Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Novita Wijayanti
Food Chemistry 2
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Contents
1.
1.Fat
FatSoluble
SolubleVitamin
Vitamin
2.
2.Vitamin
VitaminAA
3.
3.Vitamin
VitaminDD
4.
VitaminEE
4.Vitamin
5.
VitaminKK
5.Vitamin
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Vitamin Classification
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Fat-soluble Vitamins
Absorbed with dietary fat in small intestine
Absorbed
40-90% absorption efficiency
40-90%
Absorption typically regulated by need
Absorption
need absorption
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VITAMIN A
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Vitamin A in Foods
Retinol is found in fortified milk, cheese, cream,
butter, fortified margarine, and eggs.
Beta-carotene
Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables
(chlorophyll pigment masks the color)
Deep orange fruits like apricots and cantaloupe
Deep orange vegetables like squash, carrots,
sweet potatoes, and pumpkin
White foods are typically low in beta-carotene.
Vitamin A is poor in fast foods and foods with the
xanthophyll pigments (beets, corn).
Liver is rich in vitamin A.
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Vitamin A Metabolism
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Functions of Vitamin A
Vision: Vitamin A is a component of the visual
Vision:
pigment rhodopsin. Retinal is bound to the protein
opsin.
Growth: Vitamin A deficiency causes loss of
Growth:
appetite. Slow bone growth.
Reproduction: Retinol and retinal are essential for
Reproduction:
normal reproduction
Maintenance of epithelial cells: Essential for
Maintenance
normal differentiation of epithelial tissues and
mucus secretion
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Rod Cell
Cone Cell
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Vit A excess
Hypervitaminosis A in humans
Symptoms include dry, pruritic skin
with excessive itching and increase
in intracranial pressure.
is becoming an increasing problem in
Western countries because of selfmedication and overprescription.
has occurred through eating polar
bear or seal liver by polar explorers.
Eat polar bear liver sparingly, 30
grams contain 450,000 IU of
retinol! Continued ingestion
causes peeling of the skin from
head to foot.
It is possible that some early
Arctic explorers died from eating
their sled dogs in an attempt to
survive.
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Can occur with concentrated amounts of the
Can
preformed vitamin A from animal foods, fortified
foods, or supplements.
Consuming excessive amounts of beta-carotene
Consuming
from supplements can be harmful.
Bone Defects
Bone
Increased activity of osteoclasts causes
weakened bones and contributes to
osteoporosis and fractures.
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Birth Defects
Teratogenic risk is possible, resulting in
abnormal fetal development and birth defects.
Vitamin A supplements are not recommended
Not for Acne
Massive doses for teens are not effective on
acne.
Accutane is made from vitamin A, but is
chemically different. It is toxic during growth
and can cause birth defects.
Retin-A fights acne, the wrinkles of aging, and
other skin disorders.
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Vitamin A Toxicity
Toxicity disease is called hypervitaminosis A
Toxicity
Chronic toxicity symptoms include liver
Chronic
abnormalities.
Acute toxicity symptoms include blurred
Acute
vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches,
and pressure in the skull.
Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
Upper
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VITAMIN D
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Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
(calcitriol), vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol, vitamin D2 or
ergocalciferol
Vitamin D is a nonessential nutrient that acts like a
hormone in the body.
The body can make vitamin D with help from sunlight.
The plant version of vitamin D is called vitamin D 2 or
ergocalciferol.
The animal version of vitamin D is called vitamin D 3 or
cholecalciferol.
Once the vitamin enters the body it must become activated.
Activation occurs through the action of the liver and the
kidneys.
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Vitamin D Sources
Vitamin D from the food
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Vitamin D
Metabolism
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Sunligh
t
Ergosterol
(in plants)
Vitamin D2
(Ergocalcifer
ol)
Diet
Sunlight
7-Dehydrocholesterol
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol)
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Activation of Vitamin D
Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are
biologically inactive but can
have equal biological activity:
Both can be converted first to
calcifediol in the liver and then to
calcitriol, also known as 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol, in the
kidneys.
Calcitriol, which is the most active
form of vitamin D3, is then
transported via a carrier protein to
the various sites in the body where
it is needed.
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Calcium Regulation
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Factors that contribute to deficiency
Dark skin
Breastfeeding without supplementation
Lack of sunlight
Use of nonfortified milk
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets
Affects mainly children worldwide
Deficiency symptoms
Inadequate calcification of bones
Growth retardation
Misshapen bones including bowing of the legs
Enlargement of the ends of long bones
Deformities of ribs, rachitic rosary of rickets
Delayed closing of fontanel thus rapid
enlargement of the head
Lax muscles (resulting in a protruding abdomen)
and muscle spasms
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteomalacia
Affects adults
Soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
Progressive weakness
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
Osteoporosis
Loss of calcium from the bones due to inadequate
synthesis of vitamin D
Results in a reduced bone density
The Elderly
Deficiency is likely due to inadequate production and
activation of vitamin D, a decreased consumption of milk,
and having little time in the sun.
There is an increased risk for bone loss and fractures.
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Vitamin D Toxicity
More likely to be toxic compared to other vitamins
More
Vitamin D from sunlight and food is not likely to
Vitamin
cause toxicity.
High-dose supplements may cause toxicity.
High-dose
Toxicity symptoms
Toxicity
Elevated blood calcium
Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys,
heart, lungs, and tissues around joints)
Frequent urination
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Vitamin D Toxicity
High blood calcium is called hypercalcemia and is
High
often associated with vitamin D excess
Upper level for adults: 50 g/day
Upper
Toxicity disease is called hypervitaminosis D
Toxicity
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VITAMIN E
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E is not a single substance but rather a
family of fat soluble vitamins.
tocopherols
tocopherols:: alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol,
gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol
tocotrienols
tocotrienols:: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta
tocotrienol
Each vitamin has a specific function in the body.
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Vitamin E
There are four different tocopherol compounds, but
There
only the alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in
human beings.
Vitamin E as an Antioxidant
Vitamin
Stops the chain reaction of free radicals
Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
Protects the oxidation of LDLs
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Vitamin E in Foods
Asparagus
Avocado
Eggs
Milk
Nuts, such as almonds and hazelnuts
Seeds
Spinach and other green leafy vegetables
Unheated vegetable oils
Wheat germ
Wholegrain foods
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Vitamin E in Foods
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Vitamin E
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Adipose tissue and adrenal glands have the highest levels. Vitamin E
levels in plasma range from 0.5-1.6 mg/dl in normal populations. In
general, a 10-fold increase in vitamin E intake will double plasma
concentrations.
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Functions
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Functions
Vitamin E in the form of d-alpha-tocopherol is an
Vitamin
important fat-soluble antioxidant
antioxidant,, scavenging oxygen
free radicals, lipid peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen
molecules before these radicals can do further harm to
cells.
New studies have revealed that the tocotrienol forms
New
of vitamin E are even more potent antioxidants than
the tocopherol isomers.
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Functions
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Functions
d-alpha-tocopherol has been shown to inhibit the
"clumping" of blood platelets (thus helping to avoid
blood clots) and enhancing vasodilation (the opening
of blood vessels).
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Functions
d-alpha-tocopherol protects the fat component
in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation
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Recommendation
Vitamin E Recommendations (2000 RDA)
Vitamin
RDA adults: 15 mg/day
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Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency - Symptoms
Vitamin
Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
Impaired vision and speech
Nerve damage
Erythrocyte hemolysis (breaking open of red blood
cells)
Erythrocyte hemolysis
Erythrocyte
Occurs in premature infants
Hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E.
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Vitamin E Deficiency
Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
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Vitamin E Deficiency
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Vitamin E Toxicity
Rare and the least toxic of the fat-soluble
vitamins
Upper level for adults: 1000 mg/day
Symptoms : intestinal cramps and diarrhea,
fatigue, double vision, and muscle weakness.
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VITAMIN K
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Vitamin K
The ""K
K" in vitamin K comes from the German word
The
," which refers to blood clotting
"koagulation
koagulation,"
(coagulation).
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Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)
Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds called the "menaquinones."
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria "n" can be 6, 7 or 9 isoprenoid groups.
The number of isoprene residues in the side chain of the vitamin K2
molecule designate the individual menaquinone compounds, e.g.,
menaquinone-4 (MK-4) has four isoprene units in the side chain of
vitamin K2; menaquinone-7 (MK-7) has seven isoprene units in the side
chain.
Source: Vitamin K2, which is the most biologically active form of vitamin K,
is found in egg yolks, butter, liver, cheddar cheese and yogurt.
It has been suggested that products like yogurt, may help to increase the
functioning of these useful bacteria.
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Vitamin K3 (Menadione)
The synthetic (man-made)
The
vitamin K3 is water soluble
and absorbed irrespective
of the presence of
intestinal lipids and bile.
Uses : essential cofactor in blood clotting.
Excess
Excess:: Dangerous if taking anti-coagulants.
Hemolytic anemia, jaundice in infants.
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Prothrombin -Carboxylation
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Functions
Blood coagulation
1.
1.Blood
1. Post-translational carboxylation of some glutamate
residues in blood factors.
2. Vitamin K is needed for the body to make four of the
blood's coagulation factors, including prothrombin (also
known as factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), Christmas
factor (factor IX) and the Stuart-Power factor (factor X).
3. It occurs in the liver
4. Vitamin K has to change to Hydroquinoine to function as
coenzyme for carboxylase.
Vitamin K Recommendations
Vitamin K Recommendations (2001 AI)
Vitamin
AI men: 120 g/day
AI women: 90 g/day
Vitamin K Sources
Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
Significant Food Sources
Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type
vegetables
Milk
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Causes of Deficiency
Spoilt sweet-clover hay
Contains dicumarol (vit K antagonist)
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Causes of Deficiency
Causes of Deficiency
In immediate post-natal infants
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Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use
of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of
vitamin K at birth because of a sterile
intestinal tract.
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Vitamin K Toxicity
Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of
anticlotting medications.
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