1.

Introduction
This is an important subject to understand since it
pertains to all routers and configurations that use IP. IP
routing is the process of moving packets from one network
to another network using routers. And as before, by routers.
Once you create an internetwork by connecting your WANs
and LANs to a router, youll need to configure logical
network addresses, such as IP addresses, to all hosts on the
internetwork so that they can communicate across that
internetwork.
The term routing refers to taking a packet from one device
and sending it through the network to another device on a
different network. Routers dont really care about hosts
they only care about networks and the best path to each
network. The logical network address of the destination
host
is used to get packets to a network through a routed
network, and then the hardware address of the host is used
to deliver the packet from a router
to the correct destination host.
If the network has no routers, then it should be apparent
that you are not routing. Routers route traffic to all the
networks in your internetwork. To
be able to route packets, a router must know, at a
minimum, the following: Destination address
Neighbour routers from which it can learn about
remote networks
Possible routes to all remote networks
The best route to each remote network How to
maintain and verify routing information
The router learns about remote networks from neighboring
routers or from an administrator. The router then builds a
routing table (a map of the internetwork) that describes
how to find the remote networks. If a network is directly
connected, then the router already knows how to get to it. If
1

a network isnt directly connected to the router, the router

must use one of two ways to learn how to get to the remote
network: static routing,
meaning that someone must hand-type all network
locations into the routing table, or something called
dynamic routing.
In dynamic routing, a protocol on one router
communicates with the same protocol running on
neighbouring routers. The routers then update eachother
about all the networks they know about and place this
information into the routing table. If a change occurs in the
network, the dynamic routing protocols automatically
inform all routers about the event. If static routing is used,
the administrator is responsible for updating all changes by
hand onto all routers. Typically, in a large network, a
combination of both dynamic and static routing is used.
2. Importance/Need of the project:
A computer network, often simply referred to as a
network, is a collection of hardware components
interconnected by communication channels that allow
sharing of resources and information. Where at least
one process in one device is able to send /receive data
to/from at least one process residing in a remote
device, then the two devices are said to be in a
network.
The only aim in computer networking is to
transfer data successfully from source to destination.
This depends on type of the network-Local area
network or wide area network. The job is pretty much
easy for a LAN but complex in case of WAN. WAN
consists of many logical and physical paths, hence the
data or information need to travel through a certain
path to reach the destination- they must follow some
2

correct routes otherwise the delivery may be out of

time and incorrect.
Routers which are the network devices used to
perform this operation in two different manners- Static
routing and Dynamic Routing.

3. Aim of Dynamic Routing:

In todays computer world which is continuously

changing and developing it is very difficult to use static
routing as it requires constant update and monitoring by
human. Static changes cant be used in real time; hence we
need dynamic update which will work in run time also. In
dynamic routing approach the routers are updated
automatically and continuously for any changes made to
the network therefore guiding the data to reach the
destination more accurately.

4. Schedule of Project Work/Plan:

The followings are the schedule of the Project Work/Plan
should be considered to implement effective dynamic
routing:
Maintain the confidentiality of data as it is restored,
processed or transmitted on a LAN/WAN.
Ensure the routers employ all the necessary
protocols and strategies for dynamic routing.
Controlling the data or information to travel through
proper route by the dynamic routers.
Maintain the quick and correct delivery of data to
the destination.
Ensure that the data id successfully reaches the
destination with acknowledgement.
Ensure that the routers are constantly updating
their routing table.
Adequate LAN security requires the proper combination of
security policies and procedures, technical controls, user
training and awareness and contingency planning. While all
of these are critical to provide adequate protection, the
focus of this document is on the technical controls that can
be utilized. The other areas of control mentioned above are
discussed in the appendices.
4

5. Major activities to be carried out under

project(milestone):
The following are the major activities to be carried
out under the project (milestones):
o Importance of routing in wan
o Why dynamic routing is a better technique than
static routing
o Wan security, threats and vulnerabilities.
o Practical implementation of dynamic routing
protocols.

6. Expected results:
This project is aimed to include network
administrators, system administrators, organization
management, security/ network policy makers,
lan/wan users and to all who has the responsibility of
proper delivery of data or information in a computer
network in a swift and accurate manner by using
dynamic routing. The purpose of the document is to
help the reader to understand and implement the tolls,
techniques and significance of dynamic routing in
computer network.

Date:
Signature of the student
Signed and forwarded
through the project
guide

7. Routing Protocol & Routed Protocol:A routing protocol is used by routers to dynamically find all
the networks in the internetwork and to ensure that all
routers have the same routing table. Basically, a routing
protocol determines the path of a packet through an
internetwork. Examples of routing protocols are RIP, IGRP,
EIGRP, and OSPF.
Once all routers know about all networks, a routed protocol
can be used to send user data (packets) through the
established enterprise. Routed protocols are assigned to an
interface and determine the method of packet delivery.
Examples of routed protocols are IP, APPLETALK and IPX.

8. Selecting a Routing Protocol:Deciding what kind of protocol to use without

considering other options can severely limit your choices,
depending on what your router vendor supports. A more
useful approach is to consider which protocol or protocols
best suit your needs, and then use a preference for one
type over another as a weighting factor later in the
decision.
One of the most important criteria is how quickly the
protocol adapts to changes in the network. We have
identified this as convergence time and said that it was the
amount of time between a change in the network and the
reestablishment of consistent and correct routing tables.
Ideally, you want this time to be small enough to be
unnoticed
by
the
users.
Traditionally, the next most important criterion is resource
consumption. However, with the current push for more
efficient use of the IP address space, it is likely that you
plan to use variable-length subnet masks. If this is the case,
then support for variable-length masks is probably the most
important feature your routing protocol must have. After all,
if your routing protocol does not support your use of
variable-length subnet masks, they won't do you much
8

good.
The third criterion you should consider is how much of your
network resources the routing protocol consumes. Consider
not only the network bandwidth consumed by the protocol
messages, but also how much processing power and
memory is required in your routers. A link-state protocol will
typically do better on the bandwidth consumption, and a
distance-vector protocol will do better with processor and
memory consumption, but this is not always the case.
Next, consider how well your prospective protocols deal
with multiple paths to a destination. This may or may not be
critical in your network, and how much weight you give it
depends on your network design. If you have no redundant
paths, you probably won't care about how well your protocol
supports them. Still, while you may not have redundant
paths today, you may add them in the future, and you
might need to change protocols to support them. Even if
one of your prospective protocols does not normally support
multiple paths, consider whether your router vendor's
implementation does anyway. For example, RIP does not
normally support multiple paths to a destination network,
but the RIP implementation in a Cisco router does handle
such redundancy, and will even do load sharing across
multiple paths with equal costs (metrics).

9. Types of Routing:The different types of routing youll learn about in this

section are:
_ Static routing
_ Default routing
_ Dynamic routing

10

10. Default Routing:We use default routing to send packets with a remote
destination network not in the routing table to the next-hop
router. You can only use default routing on stub networks
those with only one exit path out of the network.

11. Configuration of default routing:In the internetworking example used in the previous
section, the only routers that are considered to be in a stub
network are Lab_A and Lab_C. If you tried to put a default
route on router Lab_B, packets wouldnt be forwarded to the
correct networks because they have more
than one
interface routing to other routers. And even though router
Lab_C has two connections, it doesnt have another router
on the 192.168.50.0 network that needs packets sent to it.
11

Lab_C will only send packets to 192.168.40.1, which is the

serial 0/0 interface of Lab_B. Router Lab_A will only send
packets to the 192.168.20.2 interface of Lab_A.
To configure a default route, you use wildcards in the
network address and mask locations of a static route. In
fact, you can just think of a default route as a static route
that uses wildcards instead of network and mask
information. In this section, youll create a default route on
the Lab_C router.
Router Lab_C is directly connected
192.168.40.0 and 192.168.50.0. The routing

to

networks

table needs to know about networks 192.168.10.0,

192.168.20.0, and 192.168.30.0.
To configure the router to route to the other three
networks, I placed three static routes in
the routing table. By using a default route, you can just
create one static route entry instead. You
must first delete the existing static routes from the
router and then add the default route.
Lab_C(config)#no
255.255.255.0

ip

route

192.168.10.0

ip

route

192.168.20.0

ip

route

192.168.30.0

192.168.40.1
Lab_C(config)#no
255.255.255.0
192.168.40.1
Lab_C(config)#no
255.255.255.0
192.168.40.1

12

\
Lab_C(config)#ip
192.168.40.1

route

0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

If you look at the routing table now, youll see only the
two directly connected networks plus
an S*, which indicates that this entry is a candidate for
a default route.
Lab_C#ship route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.40.1 to network
0.0.0.0
C 192.168.50.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.40.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.40.1
Lab_C#
We could have completed the default route command
another way:
Lab_C(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0
This says that if you dont have an entry for a network
in the routing table, just forward it
out serial 0/0. You can choose the IP address of the
next-hop router or the exit interfaceeither
way, it will work the same.
Lab_C(config)#ip classless
Notice that its a global configuration mode command. The
interesting part of the ip
classlesscommand is that default routing sometimes works
without it, but sometimes
doesnt. To be on the safe side, you should always turn on
the ip classless command when
you use default routing.
13

Theres another command you can use to configure a

gateway of last resortthe ip
default-networkcommand. Figure 5.7 shows a network that
needs to have a gateway of last
resort statement configured.
Here are three solutions (all providing the same solution) for
adding a gateway of last resort
on the gateway router to the ISP.
Gateway(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 217.124.6.1
Gateway(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0
Gateway(config)#ip default-network 217.124.6.0
As I said before, all three of these commands would
accomplish the goal of setting the gateway
of last resort, but there are some small differences between
them. First, the exit interface
solution would be used over the other two solutions
because it has an AD of 0. Also, the ip
default-networkcommand would advertise the default
network when you configure an IGP
on the router. This is so other routers in your internetwork
will receive this route as a default
route automatically.

But what happens if you misconfigured a default route?

Lets take a look at the output of a
showip route command, and compare that to the network in
Figure 5.8 and see if you can
find a problem:
Lab_C#ship route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 172.19.22.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C 172.17.22.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.18.22.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.19.22.2
Find anything? You can see by looking at the figure, and the
directly connected routes in the

14

routing table, that the WAN link is on network 172.18.22.0

and that the default route is forwarding
all packets to the 172.19.22.0 network. This is just badit
will never work, so the
problem is a misconfigured static (default) route.
One last thing before moving on to dynamic routing. If you
have the routing table output
as shown below, what happens if the router receives a
packet from 10.1.6.100 destined for
host 10.1.8.5?
Corp#ship route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 10.1.5.5 to network 0.0.0.0
R 10.1.3.0 [120/1] via 101.2.2, 00:00:00, Serial 0/0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 10.1.5.0 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 10.1.6.0 is directly connected, Fastethernet0/0
R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/0] via 10.1.5.5, 00:00:00 Serial 0/1
This is a tad different than what Ive shown you up until now
because the default route is
listed as R*, which means its a RIP-injected route. This is
because someone configured the ip
default-networkcommand on a remote router as well as
configuring RIP, causing RIP to
advertise this route through the internetwork as a default
route. Since the destination address
is 10.1.8.5, and there is no But what happens if you
misconfigured a default route? Lets take a look at the
output of a
showip route command, and compare that to the network in
Figure 5.8 and see if you can
find a problem:
Lab_C#ship route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 172.19.22.2 to network 0.0.0.0
C 172.17.22.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.18.22.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 172.19.22.2
Find anything? You can see by looking at the figure, and the
directly connected routes in the
routing table, that the WAN link is on network 172.18.22.0
and that the default route is forwarding
15

all packets to the 172.19.22.0 network. This is just badit

will never work, so the
problem is a misconfigured static (default) route.
One last thing before moving on to dynamic routing. If you
have the routing table output
as shown below, what happens if the router receives a
packet from 10.1.6.100 destined for
host 10.1.8.5?
Corp#ship route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 10.1.5.5 to network 0.0.0.0
R 10.1.3.0 [120/1] via 101.2.2, 00:00:00, Serial 0/0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 10.1.5.0 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 10.1.6.0 is directly connected, Fastethernet0/0
R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/0] via 10.1.5.5, 00:00:00 Serial 0/1
This is a tad different than what Ive shown you up until now
because the default route is
listed as R*, which means its a RIP-injected route. This is
because someone configured the ip
default-network command on a remote router as well as
configuring RIP, causing RIP to
advertise this route through the internetwork as a default
route. Since the destination address
is 10.1.8.5, and there is no route to network 10.1.8.0, the
router would use the default route and
send the packet out serial 0/1.to network 10.1.8.0, the
router would use the default route and
send the packet out serial 0/1.

16

12. Static Routing

Static routing occurs when you manually add routes in each
routers routing table. There arepros and cons to static
routing, but thats true for all routing processes.
Static routing has the following benefits:
_ There is no overhead on the router CPU, which means you
could possibly buy a cheaper
router than if you were using dynamic routing.
_ There is no bandwidth usage between routers, which
means you could possibly save money
on WAN links.
_ It adds security, because the administrator can choose to
allow routing access to certain networks
only.
Static routing has the following disadvantages:
_ The administrator must really understand the
internetwork and how each router is connected
in order to configure routes correctly.
17

_ If a network is added to the internetwork, the

administrator has to add a route to it on all
routersby hand.
_ Its not feasible in large networks because maintaining it
would be a full-time job in itself.
Okaythat said, heres the command syntax you use to
add a static route to a routing table:
ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address or
exitinterface]
[administrative_distance] [permanent]

13. Configuration of Static Routing:-

To perform this task you must create your lab and configure the basic IP
addressing for all PCs and Routers or download CCNA Lab Static Route with
Cisco packet tracer. CCNA Lab Static Route no Configure

18

CCNA Lab- Configure Static Routing

I have configured the Static Route the same as screenshot and it is not yet
configured routing. You must configure it with below step by step static Routing
guide.
Static Routing command syntax: Ip route [destination network
address] [mask] [next hop address or interface name]
In the R1 type the following commands to
192.168.10.0/24 and 192.168.30.0/24 for Router 1.

introduce

two

LANs

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.2 150

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.2 150
Router2: Add three networks for router 2 and be sure that do not configure
it with wrong IP address.
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1 150
R2(config)#ip route 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.1 150
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.1 150
Router3: Do the same as router 2 but with different destination and exit
interface address.
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.1 150
R3(config)#ip route 10.10.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1 150
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.1 150
So its easy and not too much hard. If you want to accomplish this task,
firstly you must try to understand the concept of routing and then try to configure it.
You can download the complete Static Routing Lab from the link below and
look it the routing configuration with show ip route or show run commands.

19

14. Dynamic Routing:Dynamic routing is when protocols are used to find

networks and update routing tables on routers.
Truethis is easier than using static or default routing, but
itll cost you in terms of router CPU processesand bandwidth
on the network links. A routing protocol defines the set of
rules used by a router when it communicates routing
information between neighbour routers.

20

15. Importance of Dynamic routing:Dynamic routing is also called adapting routing,

describes the
capability of a system, through which
routes are characterised by their destination, to alter the
path that the route takes through the system in response to
a change in conditions. The adaption is intended to allow as
many routes as possible to remain valid (that is have
destinations that can be reached) in response to the
change.
People using a transport system can display dynamic
routing. For example, if a local railway station is closed
people can alight from a train at different station and use
another method, such as a bus, to reach their destination.
Another example of dynamic routing can be seen within
financial markets. For example, ASOR or Adaptive Smart
Order Router (developed by QUOD Financial), takes routing
decisions dynamically and based on real time market
events.

21

The term is commonly used in data networking to

describe the capability of a network to Route around
damage, such as loss of a node or a connection between
nodes, so long as other path choices are available.
There are several protocols used to achieve this such as : RIP
OSPF

16. Distance Vector Routing Protocol:In computer communication theory relating to packetswitched networks, a distance-vector routing protocol is one
of the two major classes of intra domain routing protocols,
the other major class being the link-state protocol.
Distance-vector routing protocols use the BellmanFord
algorithm, FordFulkerson algorithm, or DUAL FSM (in the
case of Cisco Systems's protocols) to calculate paths.
A distance-vector routing protocol requires that a
router inform its neighbors of topology changes periodically.
Compared to link-state protocols, which require a router to
inform all the nodes in a network of topology changes,
distance-vector routing protocols have less computational
complexity and message overhead.[citation needed]
The term distance vector refers to the fact that the
protocol manipulates vectors (arrays) of distances to other
nodes in the network. The vector distance algorithm was
22

the original ARPANET routing algorithm and was also used

in the internet under the name of RIP (Routing Information
Protocol).
Examples of distance-vector routing protocols include RIPv1
and RIPv2, IGRP.
Routers using distance-vector protocol do not have
knowledge of the entire path to a destination. Instead they
use two methods:
Direction in which router or exit interface a packet
should be forwarded.
Distance from its destination
Distance-vector protocols are based on calculating the
direction and distance to any link in a network. "Direction"
usually means the next hop address and the exit interface.
"Distance" is a measure of the cost to reach a certain node.
The least cost route between any two nodes is the route
with minimum distance. Each node maintains a vector
(table) of minimum distance to every node. The cost of
reaching a destination is calculated using various route
metrics. RIP uses the hop count of the destination whereas
IGRP takes into account other information such as node
delay and available bandwidth.Updates are performed
periodically in a distance-vector protocol where all or part of
a router's routing table is sent to all its neighbors that are
configured to use the same distance-vector routing
protocol.

23

17. RIP VER 1

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the
oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employ the
hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by
implementing limit on the number of hops allowed in a path
from source to destination. The maximum number of hops
allowed for RIP is 15, which limits the size of networks that
RIP can support. A hop count of 16 is considered an infinite
distance and the route is considered unreachable. RIP
implements the split horizon, route poisoning and hold
down mechanisms to prevent incorrect routing information
from being propagated.

24

Originally, each RIP router transmitted full updates

every 30 seconds. In the early deployments, routing tables
were small enough that the traffic was not significant. As
networks grew in size, however, it became evident there
could be a massive traffic burst every 30 seconds, even if
the routers had been initialized at random times. It was
thought, as a result of random initialization, the routing
updates would spread out in time, but this was not true in
practice. Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson showed in 1994[1]
that, without slight randomization of the update timer, the
timers synchronized over time.
In most networking environments, RIP is not the preferred
choice for routing as its time to converge and scalability are
poor compared to OSPF. However, it is easy to configure,
because RIP does not require any parameters unlike other
protocols.
RIP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its transport
protocol, and is assigned the reserved port number 520.

18. RIP Configuration:Configuring RIPv2 is a pretty straightforward process. Only

three steps are required:
1. enabling RIP by using the router rip global configuration
command

25

2. instructing the router to use RIPv2 by typing the version

2 command
3. telling RIP which networks to advertise by using one or
more networkcommands
The first two commands are easy to comprehend, but the
last command requires a little bit more thought. With
the network command you specify which interfaces will
participate in the routing process. This command takes a
classful network as a parameter and enables RIP on the
corresponding interfaces.
Lets configure our sample network to use RIP.

Router R1 and R2 have directly connected subnets. We

want to include these subnets in the RIP routing process. To
do that, we first need to enable RIP on both routers and
then advertise these subnets using the network command.
On router R1, in the global configuration mode, enter
the router rip command to enable RIP. In the RIP
configuration mode, change the version of the protocol to 2
by using the version 2 command. Next, use the network
10.0.0.0 command to include the Fa0/1 interface on the
router
R1
in
the
routing
process.
Remember,
the network command takes a classful network number as a
parameter, so in this case every interface that has an IP
address that begins with 10 will be included in the RIP
process (IP addresses that begins with 10 are, by default,
26

the class A addresses and have the default subnet mask of

255.0.0.0). For instance, if another interface on the router
had the IP address of 10.1.0.1 it would also be included in
the routing process with the network command. You also
need to include the link between the two routers in the RIP
routing
process.
This
is
done
by
adding
another network statement, network 172.16.0.0.
So, the configuration on R1 should look like this:

The configuration on R2 looks similar, but with different

network number for the directly connected subnet:

You can verify that router R1 have a route to the R2s

directly connected subnet by typing the show ip
route command:

27

NOTE the legend lists R for all RIP routes in the routing
table. Also note that the administrative distance of 120 is
shown, together with the metric of 1.

19. Link state routing protocol:28

Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main

classes of routing protocols used in packet switching
networks for computer communications, the other being
distance-vector routing protocols. Examples of link-state
routing protocols include open shortest path first (OSPF)
and intermediate system to intermediate system (IS-IS).
The link-state protocol is performed by every switching
node in the network (i.e., nodes that are prepared to
forward packets; in the Internet, these are called routers).
The basic concept of link-state routing is that every node
constructs a map of the connectivity to the network, in the
form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to
which other nodes. Each node then independently
calculates the next best logical path from it to every
possible destination in the network. The collection of best
paths will then form the node's routing table.
This contrasts with distance-vector routing protocols, which
work by having each node share its routing table with its
neighbours. In a link-state protocol the only information
passed between nodes is connectivity related.
Link-state
algorithms
are
sometimes
characterized
informally as each router 'telling the world about its
neighbours"

29

20.

OSPF:-

OSPF is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) for routing

Internet Protocol (IP) packets solely within a single routing
domain, such as an autonomous system. It gathers link
state information from available routers and constructs a
topology map of the network. The topology is presented as
a routing table to the Internet layer which routes packets
based solely on their destination IP address. OSPF supports
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) networks and supports the Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) addressing model.
OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures,
and converges on a new loop-free routing structure within
seconds.[3] It computes the shortest-path tree for each
route using a method based on Dijkstra's algorithm. The
OSPF routing policies for constructing a route table are
governed by link metrics associated with each routing
interface. Cost factors may be the distance of a router
(round-trip time), data throughput of a link, or link
availability and reliability, expressed as simple unitless
numbers. This provides a dynamic process of traffic load
balancing between routes of equal cost.
An OSPF network may be structured, or subdivided, into
routing areas to simplify administration and optimize traffic
and resource utilization. Areas are identified by 32-bit
numbers, expressed either simply in decimal, or often in the
same octet-based dot-decimal notation used for IPv4
addresses. By convention, area 0 (zero), or 0.0.0.0,
represents the core or backbone area of an OSPF network.
The identifications of other areas may be chosen at will.[a]
Each additional area must have a connection to the OSPF
backbone area. Such connections are maintained by an
interconnecting router, known as an area border router
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(ABR). An ABR maintains separate link-state databases for

each area it serves and maintains summarized routes for all
areas in the network.
OSPF does not use a transport protocol, such as UDP or TCP,
but encapsulates its data directly in IP datagrams with
protocol number 89. This is in contrast to other routing
protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). OSPF implements
its own transport layer error detection and correction
functions.

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21. Configuration of OSPF:One of OSPFs biggest disadvantages is that its configuration can become quite
complex. Because of this many new network engineers can misconfigure OSPF.
The first step is to gain access to the Cisco device and access global configuration
mode. Once this mode has been accessed the prompt should look like Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Global Configuration Mode

To configure OSPF the first step is to create an OSPF routing instance. This is
done with the 'router ospf process-id' command. This is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Creating an OSPF router instance

An important distinction between OSPF and EIGRP is that the OSPFprocessid does not have to be the same from one OSPF device to another like an
EIGRP autonomous-system-number.
Like RIP and EIGRP, the next part requires knowledge of the networks that will be
advertised from this device. To make it simple this article will again use the same
192.168.1.0/24 network that is used in both the RIP and EIGRP articles. The

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command that is required for this is 'network network network-inversemask area area.' This is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Configure the Advertised OSPF network

This is often when new network engineers get a bit confused. What exactly is
an inverse mask? For this the original subnet mask needs to be seen in its binary
form. For 255.255.255.0 this is easy: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000. The
inverse of this is simply flipping each bits valid to their opposite: 0 to 1 and 1 to 0.
This will give an inverse mask of 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 or
0.0.0.255. What this is telling OSPF is that all interfaces on the local device that
have been assigned with an IP network that exists between 192.168.1.0 and
192.168.1.255 will be inserted into the OSPF process. How this is calculated is by
looking at which bits are being matched with the inverse mask; if the binary value is
a 0 then the bit must exactly match, if the binary value is a 1 then the bit can be
either a 0 or a 1. A visualization of this is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 - inverse mask example

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While the configuration of OSPF can get complex, once some basic concepts are
understood a basic configuration is not all that confusing to understand or
complete. The configuration of OSPF in a large scale implementation can be a bit
hard to follow when quickly looking over a configuration, but if the network engineer
knows the base OSPF concepts and sits down with the configuration then they
should be able to figure out the intention of the OSPF design

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22. Conclusion:The chief advantages of dynamic routing over static

routing are scalability and adaptability. A dynamically
routed network can grow more quickly and larger, and is
able to adapt to changes in the network topology brought
about by this growth or by the failure of one or more
network components.
With a dynamic router protocol, routers learn about the
network topology by communicating with other routers.
Each router announces its presence, and the routes it has
available, to the other routers on the network. Therefore, if
you add a new router, or add an additional segment to an
existing router, the other routers will gear about the
addition and adjust their routing tables accordingly. You
don't have to reconfigure the routers to tell them that the
network has changes. Similarly, if you move a network
segment, the other routers will hear about the change. You
only need to change the configuration of the router (or
routers) that connect the segment that moved. This reduces
the chance that errors will occur.
The routing protocol selection is one of the most critical
choices any community mustmake prior to any hardware
deployment, in the delicate moment when the communityis
just starting to form. In our opinion, in such cases, an
exhaustive evaluation of theperformance of the available
routing protocols would ease this selection process.
The ability to learn about changes to the network's
configuration has implications beyond adding new
segments or moving old ones. It also means that the
network can adjust to failures. If a network has redundant
paths, then a partial network failure appears to the routers
as if some segments got moved (they are now reached via
alternate paths), and some segments have been removed
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from the network (they are now unreachable). In short,

there's no real difference between a network failure and a
configuration change. Dynamic routing allows the network
to continue functioning, perhaps in a degraded fashion,
when partial failure occurs.

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