COMP 212L

Computer Fundamentals
& Operation with C
Language
Prepared by:
Engr. Maria Lorena SP. Villena, MSCpE

Introduce your self

Name
Address
Grade in past computer subject?
Knowledge in Computer Fundamentals?
Expectations in the subject/class?

Classroom Etiquettes
Be punctual in class. Attend the class
regularly and actively participate in the
class discussion (ask questions, answer
questions, etc..)

If you must come to class late, then come

in quietly and sit at the back of the class.
Do not interrupt or cause any disturbance
when coming in late.
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Classroom Etiquettes
Turn your mobiles off, or at least keep your
mobiles in silent mode.
Avoid any side talk or discussion.
Do not make any noise or disturbance during
class.
During exams and quizzes, mobile phones must
be turned off.
Raise hands for permission before asking
questions or making comments.
4

Classroom Etiquettes
Ensure mutual respect and trust.
Create an environment conducive to learning
and teaching.
Wear your complete uniform with I.D. and
observe the proper haircut and haircolor.
Cheating is equivalent to a zero grade for that
particular exam.
Disturbance and disruption or dissolution of
classes or any education related programs or
activities are prohibited.
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Classroom Etiquettes
Students are responsible for whatever is taken
up during the class in case of absences
excused or unexcused.
Use the prescribe color of ball pen before
entering the class.
Late submission of activities is subjected for
deduction.

Grading System

Laboratory/Lecture
Actual Activity
30%
Examination
30%
Project Presentation
20%
Assignment, Research and Recitation etc. 10%
Attendance and Work Ethics
10%
100%
Passing:
70%
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What does it take to success?

Dont give up on programming challenges.
Pay attention to details.
Try many options when doing programming
tasks.

Contact information
Engr. Maria Lorena S.P. Villena, MSCpE
Computer Engineering Department
ICpEP Organization Region 3
eyna18@gmail.com
(0905) 4142187
or
(0907) 6899555

COMPUTER: EVOLUTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 1
10

Objectives
Develop an understanding of

What is a computer?
What is a computer technological systems and
their developments?
What is capabilities of computer?
What is Limitations of computer?
How computers are classified?
According to technology?
According to storage capacity or memory size?

What
What
What
What

are the elements of computer?

are computer networks?
is the Internet?
are the copyrights?

11

What is a Computer?
A Computer is an electronic device
that accepts input, processes it
according to a series of instructions
(called computer programs or
software), and produces output.

12

Uses of Computers

Personal Use
Education
Medicine
Science and
Research
Entertainment

Communication
Transportation
Agriculture
Business
Government

13

Computer Capabilities
1. It is self-directing.
2. Ability to store and retrieve information.
3. Ability to perform mathematical
operations and solve complex formula at
high speed and with great precision.
4. Ability to perform logic operation.
5. Ability to communicate with the user or
other machines.

14

Computer Limitations
1. It can only do what is designed or programmed to
do.
2. It cannot correct input data.
3. It cannot think or derive meanings from objects.
4. It can only process jobs expressed in finite
number of steps leading to a precisely defined
goals.
5. It cannot completely avoid making errors due to
power fluctuation, system malfunctions and
human disorders.
15

Classification of Computers
According to Technology
According to Storage Capacity or
Memory
According to Purpose
According to Data Handheld

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According to Technology
First Generation
(1940-1946)
Component
Auxiliary Units Operation Speed Processing Speed Memory CapacitySoftware
Characteristics Computing Device-

Vacuum Tubes & Magnetic Drums

Punched Card & Paper tape
10-3 sec. Or millisec
2,000 instruction /sec.
1,000 4,000 bytes
Machine Language
Quite large & produced enormous
amount of heat; batch processing.
ENIAC &UNIVAC computers
17

Second Generation
(1956 1963)
Components
Auxiliary Unit
Operation Time Processing Speed Memory CapacitySoftware
Characteristic
-

Computing Device-

Transistor & Magnetic Core

Punched Card & Paper tape
10-6 sec. or microsec.
1M instructions/s.
4K to 32K bytes
Assembly Language
Smaller size, generated little heat,
less expensive, and required less
power
Computers developed for the
atomic energy industry
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Third Generation
(1964 1971)
Components
Auxiliary Unit

Operation Time Processing Speed Memory CapacitySoftware

Characteristic
-

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Keyboards, monitors, interfaced
with an operating systems
10-9sec. or nanosec.
10M instructions/s
32K 3Mbytes
High Level Language
Smaller size, more reliable, greater
Speed and greater capacity, it has
the ability to process several
programs simultaneously, time
sharing and multi - tasking
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Fourth Generation
(1971 - Date)
Components
Auxiliary Unit

Operation Time Processing Speed Memory CapacitySoftware

Characteristics

Microprocessors
Disk drives & Mass Storage,
mouse and hand-held devices
10-12sec. or picosec.
100M to 1 billion
instruction/ sec.
Gigabytes, Terabytes
Very High Level Language
(Object-oriented programming)
Smaller in size, lesser power
requirements virtual memory
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Fifth Generation
(Present and Beyond)
5th generation computing devices, based on Artificial
Intelligence (AI), are still in development, though there are
some application such as voice recognition, that being use
today.

The use of parallel processing and superconductors is

helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.
The goal of 5th generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization.
Ex. Robotics, Game Playing, Language and
Linguistic communication, Virtual Reality, etc.

21

Categories of Computers

Computers are classified into various categories

according to Storage capacity or Memory size.
Main categories of computers are
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframe computers
3. Minicomputers
4. Microcomputers, or personal computers

22

Supercomputer
A computer falls into the supercomputer
category if it is, at the time of construction,
one of the fastest computers in the world.
A super computer can perform more than
one trillion calculation per second.
Typical uses for supercomputers include
mapping of human genome, weather
forecasting, and modeling complex
processes like nuclear fission.
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Supercomputer

24

Mainframe Computer
A mainframe computer (or simply a mainframe) is a
large computer capable of simultaneously processing data
for hundred or thousands of users.
Mainframe computers are used in large organization where
many people need access to the same data, like KFUPM
uses mainframe for student information system
A device called terminal is used to access the mainframe
computer.
Mainframes of today are accessed by microcomputers that
imitate terminalsainf

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Mainframe Computer

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Minicomputers
A mini computer is a mid-sized computer designed to accept
input from multiple input terminals.
Minicomputers were first released in the 1960s. At that time
these computers were quite small when compared to the other
computers of that time. That is how they got the name,
minicomputer.
The capabilities of a mini computer are in between the
Mainframe and the personal computers.

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Minicomputers

28

Microcomputer
IBM coined the term personal computer (PC) for the
microcomputer.
Originally designed to be single user desktop
computers, they now have become the most prolific
of all types of computers.
It is also known as Workstations, workstation are
nothing but computers with many of the features of
the personal computer but with the processing
capability of a mini computer.
The machines are used by scientists, engineers and
animators who need a lot of number-crunching
power.
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Personal Computer (PC)

Personal computers (PC) also called

microcomputers are designed to meet
the computing needs of an individual.
Various forms of personal computers
are,

Desktop PC
Notebook/laptop PC
Handheld PC
Tablet PC
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Desktop PC
A desktop personal computer
fits on a desk and runs on
power from electrical wall
outlet.
The main unit can be housed
horizontally under a monitor
or it can be housed in a
vertical case.
Desktop personal computers
are commonly used in
offices, schools, and homes.
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Notebook Personal Computers

A notebook personal computer (also
called laptop) is a small lightweight
computer that incorporates screen,
keyboard, storage, and processing
components into a single portable
unit.
As their name implies the notebook
computers are approximately the
size of a notebook.
Notebook personal computers can
run both on power supply from an
electrical outlet or batteries.
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Handheld PC
A handheld personal computer
features a small keyboard or
touch sensitive screen and is
designed to fit into a pocket, runs
on batteries, and be used while
holding it.
Handheld PCs are also called
palmtop computers.
A popular type of handheld
computer is the personal digital
assistant (PDA).
33

Tablet PC
A tablet personal computer is a portable
computing device featuring a touchsensitive screen that can be used as a
writing or drawing pad.
The tablet PC is the newest development
in portable, full featured computers.
Tablet PCs offer all the functionality of a
notebook PC, but they are lighter than
the notebook PC.
A tablet PC can accept input from the
electronic pen or from the users voice.
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According to Purpose
1. General Purpose Computers
2. Special Purpose Computers

According to Data Handheld

1.

2.
3.

Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
35

What is a Computer System?

A complete computer
system consists of four
parts
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Users
4. Data

36

Hardware
The physical devices that make up the
computer are called hardware
A computers hardware consists of
interconnected electronic devices
Computer hardware illustration
Next slide

37

Hardware

(cont..)

38

Hardware

(cont..)

Main categories of computer hardware are

Processor
Memory (also called main memory or primary
memory
Storage ( also called secondary memory)
Input/output devices

39

Processor
The processor is the
hardware that organizes
and carries out instructions
that come from either the
user or the software
In a personal computer,
the processor usually
consists of one or more
microprocessors.
The term Central
Processing Unit (CPU)
refers to the computers
processor.
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Processor

(Cont..)

A processor consists of three functional units

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) --- performs arithmetic
operations such as addition and subtraction.
2. Registers --- hold data that is being processed by the ALU
3. Control Unit (CU) --- fetches each instruction from the
memory and instructs the ALU to process it

Instruction cycle

Execution of each instruction consists of 4 steps:

1.Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Store

Processor speed is measured in

MegaHertz (MHz) --- one million instruction cycles per

second
GigaHertz (GHz) --- one billion instruction cycles per second
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Motherboard
Rigid rectangular card
containing the circuitry
that connects the
processor to the other
hardware is called a
motherboard.
Motherboard is an
example of a circuit board
In most personal
computers, many internal
devices such as video
cards, sound cards, disk
controllers are housed in
the motherboard.

42

Memory
Memory of a computer is hardware
that is used to store programs and
data
There are many types of memory.
RAM (random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Cache memory

The most common type of memory is

the Random Access Memory (RAM)
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Random Access Memory

(RAM)
Data can be both written to and
read from the memory.
It is important to note that the
RAM is volatile
Size of RAM determines a
computers speed and power
The more RAM a computer has,
the more data and programs it can
store and it can perform tasks
faster.
44

Units of Measure for

Computer Memory
The basic unit of computer memory is
Byte
Bigger units of measure of memory are

Kilobyte (KB) --- one thousand bytes

Megabyte (MB) --- one million
Gigabyte (GB) --- one billion
Terabyte (TB) --- one trillion

45

Processing
The procedure that transforms
input data into output (useful
information) is called processing
The processor and memory
together perform this
transformation or do the
processing

46

Input / Output Devices

A computer would be useless if it
cannot take data from its users and
after processing it return the results.
An input device is used to accept data
and instructions from the user or from
another computer system
An output device is used to return
processed data to the user or to
another computer system
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Common Input Devices

Keyboard
Mouse
Touchpad
Scanners
Digital cameras
Joysticks
Microphone
Trackballs
48

Common Output Devices

Monitor
The most commonly used output device
Types of monitors
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Flat-panel display

A touch screen is an example of a device which acts as both

input and output device.

Printers
Used to produce hard copy or printed output
Types of printers
Dot matrix printers
Ink jet printers
Laser printers

Storage

49

Storage
A computer needs a place to store program files
and related data when they are not in use.
Storage is used to store programs and data
permanently
Storage is similar to electronic file cabinet
There is more space in storage than in memory.
Contents are retained in storage when the
computer is turned off.
Storage is very slow when compared to the
memory
Storage is cheaper than the memory.
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Storage

(Cont..)

Two components of storage are

Device and medium
Hard disk drive and hard disk
Diskette drive and Diskettes or floppy
disks
CD-ROM drive and Compact disks (CDs)
Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CDROM)
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)

DVD (Digital Video Disk) player and

DVD
USB flash drive

51

Software
A set of instructions that makes the
computer perform tasks (also called
computer program)
Two categories of software
1. System software

Programs primarily for the computers use,

helping it to perform tasks and manage its own
resources like operating systems, network
management systems, device drivers, compilers

2. Application software

Programs developed for the users, enabling them

to perform tasks such as word processors, library
systems, Student Information System (SIS) at
KFUPM
52

Users and Data

Users

People who use the computer and interact with it

Data

Data consists of individual facts or bits of

information like cell phone number, date of birth
of a person, etc.
The Computer reads and stores data of all kinds
(words, numbers, images, or sound) in digital
form
Within computer, data is organized into files

53

Computer Networks
A computer can be used as a standalone computer system or
can be connected to other computers in a variety of ways.
A computer network consists of two or more computers
with communication software, connected to each other in a
way that allows information and devices to be shared.
Computer networks are monitored and supervised by network
administrators
Only authorized users are allowed access to computer
networks
Internet is the worlds largest network, connecting millions of
computers

54

Introduction to the Internet

What is the Internet?

The Internet is collection of local, regional,

national and international computer networks
linked together to exchange data and distribute
processing tasks

The Internet uses a standard

communication protocol called TCP/IP
TCP/IP allows diverse computer platforms
(like PCs, Macs, and mainframes) to
communicate
The Internet is open to anyone who can
access it
55

Introduction to the Internet

(Cont..)

If a computer is connected to the

Internet, it can be used to search
documents (web pages) on the World
Wide Web (WWW), exchange email
messages, and perform many other tasks
A special software called Web browser
is needed to access the Web
The two most popular Web browsers are
1. Google (Google Chrome)
2. Yahoo (Internet Explorer)
56

Introduction to the Internet

(Cont..)

A Web page is a document formatted with

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
A Web site is a collection of related Web
pages
Every Web page has a unique address,
called uniform resource locator (URL)
For example URL for BulSU Web page is
www.bulsu.edu.ph
A search engine (like Google) allows users
to search for information on the Web by
typing one or more words (called
keywords)
57

Copyrights
Intellectual property refers to property that
is the result of creativity and intellectual
effort.
A software is an intellectual property of the
person or company that developed it
People who create intellectual property
deserve to benefit from their ideas
Many laws and regulations have been
established to govern the use and
distribution of intellectual property
58

Copyrights (Cont..)
Trademarks, patents, and copyrights are
legal protections for intellectual property
Trademarks usually protect logos and
product names
Patents usually protect inventions
Copyrights typically protect works such as
software, books, and music
Many copyrighted works include a copyright
notice

Good citizens abide by the copyrights

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Summary
Computer
Computer system
Hardware

Processor
Memory
Input/output devices
Storage

Software
System software
Application software

Categories of computers
Computer networks and Internet
Copyrights
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