MAY BM VA TRAM BM

Chng 1:

LY THUYET C BAN VE MAY BM

I- Nguyen ly c ban cua may bm cap nc
Nguyen ly lam viec cua may bm cap nc la da tren c s hut va ay chat long.
Bm la mot loai may co the bien c nang nhan c t ong c thanh nang lng
chuyen ong cua dong chat long.
May bm can nhieu nang lng nhat trong cac thiet b cua he thong cap nc, chi
ph quan ly cho may bm chiem t le ln trong tong kinh ph cho viec van hanh mot
he thong cap nc.
II- nh luat ong dang.
S chuyen ong cua chat long tren banh xe cong tac (b.x.c.t) trong buong bm
cua may bm khong nhng tuy thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thc cua cac bo phan dan
dong, ma con phu thuoc vao o nham cua thanh dan , o nht cua ban than chat long
va ong nang truyen tai len chat long.
Do vay ay co s tac ong ca ve mat hnh hoc lan ong hoc va ong lc hoc.
A. S ong dang ve hnh hoc.
La s t le gia cac kch thc tng ng cua 2 loai may bm : may bm mau (th
nghiem) va may bm thc te.
DT
B
L
= T = T = i e = C o nst (1.1)
DM
BM
LM

Trong o: DT, BT, LT - la ng knh, be rong, chieu dai b.x.c.t may bm thc
DM, BM, LM - la ng knh, be rong, chieu dai b.x.c.t may bm mau
ie
- la he so t le mot chieu
B. S ong dang ve ong hoc.
Hai he thong may bm ong dang nhau neu che o chay cua chung nh nhau.
Hay noi cach khac neu cac thong so ac trng cho qua trnh chuyen ong nh
Raynol, Frut, Strukhan cua hai he thong may bm nh nhau th chung ong dang
nhau ve ong hoc, ngha la:
ReT=ReM
FrT =FrM
(1.2)
ShT =ShM
Trong o:
Re - He so Raynol ac trng cho s ch/ong cua nc di tac dung cua lc nht
Fr - He so Frut ac trng cho s ch/ong cua nc chu tac dung cua trong lc la chnh.
Sh - He so Strukhan ac trng cho s ch/ong cua nc di tac dung cua lc quan tnh.

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C. S ong dang ve ong lc hoc.

o la t le gia cac lc tac dung len bo phan tng ng cua may bm mau va
may bm thc.
- Quan he ve ap lc:
2
2
DT nT
HT
2
2
=
.
= i D .i n (1 .3 )
HM
D
n
M M
- Quan he ve lu lng:
3

DT nT
QT
3
=
.
= i D .i n
QM
DM nM
- Quan he ve cong suat:
5

D n
NT
= T . T = i D 5 .i n 3
NM
DM nM

Trong o: i D D T

(1 .4 )

(1 .5 )

- He so t le ve kch thc mot chieu (ng knh)

DM
n
in T
nM

- He so t le ve so vong quay hay toc o quay cua b.x.c.t

III- He so t toc (so vong quay n v)

1. nh ngha :

He so t toc (ns) cua banh xe cong tac la so vong quay cua banh xe cong tac mo
hnh tng t vi banh xe cong tac cua may bm ta ang xet nhng vi banh xe mo
hnh o co : Lu lng la Qs = 1 (m3/s) va Cot ap la Hs=1m
2. Cong thc tnh :

ns =

n. Q
H

(1 .6 )

Trong o:
n - la so vong quay cua bm ang xet (v/ph)
Q - la lu lng cua may bm ang xet ng vi iem lam viec co hieu suat ln
nhat, n v (m3/s) . Neu may bm co hai ca nc vao: Q

Qb
.
2

H - la ap lc cua bm ang xet ng vi iem lam viec co hieu suat ln nhat (m) .
Neu may bm co nhieu b.x.c.t th H

Hb
( m ) , vi x la so banh xe cong tac cua bm
x

3. Cac cong thc tng ng :

He so ty toc cong thc (5) co th nguyen phu thuoc vao th nguyen cua n, Q, H
He so ty toc khong co th nguyen ky hieu la ns/ cung la mot ai lng c s
dung rong rai:
n s/ =

3 3 3 .n . Q
(g .H )

(1 .7 )

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Trong o : n - tnh bang (vong/giay), g- la gia toc trong trng= 9,81m/s2

Neu n - tnh bang (vong/phut) th:
5 , 5 5 .n . Q
n s/ =
(1 .8 )
3
(g .H ) 4
He so t toc la mot thong so tong hp ac trng cho banh xe cong tac cua may
bm. Ngi ta da vao ns e co the xac nh c ac tnh cua may bm.
4. Cac kieu banh xe cong tac tng ng vi he so Ty toc nS

ns

5. Y ngha cua he so ty toc

a) T cong thc (6) nhan thay:

- May bm co tr so ns nho th lu lng nho va cot ap ln
- May bm co tr so ns ln th lu lng ln va cot ap nho
- May bm co lu lng va cot ap bm bang nhau th may bm nao co tr so ns ln
hn se co kch thc nho hn va chi ph se thap hn
b) T bang phan loai nhan thay:
- Neu tr so ns nho i th chieu rong cua canh dan va ng knh ngoai cua b.x.c.t
se hep i va ngc lai
- Neu tr so ns ln hn, kieu bm se chuyen thanh bm co kieu hng truc
- He so ty toc cang cao cang co kha nang giam nho kch thc may bm va gia
thanh che tao nhng lai dan en viec giam chieu cao hut cua may bm.
c) Khi thay oi ng knh b.x.c.t bang cach got can lu y:
- Khi che tao b.x.c.t phai can bang khi quay. V vay b.x.c.t c gia cong lai cung
phai am bao yeu cau nay.

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IV- Luat quan he tng t trong mot bm

Ngoai nhng ng dung neu tren, luat tng t con c ng dung trong thc te s
dung bm ly tam e nghien cu quan he tng t trong mot may bm.
Quan he gia toc o quay n (hoac D, ) vi cac thong so lam viec khac cua may
bm Q, H, N khi n (hoac D, ) thay oi.
* Quan he gia cac thong so Q, H, N .

Quan he gia Q, H, N khi thay oi cac thong so khac (n, D, ) c the hien trong
bang sau con goi la quan he ty le trong mot bm
Quan he tng t trong mot bm ly tam
Thong so

Khi thay oi n

Khi thay oi D

Q n
=
Q1 n1

Q D
=
Q1 D1

H n
=
H1 n1

N n
=
N1 n1

H D
=
H1 D1
N D
=
N1 D1

Khi thay oi

Khi thay o n,D,

Q = Q1

Q nD
= .
Q1 n1 D1

H P
=
H1 P1

H n
=
H1 n1

N
P

N1 P1

N n
=
N1 n1

D P
. .
D1 P1
4

D P
. .
D1 P1

V- ng bieu dien che o lam viec tng t

T cac quan he tng t bang tren ta co :
2

hay :

H Q
=
(1.9)
H1 Q1
H H1
=
= k = const (1.10)
Q 2 Q12

Khi bm lam viec che o tng t th hieu

suat coi nh khong oi nen ng bieu dien cac
iem lam viec che o lam viec tng t goi
la ng cung hieu qua.
Cac iem lam viec che do tng t

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Chng 2:

CAC THONG SO KY THUAT CUA MAY BM

I- Lu lng
nh ngha : Lu lng cua may bm cap nc la lng chat long do may bm cap
c trong mot n v thi gian.
K hieu la : Q
n v the tch
Th nguyen :
Tc la: (m3/h), (m3/s), (l/ph) hoac (l/s).
n v thi gian
II- Cot ap
nh ngha : Cot ap cua may bm la o gia tang nang lng ma mot n v trong
lng chat long nhan c t khi vao cho en khi ra khoi may bm.
Ky hieu : H
Th nguyen : m
Cong thc xac nh :
H = Er Ev
(2.1)
Theo nh ngha tren th :
Pr r .Vr2
P
.V 2
Er =
+
+ Zr (2.2) va E v = v + v v + Zv (2.3)
.g
2.g
.g
2.g
Trong o : Er, Ev - nang lng n v cua chat long khi ra va khi vao may bm (m).
v , r - la he so van toc dong chay khi vao va khi ra khoi may bm
pr, Vr, Zr - la ap suat, van toc va cao o dong chay khi ra khoi may bm.
pv, Vv, Zv - la ap suat, van toc va cao o dong chay khi vao may bm.
- la khoi lng rieng cua chat long bm (kg/m3)
g - la gia toc trong trng (m/s2)
Nh vay cot ap cua bm (bao gom 2 thanh phan : the nang va ong nang) se la:
Pr - Pv
r .Vr2 - v .Vv2
H=
+ Zr - Z v +
(2.4)
.g
2.g
Thanh phan the nang goi la cot ap tnh: Ht
P -P
H t = r v + Zr - Zv (2.5)
.g
Thanh phan ong nang goi la cot ap ong: H
.V 2 - v .Vv2
Hd = r r
(2.6)
2.g
Cot ap toan phan cua may bm la :
H = Ht + H (m)
(2.7)
S o xac nh cot ap cua bm

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III- Cong suat

A. Cong suat hu ch cua may bm
nh ngha : Toan bo o gia tang nang lng ma dong chay nhan c khi i qua
may bm trong mot n v thi gian goi la Cong suat hu ch
Ky hieu : Ph
Theo nh ngha tren cong suat hu ch c xac nh bang cong thc:
Ph = G.H(kGm/s) =

g.Q.H
.g.Q.H
(kW) =
(kW)
102
1000

(2.8)

Trong o : H - la cot ap toan phan cua may bm (m)

G - la lu lng trong lng (kG/s)
Q - la lu lng the tch cua may bm (m3/s)
- la trong lng rieng cua chat long (kG/m3)
(vi nc sach t 5-400C, =1000kG/m3)
g - la gia toc trong trng (m/s2)
B. Cong suat tren truc cua may bm
nh ngha : Toan bo nang lng ma phan au bm tieu thu e may bm bm c
dong chat long la Q va at c cot ap toan phan la H goi la Cong suat tren truc
Ky hieu : P2
Theo nh nga tren cong suat hu ch c xac nh bang cong thc:
.Q.H
.g.Q.H
P2 =
(kW) =
(kW) (2.9)
102.
1000.
Trong o : - la hieu suat cua may bm (%); g- la gia toc trong trng (m/s2)
H - la cot ap toan phan cua may bm (m)
Q - la lu lng cua may bm (m3/s)
- la trong lng rieng cua chat long bm (kG/m3)
C. Hieu suat may bm
May bm nhan c t ben ngoai cong suat tren truc may bm P2, nhng mot
phan cong suat nay b tieu hao trong luc may bm chuyen ong, phan con lai la cong
suat hieu qua Ph trc tiep truyen cho chat long bm.
nh ngha : Hieu suat cua may bm la ty so gia cong suat hu ch va cong suat
tren truc cua may bm
P
Cong thc tnh toan : = h .100 (%)
(2.10)
P2
D. ien nang tieu thu cua may bm
Cong suat cua ong c dan ong: P2c = K.P2 (kW)
(2.11)
P T
ien nang tieu thu cua may bm : P1dc = 2dc (kW/h) (2.12)
dc
Trong o : c - la hieu suat cua ong c (%)
P2dc - la cong suat tren truc cua ong c (kW)
T - la thi gian may bm hoat ong (gi)
K - la he so d tr cong suat (K=1, 05 - 1,5 Cong suat ln lay K nho)

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IV- Toc o quay cua may bm

nh ngha : Toc o vong quay la so vong quay tren truc cua may bm trong mot
n v thi gian
K hieu: n
n v: vong/phut
Toc o quay cang cao th ong c co the nho i, chi ph ha thap. Nhng phai am
bao toc o co gia tr khong xay ra hien tng xam thc tren banh xe cong tac va
trong buong bm.
Toc o quay cua ong c khi noi vi may bm phai ap ng cac ieu kien sau:
1. He so trt

N - Cong suat bieu kien (kW)

100
> 100

s - He so trt (gia tr gan ung)

35
13

2. Toc o ong bo (oi vi ong c 3 pha)

Tan so
50 Hz
60 Hz
So lng cc
2
3.000 (vong/phut) 3.600 (vong/phut)
4
1.500 (vong/phut) 1.800 (vong/phut)
6
1.000 (vong/phut) 1.200 (vong/phut)
8
750 (vong/phut)
900 (vong/phut)
Toc o quay thc cua bm luon Toc o quay ly thuyet : n nlt
120 X Tan so
Toc o quay ong bo =
So lng cc cua ong c
V- ng knh cua may bm
1. Khai niem :
Kch thc cua bm c bieu th theo ng knh cua no:
- oi vi bm truc ng, bm chm o la ng knh ca ay,
- Con vi cac loai may bm khac o la ng knh ca hut.
2. Cong thc :
ng knh cua bm c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
Q
D = 145
(mm) (2.13)
v
Trong o: D: ng knh bm (mm)
Q: Lu lng bm (m3/s)
v: Van toc dong chay tai ca hut hoac ca xa (m/s)

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VI- ng ac tnh cua bm

Cac thong so lu lng (Q), cot ap (H), cong suat (N) va hieu suat () thay oi
theo cac che o lam viec cua bm vi so vong quay (n) khong oi hoac thay oi.
Cac quan he H = f1(Q), N = f2(Q), = f3(Q) bieu th ac tnh lam viec cua bm,
c bieu dien di dang giai tch goi la cac phng trnh ac tnh hoac bieu dien
bang cac o th goi la cac ng ac tnh cua bm.
Trong thc te ky thuat thng dung cac ng ac tnh.
Cac ng ac tnh c xay dng nen t cac so lieu tnh toan goi la ng ac
tnh ly thuyet, neu xay dng t cac gia tr o c qua th nghiem goi la ng ac
tnh thc nghiem.
Cac ng ac tnh ng vi so vong quay lam viec khong oi (n=const) goi la
ng ac tnh lam viec va ng vi nhieu so vong quay khac nhau (n=var) goi la
ng ac tnh tong hp.
Trong 3 ng ac tnh: cot ap, cong suat, hieu suat. Quan trong hn la ng cot
ap H = f1(Q) no cho biet kha nang lam viec cua bm nen con goi la ng ac tnh c
ban. T ng ac tnh c ban H = f1(Q) bang tnh toan co the suy ra cac ng ac
tnh N = f2(Q) va = f3(Q).
Qua cac ng ac tnh co the biet c mot cach tong quat cac ac tnh lam
viec cua bm, cho phep m rong pham vi lam viec va s dung hp ly cac che o lam
viec khac nhau cua bm.
Hnh dang cac ng ac tnh thc nghiem phu thuoc vao tng loai bm, thong
thng co ba dang sau ay :
Dang doc ng (ng 1)
- ng ac tnh on nh
Dang doc va (ng 2)
Dang loi
(ng 3)
- ng ac tnh khong on nh. Bi v ng vi
moi gia tr cot ap H co the co hai tr so lu lng.

Cac dang ng ac tnh cua bm ly tam

1- ng ac tnh thoai; 2- ng ac tnh doc; 3- ng ac tnh loi

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Chng 3:

PHAN LOAI VA PHAM VI S DUNG CUA BM

I- Phan loai may bm
May bm co the phan loai theo nhieu cach. Thong dung nhat la phan loai theo
cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec cua may bm.
1. Bm canh
Bo phan lam viec chnh cua bm la banh xe cong tac co cac canh dan dong, no la
bo phan chu yeu e trao oi nang lng vi chat long.
Loai bm nay gom: Bm ly tam, bm hng truc, bm xoay.
2. Bm the tch
Viec trao oi nang lng vi chat long c tien hanh theo nguyen1y nen chat
long trong mot the tch kn di mot ap suat thuy tnh.
Loai bm nay gom: Bm pit tong, bm truc vt, bm roto canh trt.
3. Bm phun tia
Loai bm nay khong co chi tiet chuyen ong. Viec truyen nang lng cho chat
long c thc hien nh mot dong chat long (hoac kh) khac co nang lng cao hn.
4. Bm kh ep
Loai bm nay cung khong co chi tiet chuyen ong. Bm lam viec da tren
nguyen tac bnh thong nhau.
5. Bm nc va
Li dung nang lng nc va e van chuyen chat long.
6. Bm chan khong
Cung thuoc loai bm the tch nhng lam viec theo nguyen ly thay oi ap suat.
II- Pham vi s dung cac loai may bm
Bm pittong thng c s dung vi cot ap cao va lu lng nho.
Bm roto, truc vt, rang kha kho che tao o truc, s dung vi cot ap < 300m.
Bm canh co ket cau gon nhe nen c dung rong rai vi cot ap thap va lu
lng trung bnh en rat ln.
Pham vi s dung cac kieu bm c the hien cu the tren o th (hnh 03) trong
toa o Logarit Q-H

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Khu vc s dung cac loai bm khac nhau

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