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Reflected
Works
The Warren Standard Number 1
1924
1924
Visit sappietc.com
No. 1
1924
Farming operations, unlike printing operations, are governed by weather conditions. The farmer makes hay in dry weather. Ile refuses to pick fruit during wet
weather, and the heavy moist sod must dry out before he does his spring plowing.
[3]
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THIS is reproduction of a sheet from an actual press run, showing the effects of stretch. Grain parallels short side. Paper was run
for the first impression direct from the case on a warm, muggy August day. After a lapse of 13 minutes, a second impression showed
results reproduced here with register out, due to stretch of the sheet, W6 of an inch on length of sheet and a slightly less amount
on width. This edge of the sheet represents the side guide. Edge shown at bottom of these pages was gripper side of sheet.
Note register on page at gripper and side guide corner of sheet is perfect, and that it is increasingly out of register as you go
toward both back and end of sheet
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Tins edge of the sheet is of the end farthest from the side guide and shows the full amount of stretch which has taken place.
Examination of the type impressions shows how much and how rapidly the sheet stretched in the 13 minutes between the first
and second impressions. Note also that the sheet expanded in both directions. At the gripper edge, on the left, the register sidewise
is perfect, but as you follow to the edge opposite the gripper, it is increasingly out. The same condition holds true working from
the side guide (page 4) edge of the sheet to the edge shown here. Note actual size reproductions of the four corner pages of this
sheet on pages 6 and 7
kel
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THIS is reproduction of a sheet showing two impressions in perfect register all over the sheet. These results may only be expected
where presses are operating perfectly and paper has been given opportunity to stretch or contract all it will under the relative
humidity conditions which exist. This edge of the sheet represents the side guide edge and the edge at the right the gripper edge
41
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Tins reproduction of a sheet on which two impressions were taken shows the two impressions to be in perfect registereven on this
edge of the sheet which is the edge farthest away from the side guide. These impressions were taken from the same form with
press set exactly the same and on the same paper as the sheet shown on pages 4 and 5. The only difference in handling the
two -sheets was the paper for these two impressions was allowed to set in the pressroom for a few hours to adjust itself to the
prevailing condition of relative humidity
...A:4A....A..
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saturations by a less number. It is the relative humidity condition existing in pressrooms and binderies which most concerns
printers, since tests have proved conclu-
sively that better operating conditions prevail in pressrooms and binderies where a
relative humidity ranging from 60 to 70
per cent is maintained.
NORMAL HUMIDITY
EACH PRINTER MUST DETERMINE FOR HIMSELF
THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY BEST SUITED
TO HIS LOCALITY
Every printing plant may readily determine with hygrometer readings, in conjunction with printing and folding tests, a
degree of relative humidity which will give
the best working conditions.
The problem then is to maintain as
closely as possible this degree of relative
humidity throughout all seasons of the
year with particular attention to the winter
months when pressrooms and binderies
become abnormally dry because of artificial heat.
When the gathering storm clouds predict a rough and boisterous sea,
the deep-sea fisherman is quite apt to befound warming the top of a keg
in some comfortable shanty. The customer must find something else to
fry or go without.
[10]
I.
Any printer will tell you the name of this party. He is the man who
makes it necessary for the printer to keep the job moving no matter whether
it rains or snows or clears up. It is to the successful completion of his
work that the book is partly dedicated.
2 Z
THIS chart shows relative moisture content of fourteen raw fibers
for paper making at varying humidities between 10% and 90%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Max.Moist. 4.53
Min. " 2.00
Av. " 2.87
5.95
3.10
4.12
7.03
4.02
5.07
7.90
4.70
5.87
8.70
5.28
6.58
Humidity
60%
70%
80%
90%
Max.Moist. 9.45
Min. " 5.88
Av. " 7.31
10.20
6.52
8.09
11.30
7.27
9.05
12.90
8.27
10.38
[12]
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1,511 111k1 1 1i',1 1111"IIIJI 1 1 '111 1 1 11111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1N 1 1 1 1 111111 1111111111111111011111r11111111
11111 1 1 1 1 111III li i i 1111 .1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 111$1111111110111 10011111111101 I 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plibil 011111111
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A and B show the crosswise and lengthwise expansion of three German coated papers.
Lines C and D show the expansion of fifteen samples of uncoated American papers
LINES
Tms picture shows how difficult it is to feed paper which is badly curled. Note the
paper has already slid over the prong on the guide next the feeder and is above the level
of the one in the foreground. This means the press must be tripped, resulting not only
in lower production but uneven color and a tendency to offsetting
[14]
Tins picture indicates how much electricity accumulates in paper subjected to radical
changes of temperature and humidity. Find a pile of paper in a cold storage room, run
your bare arm in between the sheets and notice the snapping and crackling. Try to lift
a sheet as shown above and see bow snugly it grips the hand
[ 16]
[17]
sC
be
expected when folding paper which has been
exposed to excessive dryness. The edges were
photographed exactly as they came from the
folder. The enlargement (1 times) shown in
the insert better illustrates the badly broken
condition of the surface. Paper for this test was
left for seven hours in an ordinary pressroom
having 36% relative humidity, then folded. At
time of folding, tests proved this lot of paper
contained only 3.21% moisture. Compare with
results shown on page 18 and no further proof
of the value of moisture in paper is needed
rex
.
mum."'85
11111LIMMI
urafirep..
pin
M.
M
.
SWUM.
75
65
111111ZEISMBmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
1.11 I11. ,&PUMA
ragmmmmm
MIIIREMM
Mg:
am mmmmmmmmmomen
MO.
55
P""
:Ts.'"!grata!
'
a
a
35 t
25
1:11
15
20
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
PER CENT variation of folding endurance from values at 65% relative humidity; zero
represents endurance at 65% relative humidity. This chart was made from figures prepared by the Bureau of Standards at Washington and shows how paper loses in folding
endurance with reduction of humidity. For example, at 35% relative humidity folding
endurance has decreased 70% from that at 65% relative humidity
[20]
Date
M. 1
T.
2
W. 3
4
T.
F.
5
S.
6
S.
7
M. 8
T.
9
\V. 10
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
(Per Cent)
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Departure
of Mean
from
Normal
7 A. M.
12 Noon
69
74
62
72
78
73
66
67
81
81
52
60
54
57
57
57
52
55
62
67
60
67
58
64
68
65
59
61
72
74
+7
+13
+4
+10
+13
+10
+4
+5
+16
+18
82
68
91
82
60
74
68
60
59
81
53
62
94
46
34
53
45
46
54
67
[22]
7 P. M.
49
55
85
42
41
36
57
58
61
50
60
61
62
63
64
94
94
94
95
95
89
89
89
90
90
84
84
84
84
85
78
79
79
79
79
73
74
74
74
75
68
68
69
70
70
63
64
64
65
66
58
59
60
60
61
53
54
55
56
56
49
50
50
51
52
44
45
46
47
48
40
40
41
42
43
35
36
37
38
39
31
32
33
34
35
65
66
67
68
69
95
95
95
95
95
90
90
90
90
90
85
85
85
85
86
80
80
80
81
81
75
76
76
76
77
70
71
71
72
72
66
66
67
67
68
62
62
62
63
64
57
58
58
59
59
53
53
54
55
55
48
49
50
51
51
44
45
46
47
47
40
41
42
43
44
70
71
72
73
74
95
95
95
95
95
90
90
91
91
91
86
86
86
86
86
81
82
82
82
82
77
77
78
78
78
72
73
73
73
74
68
69
69
69
70
64
64
65
65
66
60
60
61
61
62
56
56
57
58
58
52
53
53
54
51
48
49
49
50
51
75
76
77
78
79
96
96
96
96
96
91
91
91
91
91
87
87
87
87
87
82
83
83
83
83
78
78
79
79
79
74
74
75
75
75
70
70
71
71
71
66
67
67
67
68
63
63
63
64
64
59
59
60
60
60
55
55
56
57
57
51
52
52
53
54
80
96 91 87 83 79 , 76!72 68 64 61
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1
27
28
29
30
31
22
24
25
26
27
18
20
21
22
23
36
37
38
39
40
32
33
34
35
36
28
29
30
31
32
44
45
46
46
47
40
41
42
43
41
37
38
39
40
tO
33
34
35
36
37
48
48
49
50
50
14
16
17
18
20
10 6
12 8
13 9
11 11
16 12
4
6
7
9
25
26
27
28
29
21
22
23
24
25
17
18
20
21
22
13
15
16
17
19
10
11
13
14
15
30
31
32
33
3.1
26
27
28
29
30
23
24
25
26
27
20
21
22
23
21
17
18
19
20
21
44 11 38 31
45 12 38 35
46 42 39 36
46 43 40 37
47 44 41 37
31
32
33
34
34
28
29
30
31
31
25
26
27
28
29
22
23
24
25
26
57 51 51
47 44
11
38 33 32 29 27
CONTROLLING HUMIDITY
IN THE PRESSROOM OR BINDERY
[24]
[25 1
The manager of one plant doing high- in the article on The Controlling of Humidity
class lithograph work states that, in print- in Pressrooms,' which you are preparing, and
ing a large size sheet, humidity must not I shall appreciate very much your sending a
change more than 2% if perfect register is copy of this to me.
"Very much to my regret, I cannot send to
to be obtained, but that with sheets half
you any data or information that would be
that size variations of 5% relative humidity
likely to be of any value to you. The problem
may be allowed.
is one which, so far as I know, no one has comThe following letter received from an ex- pletely solved; and I am certain enough that
ecutive of one of the finest printing plants we have not solved it. There is no doubt at all
in the United States, doing a business that that a very large number of pressroom diffirunsinto millions of dollars yearly,showsthe culties and delays would be prevented, and the
difficulty of controlling humidity in the efficiency of the pressroom would be greatly
pressroom. This letter was written after the increased if some practicable method could be
writer had made a fairly extensive canvass found to maintain uniformity of humidity and
in search of methods temperature, or if some genius should discover
to eliminate troubles some method of making paper so that the
paper would not expand and contract in re/.
caused by varying
sponse to changes in atmospheric conditions.
humidity:
"We do succeed fairly well in controlling
"It is hardly necessary to say that I shall
be very much interested
humidity and temperature in our offset pressroom. The methods which we have adopted,
however, could not be practicable for our other
1*
'
1771
PAPER is being hung up in lifts of six to fifty sheets, depending on the thickness and
weight of the paper, after which it travels through the Stecher Curing Machine. The
picture below shows the paper as it travels through the machine and air is being blown
between the sheets. The paper travels about fourteen inches per minute
.i 28 j
AFTER the paper has traveled 50 feet through the Stecher Machine, the lifts are reversed and hung from the other end, and then travel 50 feet more,so that the entire surface of the paper receives the same treatment. Picture below shows paper being taken
down and put into piles. Notice that it lies perfectly flat
[ 29
A COLOR printer whose plant is so located that it is subjected to excessive moisture uses
a sheet of oilcloth to protect the paper from the humidity. (See opposite picture.)
"As the paper is traveling down through
drying or seasoning of their stock, and finally
developed and patented the Stecher Curing these machines, air is being blown through
Machine. This machine is built in two sections, these lifts from the bottom and from the sides
end to end, each section being a minimum of from air ducts, as shown in the photographs.
thirty-five feet in length; but they are generally It is our endeavor to keep the air used for the
Curing Machine as near the temperature and
built in fifty-foot sections.
"Photograph No. 1 (page 28) shows the humidity of the pressroom as it is possible.
"Although the Stecher Lithographic Compaper as it is being hung up in the machine in
lifts of from six to fifty sheets, depending upon pany are not in the machinery business, they
the thickness and weight of the stock. After have always shown a willingness to co-operate
it is hung up, it moves at a speed of about with other lithographers for the betterment of
fourteen inches per minute. Photograph No. 2 the trade and the improvement of manufacturshows the paper hung in the Curing Machine ing conditions; and have, therefore, consented
going down through the room. After it has to build these machines for other lithographers.
traveled fifty feet, the paper is reversed and There are two other lithographers that are now
hung the other end up, as shown in photo- using these machines, others are considering
graph No.3(page 29). It then travels the other installing them and Stechers are now building
fifty feet and is taken off the machine, as shown machines to go to England."
in photograph No. 4 and sent to the press. It
Considerable experimenting has been
takes about one and one-half hours for the done within the past year or two by manustock to pass entirely through the Curing facturers of humidifying devices in their
Machine.
attempts to overcome conditions existing
HOT STICKY WEATHER ALWAYS ADDS SOMETHING TO THE
PLEASURES OF A MARRIED MAN
If "wifey" could "wail till tomorrow" for the gold clasp that she
wants to use to pin the bib on the baby, life would be more cheerfulfor
this busy individual. The same thing that makes the wood in the bureau
drawer swell makes paper also swell out of shapenamely, the moisture
in the air.
[ 30]
If inks mixed to dry largely by absorption are applied to a sheet of paper which
already contains an excessive amount of
moisture, it is obvious the paper cannot
absorb or set the ink as quickly or as
readily as it should. Such conditions will
tend to increase offset and smooching.
Two tone inks require very careful consideration of moisture in paper. The stain
in a two tone ink applied to a sheet of
paper containing excessive moisture will
"spread" or "crawl" from the edge of
the halftone dot to a larger extent than
on a paper with less moisture. If paper
is too dry the stain in two tone ink may
strike through the sheet, the dry paper
absorbing the free stain very quickly,
even to the extent of showing on the
reverse side, and it may show absolutely
no two tone effect.
These are a few of the troubles likely to
occur in applying ink to paper containing
too much or too little moisture. They
show, however, the necessity of knowing
moisture conditions if quality printing is
to be produced.
[31 ]
" ,..
.mewiwasumewrier040$404.4firsoli.
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azokol.a..
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/Nam
GOOD results have been obtained in restoring humidity to paper by the installation
of this vapor pan. A burner and valve at each end of the gas tube insure a uniform
size flame from end to end. Repeated tests have shown that the paper either, coated
or uncoated, is not harmed and folds better after passing through the vapor rising
from the water heated in this pan
[32 1
TYPE C
33]
TYPE A
Unit water pressure humidifier
fan type
TYPE B
Turbo-atomizer type. Operates on compressed air
P.A1-
THREE TYPES OF
PARKS-CRAMER COMPANY'S
AIR CONDITIONING DEVICES
Manufactured by
Parks-Cramer Company
Fitchburg, Mass.
,
CR(OMR
AIR CONDITIONING
TYPE C
A centrifugal type operating on the
revolving disc principle
[34]
TYPE A
Unit water pressure humidifier
TYPE B
Atomizer type. Operates
on compressed air
TYPE C
A centrifugal type operating on the
revolving disc principle
[ 35 ]
THE STURTEVANT
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
[36]
POINTS TO REMEMBER
REGARDING HUMIDITY
[ 37
Printin6Papers
[38]
Printed in U.S.A.
N..,
better
paper
000
better
printing
July 2016
T H E
R E F L E C T E D
W O R K S