Working Annotations (Bibliography)

Bolstad, Erika. U.S. Needs Smarter Disaster Planning. Scientific American. Nature America,
29 June. 2016. Web. July 23. 2016.
With the continual fluctuation of natural disasters such as flash floods, other forms of
storm damage, and the earths rising sea levels, a new level of sophistication is being
pleaded for in order to secure proper damage control. Many leaders claim that the
overreliance on past data isnt doing enough to help plan for the oncoming dangers
presented by Earths changing climate. Municipal leaders who already reside in the
natural disaster prone areas understand the level of keenness and preparation required by
communities to stay resilient towards their local dangers, but this is being challenged by
natures increased unpredictability due to climate-change factors. The Federal Emergency
Management Agency has proposed a new method to measure local and global
communitys resilience towards both natural and manmade disasters that can hopefully
spur a higher level of commitment to insuring the safety of communities from the dangers
that are lurking ahead.
The article is posted on Scientific Americana prestigious popular magazinewith the
permission from ClimateWire which is published by Environment & Energy (E&E)
which considers itself as the leader source of comprehensive, daily coverage of
environmental and energy policy and markets.
Using this source alongside Gonzalezs and (especially) Doebblers article can help paint
a bigger picture on the structural forces corralling communities to adapt and make their
environment safer. It also helps drive home the point that these are real issues that
important organizations such as FEMA are taking a stand on.

Doebbler, Curtis. "Climate Change Must Be Addressed in Developed Countries." Adaptation

and Climate Change. Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt.
from "Two Threats to Our Existence." Al-Ahram Weekly Online. 2011. Opposing
Viewpoints in Context. Web. 6 July. 2016.
With climate change being an extreme topic for debate it is not easy to distinguish one
minute detail of where is being affected more. Developing countries have it rough in
almost every aspect of living, but add increasing temperatures such as 18
degrees Fahrenheit. African countries are the most notable third world countries, and
most of them being so close to the equator will see climate change affect them the
most. The inhabitants can in a sense bake alive with the heat, and most first world
countries would not show any remorse, a sad but true reality.
The source we have here is useful because of the perception that is shown to lesser
countries. It focuses on the third world, places that will not necessarily pertain to us, but

still needs to be stated for humanity. The other articles reflected on how first world
countries are effected by the increase of temperatures. So, this article ties in the whole
world essentially when put with our other articles.
Using this source will be extremely helpful because once can compare the efforts in first
and third world countries. The only difference that should be made is perspectives from
second world countries. Since there are only a few second world countries, one can
paraphrase that the entire globe is covered in these three articles, which is more than
enough to go through with a paper on this subject.

Evers, Marco, Gerald Traufetter, and Olaf Stampf. "The Negative Impact of Climate Change Is
Overstated." Adaptation and Climate Change. Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven
Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "A Superstorm for Global Warming Research.
www.spiegel.de. 2010. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 July. 2016.
The provided article went into great depth supporting a viewpoint regarding climate
change that often isnt touched on. While there is enough evidence to be cause for
concern with global warming and climate change in-general, the provided article
explained why the negative influences are often overstated by many professionals as well
as the public. There were a few quotes taken from different climatologists within the
IPCC providing insight to how many sloppily gathered statistics have created an overly
negative explanation regarding the possible future results of global warming, and how it
may be very difficult to undo this negative perception created for the public.
While this article was written in a particularly biased point-of-view, the information
based on professional research was still rather thorough and supportive of the given
viewpoint. It was interesting to read how members of the IPCC had different opinions
regarding this topic, as I presumed the climatologists would collectively have similar
statements on the matter. When researching a subject like climate change, its easy to get
tunnel vision when gathering the actual research as it is human nature to relate your
understanding to your native country. Many of the different sub-articles provided a great
deal of information in relation to different parts of the world. For example, The Reality of
Rising Sea Levels which spoke of international cities such as London and Hong Kong.
This article stayed on topic very well and was excellent for the topic of research. As I
stated in the previous summary, the explanation was rather objective in nature, but overall
was useful for a subject that many people are passionate about such as this. I enjoyed
how the different sub-topics were extensively broken down for easy understanding while
maintaining interest with the reader. It is my personal opinion that much of what is said
about global warming and climate change is accurate and should not be ignored.
However, this article was still able to challenge the way I perceived climate change and
had expert insight and statistics which supported the documentation.

Global Warming, Explained. Vox. Vox Media, Inc., n.d. Web. 3 Aug. 2016.
A broken down explanation of what key topics about global warming the public ought to
know. This ranges from a basic explanation of what global warming is itself, to evidence
that demonstrates how we know its happening, how we know its caused by humans, its
impacts, how we can stop it, and a repudiation of all the counter points used to deescalate
its reporting.
Vox is a popular source of media, so its validity as a primary source isnt the highest
level. But this specific article uses plenty of secondary sources pulled form some of the
most prestigious organizations in climate research such as NASA, the EPA, the IPCC,
etc.
Just like Revkins article, this article serves as a structural source that helps tie in all of
my other sources together.

Gonzalez, Patrick. Climate Change Could Be Devastating and People Must Adapt to
Survive. Adaptation and Climate Change. Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven
Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. From A World Vulnerable to Climate
Change. WorldView. Vol. 6. 2008. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 07 July. 2016.
According to the cited journal article, humans have played a large role in warming the
planet (and if sustained, continual warming of the planet) via an excess of carbon
emissions from vehicles, the use of power plants, and deforestation. Dramatic shifts in
how our worlds ecosystem works due to these processes have devastated communities
through natural disasters, them being either rapidly or gradually impactful. Vast regions
of the world such, as those in Latin America, Asia, Africa, etc. that are in the weakest
economic positions in this day and age, are prone to suffer the most by the end of the
century in their own unique circumstances. Developed countries, and the United States of
America in particular, are causing a disproportionate amount of the global warming
occurring. They must take adaptive measures with their infrastructure (such as becoming
more energy efficient, cutting back on deforestation, or at least taking measures to regrow
forests) to nullify the devastating effects that will be sure to come if these rates persist.
The source appears to be objective seeing as it mainly presents data and statistics
provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), though the
projections seem to only come from them. Whether it can be trusted depends more on
how reliable one considers The Negative Impact of Climate Change Is Overstated by
German news source Spiegel. But Patrick Gonzalez is a forest ecologist and climatechange scientist at the National Park Service, so that cannot be taken for granted. The
source is definitely in favor of taking action against climate-change, and does not believe
that the IPCCs estimates are to be underestimated.
I think the article compliments both other cited articles from Adaptation and Climate
Change, 2013 quite well. It serves as a foreshadowing to Curtis Doebllers article and the

implications of what would occur if the developed countries in it continue to consciously

evade the conversation on climate change. Spiegels piece on the IPCC works as a source
of skepticism to them, and should encourage one to not settle on their findings, and to
instead find more to compare and contrast with. I still believe that the source is correct in
assuming that developing regions will be on the worst side of climate-changes impacts.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas and Andrew Weaver. "Uncertainty shouldn't mean inaction." Globe &
Mail [Toronto, Canada] 7 Oct. 2013: A11. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 July
2016.
Through a series of non-sequiturs and omission of related facts, there are climate change
detractors calling for the end of climate policy due to a herring in climate scientists
forecasts of the planets rate of increase in temperature. But the authors, global systems
and environmental science experts, go on to give specific details about how just like any
other complex system or organism, variation occurs in its cycles. Using examples such as
such as Earths continual energy imbalance, continual rising sea levels, and recent
volcanic eruptions interfering with how the sun interacts with our atmosphere, it is noted
that fluctuations have occurred that are somewhat in our favor. But it is stressed that quite
the opposite can happen, with situations that we are just as uncertain of. A historical
example about how we treated tobacco research, even when uncertain of its effects, went
to show that being cautious has proven to be worthwhile.
While not a journal article, the newspaper article is written by experts In fields that are
contextual to the subject being discussed. It seems to be in historical accordance with
similar articles, such as the discussion of the drop in rate of temperature change over the
past 15 years, the importance of uncertainty in determining climate policy, and the
continual rising of global sea levels.
The article serves as a fantastic rebuttal to Saltelli and companys journal article about
climate models as economic guides. The aforementioned article stresses the
irresponsibility of scientists using models with so much uncertainty to dictate policy,
using examples such as the 111 out 114 models that did not predict the 15 year
temperature drop. But Home-Dixon and Weaver detail how this is par for the course, and
such fluctuations shouldnt detract from the cautiousness policymakers demonstrate when
creating climate change policy.

Hulac, Benjamin. Banks Claim They Will Back Away from Fossil Fuels. Scientific American.
Nature America, 15 June. 2016. Web. 23 July. 2016.
While many world banks continue to fund fossil fuel projectseven though this could
work against their favor due to the Paris Agreementit has become evident that the
money they are funneling is beginning to decrease. A seventh report has showed that the
money being specifically put into operations such as coal mining and coal power has

decreased. And as banks such as Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase & Co. and others continue
to take part in these cuts and announce new sets of environmental and social policies, the
economic pulse behind fossil fuel projects will surely continue to dwindle.
The article is posted on Scientific Americana prestigious popular magazinewith the
permission from ClimateWire which is published by Environment & Energy (E&E)
which considers itself as the leader source of comprehensive, daily coverage of
environmental and energy policy and markets.
Hulacs article goes hand in hand with his other two when it comes to demonstrating the
influence firms with economic might have in advancing climate-change reform. By
adopting an attitude that works in tandem with policymakers fighting to advance climatechange reform, we can advance the proposed reforms at a much faster pace.

Hulac, Benjamin. Tobacco and Oil Industries Used Same Researchers to Sway Public.
Scientific American. Nature America, 20 July. 2016. Web. 23 July. 2016.
After decades of extensive calls to action for the petroleum industry to be put against the
same standards as the tobacco industry, new research (by CIEL) has been found
suggesting overlap between the two since the 1950s. From the 1950s and onward, the oil
and tobacco firms were using not only the same PR firms and same research institutes,
but many of the same researchers. The research is building a case towards answering the
question about whether oil companies have misled the public about global warming, just
as the tobacco industry was misleading about smoking and cancers connection. The SRI
was another research organization used from the 50s through the 70s by the tobacco and
oil industries, the API being an example recipient for the latter, which indicated the
dangers of their respective products. Nevertheless, whilst conducting their own research
and receiving feedback from those organizations mentioned before many decades ago,
executives for companies would continue to brush aside their effect on the global climate
as later as 1996.
The article is posted on Scientific Americana prestigious popular magazinewith the
permission from ClimateWire which is published by Environment & Energy (E&E)
which considers itself as the leader source of comprehensive, daily coverage of
environmental and energy policy and markets. The article provides a great deal of
comprehensive information regarding the links between the oil and tobacco industry.
What, at first, seems like just a similar structure in PR strategy between both industries is
discovered, by CIEL, to be laden with even deeper connections.
This article proves as good pillar to structure and synthesize themes brought by
Reporting on climate change and Uncertainty shouldnt mean inaction. These themes
being the petroleums similarities to the tobaccos in terms of withholding information
that pertains to the damages incurred by their products.

Hulac, Benjamin. Top Economic Risk of 2016 Is Global Warming. Scientific American. Nature
America, 15 January. 2016. Web. 23 July. 2016.
The World Economic Forum (WEF) has ranked climate change as the worlds top
economic risk as of 2016. This is the natural evolution through its course of continuously
being marked as a top 5 economic threat since 2011. [C]limate vulnerability of G-20
countries such as India, Russia and the United Statesthe breadbasket of the world [has
been illustrated]. Climate change has been referred to as a threat multiplier by several
nations due to its constraint on several natural resources including water, where 70%+ of
its freshwater intake is used for agricultural usage. Thus tensions are bound to increase if
water management practices dont grow more sophisticated. There is also growing
evidence that the global business community appreciates the increasing risk that climate
change poses to the profitability of companies and the stability of their markets. So, as
the economic impact of climate-change continues to become more evident, a vast
majority of economic firms and organizations are deciding to move it amongst its top
priorities.
The article is posted on Scientific Americana prestigious popular magazinewith the
permission from ClimateWire which is published by Environment & Energy (E&E)
which considers itself as the leader source of comprehensive, daily coverage of
environmental and energy policy and markets.
The article works as a sample of validation via important financial institutions not
brushing aside the implications being brought and illustrated by climate-changes effects.
The article can be used to show the differing sides of who takes a more responsible
outlook towards climate-change, and what factors guide their respective reasoning (such
as firms who directly an immediately profit from worsening climate-change).

Miller, Alan, Richard Hamblyn, and Mark Bessoudo. "Reporting on climate change." Issues in
Science and Technology 32.3 (2016): 11+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 23 July
2016.
Through a series of three different responses, a climate-change policy and finance officer,
a lecturer in creative writing, and a professional engineer, provide insights and critiques
on Andrew Revkins article. The lack of significant blame placed on industry lobbies that
use strategies similar to those of the tobacco industry are put under the spotlight; the fact
that imagery and models as sophisticated and clear-cut as those used to communicate the
depletion of the ozone layer have not been used to great effect with respect to
communicating the perils and causes of climate change is brought up; and a philosophical
argument is made about whether there really is a discrepancy between the values humans
make and the universal truths provided by science, and if the lack of society learning to
meld those together is slowing down uniform acceptance of policy to deter climatechange.

While appearing as an article in a journal, the writers dont necessarily all have the
authority one would look for in a paper about climate-change due to their professional
positions relation to the field. Nevertheless, the opinions brought up serve as good
jumping off points to discussions pertaining to the history of climate-change, and the
biases at play that are influencing the publics perception of the phenomena.
This article works in tandem with the Revkin article that it is responding to. It will also
serve as a good lead in to a deep dive in the comparison between industry lobbies in the
fossil fuel sector and the tobacco sector.

Overview of Greenhouse Gases. EPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 3
Aug. 2016
In this short subsection of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the EPA website, the
concentration/abundance of respective of gas emissions, their length of stay in the
atmosphere, and their strength (measured in Global Warming Potential, aka GWP) are
covered. The section of focus is where Fluorinated Gases are discussed. They serve for
many different applications such as Electrical Transmission & Distribution and
Semiconductor Manufacture where a fluorinated gas such as sulfur hexafluoride is used.
But most importantly are the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used, which account for 90% of
U.S. Fluorinated Gas Emissions. HFCs work as a substitute for refrigerants such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were harming the ozone layer. But now they are posing
a problem to global warming, in part cause of their 10,000 times more effectiveness in
trapping heat.
The article subsection was written by the Environmental Protection Agency, which is a
governmental scientific research organization that focuses on the environment. It is one
of the strongest primary sources available.
I can use this information to demonstrate the actions we are taking to curb other
detrimental phenomena going on in our environment, that are a result of our actions. But,
at the same time I can use this as an example of how this can lead to unexpected
consequences that we must course correct.

Revkin, Andrew C. "My Climate Change: Decades of Reporting on Climate Science and The
Climate Policy Debate Have Led Me Through a Long Evolution in My Thinking, and I
Hope to a Little Practical Wisdom." Issues in Science and Technology 32.2 (2016):
27+.Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 23 July. 2016.
Andrew Revkin recounts his journey from when he first decided to report on climatechange back in the 1980s, until the present day, and all the insights hes gained through
that process. By immersing himself in the conversation, Revkin found himself amongst
colleagues whose job was to use scientific methods to observe and detail the changing

climate and the causes to that effect. He would help communicate and report on their
findings so that policymakers could enact methods of curbing the warming of the planet
and the depleting of the ozone. Later he would find himself in the tougher position of
communicating the ongoing changes in Earths climate to the public. Finding himself at a
roadblock where, no matter the validity of his reporting or the literary techniques used to
communicate them, not much of a change was being made to the public perception of
climate-change. Therefore, he chose to pursue a new avenue in his quest to inform the
public. Using a more psychological and sociological take on informing the public, Revkin
aims to better what hes spent decades of his life devoted to.
The article serves as a source of many different musings and factoids as it pertains to the
history of how climate-change is perceived in America, the ethical dilemmas of how to
tackle it, and the structural forces deterring it from being communicated effectively. The
journal article provides a lot of insight into these factors in a method that is relatable and
doesnt rely too much on the numerical analysis of the subject.
The article serves as a solid structure to build off of with the rest of my articles so far.
Different parts of it can be used to synthesize different topics in my paper such as the
validity of researchers claims, the biases that are stalling reform, and climate-changes
history.

Saltelli, Andrea, et al. "Climate Models as Economic Guides: Scientific Challenge or Quixotic
Quest?" Issues in Science and Technology 31.3 (2015): 79+. Opposing Viewpoints in
Context. Web. 18 July. 2016.
The methods of statistical analysis being used to make so-called scientific predictions
about the change in climate, its collateral damage, how it will affect the worlds ecology,
economy, etc. is steeped in an unsophisticated practice. With the overreliance of computer
models, uncertainties in the sampling of input variables are being underestimated whilst
producing evidence that is then being used to promote policy. Scholars then
irresponsibly use these results to give value-laden rhetoric to the general public while
simultaneously omitting the more serious implications of their studies. Overall, climate
scientists need to be more cautious with the research being done, and not present their
findings under the guise of rationality due to how steeped in mathematical models they
are. Climate science is a very complex subject and we still have not developed rigorous
enough methodologies to make forecasting with as much certainty as is being presented.
The journal article, while showing some anti-climate change bias here and there, still
manages to present valuable information that allows its audience to think more critically
about the amount of faith we place in climate researchers results and methodologies.
Besides deconstructing and dissecting the statistical and probabilistic models used by
researchers to make climate models, it doesnt quite give an alternative. The idea that,
because the methods its critiquing arent perfect, policymakers should refrain from using
their results to make future judgements seems a bit nave.

The article can go hand in hand with Spiegels piece on the IPCCs incompetence. At the
same time, The Globe and Mails article works as a great rebuttal to Andrea Saltelli and
companys overarching message about supporting inaction due to lack of sophisticated
methodologies and knowledge about the climate.

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Climate.NASA. Earth Science
Communications Team at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 3 Aug. 2016. Web. 30 Aug.
2016.
In the causes subsection of NASAs climate website, the main gases that cause
greenhouse gases to trap the heat of the sun are detailed. These being water vapor, nitrous
oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, etc. Their respective industrial and natural (in the case of
CFCs, only industrial) producers are explained, followed by what the repercussions of the
increased global warming theyre causing are. The general consensus is that, while some
parts of our planet could be affected positively, they are far outweighed by the negative.
In the case of the public and other researchers, intent on finding another culprit, fingers
are pointed at solar irradiance. But, research has shown that, while solar irradiance is
thought to have played a factor in planet Earths ice age, its increase since 1750 has
remained constant or slightly increased. Thus, its contributions to global warming since
the 20th century can be no more than 10%.
NASA works as one of the worlds leaders in space and earth science. Itll a work as a
strong primary source, and its proposed secondary sources are sure to be curated with the
utmost care.
This article is an informative source that explains the processes that cause greenhouse
warming, its sources, the distributor of those sources, and how human activity is
overpowering nature in its production.

What Are the Greenhouse Gas Changes Since the Industrial Revolution? American Chemical
Society. American Chemical Society, n.d. Web. 3 Aug. 2016.
Over the past 600 millennia the planet has had fluctuations in its carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide levels. Data indicates that these three important long-lived
greenhouse gases have gone above and beyond their normal concentration levels since
about 1750. With respect to carbon dioxide and methane, until the past two centuries,
their respective levels have not exceeded 280 ppm (parts per million) and 790 ppb (parts
per billion); their current concentrations are now 380 ppm and 1,770 ppb. Another
dramatic indicator of the Industrial Revolutions effect on todays greenhouse gas
concentration levels is the fact that in the past 600 millennia (according to ice-core
analyses), carbon dioxide levels have not increased by more than 30 ppm in a 1,000-year
period. The past two decades alone have already seen a 30 ppm increase in carbon
dioxide.

The American Chemical Society is the worlds largest scientific society and one of the
worlds leading sources of authoritative scientific information. Just like NASA, it is one
of the worlds most prestigious research organizations and serves as a reliable primary
source. It should also be assumed that they carefully curate their secondary sources.
This article serves as a central source of information around the theme of global warming
being a manmade phenomenon that was kick started by the industrial revolution.