7. Lime juice
8. Cooking oil
Soluble
Insoluble and settles down
Insoluble and forms a separate layer
Soluble
Insoluble and settles down
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble and forms a separate layer

Hint: A piece of wood floats on water because it is less dense than water. Also the cells of wood have
spaces between them which make it lighter than water and hence it floats.
Hint: Glass is transparent object because through it we can see clearly.
(a) PLASTIC
(b) DENSITY
(c) SHINY

1. We cannot use cloth or paper for storing liquids because liquids will easily pass through small
pores present in cloth. The paper will become wet and the liquid will start leaking from it.
2. Aluminum foil and metallic chain (Any logically correct answer should be acceptable.)
3. Cutting tools are made of metals because metals are hard.
4. Salt is soluble in water and chalk powder is insoluble in water.
5. Floating and sinking of a substance depends on density of the substance.
Exercises
A. 1. Materials that cannot be pressed with hands or scratched or cut easily are hard materials. For
example, wood, glass, a piece of stone, metal key and an iron nail are hard materials.
2. Whether a solid or a liquid will sink or float in a liquid depends on difference in the density
of the solid and the liquid. When a solid or a liquid is introduced in a liquid, the less dense
material floats above the more dense material.

3. Transparent materials: You can see clearly through these materials as light passes fully through
them. For example, glass window, some plastics and acrylic sheets are transparent in nature.
Translucent materials: You can see only partially through these materials as light passes only
partially through them. For example, oil paper, thin muslin cloth, butter paper and frosted
glass are translucent materials.
14
Opaque materials: You cannot see at all through these materials as light does not pass at all
through them. For example, wood, wall (made of concrete), metal sheet, notebook and paper
are opaque materials.
4. (a) Salt: It dissolves in water.
(b) Sugar: It dissolves in water.
(c) Chalk powder: It is insoluble in water and settles down.
(d) Sawdust: It is insoluble and floats on the surface of water.
(e) Sand: It is insoluble in water and settles down.
(f ) Kerosene oil: It is insoluble in water and forms a separate layer on the surface of water.
(g) Vinegar: It dissolves in water.
(h) Lime juice: It dissolves in water.
(i) Cooking oil: It is insoluble in water and forms a separate layer on the surface of water.
(j) Milk: It dissolves in water.
B. 1. We need to group or classify things around us for convenience. Grouping helps us to locate a
particular thing.
2. If a substance dissolves (or mixes) completely in water, it is said to be soluble. If a substance
does not dissolves at all, it is said to be insoluble material.
3. Salt and sugar are soluble in water. Chalk powder and kerosene oil are insoluble in water.
4. Both chalk powder and sand are insoluble in water. Also, their density is more than that of
water. So when they are added to water, they settle down.

5. Both salt and lime juice are soluble in water. So when they are added to water, they completely
dissolve in water.
6. Both kerosene oil and cooking oil are insoluble in water. Also, their density is less than that of
water. So when they are added to water, they form a separate layer on its surface.
7. Transparency is the condition of being transparent, i.e., allowing light to pass through, so that
objects behind can be seen distinctly.
8. (a) Cotton: Shirt, trouser, sari, bed sheet, table mat
(b) Leather: Jacket, belt, wallet, purse, shoe
(c) Paper: Book, newspaper, magazine, wallpaper, plate
(d) Plastic: Plate, table mat, water container, tumbler, bowl
(e) Metal: Cutting tools, container, vehicles, fan, cooler
(f ) Wood: Table, chair, door, show piece, cupboard
9.
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque

Glass window
Oily paper
Wood

Plastic used to cover books Thin muslin cloth
Wall

Acrylic sheet
Frosted glass
Metal sheet

Glass used in bathrooms
Notebook

(It is mostly translucent, but it may

be transparent also.)

Butter paper
C. C1. 1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
15
C2. 1. Transparent
4. more
C3. 1. (iii)
2. (v)
C4. 1. (c)
2. (c)
2. Aluminium foil, steel utensils

5. Oxygen, carbon dioxide
3. (i)
4. (vii)
5. (ii)
3. (a) and (c) both are correct
3. Plastic
6. waterproof
6. (iv)
4. (c)
5. (a)

A. Crossword Puzzle
Across
5. Soluble 6. Air
7. Plastic 10. Transparency
11. Oil
Down
1. Classification
2. Water
3. Wood
4. Solubility 6. Appearance
8. Density
9. Diamond
6. How Things Change

Hint: The growth of our body is irreversible.
1. Reversible changes: Melting of ice

Dissolving sugar in water and then separating sugar from water.
2. Irreversible changes: Cooking of food

Digestion of food
3. The changes that take a long time to occur, i.e., may be a few minutes, hours or months to occur,
are called slow changes.
4. The changes that occur within a few seconds are called fast changes.
Hint: Burning of paper in figure (a) is chemical change. This is an irreversible change.

Burning of the wick of candle in figure (b) is also a chemical change and it is an irreversible
change. But melting of the wax of candle is not a chemical change.
(a)
EXPANSION(b) SOLUBILITY (c) MELTING
1. Expansion is a process in which on heating objects like metals, they become slightly larger in
size.
2. Contraction is a process in which on cooling objects like metals, they become slightly smaller in
size.
3. Solubility is a measure of the number of grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 ml of solvent at
a particular temperature.
4. A solution is said to be saturated when no more solute can be dissolved in it.
Exercises
A. 1. Take a balloon and blow air into it. On blowing air into the balloon, its shape and size changes
Now let the air escape out of the balloon. The balloon gets back to its original shape and size.
This is a physical change as balloon can regain its original shape and size. Again take a balloon,
16
blow air into it and tie its mouth with a string tightly. Now prick it with a needle. The balloon
bursts and cannot get back its original shape and size. This is an irreversible change.
2. The changes that occur within a few seconds are called fast changes. For example, burning of
paper and dissolving salt in water.
The changes that take a long time to occur, i.e., may be a few minutes, hours or months to
occur, are called slow changes. For example, changing of day into night and curdling of milk
are slow changes.
3. Solute is the component present in a small amount in a solution. Solvent is the component
present in a large amount in a solution. A solution is a homogenous mixture of solute and
solvent. For example, in a sugar solution, sugar is the solute and water is the solvent.
4. Refer to Activity 6.13 on page 75.
B. 1. Physical changes are the changes in which the molecules present in the substance remain the
same but the shape, size or position of the substance changes. For example, melting of ice,
freezing of water, folding of paper are physical changes.
2. A chemical change occurs as a result of a chemical reaction between the molecules of
substances, and a new substance is formed. For example, cooking a chapatti, cooking
vegetables and rice, boiling an egg and burning of paper are chemical changes.
3. No, the change in cement cannot be reversed. This is because on adding water to cement
and then drying it in the sunlight, a chemical change occurs in cement. It becomes hard. The
change is irreversible and permanent.
4. The expansion and contraction of metals is utilized to fix metal rim on a wooden wheel of a
cart and wooden handles into iron blades to form various tools.
5. Yes, removing shoes, holding them in hand and folding dress are reversible changes. The
shoes can be worn again and dress can be unfolded too.
6. No, it is not a reversible change. This is because we cannot get back the powdered Plaster of
Paris (POP) with the same properties again.
7.
Reversible changes Irreversible changes

Evaporation of water
Sharpening of pencil

Freezing of water
Curdling of milk

Blowing air in a balloon
Rusting of iron

Opening of a bud

Dropping and breaking of a plastic toy
C. C1. 1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
C2. 1. reversible
2. irreversible
3. fast
4. Solute
5. Solvent
6. decreases
C3. 1. (v)
2. (iii)
3. (i)
4. (iv)
5. (ii)
C4. 1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
2.
Melting6. Solution8. Expansion9. Reversible10. Saturated11. Irreversible
Down
1. Freezing 3. Gases 4. Insoluble 5. Solvent 7. Temperature
17
7. Things around Us
Hint: A block of wood is a dead thing as once it was part of a living tree. Some dead things are leather
(skin of dead animals), nails, etc.
Hint: Growth in case of a crystal is external, reversible and uniform throughout. It occurs due to the
accumulation of materials which make the crystal.
Hint: Movement in non-living things is due to external source of energy like fuel or cell, whereas in
living things movement is brought about by internal energy.
Hint: Clouds are non-living.
1. Nutrition, respiration, growth, excretion, reproduction, movement, response to stimuli and
cellular organization are characteristics common to all living things.
2. (a) Respiration: The process in which energy is released from food.
(b) Breathing: The process of air moving in and out of the body.
(c) Growth: It is an increase in the size of an organism.
(d) Excretion: The process of getting rid of wastes by the living organisms.
(e) Reproduction: The ability of organisms to produce young ones of their own kind.
(f ) Stimulus: Changes in the surroundings of an organism which makes the organism respond to
the changes.
(g) Unicellular organisms: Living things consisting of a single cell.
(h) Response: An organisms reaction to a stimulus.
Exercises
A. 1. The characteristics common to all living things are:

Nutrition: All living things need food.
Respiration: It takes place in the body of both plants and animals.
Growth: All living things show growth.
Excretion: It is a characteristic feature found in all living organisms.
Reproduction: All living things have the ability to produce more of their own kind.
Movement: Living things show movement. Most animals move from one place to another
and also show other body movements. Plants show movements of certain parts, such as
leaves, stems, roots and flowers.
Response to stimuli: Living things respond to stimuli.
Cellular organization: All living things are made of cells.

2. Refer Table 7.1 on page 84.
3. (a) Refer Table 7.1 on page 84.
18

(b)
Response Stimulus
(i) The organisms reaction to the stimulus
Changes in the surroundings of an
is called response.
organism which makes it respond to the
changes are called stimuli.
(ii) Response occurs as a result of stimulus.
Stimulus brings about a response.

(c) Unicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms
Organism consisting of only a single cell.
Organisms consisting of a number of cells.
Examples: amoeba, yeast, bacteria
Examples: pea, horse, human being
B. 1. Refer to section 7.3 page 84
2. Leather, wool, wood, rubber, cork were once a part of a living thing.
3. Crystal growth
Car movement
4. (a) Gum, latex, carbon dioxide, water vapour
(b) Urine, sweat, faeces, carbon dioxide
(c) Carbon dioxide, water, energy
(d) Amoeba (yeast, bacteria should be acceptable)
(e) Cell
5. Dead things fallen leaf, bone, wooden shelf and fossil.
Non-living things wrist watch, water, brick, glass, steel and mobile phone
6. Growth (irreversible and internal) body cells, hair, nails and teeth.
Growth (reversible and external) mountains, rivers, clouds and glaciers.
C. C1. 1. plants
2. oxygen, carbon dioxide 3. stomata 4. eggs
5. multicellular
C2. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (c)
8. The Habitat of the Living

1. (a) Habitat : The natural surroundings where an organism lives is known as its habitat.
(b) Terrestrial habitat: Habitats on land like forests, grasslands, deserts and mountains where
terrestrial animals live are called terrestrial habitats.

(c) Aquatic habitat: Aquatic habitats include habitats in water like ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans.
(d) Biotic components of habitat: Living components of the habitat which include plants and
animals are known as biotic components.

(e) Abiotic components of habitat: Non-living components of the habitat including soil, rocks, air,
water, light and temperature form the abiotic components.
2. (a) Forests, deserts, mountains, grasslands (any two)

(b) Ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans (any two)
(c) Soil, rocks, air, water, light, temperature (any two)
3. Fish, duck, frog, turtle (any two)
4. Water lily, water hyacinth, Hydrilla
19

Hint: If the pet is a bird, then the habitat for it would be aerial, i.e., a nest or a cage. If the pet is a
terrestrial animal, then its habitat would be terrestrial. If the pet is an aquatic animal, then
you will keep it an aquatic habitat say an aquarium. Also discuss the importance of care and
protection needed by your pets.
Hint: Since the climate in summer in a desert is hot and dry with scanty rainfall and scorching sun,
therefore people living in such area wear light and loose cotton clothes. Their clothes absorb
sweat giving them a cooling effect and being loose, allow air to pass through easily. Their
clothes cover most part of their body to prevent their exposure to sunlight. Winters are quite
cold in desert region, so people have to wear thick woollen clothes to protect themselves.
1. (a) Adaptation: The presence of features or habits which help an organism to live in a particular
habitat or environment is called adaptation.
(b) Predator: A carnivore animal that feeds on its prey.
2. Ponds, lakes, rivers (any two)
3. Oceans and seas
Exercises
A. 1. Refer to section 8.2 on page 89 and 90.
2. (a) gills, fins, scales and tail
(b) hump, long eyelashes, long legs and feet with thick pads
(c) leaves, stem, roots
(d) leaves, stem, roots
(e) horns, thick coat and hooves
(f ) thick layer of fur, feet and toes
(g) white fur and padded feet
(h) eyes, sharp teeth, long claws, skin colour
(i) large and circular leaves with a waxy coating, roots and stem
(j) body colour, long ears, eyes, can run very fast
(k) sucker-like base
(l) roots, stem, narrow; thin and ribbon-like leaves
(m) webbed feet, lungs, strong hind legs
(n) blowholes/nostrils
(o) trees are cone-shaped with sloping branches, needle-shaped leaves
3. (a) Biotic components of habitat are the living organisms like animals and plants.
Abiotic components of habitat are non-living. They include soil, rocks, air, water, light and
temperature.
(b) Aquatic habitats include habitats in water like ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans. On the other
hand, terrestrial habitats consist of habitats on land like forests, grasslands, deserts and
mountains.
(c) Amphibious habitats are habitats both on land and in water. Arboreal habitats include
habitats on trees.
20
4. Eyes face forward, i.e., eyes are in the front of the face. This means that the field of view of
each eye partly overlaps the field of view of the other eye. This allows the animal to judge
distances correctly (Fig. 8.12).

It has sharp teeth and long claws on its front legs. This helps it to grab and stab the prey.

Its light brown colour helps it to hide in dry grasslands (which also look brownish in colour)
where it hunts for its prey.

5. Body colour is such that it can blend into the surroundings; thus avoiding being caught by
the predators.

It has long ears to hear and recognize the movement of predators.

Eyes are present on the side of the head (Fig. 8.13), so that it can look in all directions. This
helps it to escape danger.

It can run very fast. This helps the deer to run away from the predators.
B. 1. Refer to section 8.3 on page 90.

2. If the organisms do not adapt to their habitat, they will die as adaptations help them to survive
in a particular habitat.
3. Fish, water lily, dolphin, Hydrilla and sea anemone are found in aquatic (water) habitats.
Camel and cactus are found in deserts.
Lion and deer are found in terrestrial habitats like grasslands and forests.
Yak, snow leopard and polar bear are found in mountains.
Frog lives both on land and in water, i.e., amphibious habitat.
4. In deserts,

(i) there is scarcity of water.

(ii) climate is hot and dry.

(iii) rainy season is short followed by a long dry season.
In mountains,

(i) the weather is very cold and windy.

(ii) the ground is covered with snow.
5. A predator is a carnivore animal that feeds on its prey. A predator is usually bigger in size than
the prey. Predators like lions, develop a number of adaptations to be good at hunting their
prey. Similarly, preys like deer also develop adaptations to escape their predators.
6. Roots are very much reduced, as water is available in plenty. The main function of roots is to
hold the plant in place.
Stems are long, hollow and thin, so that they can bend along with the water movement.
C. C1. 1. (iv)
2. (iii)
3. (v)
4. (vi)
5. (ii)
6. (i)
C2. 1. soil, air, light (or air, water light/soil, air, water )
2. biotic
3. camel
4. aquatic 5. cactus
6. mountains
7. yak, snow leopard 8. frog
C3. 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (c)
9. PlantsForm and Function

1. Money plant
2. Pea
3. Mint
4. Cucumber
5. Gourd
weak
weak
weak
weak
weak
climb up with support

spread on the ground
21
climber
climber
creeper
creeper
creeper
6. Melon
7. Grapevine
weak
weak

creeper
climber

1. (a) Herb: A small plant with tender green stem is called herb.
(b) Shrub: A mediumsized plant with hard stem is known as shrub.
(c) Tree: A tall plant with hard and thick brown stem is called tree.
(d) Creeper: A plant that cannot stand upright and spreads on the ground is referred to as creeper.
(e) Climber: A plant which climbs up with the support of neighbouring structures is called climber.
2. (a) Mustard, petunia, wheat (any two) (b) Rose, China rose, lemon (any two)
(c) Neem, mango, peepal (any two)
(d) Mint, gourd plants
(e) Money plant, pea plant
1. (a) Root system and shoot system
(b) Root
(c) Shoot
(d) Stem, branches, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits and seeds
(e) Tap root and fibrous root
(f ) Tap root in pea and fibrous root in banana.
2. Refer to Fig. 9.3 on page 101
3. Tap rootsmustard, tulsi, pea
Fibrous rootsgrass, wheat, banana
Hint: Such leaves are called variegated leaves and the plants are known as variegated plants. Money
plant, croton, coleus
Hint: No drops of water will be seen as there will be no transpiration.
1. (a) Stem is the main axis of the shoot system which bears the branches, leaves, flowers, buds,
fruits and seeds.
(b) The place from where the branches and leaves arise on the stem is called the node.
(c) Internode is the portion of the stem between two nodes.
(d) The hard and woody stem in trees is known as trunk.
(e) The flattened green structure which arises from the node of a stem or its branches is called
leaf.
(f ) Leaf lamina is the flat green portion of the leaf.
(g) The arrangement of veins in the leaf blade is called venation.
(h) Reticulate venation is the arrangement of veins in a net-like pattern on the leaf lamina.
(i) When veins run parallel to one another, the venation is said to be parallel.
(j) Transpiration is the loss of water in vapour form through the leaves.
2. (a) Petiole and leaf lamina (b) Reticulate and parallel (c) Stomata
(a) PETIOLE(b) STOMATA(c) PISTIL
1. (a) Flower is the reproductive part of a plant.
(b) The outermost whorl consisting of small, green, leaf-like structures is called sepal.
22
(c) The most prominent part of a flower, usually brightly coloured and present inside the sepals is
known petal.
(d) The male reproductive part of a flower is called stamen.
(e) The female reproductive part and the innermost whorl of a flower is known as pistil.
(f ) The knob-like structure of stamen which produces male gametes is called anther.
(g) Ovary is the swollen portion at the base of the pistil.
(h) Small structures inside the ovary which contain female gametes are called ovules.
2. (a) Sepals, petals, stamens and pistil
(b) Anther and filament
(c) Ovary, style and stigma
(d) Stamen
(e) Pistil
3. Complete flowerspetunia, hibiscus, gulmohar
Incomplete flowersdate palm, and mulberry
Exercises
A. 1. (a) Root: Refer to section 9.2.1 Functions on page 102.

(b) Stem: Refer to section 9.2.2 Functions on page 104.

(c) Leaf: Refer to section 9.2.3 Functions on page 106.

(d) Flower: Refer to section 9.2.4 Functions on page 109.
2. (a)
Root Stem

(i) Underground part of a plant.
(i) Above the ground (aerial) part of a plant.

(ii) Always non-green in colour.
(ii) May be green or brown in colour.

(iii) Fixes the plant to the soil.
(iii) Keeps the plant upright.

(iv) Does not bear branches, leaves,
(iv) Bears branches, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits
buds, flowers or fruits. and seeds.
(b)
Node Internode
The place from where the branches
The portion between two nodes is called
and leaves arise on the stem is called node. internode.
(c)
Herb Shrub

(i) Small plants
(i) Medium-sized plants

(ii) Stem is tender and green.
(ii) Stem is hard and non-green.

(iii) Branches are not present.
(iii) Branches arise near the base of the plant.
Examples: Mustard, wheat, petunia Examples: Rose, lemon, lantana
(d)
Creeper Climber

(i) A plant which spreads on the ground. (i) A plant which climbs up with the support
of neighbouring structures.
Examples: Mint, bitter gourd Examples: Money plant, pea plant

(e)
Reticulate venation
Parallel venation
Veins are arranged in a net-like pattern on
Veins run parallel to one another.
both sides of the midrib.
Examples: Pea, petunia, gram, rose
Examples: Banana, palm, grass
(f )
Stamen Pistil

(i) It is the male reproductive part of
(i) It is the female reproductive part of a
a flower. flower.

(ii) It consists of anther and filament.
(ii) It consists of ovary, style and stigma.

(iii) It is the whorl next to sepals and
(iii) It is the innermost whorl of a flower.
petals.
23
3. Sepals: They protect the flower in its bud stage.

Petals: (i) They attract pollinators.

(ii) They make the flower look beautiful.
Stamens: They produce male gametes.
Pistil: (i) Stigma receives male gametes.

(ii) Ovary produces ovules which develop into fruits and seeds.
4. (a) Refer to Fig. 9.4 on page 102.

(b) Refer to Fig. 9.5 on page 102.

(c) Refer to Fig. 9.16 on page 108.

(d) Refer to Fig. 9.17 on page 108.
B. 1. The various plant parts are the root system consisting of roots and the shoot system consisting
of stem, branches, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits and seeds.
2. (a) Pea, gram, mustard, mango (any two) (b) Wheat, sugarcane, banana, maize (any two)
(c) Pea, petunia, rose, mango (any two) (d) Banana, palms, grasses (any two)
3. Reticulate venation: Hibiscus, pea, rose, tulsi, mango, coriander
Parallel venation: Grass, wheat, banana, maize
4. Refer to Fig. 9.15 on page 108.
C. C1. 1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. F
C2. 1. Leaf lamina
2. Node
3. Sepal
4. Petal
5. Ovary
6. Stomata 7. Pistil
C3. 1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (b)
10. (c)
A.

Plant Body
Root System
(underground)

Tap root

Shoot System
(above the ground)
Roots
Stem and
its branches
Fibrous
root
Leaf
Petiole
Lamina
Bud
Sepal
Flower
Petal
Anther
D. Crossword Puzzle
Across
2. Ovules
5. Trees
14. Ovary
15. Stigma
Fruit and
seeds
Filament
Stigma
7. Creeper
16. Herb
12. Stamens
24
Pistil
Stamen
Style Ovary
13. Fibrous root
Down
1. Petiole
3. Anther
8. Internode 9. Lamina
4. Stem
10. Shrubs
6. Sepals
11. Petal
7. Climber
10. AnimalsForm and Function

Hint: Movement is moving a part of the body while remaining at the same place. Locomotion is
the movement of whole body from one place to the other. Flying, walking, running, etc., are
examples of locomotion. Movement of stem towards light in plants, movement of leaves in
touch-me-not plant and the movement of arms are examples of movement.
1. Cockroach
walk, climb, fly
exoskeleton, legs, wings
2. Earthworm
crawl
body and muscles
3. Fish
swim
fins
4. Bird
fly
wings
5. Cow
walk
legs
6. Human being
walk
legs
Hint: Fin-like flippers provide stability and speed to underwater divers.
1. Earthworm Muscles
Snail
Foot
Cockroach
exoskeleton, legs, wings
Fish
fins and tail
Snake
Scales
Birds
Wings with feathers
2. Walking, running, flying, jumping, crawling and swimming
Body parts
No movement

1. Head
Rotates/turns
partly
Rotates
completely
Bending occurs
2. Neck
3. Wrist
3
3
4. Arm
5. Shoulder
6. Ankle
7. Knee
8. Elbow
9. Finger
10. Leg
11. Toe
25

1. (a) The framework of the body formed by the bones and cartilages is called skeleton.
(b) The places where two or more bones are joined together are called joints.
(c) The bones are held together at the joints by strong structures called ligaments.
2. Skull, backbone or spine, ribs and limbs (hands and legs)
3. A bone is a hard structure and cannot be bent. On the other hand, a cartilage is soft and elastic
and can be easily bent.
Exercises
A. 1. (a) CockroachRefer to section 10.3.3. The outer skeleton is made of different units
wings attached to the breast muscles that help in flying on page 121.
(b) EarthwormRefer to section 10.3.1. During movement, the earthworm first extends
the body secretes a slimy substance which helps in movement on page 120.

(c) SnailRefer to section 10.3.2. When a snail has to move, dragged along with the
foot on page 121.

(d) FishRefer to section 10.3.4. While swimming, forward movement takes place
such quick jerks help the fish swim forward on page 123.

(e) BirdRefer to section 10.3.5. It has a streamlined body flapping of wings during
flight on page 123.

(f ) SnakeRefer to section 10.3.6. Snakes move very fast by crawling do not move
in a straight line on page 124.
2. Refer to section 10.4.1 The Skeletal System bullet points on page 124.
3. The three main types of joints in our body are:

(i) Immovable joints: These joints do not allow any movement. For example, joints between
the bones of the skull, joints in the tooth socket, etc.

(ii) Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints: These joints allow very little movement. Joints
between adjacent vertebrae in the backbone and joints between the ribs and the
breastbone are examples of this type.

(iii) Freely movable or perfect joints: These joints allow free movement of bones in various
directions. Examples include joints in the elbow and joints in the knee.
4. (a) Ball and socket joint: In this joint, the ball-like end of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity
(socket) of the other bone. The joint at the hip and the joint in the shoulder are examples
of ball and socket joint.
(b) Hinge joint: This joint is like the hinges of a door. Examples include elbow joint between
the upper and the lower arm and knee joint between the forearm and the wrist.
B. 1. Digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, excretory system
and skeletal system are six organ systems present in the human body.
2. Backbone is a hard bony structure and is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae. It runs
along our back starting from the neck.
3. Skull, backbone, ribs and limbs are the organs of skeletal system.
4. While joints are the places where two or more bones are joined together, ligaments are the
strong structures which hold the bones together at the joints.
26
5. Ball and socket joint, pivot joint, hinge joint and gliding joint are the main types of freely
movable joints.

6. Because of the presence of hinge joint which allows movement of bones in one direction only.

7. Muscles are needed to move a bone because it cannot move on its own as it lacks the property
of contraction and relaxation.
8. Contraction and relaxation.
9. Streamlined body, hollow and light bones, presence of wings with feathers and strong breast
muscles are the features which help the birds to fly.
C. C1. 1. Backbone 2. Foot
3. Exoskeleton
4. Streamlined
5. Heart (or lungs)
6. Joint
7. Ligaments 8. Immovable joint
9. Hinge joint
10. Muscles
C2. 1. bones, cartilages
2. earthworms
3. snails
4. three, two
5. Muscles
6. hinge
C3. 1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
3. Joints
4. Cartilage
Down
1. Muscles
2. Streamlined
8. Biceps
9. Hollow bones
5. Wings
6. Bones
7. Backbone
11. Motion and Measurement of Distances

Hint: Meter scale and meter rod are not flexible unlike the measuring tape which makes it difficult
for the tailor to take exact measurements of body parts.
1. When there were no means of transport, people used to walk and carry load on their back or head.
They also used animals like horses, bullocks, donkeys, mules, camels and elephants for transport.
2. Examples of objects at rest are a book lying on a shelf, a glass of water kept on a table, a bucket
kept in corner of a bathroom, etc.
3. Examples of objects in motion are a car moving on road, a kite flying in air, etc.
4. We should know the distance we have to travel in order to decide the means of transport to be
taken.
5. In order to measure a given length properly, we should know
(a) the unit of measurement, and
(b) the number of units that particular quantity measures.
1. The different types of motion are:
Linear or rectilinear motion
Curvilinear or random motion
Circular motion
27

2.

3.

4.
5.

Oscillatory and vibratory motion

Periodic and non-periodic motion
The examples of rectilinear motion are:
A battalion moving in a parade
An apple falling from a tree
The examples of circular motion are:
Moving fan
Movement of a spinning top
Curvilinear or random motion
The examples of periodic motion are:
The motion of the earth around the sun
The movement of hands of a clock
The examples of non-periodic motion are:
The beating of heart
Swinging of arm while walking

(a) LINEAR(b) CUBIT(c) RANDOM
Exercises
A. 1. Long ago people did not have any means of transport. They used to walk and carry load on
their back or head. They also used animals like horses, bullocks, donkeys, mules, camels and
elephants for transport.
Invention of the wheel brought a revolution in modes of transport. Animals were used to pull
vehicles such as bullock carts and tongas, that move on wheels.
Vehicles that moved on wheels made traveling from one place to another more comfortable
and faster.
2. In ancient times, people used handspan, cubit, arm length and footstep as different units of
measurement of length and distance.

Handspan is the length between the tip of the thumb and the little finger, when stretched.

Cubit is the length between the tip of the middle finger and the elbow.

Arm length is the length between the shoulder and the middle finger.

Footstep is length between the thumb and the heel of the foot.
4. The to and fro motion or vibrations of an object about its position of rest is called oscillatory
motion. The movement of a pendulum and swing is an example of this type of motion. A very
fast to and fro motion is called the vibratory motion. For example, the movement of strings
in a musical instrument like guitar or the movement of the surface of drums and tabla when
played are examples of vibratory motion.
5. For taking measurement of a length using a meter scale, the following steps are followed:

Place the meter scale along the length to be measured, parallel to its graduation.

Make sure that its zero mark coincides with one of the ends of the length to be measured.
28
If the ends of the scale are broken and you are not able to see the zero mark clearly then
some other digit say mark 1 can be taken as initial reading. Do remember to subtract this
initial digit from the final reading to get an accurate measurement of the length.

For taking measurements, correct position of the eye is also very important. The eye must
be placed exactly vertically above the mark to be read.
B. 1. The different modes of transport are land, water and air transport.
Land transport: Car, train, bus, autorickshaw
Water transport: Boat, ship, raft
Air transport: Aeroplane, helicopter
2. If an object changes its position with respect to time and its surroundings, then it is said to be
in motion. If it does not change its position with respect to time and its surroundings, then it
is said to be at rest.
3. The length of a desk can be measured using meter scale or measuring tape.
4. Handspan, cubit, arm length and footstep are not used as a standard units of length
because the hand, arm and foot length of all humans is not the same. Hence, these units of
measurement lack precision.
5. An object is said to be in linear motion, if it moves from one position to another along a
straight line in one direction only. Examples include an automobile moving on a straight road,
a battalion moving in a parade, an apple falling from a tree and a striker hitting a coin on a
carom board.

6. An object is said to be in circular motion, when it moves on its own axis or around a fixed centre.
For example, moving fan and windmill, rotation of earth, revolution of earth, movement of a
spinning top and swings like merry-go round move in circular motion.
7. The motion where an object repeats its motion after a fixed time interval is called periodic
motion. For example, the motion of the earth around the sun, the movement of the moon
around the earth and the movement of hands of a clock are periodic.
8. The motion of the earth is a combination of motions because the earth keeps on rotating on
its axis as well as revolves around the sun. Thus, the earth exhibits both rotation and revolution
at the same time.
9. The correct way of reading the result on a meter scale is to place your eye exactly vertically
above the mark to be read.
10. The motion of a bus is a combination of two types of motion. The bus moves in a linear motion
and its wheels rotate in a circular motion like the motion of a fan.
11. In centimetres:
1 m = 100 cm
1.20 m = 100 1.20 = 120 cm
1
In decimetres:
1 m = 10 dm
10
1.20 m =
1.20 = 12 dm
1
In millimetres:
1 m =1000 mm
1.20 = 1000 1.20 =1200 mm
1
29
12. The length of the match box = 4.3 cm 1.0 cm = 3.3 cm

13. Land transport
Water transport
Air transport

Bicycle
Ship
Aeroplane

Bus
Boat
Helicopter

Car
Raft
Spacecraft

Scooter

Train

Electric train
C. C1. 1. Oscillatory motion
2. Circular motion and periodic motion
3. Linear motion
4. Random motion
5. Circular motion
6. Circular motion
7. Circular motion and linear motion
8. Linear motion
9. Random motion
10. Linear motion
11. Vibratory motion
12. Oscillatory motion
13. Linear motion
14. Random motion
15. Circular motion
C2. 1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
C3. 1. random 2. SI
3. linear or rectilinear
4. cubit
5. 1000
C4. 1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
C.
Linear or
rectilinear
Movement along a
straight line in one
direction only
Curvilinear or
random
Movement in an
irregular manner
Motion
Circular
Oscillatory and
vibratory
Movement on own
axis or around a fixed
centre
To and fro
motion
Non-periodic
Periodic
Movement repeated
after a fixed interval
of time
Movement not
repeated after a fixed
interval of time
12. Electric Current and Circuits

1. We use electricity to light up our house, to heat water, to run various appliances, etc.
2. The function of an electric cell is to provide electricity to torch, etc.
3. An electric bulb consists of an outer glass case, a filament and a metal casing, which acts as a
positive and a negative terminal.
30
4. The flow of electric current is caused due to the flow of electrons through the electric wire. In a
closed loop, electric current flows from the negative terminal of the electric cell to its positive
terminal.
Hint: A variety of pliers, cable cutters, multimeter, drill, screwdrivers, flashlights, testers, etc. are used
by an electrician. The precautions he should take while repairing electrical switches are as
follows:
Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing electrical equipments.
Be sure that your hands are dry and whenever possible, wear non-conductive gloves and shoes
with insulated soles.
If water or a chemical is spilled over an equipment, shut off power mains or circuit breaker
immediately and unplug the equipment.
Always be alert.
Electric Observation (Bulb glows
circuit or doesnt glow)
(a)
Bulb doesnt glows
(b)
Bulb doesnt glows
(c)
Bulb doesnt glows
(d)
Bulb doesnt glows
(e)
Bulb doesnt glows
(f )
Bulb glows
S. No.
Things
1.
Wool
2.
Cotton thread
3.
Wood
4.
Iron key
5.
Iron nail
6.
Plastic scale
7.
Eraser
Electrical circuit (Complete

or incomplete)
Incomplete
Incomplete
Incomplete
Incomplete
Incomplete
Complete
Material it is made up of
Wood
Cotton
Wood
Metal
Metal
Plastic
Rubber
Bulb glows or doesnt glow

Bulb doesnt glow
Bulb doesnt glow
Bulb doesnt glow
Bulb glows
Bulb glows
Bulb doesnt glow
Bulb doesnt glow

Hint:
Use standard pins to tap supply from plug points.
Always use wires/cables/switches with ISI marks and of approved quality.
Always use properly earthed three pin plugs to connect various appliances.
Always buy/use electrical appliances with ISI mark and strictly follow the instruction manual.
Use appropriate MCB to limit the load.
(a) TORCH(b) TUNGSTEN(c) CIRCUIT
31

1. The set up consisting of the source of electricity, such as an electric cell, the electric bulb (or any
other electrical equipment) and electric wires (metal wires) joint together in such a way that the
electric current can flow along a closed loop is known as an electric circuit.
2. A bulb is said to be fused when it does not glow due to breaking of the filament or any other
reason.
3. Using an electric switch, there is no need to manually hold electric wires in contact with the
electric cell or remove them.
4. No, plastics cannot be used as electrical wires because they are insulators.
Exercises
A. 1. The source of electricity contains chemicals that provides electricity for running an electric
equipment.
The electrical equipment consumes the electricity and performs its function.
The electric wires help in connecting the source of electricity with the electrical equipment.
The electric current flows through these wires.
3. Take an electric cell, an electric bulb and three electric wires. Join the positive terminal of the
electric cell to the positive terminal of the electric bulb using an electric wire. Now connect
the other two wires, one to the negative terminal of the cell and other to the negative terminal
of the electric bulb. Now to check whether an object is a conductor or an insulator, insert it
between the free ends of the two wires. If the bulb glows, then the object is a conductor and
if it doesnt glow, then the object is an insulator.
4. For diagram of an electric bulb, refer to Fig. 12.2 on page 149.
An electric bulb has an outer case made up of glass. This case is fixed on a metallic base. There
is a thin wire called filament, which is made of tungsten, in the middle of the glass case. It is
either coiled or straight. Electricity passes through the filament. The inside of the electric bulb
is first evacuated and then filled with a mixture of inert gases like argon, neon and nitrogen. If
this is not done, the filament on heating up would react with the oxygen in air and burn itself
The filament is fixed to two thicker wires. One wire touches the bottom of the bulb and the
other wire touches the metal casing. The bottom of the bulb and the metal casing act as two
terminals of the bulb, i.e., positive and negative terminals, respectively. The lower end of the
metal casing is filled with an insulator. When the two terminals are joined to an electric cell,
the electric current flows through the filament, which gets heated up and starts glowing.
B. 1. A torch bulb glows on getting electricity from electric cells.
2. The essential parts of an electric circuit are:

The source of electricity such as an electric cell

The electric bulb (or any other electrical equipment)

The electric wires
3. Electric current is a form of energy, i.e., electrical energy which gets converted into heat and
light energy, when it flows through an electric bulb or any other electrical appliance.
4. Electric switch is a device that is used for making and breaking an electric circuit. If an electric
switch is used in an electric circuit, then there is no need to manually hold the wires in contact
with the electric cell or remove them.
32
5. The electric bulb lights up when electric current flows through the filament of the bulb. The
electric wires help to conduct the electric current and complete the circuit.

6. Conductors are the materials that allow electric current to pass through them. For example, all
metals, carbon (in the form of graphite), salt solutions and impure water are some conductors.
7. Insulators are the materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them. Wood,
cotton, wool, plastic, rubber, mica, bakelite, ebonite, distilled water and glass are some
insulators.

8. Electric wires are made up of metals because metals are conductors that allow electric current
to flow through them.
9. Plastic is an insulator and acts as a safety device. The electric wires are covered with plastic to
save us from electric shocks and also to prevent electric fires.
10. More than one electric cell is joined in an electric circuit in such a way that the positive terminal
of one electric cell is connected to the negative terminal of the other electric cell.
12.
Conductors Insulators
Human body
Air
Metallic wire
Distilled water
Impure water
Wool
Pencil lead
Silk

Wood

Plastic box

PVC

Polythene bag

Rubber pipe

Eraser

Plastic scale
C. C1. 1. Conductors
2.
making, breaking
3. filament
4. closed
5. plastic
C2. 1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (a)
B. Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Switch 3. Fused
Down
2. Insulator 6. Cell
4. Tungsten 5. Ebonite 7. Torch

8. Loop
9. Argon
13.Magnets
1. The door of a refrigerator, left slightly open, shut automatically because it contains a magnet.
2. Natural magnet or magnetite contains iron in the form of iron oxide.
3. Iron, cobalt and nickel show magnetic properties.
33

S. No.
Pole of magnet in hand

1.
North
2.
South
3.
South
4.
North
Pole of freely suspended

magnet
South
South
North
North
Observation (attraction or
repulsion)
Attraction
Repulsion
Attraction
Repulsion

1. The power of a bar magnet is the strongest at the poles.
2. On cutting a magnet from the middle, each half becomes a complete magnet.
3. Unlike poles, i.e., north-south and south-north attract each other. Like poles, i.e., north-north and
south-south repel each other.
Exercises
A. 1. Once, an elderly shepherd named Magnes was herding his sheep and goats in the nearby
mountains. The nails in his shoes and the metal tip of his stick got stuck to the large black rock
on which he was standing. He had to pull hard to free his stick from the rock. This rock was a
natural magnet and the stick was attracted to it. Magnets were discovered in this way.
3. A magnetic compass is a device that is used in finding directions and in navigation. It consists
of a magnetized needle pivoted inside a small box with a glass cover on it. The magnetic
compass has a dial on which directions are marked. The magnetized needle when comes
to rest indicates the north-south direction. The north pole of a magnetized needle is always
painted in a different colour for easy identification.
To find the direction of a place, the magnetic compass is taken to that place. The needle of
the compass starts rotating till the painted end reaches north marked on the compass. This
indicates the direction in which the place is located.
4. First we need to magnetize an iron awl pin or needle using a bar magnet. Take a small piece
of wooden cork or foam and insert the magnetized iron awl pin through it (in its upper part).
Take a cup or a bowl full of water and place the cork into it. The cork will float in water. Ensure
that the awl pin does not touch the water. The magnetic compass is now ready to work.
5. Take a bar magnet and put a mark on one of its ends for identification. Take a thread and tie
it in the middle of the magnet. Now suspend it freely from a hook. You know that a freely
suspended bar magnet always comes to rest in a particular direction only, which is the northsouth direction. Hence, the end pointing towards the earths north is the north pole and the
other end is the south pole.
6. Magnetic poles exist in pairs. One cutting a magnet into two, each half becomes a complete
magnet. This means on cutting the magnet from the middle, you get a new pair of north
and south pole at the broken ends such that each broken piece is a complete magnet. If you
continue this process, you will get smaller and smaller magnets each with a north pole and a
south pole.

7. Yes, an iron needle can be magnetized. This can be done by simply stroking the iron piece with
a magnet. Take the needle and place it on a table. Then stroke it with one pole of a bar magnet
34
in one direction only. Without lifting the bar magnet, move it along the length of the needle
till you reach the other end. Now lift the bar magnet and bring the same pole to the same
point of the needle from which you began. Move the bar magnet again along the iron needle
in the same direction, in the same manner, as you did before. Repeat this process about 3040
times. Bring some iron object near the iron needle to check whether it has magnetized or not.
If not, repeat this process some more times.
B. 1. A magnet is a piece of iron, nickel or cobalt that can attract iron-containing objects.
2. The two fundamental properties of magnets are:

A freely suspended bar magnet always comes to rest in a particular direction only, which is
the north-south direction.

Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.

Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other.
3. The two ends of a magnet where its power is the strongest are known as poles of a magnet.
4. The materials that are easily attracted by a magnet are called magnetic substances. For
example, iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic substances.
5. The materials which are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic substances.
Examples include wood, glass and plastic.
6. When the north pole of a magnet is brought close to:

(a) the north pole of a freely suspended magnet, then there is repulsion between them.

(b) the south pole of a freely suspended magnet, then there is attraction between them.
7. The earth is also a huge magnet. A magnet lines up with the earths magnetic poles such
that the north pole of the magnet always points to the earths north pole and its south pole
always point to the earths south pole. That is why magnets align themselves in the northsouth direction.
8. The following cautions must be take to keep magnets safe:

They should not be heated, hammered or dropped from a height.

A bar magnet should be kept in pairs with opposite poles on the same side. They must be
separated by a piece of wood and two pieces of soft iron should be placed across their ends.

For a horse shoe-shaped magnet, a piece of iron should be kept across its poles.

Magnets should be kept away from all the electronic devices.
9. Magnetic
Non-magnetic
Iron almirah
A wooden table
Iron lamp shade
Plastic geometry box
Iron clips
Paper
Needle
Rubber
Car
Wool
Iron gate
Cloth
Iron nail
Curtains

Book
C. C1. 1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
C2. 1. repel
2. Like, attract
3. magnet 4. Magnetic compass
5. non-magnetic
35
C3. 1. (iii)
C4. 1. (c)
2. (v)
2. (d)
3. (iv)
3. (c)
4. (i)
4. (d)
5. (ii)
5. (b)

B. 1. When a magnetic compass is brought near a television, its screen becomes distorted. This
happens because television contains a magnet. So the compass needle will align according to
the magnet inside the television, thereby distorting the screen.

2. If a piece of iron or steel is brought near the magnetic compass, it will affect the reading on the
magnetic compass.
3. If a strong magnet is moved around the outside of the magnetic compass, its needle will also
move in the same direction in which the magnet is moved around it.
C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Cobalt
2. Poles
3. Magnetite
Down
1. Compass 4. Induction 5. Attraction
6. Repulsion
7. Lodestone
14. Rain, Thunder and Lightning

Hint: The air you breathe out or blow out of your mouth is warmer than the surface of the mirror.
Thus, air condenses on the cooler surface of the mirror. You can see droplets of water on the
surface of mirror.
1. In solid state, water exists as ice. In liquid state, water exists as water. In gaseous state, water exists
as steam or water vapour.
2. Freezing of a liquid into its solid state occurs at a fixed temperature, called freezing point.
3. Melting of a solid into its liquid state occurs at a fixed temperature, called melting point.
4. Evaporation in plants takes place in the form of transpiration.
Hint: Water present in the water bodies evaporates due to the heat of the sun and moves to the
atmosphere. The air moving up gets cooler and cooler. When air becomes very cool, the water
vapour present in it gets condensed into tiny water droplets on dust particles. Many water
droplets, under suitable conditions, come together to form large-sized water drops. Some
water drops become so heavy that they begin to fall on the ground as rain, hail, or snow.
Discuss in class and encourage student to hold an interactive discussion.
(a) CLOUDS(b) THUNDER(c) VAPOUR
1. The process of water drops coming back on the earth in the form of rain, hail or snow is called
precipitation.
36
2. The continuous cyclic exchange of water among land, water bodies and atmosphere is called
water cycle.
3. Thunder is a loud sound or crashing noise heard after a flash of lightning.
4. This is because the speed of light is more than the speed of sound.
Exercises
A. 1. Evaporation differs from boiling in the following ways:

Evaporation can take place at all temperatures while boiling takes place at a particular
temperature only.

Evaporation is a slow process while boiling is a fast process.

Evaporation takes place only at the surface of a liquid while boiling takes place throughout
the bulk of a liquid.

During evaporation, neither movement nor sound is observed while during boiling,
movement of bubbles with sound can be observed.
2. Water present on the earth, in oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and other water bodies evaporates
due to the heat of the sun and moves to the atmosphere. The air moving up gets cooler and
cooler. While moving up at sufficient heights, air becomes so cool that the water vapour
present in it gets condensed into tiny water droplets on dust particles. These water droplets
remain floating in the air and appear as clouds.
3. Water present on the earth, in oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and other water bodies evaporates
due to the heat of the sun and moves to the atmosphere. Also, water in the form of vapour
goes to the atmosphere through transpiration.
The air moving up gets cooler and cooler. While moving up at sufficient heights, air becomes
so cool that the water vapour present in it gets condensed into tiny water droplets on dust
particles. These water droplets remain floating in the air and appear as clouds.
Many water droplets, under suitable conditions, come together to form large-sized water
drops. Some water drops become so heavy that they begin to fall on the ground as rain, hail,
or snow. This process of water drops coming back on the earth in the form of rain, hail or snow
is called precipitation.
This way there is a continuous exchange of water among land, water bodies and atmosphere.
This cyclic exchange of water is called water cycle.
B. 1. The three states of water are solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapour or steam).
2. The three states of water are interchangeable. On heating, ice changes into water and on
cooling, water changes into ice. On heating, water changes into water vapour and on cooling,
water vapour changes into water.
3. The process of conversion of a liquid into its solid state is called freezing.
4. The process of conversion of a solid into its liquid state is called melting.
5. The process of conversion of a liquid into its gaseous state is called vaporization.
6. Evaporation is slow conversion of water into its vapour state.
7. Boiling is fast conversion of water into its vapour state. Boiling occurs at a particular
temperature called boiling point.
8. The process of conversion of a gas or vapour into its liquid state is called condensation.
Condensation takes place at a particular temperature called condensation point.
9. 0C
37
10. 100C
11. The water vapour present in air on coming in contact with the cold surface of the water bottle,
gets condensed to form water vapour.
12. Thunder and lighting occur during heavy rainfall. They occur when there is a heavy flow of
electric charges either between clouds or between a cloud and a tall tree or a building.
C. C1. 1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
C2. 1. Lightning 2. condensation
3. Evaporation
4. Water cycle
5. Clouds
C3. 1. (iv)
2. (i)
3. (vi)
4. (ii)
5. (iii)
6. (v)
C4. 1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (d)
C. Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Condensation 2. Vapour 4. Freezing
Down
1. Clouds 3. Thunder 6. Boiling
5. Evaporation
15.Light
S. No.
Name
1.
Chalk
2.
Book
3.
Pencil
4.
Pen
5.
Eraser
6.
Geometry box
7.
Lunch box
8.
Scale (ruler)
9.
Paper
10.
Handkerchief
11.
School bag
12.
Water bottle
13.
Shirt
14.
Trouser
15.
Tissue paper
16.
Glass tumbler
Type of object
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Transparent
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Transparent or opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Transparent
Transparent

Hint: The number of shadows formed will increase or decrease if the number of source of light is
increased or decreased, respectively. Also, if the sources of light are in different directions the
shadows will be formed in different directions (opposite of the directions of sources of light)
too.
38

1. Two artificial sources of light are torch and bulb.
2. Two natural sources of light are the sun and stars.
3. A shadow is a dark shape produced when an opaque object comes in between a source of light
and a surface.
4. Generally transparent objects do not cast a shadow. But some transparent objects cast a very light
shadow.
Hint: This is because the image in a mirror is laterally inverted. So when a person driving a vehicle in
front of any of the vehicles used to transport patients sees AMBULANCE in his mirror, he reads
it as AMBULANCE and immediately give way to it.
(a) SHADOW(b) OPAQUE(c) LIGHT
1. A pinhole camera is an application of light travelling in straight line.
2. Because light travels in a straight line.
3. The length of the image in a mirror is always equal to the size of the object.
4. Reflection is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light from the surface of an object.
Exercises
A. 1. Transparent objects allow light to pass through them fully. For example, glass, air and water
Translucent objects allow light to pass through them only partially. For example, oily or butter
paper, muddy water and smoked glass
Opaque objects do not allow any light to pass through them. For example, wood, wall, book
and some plastics
4. Refer to Activity 15.2 and Activity 15.3 on page 185 and 186, respectively.
5. The characteristic of a shadow:

No shadow is obtained when there is no source of light.

No shadow can be obtained when there is no opaque object that can obstruct the path of
the source of light.

A shadow can be obtained only on a screen.

The shadow is always black in colour irrespective of the colour of the object and the colour
of the light used.
7. Differences between the shadow and the image of an object in a mirror:

The length of the shadow changes with change in the position of the object with respect to
the source of light. On the other hand, the length of the image in a mirror always remains
the same, i.e., equal to the size of the object at all positions.

The shadow is always black in colour irrespective of the colour of the object and the colour
of the light. The image in a mirror is of the same colour as the object.
39
The image in mirror is laterally inverted. The shadow shows no such lateral inversion.
The shadow is formed on a screen. The image can be seen only in a mirror and cannot be
formed on a screen.
9. We will not be able to view our reflection in the mirror kept in the dark room. This is because
there is no light in the room. An image is formed in a mirror only when the light coming from
an illuminated (lighted) object is reflected by the surface of the mirror.
B. 1. Objects that emit light of their own are called luminous objects. For example, the sun, stars,
firefly, glowworm and lantern fish emit light of their own.
2. Objects that do not have light of their own but are visible when light falls on them are called
non-luminous objects. Chair, table, book, etc. are non-luminous objects.
3. Firefly
4. The three necessary conditions to form a shadow are:

(a) a source of light,

(b) an opaque object that obstructs, i.e., comes in the way of the source of light, and

(c) a screen.
5. In order to view an eclipse adjust the pinhole camera and the tracing paper before the eclipse
occurs. Once adjusted, do not disturb it. Look at the images, as the eclipse begins. You will find
that a part of the image gradually becomes darker as the eclipse starts.
6. In case of a transparent object, either no shadow or a very light shadow is formed. A light
shadow is formed in case of a translucent object. In case of an opaque object, a dark shadow
is obtained.
7. Generally transparent objects cannot cast a shadow because they allow light to pass through
them fully. But some transparent objects that slightly obstruct the path of light cast a very
light shadow.
8.
Transparent objects Translucent objects
Opaque objects
clean water
waxed paper
brown paper
air
thin muslin cloth
rock
clear plastic scale
fog
aluminium sheet
polythene sheet
wooden box
plane glass
skin
spectacles
a CD (compact disc)

dense smoke

heap of salt

milk

carbon paper

wall
C. C1. 1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
C2. 1. Sun, stars 2. Opaque 3. opposite 4. pinhole camera
5. Reflection
C3. 1. (iv)
2. (i)
3. (vi)
4. (ii)
5. (iii)
6. (v)
C4. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (d)
5. (d)
40
16. Importance of Water

S. No
Activity
1.
Drinking
2.
Brushing
3.
Bathing
4.
Washing utensils
5.
Washing clothes
6.
Mopping
7.
In toilets
Amount of water used

12 litres
500 ml or 0.5 litre
1520 litres
1520 litres
3040 litres
1520
1015

Hint: When we splash water on our face, we feel cool. This is because the water gets evaporated
taking away the heat from our face (or body) and thus helps us to feel cool.
Hint: Rainwater is the purest form of water because only water gets evaporated by the heat of the
sun. This water condenses and drops down as rain. No impurities are carried during evaporation
or poured down during condensation.
1. Our body gains water mainly through drinking and food. Also, some amount of water is
manufactured by our body.
2. Our body loses water mainly through urination, sweating and exhalation.
3. Rainwater, surface water and groundwater are few important sources of water.
4. We require water for digestion of food, excretion of wastes from our body and for maintaining
body temperature through sweating. Besides, we also need water for cooking, bathing, washing
and other activities.
5. About 70% of the human body consists of water.
1. Drought refers to a period (a year or more), in which, there is an unusual scarcity of rain.
Flood is a natural disaster caused due to the accumulation of heavy rainwater for a long period of
time.
2. During flood, rapidly running water washes away the top layer of the soil. This leads to soil erosion.
3. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a traditional technique in which rainwater is collected from the
rooftop and allowed to go into a storage tank through pipes.
Exercises
A. 1. Water is important for human beings in the following ways:

Digestion of food in the stomach takes place with the help of water.

Blood, consisting of water and blood cells, absorbs digested food and also helps in
transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

Water help in excretion of wastes from the body in the form of sweat and urine.
41
Water also maintains the body temperature. In summers, we sweat a lot which has a cooling
effect.
2. Water is important for plant in the following ways:
A large amount of water is needed by plants during photosynthesis.
Water helps in transportation of minerals among different parts of the plant body.
Water is important for the germination of seeds.
3. Some other uses of water are:
The largest amount of water is used in agriculture.
A large amount of water is required in many industries such as chemical industries, paper
mills, steel mills, petroleum refineries, fertilizer and rayon industries.
Water is also used for producing electricity.
Water acts as a coolant in power generation from fossil fuels and nuclear fuels, and also in
car radiators.
Water is used for extinguishing fire, cleaning streets and sanitation.
4. Acute water crisis can have the following effects:
The soil dries up completely, becomes hard and begins to crack and gradually becomes
infertile.
The water table in drought-affected areas goes down, i.e., groundwater becomes scarce.
The water level in wells and ponds, etc., in drought-affected areas also goes down and some
of them may even dry up and the aquatic life is completely lost.
Due to infertile soil and scarcity of water, gradually the whole vegetation of droughtaffected area is lost.
During drought, farmers, who depend on agriculture for their livelihood, are most badly
affected. They suffer loss of crops, i.e., their source of income.
Drought leads to shortage of food, increase in poverty, reduced health and poor quality of
life.
Many humans as well as animals die of dehydration and thirst.
Absence of rain for a long period of time disturbs the water cycle, which results in further
loss of rain.
5. Flood can have the following effects:
Rapidly running water washes away the top layer of the soil. It leads to soil erosion and
sedimentation deposition problem downstream.
If water rushes into fields and godown, it destroys the crop and the stored food material.
It leads to acute shortage of food, clean drinking water, etc.
Heavy rains and sudden rush of water carry away human beings, their houses, other
belongings and domestic animals and can cause death by drowning.
During heavy rains there are increased chances of the outbreak of epidemics, various kinds
of infectious diseases, diarrhea, malaria, etc.
Many aquatic animals are carried away by the strong water current and are deprived of their
habitat.
Floods for a long period of time delay traffic, disturb the drainage system and often impair
hydroelectric power.
Collapse of houses, buildings, bridges, banks and other structures lead to a lot of financial
losses.
42
6. Rainwater harvesting is one of the methods of conserving water. In this, rainwater is collected
and stored for later use. The following techniques are applied to collect rainwater:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting: It is a traditional technique in which rainwater is collected
from the rooftop and allowed to go into a storage tank through pipes. Water from the roof
may contain soil and should be filtered before use.

Rainwater from roadsides goes directly into the ground into pits, trenches, dug wells,
recharge wells, recharge shafts, etc. This can be used later.
B. 1. The major sources of water on the earth are:

rainwater

surface water that consists of (i) oceans and seas and (ii) rivers, lakes, streams and ponds.

groundwater
2. The level of water under the ground is called water table.
3. Groundwater is used in the form of wells, springs, handpumps and tube wells.
4. Drought and flood
5. Drought occurs when there is unusual scarcity of rain for a long period of time (a year or
more).
6. (a) Due to scarcity of water, the soil dries up completely, becomes hard, begins to crack and
gradually becomes infertile.

(b) When there is excess of water, rapidly running water washes away the top layer of the
soil. It leads to soil erosion and sedimentation deposition problem downstream.
7. When there is heavy and continuous rain and the soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the
water, then water runs off the land. It cannot be carried in river channels or retained in natural
lakes and ponds, reservoirs and dams. The water then may spread over a large area and
assumes the shape of flood.
8. Two-thirds of the earths surface is covered with water. But only a small fraction of this water
is available for consumption. This available water is also decreasing with excess usage. Hence,
there is need to conserve water.

9. During drought, the water level in wells, ponds, etc., in drought-affected areas goes down and
some of them may even dry up and the aquatic life is completely lost.

During flood, many aquatic animals are carried away by the strong water current and are
deprived of their habitat.
C. C1. 1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F
C2. 1. 70%
2. urine, sweat
3. rainwater, surface water, groundwater
4. Water table
5. flood
C3. 1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (d)
4. (d)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
C4. 1. (vi)
2. (vii)
3. (i)
4. (v)
5. (viii)
6. (iv)
7. (iii)
8. (ii)
17. Importance of Air

1. Air is matter which is present everywhere.
43
2. Atmosphere is a thick blanket of air that envelops the earth completely.

3. Yes, air is matter. It occupies space and has mass.
4. seen, felt
Hint: Intense exposure to dust and smoke causes irritation in eyes, nose, throat and lung,
triggering coughing and sneezing.

After a high-level exposure there is persistent shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest
pain or tightness, headache, dizziness and even fainting.

Individuals with asthma, other lung condition, or heart disease may be more vulnerable to
the effects of dust and smoke.
(a) NITROGEN(b) ATMOSPHERE(c) ALTITUDE
1. Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide, inert gases, dust and smoke.
2. Oxygen
3. Living beings needs air (oxygen) to breathe.
4. With increase in altitude, the atmosphere gets thinner and the supply of oxygen is reduced.
This causes difficulty in breathing in hill stations and mountains. Therefore, while climbing high
mountains, mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders with them.
Exercises
A. 1. Human beings need air mainly for respiration. Other uses of air for human beings are:

Air acts as a medium of communication. You can hear each others voice only because of the
presence of air.

Air helps in the movement of aeroplanes, parachutes, gliders, sailboats, etc.

Air can be compressed easily. The compressed air is filled in tubes, balloons, tyres and
pillows. The air-filled tyres make transport easy and smooth.

Air evaporates sweat during summer and gives a cooling effect to the body.

We dry wet clothes out in the open. Moving air evaporates water and dries clothes faster.

The brake system of automobiles and trains work in the presence of air.

Moving air, i.e., wind is used to generate electricity by moving windmills. Windmills are used
to draw water from tube wells and to run flour mills also.

Separation of grains from husk is done using air movement.

Air filters some heat and prevents the harmful radiations of the sun from reaching the earth.
3. Refer to activity 17.2 on page 211.
4. Other uses of air are:

Air acts as a medium of communication. You can hear each others voice only because of the
presence of air.

Air helps birds to fly in the sky. The air pressure along with other forces lets birds fly in air.

Air helps in the movement of aeroplanes, parachutes, gliders, sailboats, etc.

Air is a habitat for many organisms like birds, bats and insects.
44
Air can be compressed easily. The compressed air is filled in tubes, balloons, tyres and
pillows. The air-filled tyres make transport easy and smooth.
Air evaporates sweat during summer and gives a cooling effect to the body.
We dry wet clothes out in the open. Moving air evaporates water and dries clothes faster.
The brake system of automobiles and trains work in the presence of air.
Air helps in seed dispersal and pollination of flowers.
Moving air, i.e., wind is used to generate electricity by moving windmills. Windmills are used
to draw water from tube wells and to run flour mills also.
Separation of grains from husk is done using air movement.
Air filters some heat and prevents the harmful radiations of the sun from reaching the earth.

B. 1. Air is made up of nearly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.04% water vapour, 0.03%
carbon dioxide and the remaining 0.03% are the inert gases. Some dust particles and smoke
are also present.
2. Oxygen
3. Human beings cannot breathe in oxygen dissolved in water. Therefore, deep sea divers carry
oxygen cylinders along with them when they go deep into the sea.
4. Animals living in soil use the air (oxygen) trapped between the soil particles.
5. Nitrogen: Plants need nitrogen to grow.
Oxygen: Human beings and animals take in oxygen during breathing. Plants also need oxygen
for respiration. Oxygen is also a supporter of combustion.
Carbon dioxide: Plants use carbon dioxide to synthesize food by the process of
photosynthesis.
C. C1. 1. Atmosphere
2. Oxygen 3. Dust particles, smoke
4. mixture
5. Air
C2. 1. (iii)
2. (v)
3. (i)
4. (ii)
5. (iv)
C3. 1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
A.
Composition of Air
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Water vapour
78%
21%
0.9%
0.04%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
Other inert
gases
0.03%
18.Waste
Hint: If we keep on discarding or throwing things like computers, music systems, etc. which are not
running but can be repaired, we are generating waste. Therefore, repairing things is a good
way to reduce generation of waste.
45

(a) RECYCLE(b) WASTE(c) COMPOST
1. (a) Waste is something which is of no use or purpose. It consists of things which we intend to
throw or have already discarded.
(b) Solid waste generated in our homes is commonly called garbage.
(c) Biodegradable wastes or substances are those which undergo degradation or rot and are
broken down to harmless or non-poisonous substances.
(d) Substances which cannot be broken down by decomposers are known as non-biodegradable
wastes.
(e) Landfills are large open areas used for solid waste disposal.
(f ) Compost is a decayed organic material used as a fertilizer.
(g) The conversion of solid waste into manure is called composting.
(h) The method of preparing compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
2. (a) Dried leaves, paper, cloth, fruit peels (any two)
(b) Metals, glass, plastic, aluminium (any two)
(c) Glass, plastic, aluminium cans, old newspapers (any two)
(d) Empty glass bottles, plastic bag, plastic bottle (any two)
(e) Vegetable peels, fruit peels, plastic bag, waste paper, metallic items (any two)
Exercises
A. 1. Refer to section 18.2.1 and 18.2.2 on pages 220 and 221.
2.

Landfills
Compost pits

(i) These are large open areas.
(i) These are small pits.

(ii) These are located far away from (ii) These can be made in gardens of our houses.
the places where people live.

(iii) These are developed in low-lying (iii) These are made to prepare manure from solid
areas and later on such areas can waste.
be converted into parks or
playgrounds.
5. Following are some of the steps to minimize the use of plastics:

Carry your own cloth or jute bag whenever you go for shopping.

Say no to plastic bags. Insist that the shopkeeper uses paper bags.

Reuse the soft drink plastic bottles for storing water.

Do not use plastic bags for storing food items. Use metallic utensils.

Do not throw plastic bags here and there after use.

Do not burn plastic items.

Awareness campaigns through schools, television and radios should be organized.
6. The harmful effects of use of plastics are:

Food products are often packed in plastic bags which may not be suitable for this purpose.
Consumption of such foods could be harmful for our health.
46
Sometimes recycled plastic bags (washed plastic bags that have been used earlier for some
other purpose) are used to keep food items. This is harmful for our health.

Plastics, on heating or burning, give out harmful gases. These gases cause problems of
pollution and health. In humans, it may lead to cancer.

People often fill garbage in plastic bags and then throw it on roads and other places like
garbage dumps. As a result, two things commonly take place.

(i) Stray animals look for food in these bags, and may even swallow the bags. This results in
their death in many cases.

(ii) The plastic bags enter the drains and the sewage system. Drains thus get choked and
the sewage water flows on the roads.
B. 1. (i) Gaseous wastes: Gases from vehicles and industries

(ii) Liquid wastes: Domestic sewage, chemical discharges from factories

(iii) Solid wastes: Vegetable peels, plastic bags
2. (i) Biodegradable wastes undergo degradation and are broken down to harmless or nonpoisonous substances, whereas non-biodegradable wastes cannot be broken down by
decomposers.
3. Solid wastes
4. Yes, because compost is natural and does not alter the nature of the soil. Chemical fertilizers,
upon continuous usage, can make the soil infertile by affecting its nature. Compost is quite
inexpensive in contrast to chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, compost does not pose any
problem of water pollution that chemical fertilizers do.
5. Plastic coated paper, pickles, oil, vinegar and meat, etc.
6. Reduce, reuse and recycle
7. Burning of leaves causes air pollution as well as health problems. On the other hand,
composting does not cause any such problem. It results in manure which is used to increase
the crop production. While burning of leaves results in ash which cannot be used for any such
purpose.
C. C1. 1. waste
2. liquid
3. vegetable peels, paper 4. non-biodegradable
5. recycling
C2. 1. Waste
2. Biodegradable
3. Landfill 4. Composting
C3. 1. (c)
2. (a)
3. (c)

A. 1.(b)
2.(d) 3.(c)
4.(b)
B. 1. False 2. Stem 3. Honey
5.(c)
4. True
C. 1. Handpicking

2. Charkha and takli
3. Leaves
4. Presence of starch in food
5. Filtration
6. Weaving
47
6.(b)

A. 1.(c)
2.(b) 3.(a)
4.(d) 5.(a)
B. 1. irreversible
2. Unicellular organism
C. 1. Aluminium foils and steel utensils
6.(a)
3. False
4. Money plant, pea plant
2. Rolling a chapatireversible change

Baking a chapatiirreversible change
3. Yes, for example you move your foot if you suddenly step on a thorn or a sharp stone while
walking barefoot.

4. A thick layer of fur on the body and a layer of fat underneath its skin protects polar bears from
cold.
5. Reticulate venation and parallel venation
6. The process of sorting out and grouping things according to some basis or criteria is called
classification.

A. 1. herbivore, plants or plant products 2. Vitamin B1
6. True
7. eggs
8. frog
3.False
4.Jute 5.Tin
B. 1. Green plants can prepare their own food. For this reason, they are known as producers. They
prepare more food than what they need themselves. This extra food is stored in different
parts of the plant body. Different plant parts from which food is obtained are the roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits.
2. Formation of red pigment of blood.
Deficiency: Anaemia
Sources: Cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, meat, eggs and liver.
3. Salt is obtained from sea water by evaporation (Fig. 3.11). Sea water is allowed to stand in
shallow ponds or pits. Water gets heated due to sunlight and slowly turns into vapours. Salt is
left behind. But we do not consume it as it is. It is purified before consumption.
4. Cotton plant is grown in fields as an annual shrub. It grows best in warm weather. It requires
temperature ranging from 21C to 27C. Rainfall between 50 cm to 80 cm is required for
its adequate growth. Black soil has the ability to retain moisture and is best suited for the
cultivation of cotton plant.
5. Kerosene oil and cooking oil float on water and form separate layers. This happens due to
differences in density of materials taken. Density is the degree to which a substance is dense.
Kerosene oil and cooking oil float on water because their densities are less than water.
6. Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved.
7. (a) All things, whether living or non-living, possess mass, shape and occupy space.
(b) They are made up of basic structural units. In case of living things, cell is the structural
unit. In a non-living thing (like a chalk), the molecule is the structural unit.

8. In fish,
body shape is streamlined and fins are present (Fig. 8.4); these features help in swimming.
gills are present, which help the fish to breathe under water..
48
9. Reproduction: A flower is the organ of reproduction in plants and leads to the formation of
fruits and seeds. New plants are produced after germination of seeds.

Source of food:
(a) Nectar from flowers is used as food by insects.
(b) Cloves (laung) are obtained from the dried unopened flower buds of clove plant.
10. EggsHen, duck
MeatSheep, goat, chicken, fish
HoneyHoneybees (honey is stored in the beehive (nest of bees, Fig. 1.12).
MilkCow, buffalo, goat
11. The process by which two substances (an insoluble solid and a liquid) are separated by using
a filter.
12. Solublesalt, sugar
Insolublekerosene oil, chalk powder
C. 1. Functions: Keeps teeth, gums and bones healthy.
Sources: Citrus fruits (lemon, orange), tomato and sprouts.
Disease: Scurvy
Symptoms: Swelling and bleeding of gums, swelling of joints.
2. Jute is obtained from the stem of jute plant.
Jute plants are harvested after flowering and before they turn into seeds. The harvested plants
are kept immersed in water for a few days. It leads to the rotting of the stem. It is done to
soften the tissues so that fibres can be separated easily. This process is called retting.
Later on, fibres are stripped from the stalks in long strands, washed, dried and then woven into
fabrics.

3. While fixing the metal rim, it is heated. It becomes slightly larger in size and now it can be fixed
onto the wooden wheel. On cooling, it contracts and fits tightly onto the wheel.
4.
S. No.
Characteristic
Living things
Non-living things
1.
Nutrition
Require food
Do not require food
2.
Respiration
Show respiration
No respiration
3.
Growth
Growth is present; it is internal No growth; even if

and irreversible
present, it is external and
reversible
4.
Excretion
Excrete waste products
Waste
formed
5.
Reproduction
Reproduce
No reproduction
6.
Movement
Show movements on their No movement on their

own
own
7.
Response to stimuli
Present
Absent
8.
Cellular organization
Are made up of cells
No cells are found
49
products
not
5. Eyes face forward, i.e., eyes are in the front of the face. This means that the field of view of
each eye partly overlaps the field of view of the other eye. This allows the animal to judge
distances correctly (Fig. 8.12).
It has sharp teeth and long claws on its front legs. This helps it to grab and stab the prey.
Its light brown colour helps it to hide in dry grasslands (which also look brownish in colour)
where it hunts for its prey.

D. 1. (b)
2. (a) 3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (d)

A. 1.(b)
B.
C.

2.(a)
3.(b)
4.(d)
5.(a)
6.(c)
1.Nitrogen and neon

2.magnetite
3.True 4.12
1. An automobile moving on a straight road.
2. Tungsten
3. Iron almirahmagnetic, plastic scalenon-magnetic
4. Skull, backbone or spine, ribs, limbs
5. Meter scale
6. Electric switch

A. 1.(d)
B.

C.

2.(d)) 3.(b)
4.(d)
5.(b)
6.(d)
1. A dark shape produced when an opaque object comes between a source of light and a surface.
2. Digestion of food in the stomach takes place with the help of water.
Water helps in excretion of wastes from the body in the form of sweat and urine.
3. seen, felt
4. False
1. A white or grey mass of condensed watery vapour floating in the atmosphere.
2. Because there is a source of light but no opaque object is present.
3. Rapidly running water washes away the top layer of the soil. It leads to soil erosion.
4. Oxygen
5. To make useful paper products like tissue paper.
6. Speed of light is more than the speed of sound.

A. 1.snail 2.Circular motion 3.True 4.repel
5. The process of conversion of a liquid into its gaseous state is called vaporization.
6. True
7. drought
8. Oxygen
B. 1. Backbone or Spine: It is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae (Fig. 10.13). The ribcage is
joined to these bones. The backbone protects the spinal cord. Backbone runs along our back
50
starting from the neck. It can be easily located in our body as a hard bony structure if we run
our hand along the centre of our back.
2. Initial reading = 1 cm, final reading = 16.8 cm
Therefore, the length of the box = 16.8 cm 1 cm = 15.8 cm.
3. Plastic is an insulator and acts as a safety device. It saves you from electric shocks and also
prevents electric fires.
4. (i) Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.
(ii) Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other.
5. The water vapour present in the air on coming in contact with the cold surface of the water
bottle, gets condensed to form water vapour.
6. No, they allow light to pass through them fully. But some transparent objects that slightly
obstruct the path of light cast a very light shadow.

7. The water level in wells and ponds, etc. in drought-affected areas also goes down and some of
them may even dry up and the aquatic life is completely lost.
Many aquatic animals are carried away by the strong water current and are deprived of their
habitat.
8. Human beings cannot breathe in oxygen dissolved in water. Therefore, deep sea divers carry
oxygen cylinders along with them when they go deep into the sea.
9. Burning of leaves cause air pollution as well as health problems. On the other hand,
composting does not cause any such problem. It results in manure which is used to increase
crop production. While burning of leaves result in ash which cannot be used for any such
purpose.
10. Joints: The places where two or more bones are joined together.
Ligaments: The strong structures which hold the bones together at the joints.
11. The motion of the earth is a combination of motions because the earth keeps on rotating on
its axis as well as revolves around the sun. Thus, the earth exhibits both rotation and revolution
at the same time.
12. Thunder and lightning occur during heavy rainfall. They occur when there is a heavy flow of
electric charges either between two clouds or between a cloud and a tall tree or building.
C. 1. The source of electricity contains chemical that provide electricity for running an electric
equipment.
The electrical equipment consumes the electricity and performs its functions.
The electric wires helps in connecting the source of electricity with the electrical equipment.
The electric current flows through these wires.
2. An interesting property of a magnet is that when suspended it comes to rest in a particular
direction only as you will see in Activity 13.5.
In Activity 13.5, you observed that a freely suspended bar magnet always comes to rest in
a particular direction only, which is the north-south direction. It means that one of the pole
points towards the north and is called north-seeking pole or N-pole and the other pole points
towards the south and is called south-seeking pole or S-pole.
Refer Activity 13.5 on page 165.
3. Refer Activity 15.12 on page 192.
51
4. One of the methods of conserving water is to collect rainwater and store it for later use. This is
called rainwater harvesting.
Rainwater does not seep in the ground in places that are covered with concrete roads and
buildings.
The following techniques are applied to collect rainwater in such places:

(a) Rooftop rainwater harvesting: It is a traditional technique in which rainwater is collected
from the rooftop and allowed to go into a storage tank through pipes. Water from the
roof may contain soil and should be filtered before use.
Rainwater can be directed through pipes from the rooftops to the storage pipe in the
ground. From here it seeps into the soil to recharge or refill the groundwater.

(b) Rainwater from the roadsides goes directly into the ground into pits, trenches, dug wells,
recharge wells, recharge shafts, etc. This can be used later.
5. Refer Activity 17.2 on page 211.
6. Food products are often packed in plastic bags which may not be suitable for this purpose.
Consumption of such foods could be harmful for our health.

Sometimes recycled plastic bags (washed plastic bags that have been used earlier for
some other purpose) are used to keep food items. This is harmful for our health.

Plastics, on heating or burning, give out harmful gases. These gases cause problems of
pollution and health. In humans, it may be lead to cancer.

People often fill garbage in plastic bags and then throw it on roads and other places like
garbage dumps. As a result, two things commonly take place.

(i) Stray animals look for food in these bags, and may even swallow the bags. This results
in their death in many cases.

(ii) The plastic bags enter the drains and the sewage system. Drains thus get choked and
the sewage water flows on the roads.
D. 1. (b)

2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (c) and (d)
5. (d)
10. (b)
52
6. (a)
7. (c)
8. (b)
9. (d)

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Viva

Shweta SharmaNeha SharmaDimple Tomar

New Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata Bengaluru Hyderabad Kochi Guwahati

3. Separation of SubstancesCleaning of Food

4. Materials of Daily Use: Clothes

5. Grouping Materials of Different Kinds

How Things Change

8. The Habitat of the Living

9. PlantsForm and Function

10. AnimalsForm and Function

11. Motion and Measurement of Distances

12. Electric Current and Circuits

14. Rain, Thunder and Lightning

17. Importance of Air

Sample Test Papers

Note: Discuss activities and Classroom Discussion before letting

Activity 1.4 (page 5)

Answer Orally (page 9)

4. Food Items Obtained from Plants.

Carbohydrates are important to us because they provide energy to the body.

Carbohydrates potato, bread, table sugar, honey, wheat

2. Potato, bread, rice, wheat (any two)

3. Three food groups:

Tasks for Formative Assessment

3. Separation of SubstancesCleaning of Food

Classroom Discussion (Page 30)

(a) Evaporation and condensation

It is the process of separating grains from It is the method of separating lighter

It is a process in which heavier particles of It is the process of pouring out the

It is the process of converting a liquid into It is the process of conversion of water

C. C1. 1. threshing 2. condensation

Tasks for Formative Assessment

4. Materials of Daily Use: Clothes

Answer Orally (page 48)

8. Cotton: Cotton bolls 2. Jute: Stem of jute plant

9. 1. Cotton: It is harvested when the cotton bolls burst open.

C2. 1. Cotton, jute

2. synthetic 3. Combing 4. Jute

Tasks for Formative Assessment

5. Grouping Materials of Different Kinds

Activity 5.4 (Page 59)

Classroom Discussion (page 60)

Answer Orally (page 62)

2. Aluminium foil, steel utensils

Tasks for Formative Assessment

6. How Things Change

Nutrition: All living things need food.

Respiration: It takes place in the body of both plants and animals.

Growth: All living things show growth.

Excretion: It is a characteristic feature found in all living organisms.

Response to stimuli: Living things respond to stimuli.

Cellular organization: All living things are made of cells.

8. The Habitat of the Living

2. (a) Forests, deserts, mountains, grasslands (any two)

Classroom Discussion (page 91)

9. PlantsForm and Function

climb up with support

spread on the ground

Answer Orally (page 101)

3. Sepals: They protect the flower in its bud stage.

13. Fibrous root

10. AnimalsForm and Function

Answer Orally (page 130)