Platinum

Notes

Preclinical Sciences (201415)

Fou

Volume-1

Anatomy

Physiology
o
i
t
i
d
th E

Biochemistry

Forensic Medicine


Microbiology

Pathology


Pharmacology

Social and
Preventive Medicine

Ashfaq Ul Hassan MBBS MS

Consultant Anatomy
SKIMS Medical College Bemina
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
India

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Platinum Notes: Preclinical Sciences (2014-15) (Volume 1)

First Edition: 2010
Second Edition: 2011
Third Edition: 2012
Fourth Edition: 2014
ISBN : 978-93-5152-326-0
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed in India

Contributors
Anatomy:

Prof Ghulam Hassan

Ex-Prof and Head
GMC Srinagar

Dr Sunanda
Prof and Head
Anatomy GMC Jammu

Physiology:
Dr Farhana Ahad
Consultant
Physiology SKIMS Medical College
Biochemistry:

Ashfaq Ul Hassan
Consultant Anatomy
SKIMS Medical College, Bemina, Srinagar

Pharmacology:
Prof Zahoor Armed Wafai
Professor

Pharmacology SKIMS Soura
Pathology:

Prof Rashid
Prof and Head Pathology
SKIMS Medical College

SPM:

Ashfaq Ul Hassan
Consultant Anatomy
SKIMS Medical College, Bemina, Srinagar

Microbiology:

Prof Khursheed
Prof Microbiology
SKIMS Medical College

Dr Sajid Shafi
Tutor Microbiology
SKIMS Medical College

Dr Sunanda
Prof and Head
Anatomy GMC Jammu

Forensic Medicine: Prof Zahida Rasool

Consultant

Medical IUST

Dr Muneeb Ul Hassan
Assistant Surgeon

Directorate of Health Services

Preface
I

I am extremely obliged to the Almighty Allah and No words would be enough to express my thanks to
Almighty Allah for guiding me to contribute in a small way.
Regarding this book, it is a New, Revised and Better Edition than the previous one.
Regarding the present edition of the book , it provides the best quality matter for complete revision, latest
updated matter for exams like AIIMS, PGI, Different State PG Exams.
Having received the feedback from Students all over India, I am pretty much impressed with the way Platinum
Notes has overtaken other competitors and left them far behind in the race and the result is the International
Edition of Platinum Notes as well.
I would like to thank my teachers once again who have been a source of constant inspiration.
I wish all the aspirants a Good Career.

Ashfaq Ul Hassan

ashhassan@rediffmail.com

Acknowledgments

t would be ungrateful on my part not to express my regards to the Personalities who have had an everlasting
influence on my career. I Whole heartedly acknowledge:

My Dad Prof Ghulam Hassan Ex Prof and Head Anatomy, GMC Srinagar
Prof Showqat Zargar MD, DM Director SKIMS/ Principal, SKIMS Medical College
Prof Khaleel Baba, Prof Pathology and Dean, SKIMS Soura
Prof GQ Allaqaband MD, EX Prof and Head Medicine, Principal, GMC Srinagar
Prof Mehraj Din, Ex Head Anesthesiology, Ex Director SKIMS Soura
Prof Sameer Kaul, Consultant Oncologist
Prof Anil Bhan, CVTS Surgeon, Med City Vedant
Prof Nisar Choudhary Prof Surgery, SKIMS Soura
Prof Aijaz Malik, Prof Surgery, SKIMS Soura
Prof Pervez Shah, Prof and Head Medicine, SMHS Hospital
Prof Tanveer Masood, Prof Medicine, SMHS Hospital
Prof Rifat, Prof and Head Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SKIMS Bemina
Prof Naseer Mir, Prof and Head Orthopedics SKIMS Bemina
Prof Suhail Majid, Prof Orthopedics, SKIMS Bemina
Dr Javeed Basu, Associate Prof Medicine, SMHS Srinagar

I would also like to thank M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India for their
constant support in improving the quality of the book tremendously.

From the Publishers Desk

We request all the readers to provide us their valuable suggestions/errors (if any) at:
jaypeemcqproduction@gmail.com
so as to help us in further improvement of this book in the subsequent edition.

Abbreviations
1

Primary

Ad/E, ad/e

Adverse effects

Secondary

A/W or a/w

Associated with

Fracture

BBB

Bundle branch block

ACE

Angiotensin converting enzyme

bid

Twice a day

ACE-I

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

BMR

Basal metabolic rate

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

BP

Blood pressure

ACh Acetylcholine

BPH

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Adr Adrenaline

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen

AD

Autosomal dominant

B/L

Bilateral

ADH

Anti-diuretic hormone

BM

Bone marrow, basement membrane

AF

Atrial fibrillation

b/n or b/w

Between

AFB

Acid-fast bacilli

C/S

Culture and sensitivity

AFP Alpha-fetoprotein

Ca2+ Calcium

A.k.a

Also known as

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft

ALL

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

CAD

Coronary artery disease

AML

Acute myelogenous leukemia

CCF

Congestive cardiac failure

ANA

Antinuclear antibody

CT

Computerized tomography

ANS

Autonomic nervous system

CHF

Congestive heart failure

AP Anteroposterior

CHO Carbohydrate

AR

Autosomal recessive

CML

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

CMV Cytomegalovirus

ARF

Acute renal failure

CN

Cranial nerves

AS

Aortic stenosis

CNS

Central nervous system

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

CO

Cardiac output

ASD

Atrial septal defect

C/O

Complaining of

AV Atrioventricular

COLD

Chronic obstructive lung disease

A/E

All except

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Acc/ to

According to

CPK

Creatine phosphokinase

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

viii

Platinum Notes 2014-15

CRF

Chronic renal failure

E M G Electromyogram

CRP

C-reactive protein

EOM

Extraocular muscles

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid

ESR

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

CVA

Cerebrovascular accident

ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-

CVP

Central venous pressure

pancreatography

CVS

Cardiovascular system

EUA

Examination under anesthesia

CXR

Chest X-ray

FBS

Fasting blood sugar

Ca

Carcinoma/Cancer

FEV

Forced expiratory volume

C/c

Complication

FFP

Fresh frozen plasma

CT

Chemotherapy

FRC

Functional residual capacity

C/I

Contraindication

FTT

Failure to thrive

CI/f

Clinical features

FVC

Forced vital capacity

CTD

Connective tissue disease

FA

Fatty acid

Cont./L

Contralateral

FFA

Free fatty acid

Cx

Cervix

GFR

Glomerular filtration rate

D and C

Dilation and curettage

GH

Growth hormone

DI

Diabetes insipidus

GIT

Gastrointestinal tract

DIC

Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

GTT

Glucose tolerance test

DIP

Distal interphalangeal joint

G U Genitourinary

DKA

Diabetic ketoacidosis

HAV

Hepatitis A virus

d L Deciliter

HCG

Human chorionic gonadotropin

DM

Diabetes mellitus

HDL

High density lipoprotein

DTR

Deep tendon reflexes

H b Hemoglobin

DVT

Deep venous thrombosis

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

d/to

Due to

HLA

Histocompatibility locus antigen

D/g

Diagnosis

H/O

History of

DOC

Drug of choice

HR

Heart rate

Ds, d/s

Disease, disease

HSV

Herpes simplex virus

DM

Diabeties mellitus

H T N Hypertension

E C G Electrocardiogram

HS

Hereditary spherocytosis

ECT

HCC

Hepato cellular carcinoma

HD

Hodgkins disease

Electroconvulsive therapy

ECHO Echocardiography

Abbreviations
I and D

Incision and drainage

MRSA

Methicillin resistant staph aureus

IDDM

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

MG

Myasthenia gravis

Ig Immunoglobulin

Mc or MC

Most common

I M Intramuscular

MN

Malnutrition

INR

International normalized ratio

M/m

Management

ITP

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Ms, m/s

Muscle

IV Intravenous

Na Sodium

IVP

Intravenous pyelogram

NIDDM

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

IVU

Intravenous urogram

NSAID

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

ICT

Intracranial tension

n.or nv

Nerve

IOC

Investigation of choice

NHL

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

ILD

Interstitial lung disease

OCG

Oral cholecystogram

IOT

Intraocular tension

P A Posteroanterior

Ipsi/L

Ipsilateral

PDA

Patent ductus arteriosus

JVP

Jugular venous pressure

PMN

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil)

K+ Potassium

PP

Patient profile

K/as

Known as

PT

Prothrombin time, or physical therapy

LAE

Left atrial enlargement

PTCA

Percutaenous transluminal coronary angioplasty

LBBB

Left bundle branch block

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

PTT

Partial thromboplastin time

LMN

Lower motor neuron

P/g

Prognosis

LE

Lupus erythematosus

Px

Prophylaxis

LP

Lumbar puncture

PBC

Primary biliary cirrhosis

LV

Left ventricle

RA

Rheumatoid arthritis

LVH

Left ventricular hypertrophy

RBBB

Right bundle branch block

LN

Lymph node

RBC

Red blood cell

MAO

Monoamine oxidase

R I A Radioimmunoassay

MEN

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

MI

Myocardial infarction or mitral insufficiency

RTA

Renal tubular acidosis

m L Milliliter

RVH

Right ventricular hypertrophy

MMR

Measles, mumps, rubella

Rx

Treatment

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

R, or T/t

Treatment

ix

Platinum Notes 2014-15

RT

Radiotherapy

UVA

Ultraviolet A light

SBE

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

U/L

Unilateral

SGOT

Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase

VF

Ventricular fibrillation

SGPT

Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase

VDRL

Venereal disease research laboratory

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic

hormone

(test for syphilis)

V/Q

Ventrilation-perfusion

SLE

Systemic lupus erythematous

VT

Ventricular tachycardia

SCLC

Small cell lung carcinoma

vWD

von Willebrands disease

SM

Smooth muscle

VZV

Varicella zoster virus

Supf.

Superficial

V/s

Vessel

SqCC

Squamous cell carcinoma

Vs

Versus (= against)

TIBC

Total iron binding capacity

WBC

White blood cell

tid

Three times a day

WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

WG

Wegners granulomatosis

TT

Thrombin time

WT

Wilms tumor

TTP

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

XLR

X linked recessive

TURP

Transurethral resection of prostate

Yr Year

TOC

Treatment of choice

Zn

Zinc

UC

Ulcerative colitis

ZES

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

UMN

Upper motor neuron

Reaction block by, inhibited by

URI

Upper respiratory infection

Denotes heading

US, U/S Ultrasound

UTI

Urinary tract infection

! Increase

xi

Contents

1.

Anatomy

2. Physiology

151.

3. Biochemistry

235.

4. Forensic Medicine

296.

5. Microbiology

329.

6. Pathology

397.

7. Pharmacology

478.

8. Social and Preventive Medicine

580