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MarineEngineering:INFLUENCEOFEXTERNALFACTORSONFUELCONSUMPTION

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INFLUENCEOFEXTERNALFACTORSONFUELCONSUMPTION
Bunkershavebecomenowadayverysignificantexpenseindaytodayrunningofships.Hencesavinginfuelisa
veryimportantaspectforallshippingcompaniesandtheirvessels.Asmallsavinginbunkerexpensesurprisingly
contributesasignificantamountinthelongrunfortheship.Sometimesexternalfactorsinfluencetheconsumption
offuel.Followingaresomeexternalfactorsonwhichfuelconsumptionsdependsalot:
1)SHIPSHULLCONDITION:Shipshullconditiondefinitelyinfluencesthefuelconsumption.Shipsmovement
isrestrictedbyresistanceexperiencedbyheship,whichiscomprisedbytwotypescalledfrictionalresistanceand
residualresistance.Frictionalresistanceisafunctionofdensityofwater,hullroughnessandlengthofship.
Residualresistanceisduetowakeformingtendencycausedduetomovementinwaterandshapeofship.
Frictionalresistancecanbeupto70%oftotalresistanceoftheshipandhullconditionisamajorcontributory
factorinfrictionalresistance.Thusitisveryimportanttokeephullclean.Hullcanbecleanedbyseveralmethods
whileshipisafloat,butmajorityofthesearenoteffectiveinlongrun.So,regulardrydockingisthebestsolutionin
thisregard.

Soanyincreaseinunderwaterhullroughnesswillincreasehullfrictionalresistanceorvesseldragresultingin
additionalpowerrequirementwithincreasedfuelconsumptionandcosttomaintainvesselspeed.Factor
responsibleforhullfoulingare:
a)Useofimpropertechniquesinapplyingpaint.
b)Poorqualityofappliedpaint.
c)Longportstaysoranchorage.
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d)Damagedhullsurface.
e)Poormaintenanceofhullprotectivesystem.
Appropriatemeasuresshouldbetakenregardingtheabovepointstoreducetheextentofhullfoulingoftheship.
Antifoulingpaintofapprovedtypeandwellmaintainedantifoulingsystemplaysanimportantroleinshipsregular
operatingperiodbetweendrydocks.
2)WEATHERCONDITION:Shipsaredesignedandconstructedtowithstandtheforcesofnatureuptocertain
extentforacertaintime.Dependingupontheareaoftrading,weatherconditionskeepchangingalongwiththe
conditionofsea.Seasonsofextremenaturearealsocommonintheshipsroutes.Ifclimate/weatherconditionare
favorable,itmayresultinapositiveslipi.e.shiptravelsmoredistancethangivenbytheengineandwithadverse
weathercondition,theslipmaybenegative,thatmeansthattheactualdistancetravelledbyshipislesserthanthe
enginedistance,resultinginextrafuelconsumptionduetohigherpowerdemandsandoverloadingofengines.
Goodjudgementandregularupdatesregardingweatherconditionhelpsthemasterinchoosinga
routetoavoidadverseweathercondition.Thismayresultinlesserfuelconsumptioninlongrun.Engine
manufacturersguidelineshouldbestrictlyfollowedinsevereweatherconditions.Governorloadindex,hunting,
RPM,scavengeairlimits,torquelimitsmustbetakenintoaccounttoavoidthermalandmechanicaloverloadingof
theengine.
3)MAINTENANCEOFDIFFERENTELEMENTINFUELOILSYSTEM:Althoughtheconditionofthehulland
weatherplayasignificantroleinregulatingfuelconsumption,elementswhichdirectlycontrolfuelhavea
proportionalrelationtotheconsumptionoffuel.Thedifferentelementsoffueloilsystemare:
a)Fueloilinjector:Itshouldberegularlychangedafterfixedrunninghoursaspermakersguidelines.
Overhauledandtestedvalvestobeused.
b)Fuelpumps:Injectortimingstobecheckedregularlyandadjustedasrequired.
c)VIT:Adjustedasperrequirement.
d)Fueloilfilter:Regularcleaning.
e)Viscotherm:Regularmaintenanceandmaintainingproperfueloiltemperaturetoachievedesiredviscosityas
perfueloilanalysisreport.
f)Servicetanks:Propertemperaturestobemaintained.
g)Greasingoffuellinkage
h)Operationandmaintenanceofpurifiersshouldbealwayscarriedoutforproperoperation.
4)DAMAGETOPROPELLERBLADE:Propellershouldbemaintainedintopconditionatalltimes.Themain
factorsthatdetractfromoptimumconditionarefouling,cavitationsandphysicaldamage.But,anydistortionfrom
theirtrueshapecancauseanimbalanceandhencevibration,whichinturncausesincreasedcavitations,lossof
thrust,driveshaftdamage,wearonnumerousbearingandincreasedfueluseduetodecreasedefficiency.

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SURVEYBEFORE
DIFFERENT
CHARTERAND
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Portstate
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INFLUENCEOF
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CRANKCASE
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IENTISSUES
AN...

Damagedpropellerbladecanberepairedindrydock.Propellerscanbeeasily
damagediftheystrikeabuoy,orhitfloatingdebrisorice.Thedamageisusuallytotipwhichcanbecomebentor
whichcanevenhavelargechunksofmetaltakenoutofit.Physicaldamageofthisnaturemostlycausesvibration.
Thesolutioninthiscaseistotrimthebladesequallytoremovethedamageandachieveproperbalance,and
reduceexcessivecavitations.Butthisshouldbedonecarefullyasbadtrimmingcanresultinevenworseproblem.
Thereare3typesofmodification:
a)Diameterreduction:Easilyandinexpensivelyperformedunderwater,thisistheusualmethodforincreasing
RPMandbalancingtheratio.Thebladetipsarecroppedandfaired.
b)Pitchreduction:Thisinvolvestwistingofbladesandcanonlybeaccuratelydoneinaworkshopasblades
needtobeheatedtopreventcracking.Althoughmoreexpensivethisismosteffectivemodificationasthereisno
lossofbladematerial.Itisideallysuitedtobladessmallerthan4,000mmdiameter.
c)Trailingedgemodification:Thisisachievedbyeitherbendingthetrailingedgesorbycuttingthem.Both
operationcanbeperformedinwaterandcanachieveaneffectontheRPMofapproximately5%.

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STATICANDDYNAMICSTABILITY,HIGH
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CRITICALEQUIPMENTANDOPERATIONUNDERISM
CODE.
Criticalequipmentsareequipmentswhosefailurewill
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Thetraditionalagentemployedtomovea
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CONDITIONOFASSIGNMENT:Thesearethe
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Bunkeringisoneoperationonshipwhich
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UNSEAWORTHYSHIPSANDUNSAFESHIPS
Weoftenhearthatparticularshiphasbeendetained
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Element8ofISMcodedealswiththeemergency
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CAPITAL,VOYAGEANDOPERATINGCOSTOFA
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isHowtheshipisfinanced.Iffinancedbyloan,thenit
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Aninsurancepolicyisacontract.Theinsuredisreferred
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