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The Radio Amateurs' Journal

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I
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their preference for Solar Capacitors. Solar
pledges continued production of superior
quality capacitors to merit that preference.
Solar Manufacturing Corporation, 285
Mad ison Avenue, New York 17. N. Y.

C AP AC I T ORS &

E l IM-O .S TA TS

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delivery when priority regulat ions a rc relaxed.
<FREE - U lnorv of CommlUli('lJt/onl Picture Portfolio. Conlai....
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April . 1945

Model 5.37.

L_-r:===

Mod e l 5.3 6

equipmen t covers
the spectrum
H a llic raft e rs equi pment coven t he radio speetrum. From low to ult ra high fre q uencies t he re is a
Ha ll icraften receiver rea dy t o meet yo ur special
req uire me nh. Although certain eq uipme nt operati ng
in the ultra hig h freque ncies ca nno t be d escribed
at present for security rea son s, th e c ha racteristics
of H all icraft e rs sta nd ard line of receivers may be
disclosed . Th is line includes :

Mod el 5X28 A.

~ lnllt'l

S -3 7. FM AM receiver for ve ry high {requ en cy wor" O p e rates from 130 to 210 Me. Highest fr equ en c y rang e of a ny g e nera l cove rage
comme rcia l t yp e receiver

.:\I.HI.I 5 -3 6 . FM A MCW receiver. O perates f rom


21.8 t o 1043 Mc. C ove n old and proposed new FM
bands. On ly comm e rcially built receive r covering
th is ran g e

.:\I(HI.I SX.2UA. O perates from 550 k to 042 Mc


con tinuous in sir ba nds . C ombines sU!le,b broa dca st
reception with t he highest pe rforma nce as a verseti le co mmunicatio ns receiver.
:\f~ "I e- 1

S22 n . C om pletes Hallicr.fters covera g e

in the lower end of the spectrum. O perat es from


110.c to 18 Mc in four bands. A.c.ld. c. operation.

JIJY MOlE WA' JONDS TO DAY'

THE HAl LiC U fT U S CO., MANUFACTUI U S OF ....0 10


A ND EUCTI ONIC EQU IPMENT . CHICAGO 16, U. S. A .

-CQ

Published by RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.


John H. Potts
Editor
Sanford R. Cowan .. Publisher

APRIL, 1945

YOL o I, No.4

CONTENTS

CO. Published by
RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.

Executive & Editorial Offices


342 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
Telephone MUrray Hill 2.1 346

Ed itorial Staff
J ohn H. Potts

Edit or. President

Z,h Bouck , WBQMRWlNG, .. 2PI,


e.W4PC-LU 4A

Auociot.

Editor

La wre nce l,Ka,hm<!ln ,


W210P

,A,si,ta nt Editor
Frank C. J on " _ W&AJF ,C ont ri b uti nq Edit or

COY E R
Q SL cards at W 2IOP's shack. (S ee article, !mge 25 )

ARTICLES
Elemen tary A ntennas for U H F Tran smission,
by A rt hur If. L ynch , 1V2DKJ
Practical data 0 11 ant enna design
Life-Raft T r an smitter-Receiver, by Paul L.
R affard, Jr.; 1V2GQM
H ow to build a sim ple transmitt erreceiver w hich has many applications

13

Robert Y. Chapman, WIQY....Adv h ory Editor

Business Staff
Sanford R. COw<!ln

SecyTre" l .

Ch ari., H. Farr.I I..

Ad v. Mllno19,r

Eloin, W ilson

Ad v. Prod uction

Di<!lna R. iuma n

C irci. M"n IlQ Ir

GREAT BRITAIN RE PRESENTAT IVE


R"dio Society of Great Brita in,
New Ruskin House. Little Runell St.,
London , w.e. I, En91and

S u bscri lltio n Ratu In u . S . and Po n . $2.S0 por


yellr. 2 )'url $4, 3 )'elln $5. All oth er eeu e trt es,
$3.50 ,1er )'u r In equiva lent U. S . eUlTency.
S i ngle eopl". 25 ce nts. S ubloCr lber mU l l a llow 3
weeka for a d dre.. cha nlu. Ed ltorl at matter eon
Irlbuted a nd llOOllp ted will be paid f or a t curre nt
spa ce ratel a nd will be l u bJect to a ny revhl on s
or oml n lon l deem ed elllled ient by Ihe Ed itor.
Maleri al I ubml tted mUlt eo nh .ln a self.a dd r"",d.
sta mped . return envelope a nd t he a ut hor mud
ag'ee 10 hold th e pubUlh er of CQ h arm Ie.. from
II ny mann er of I uit Dr da mage cla i m relu ltl nl
from th e publi cation th ereof a nd / or a ny lIIu d ra .
1I0nl acoo mlla nyl ng la mo. PubU lh er re senru rilht
to acce pt or re ject /lily ad verthl n, matter l ub
mltled. CQ. prlnl ed In U. 8 . A. COII)'r. Oht 1945
by Radio M.oa!ln lll, In e,

Get On T he Bea m! b)' Law rence L eKashman, 1V210P ......................................................................


Elem ents of aviation radio

17

Bia sing M ethods, by A. C. M al/h ews, 1V3FIVJ


S om e ideas on getting bias wit h t he
least effort and at low cost

23

Stacked Ca rds, by L. Uf L aw rence


QSL cards yo u'll be uxnking for
after the w ar

25

" Li ne-of-Sigh t" Transmissio n, by Z eit Bouck,


W 8QMR.WLN G
L imitations in VHF tran smission

28

MISCELLANEOUS
Zero Bia s
Advertising In dex

7
40

FOR MOBILE SHORTWAVE OPERATION


EL VIBRATOR POWER SUPPLIES

A m on g the m ost va luable n ew developments for the a ma te ur a r e E lec tron ic


L a bora t or ies Vi br a tor P ow er Supplies for
mobile a nd portable a p plicati on s to allow
effi cient o pera t ion o f powerful two- w a y
r ad io fr om your car or a n y non- fixed
s ou rce o f pow er.
Much o f th e effec tive w or k o f th e a ma t eu r
befo re the wa r , a n d of th e W ar Emerge ncy R ad io Serv ice w hi ch has p erformed
s uch a vi tal fun c tion in the com m un icati on s fi eld. was m ade possible because of
po rta ble a nd m o bil e r igs. A fter the w ar,
V ibr a tor P ower Supp li es , wh ich h a ve
s tood th e tes t o f th e m ost r u gg ed comba t
usc in mi lita ry ser vice, will be ava ilab le
to pro vid e t ro ub le-Free m obile opera t ion
bo th for emer gency ser vic e a nd r egular
use.
P ion eer in g in c ur ren t convers ion, E-L
ha s d e veloped m a ny e xclus ive adva n ta g es
bo th in the tigh t and hea vy -d u ty powe r
s upp ly field. T hes e includ e : con s ta nt outp ut voltage des pite w id e flu c tuations in
in pu t vo ltage: m ultiple input and output
volta ges in one unit ; p ow er o utp uts up to

LABORATORIES

1000 watt s. a nd a ny wa ve form. includ in g


pure si ne wa ve. When pla n nin g y ou r n e w
layo u t, consid er the ad van tages that EL
P ower Suppl ies ca n offer.
F or th e tran sit. r ailroad, a via tion. elec t r ica l a nd elect ronic fi elds , as w ell as the
a m a te ur fi eld , E lectron ic L a b ora tori es a re
provin g the superio r d ependabili ty a n d
ser vice of V ibr a tor P ow er Supplies in
co m pa ra ble mi litar y uses t od ay.
Give y ou r n a m e to your dist rib utor for
ea rly supply wh en civilia n produc t ion is
p e rmitted .

E-L Standard Power Supply


Model 307
Th is typica l In ve r ter unit. Model
307. is id ea l for ope rat ing r eceivers
a nd tran smitters from th e 6 volt
DC auto battery . Speci fi ca tions :
I np ut. 6 volts DC : O utpu t. 115
volt s A C : Output P o wer , 100
wa tt s ; Frequen cy, 60 cy cles : L oad
P ow er F actor. 80 to 100 per cent.
D im en sions : 1O% x7 ~ x8 % inches.
W e i ~ht: 23 % pounds.

INC.

INDIANAPOLIS
Jlllnil , ..n n " uu f U UU TII;, U llIU III UTll IIS. AlI I m u m II ItIl I Pl UIl U

. n m ue , mCTlI lllC U I lUll lI l l'. (III

C9

YOUR POST-WAR RECEIVER


,

Em bod ying th e important ad vaneeme nh b roug ht a bout by t he wa r,


the new RME 45 is now rea d y fo r those who wa nt a really fine
co mmunicat io ns rece ive r.

Features
Str... mlin.d t....otou ubin.t
Acoustically d.,ig nl!d sp.ak.r
housln9
R.I.., r<llck mounting p<lln. 1
Six b<lln ds, SSO to 33,000 KC.
Automotic noise IIm it.r
St<ll billty-t. mp.rotur. compen s<lI ting p<ll dd.rs <lind loct<lll tubes
R.lay control <lind br.ok.in t.rm in<ll ls
Si9 n<ll l I. vel m.ter
Vorlabl. cr, sta l filter
8<lIndspru d . quival tnt to 7S
IInur inch" for .....ry 180 d egr swp of m<llin po inter

April. 1945

The RME 45 is th e product of mo nths of pa instaking research


an d la bora tory measu re ments whic h he ve co llabora ted t o produce
a receiver that be Ha rs performan ce, sta bility and ease of op eration.
In designing the receiver , not a single compo ne nt h." been neglected or overlooked . From the ind irectly illuminat ed a nd no nfat iq uing cali bra ted scale t o t he new acoustically d esign ed spea k.r
hou sing - the RME 45 is yo ur post-war receiver!

The ind irectly illumina ted scele is designed for hou rs of nonfatig uing ca li brated scale t o th e new acoustically designed speake r
scale wh it e le tte rs o n a n o p tic a lly bl a ck b ackg round - e na b le
the o pe ra tor t o lo g th e fr equ en cy o f t he incomi ng sig na l a ccuratel y
and e ffo rtlessly I
Reg <llrdle ss of th e ccnt e m pl e te d shifts in a m<llteUr fr equency
al location s, your RME 45 will not b ec ome o b so le te b ecau se it
band sp reads th e e nti re spectru m fro m 550 KC t o 33 ,000 KC.
In a ll, yo u will fi nd th e RME 45 a re markable rec eiver we ll worth waiting fori

and

Now 'old on pr iority to . ".ntl<ll l "r... Ic".

---'Sil:::---

Want characteristics and diagrams


of 400 types of RADIO TUBES?
H

ER F: is a free lO-page booklet

whi ch li sts the circuit engineers'


3" erage cha racteristics for more than
400 different types o f radio tubes. I n
addi tio n, com prehensive tube a nd base
d iagra ms are included,
You'll find th is ha nd y Sylvania
Radio Tube Characteristics listing a
quick. co nve nient guide in p icki ng out
the tuhe da tu y O li want.
The book let is p rinted on d urable
paper- is punched to fi t your radi o
notebook.
Cop ies are availa ble 11 0 10 th rough
your Sylva nia di st rib utor or direct
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Elect ric Prod ucts Inc., Emporiu m, Pa.
A!!! J!loUU Il U !'l poesl b le-c- Sjlvan la
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o -

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AcC:!U CtNls:

lncandnc:ent U~

C9

ZERO BIAS

sizea ble por tion of the s tory can yet be


told. we can only a dvise t he old ti mer t o
hold on to h is bug, t he lOOO-watter a nd
his diversity receiver. They 'll be worth
somet hing agai n, some da y- to the Sm it h.
sonia n .

Second Thoughts on th e CRS

I T TAKES a lot of imagination t o preview post-war am ateur radio-and even


with ima gina tio n a crystal ball would be
of considerable assistance. Many amateurs
consider the war as a simple hiatus - with
the thought that after it's all over we
shall take up a gain where we left off when
we pulled the switches th a t Sunda y night
after P earl Harbor. The FCC ha s proposed
amateur-band a llocations that look very
familia r, and to perhaps most of us our
reconversion problem appears a mere m atter of dusting . Th is may be so for a short
time - as it was followin g World War I ,
when the ham came back on the a ir with
his pre-war spark transmitter. However,
we venture the thought tha t could Marconi look in on a mateur radio in 1950, the
Father of Wir eless would be a s flabbergasted as Napoleon would have been waking up on Iwo Jima just as the Lea t h er necks landed.
Wa r , for all its destruction, is the world's
most potent cata lytic a gen t in the chem istry of human progress. The flying rna chine entered \Vorld War I a box kite with
a motorcycle e ngi ne. It emerged a modern
a ir p la ne, a nd the 1918 DH-4 was still flying
our mail some t en years later. Similarly
with radio, the spark coil and crystal detector were metamorphosed by war in to
the tube transmitter, modern radiotelephone and the super heterodyne. At the
beginning of the present war, th e a ir plane
was a relatively ambulatory proposi tion
with a top practical speed not far from 300
miles an hour a nd a theoretical maximum
of 750 m.p.h.-the velocity of sound. J etprope lled planes have already exceeded th is
t heoretical maxim um , and the t emporary
limit now seems to be in the neighborhood
of 1500 miles per hour, or 25 miles a minute. Progress is logarithmic. That is, the
more we a dvance t he more accelerated is
our progress. As t o just what's happened
to radi o during the past four years, no

April. 1945

w e've ha d time t o chew the cud over t he


proposed FCC a llocation of 460 t o 470
mega cycles for a Citizens Radiocommunicatton " Service. As one who well r emembers
the effort s of t h is same citi zenr y over the
past three decades to break into 'radiocomm unica tion ( by h ook, cr ook a nd the
Supreme Court) without passin g a n a dvanced exam ination in ra dio law, t heory
a nd code, we are particularly interest ed in
the suggest ed license requ irements. Quot.
ing the FCe -uTo procu re suc h a license,
an a pplica nt need only show familiarity
with the relevant portions of the Communca t ions Act . . . No t echnical knoweldge
will be required."
The deg ree of " fam iliari ty" t o be atlpu lated may well serve t o r estrict operat ion
in this band, contrary t o t he FCC's a vowed
purpose of making it practically open t erritory. The Commission sees the utility of
the CRS in civil ia n emergencies, a nd some
interesting questions ( a s we r ecall past
examinations ) might be p osed concer ning
priority of signals in distress comm unica ti ons . And there a re other queries concer nin g basic radio law which a lso fall in the
aixty-Iour -dollar category. Dispensing with
t echnical qualifications brings up the problem of who will service these transmitterr eceivers and make ce r t a in they do not
spill over the edges of the band wh ich,
a s matters now s ta nd , is san dwic hed between facsimile a nd a ir navigation a ids.
Certainly it is n ot a job fo r t he r egular
ra dio serviceman, unless h e possesses the
specialized technical knowledge which the
licensee himsel f has been pennitted t o
eschew. Offhand it looks like a lucrative
chore for the licensed a mateur ex pe rienced
in microwave t echnique. These a r e things,
of course, which will be ironed out-and
it's a ll probahly still a long wa y off. The
FCC observes-"T he design of equ ipment
for use in t he cit izens radiocommunica tion
band should challenge t he ingenuity of
radio designers a nd engineers." It will!

$km,d Inl lrs

check ~v~ry connection before this


Mei.uner electronic ~ uipm~t leaves Mt. Carmel
III., i t. d ellt inat ion_ " So mnv here with the Armed
Forces;" Thie "prKi.si on~rinl" may make the differ.

ence between a . ucccssful military operation or a


defeat, and
v ictory.

~Ieismer .

"precislon-el' are working for

THIS IS PRECISIONEERING
by Mt. Carmel's famed "Precision!el"
Prec isionecrlng isn 't just another word for precision qua lity.
It means that pr ide and skilled craftsma nship a re repre 4
sented in every product. Tot hc mcn and women of Meissner,
precisioneering means that they a rc ma inta ining the same
high sta ndards of workmanship t hat ea rned them t he na me
"precision -el't-c- highest st a nda rd of an exacting ind ust ry.
T o yo u, t he users of Meissn er prec ision -built elect ro nic
equipment , it means t hat t hese precisioneered product s
give you added qua lit y, grea ter d ependabilit y.

"Slep Up" Old Receivers!


These .:\Ieissner Ferrocart I. F .
input and output t ransformers
are gett ing top r esults in stepping up performa nce of old
worn receivers. Special powdered iron core permits higher
"Q" with a resultant increase
in selectivity and gain , now
a vailable for frequency r a nge
127-206. Ask {or numbe rs
16-5728 input , 16-5730 outpu t. List 52 .20 each.

Precision leslinl in MeiS8ner Laboratories proves the


precision quality of the work o f x tetssner "precision..I." I t means new hhth. in performa nce when you
,~ fy

Meissm'f preci sion -built elect ronic eq uip-

ment for your product.

CBelltnlloa on the production o f finer electronic


equipment i . c halCl.ctt'ri.tic o f the m en and w omen o f
~Id"nt'r. Thi, d evotion t o q uali ty production m akes
" prcd.ion~ri nl" o ut o f even t he most r outine ;obs--lives even greater I kill t o t echnicians like these,

M",N Uf"'CTURING COM'...N Y MT. C....M EL. 11L

sonsrso

RESE.IRflf .If'b .Il I ll 'F:' CTURC


Exporl DiI,iJion:t 5 War ren 5 1. , NnD York;Cab/~: SimotlJrice
U~'CTHO.llC

CQ

ELEMENTARY ANTENNAS
f or UHF TRANSMISSION
LOCATE YOUR SKY-HOOK A S ffiGH
AS YOU CAN -

BUT KEEP YOUR

THEORY CLOSE TO THE GROUND

ARTHUR H. LYNCH , W2DKJ

ITHAS BEEN SAID that a

lit tle knowledge is a had thing. It would be difficult


to find a more com plete exam ple of t he
troth of this statement than is provided in
the f olk-lore of ultra-high-frequ ency oper a t ion, So much ha s been said a nd written
that is n' t so, the n eophyte in the ultrahigh-frequency field may well be led to believe t he whole business is over his h ead.
Nothin g could be further from t he truth.
Ultra-high frequency , ca lled u .h.f. by the
sophisticates, is much easier t o mana ge as
a means of com mun ication than any of t he
lower f requencies.
It will give me great personal sa tisfaction to point out a few short cu ts a nd I
wel com e t he opportunity to explode a lot
of lido's a nd don'ts," apparently conceived
by folks who have r ead about these things
but have never taken the time to do t hem .
Lest th ese r emarks be construed as impugning the work done by some of the
more serious antenna experts, I hasten to
r emark that one ma y learn much, in a
practical way. from such as A. A. Alford.
Nor should his practicality be considered in
the light tha t he does not back it up with

A full.....u . IOmet.r bum d.si9n.d by the author


for o p.r.tion at th e N..... York World's Fair st.tion
W 2USA. Th. transminion lin. (which 9 ..... th e "
perts" hurt f. ilur. ) wu ordinary .....ist.d li9htnin9
cord , No. 14 ....eath.r.proof. 300 ft lon91

W2 D KJ
Th . aut hor is an old tim.r .hos. ori9inal lic.ns.
.as first-da n comm ercial tid et Issued in 1912.
Antenne s are his specialty, and his pet d i....rsion
is th e comm ission of mayh.m and hi9h treason
a9ainst many secred notions con ce rnin9 ant.nnu
and transmissi on lin es. But what he seys is becked
up with OX re cords on th e .i,.

O ne of t he euthor's pre-war rigs. Th ~ transmitter on


the left and the National "1-10" receiver were o pereted on 2'12 meters with antennas simila r to those
described in the article

mathematical analysis of a very complex


variety. He does, and how!

A ntenna Th eory
You may, if you choose, begin your investigation of antennas (the correct wor d
is antennae, but who cares?) by studying
t he performance of electr ical wave motion
in space and on wires . It is not a bad idea ,
but it takes time and you may be sure that
a lot of very capable engineers an d investigators have covered t he ground before
a nd that the for mu las (form ulae, for the
purists ) t hey have evolved really have
some fo undation in fact. You will find that
a ntenna dimensions are often not too critical, un less it is necessary to squeeze out
the very las t mill iwatt of r adiation. Also,
no matter wha t yo u do, some " wise guy"
will te ll you how m uch better it could
have been done a nother way. Don't let
t hat d istu rb you, fo r you will find , in a
grea t many cases, that your adviser has
not even tried the system he recom mends.
For most practical purposes, there is
agreement that the s implest for m of antenna is one-half wave length long. T he
practical operating length of such an antenna (in inches ) is obtained by dividing
the figure 492 by the frequency in magacycles. For instance, the \VERS stations
a re permitted to operate on the frequencies
between 112 and 116 megacycles, which
is roughly called the two-and-one-half meter
band. Tak ing the upper limit, the center
of the band and the lower limit of this
frequency spectrum, we divide 492 by 112,
114 and 116, and arrive at 4.39, 4.31 and
4.23, respectively, There is not too much

10

difference, so a good compr omise, particula r ly if we would like to ope rate anywhere betwee n t he extremities of the bank,
is t he middle figure, Which, when changed
from t he dec imal, measures four feet, three
and three-quar ter inches. This length does
right well, under most conditions, up to
11 6 and down to 112 me. If doesn't make a
bit of difference how m uch power our
transmitter is getting to put out. It may '
be a flea-power wa lkie-talkie or a powerful television station. If we're going to
operate on 112-116 megacycles, t he length
of t he antenna will be the same. The same
size antenna will be suitable fo r receiving
as well as transmitti ng.
For the sake of this discussion, let us
consider our 51 % inch antenna as our
"fundamental" half wave. If a ll ou r- operation is to be done with such a s imple
radiator (as is the case in u-h-f work ) , it
is worth while to consider how we can
best get the power from our transmitter
in to the an tenna, and the siggnals we desire to hear from t he an tenna, whi ch then
is the picku p device', into our r eceiver. In
certain fo rms of operation. such as the
" walkie-talkie, it is more convenien t to employ only half the "fundamental" len gth.
The combination transmitter and r eceiver
t hen functions as t he ot her half of th e antenna , and is called a "Marconi" or quarter-wave a ntenna. This may well be th e
s ubject of another discussion but has no
prac tical bearing on present consider ations.
While it is common practice to provide
a whip-t ype a ntenna or a tubular r od somewhat less than a h alf inch in diameter for
operation on the frequencies and wi th the
power we are consider ing (WE RS stati ons
being limited to 25 watts inpu t ) , there is
a lot to be said in favo r of other rad iators
we shell describe.

Transmission Lines
The matter of getti ng t he most power
into the half-wave rod as well as the conven ience with which we are able to do it
are the two most important considerations
which merit ou r attention. If t he sys tem
is efficient for transmitting, it will be good
for receiving, other essential elements being the same which is the reason t hat most
of the information about this subject appearing in print is concer ned with t ransmitting aerials.

CQ

Wh ile antennas are on the agenda of


near ly every radio gathering and lead to
discussions which might, in ma ny ins tances , be described more correctly as
brawls, it is the rela t ed subject of t rans mission -lines and impedance - ma t ching
which r eally enables the boys to hold forth.
\Vhere the dist ance from t he point of
operation t o the antenna is more t han a
few feet , it is doubtful that a ny fo rm of
t ransmission line is superior or even eq ual
t o a line fa nned of two wires suitably
s paced, insulated a nd impedance m a t ched
to the transmitter Of r eceiver on one end,
and to the a n tenna, on the ot her. \Ve hope ,
la ter , t o enla rge upon such a line, which
has given g reat sati sfaction t o those who
have the s pace, fac ilities a nd t he ability
to get the thin g going well. I t is not an
easy j ob. One or t wo false moves and the
whole works is wort h m uch less than some
of the more simple ar rangements wh ich
follow.
The Average Installatio n

There is little gained in considering an


ideal case, so let us thin k of an ins tallati on ,
whi ch, except for minor differences, represents an average fixed-location figure. Porta ble and mobile s tations will be studied at
another time. We live, let us say in a
typical two or three s tory bu ilding in t he
suburbs, or, in an a pa rtmen t, not more than
three floors from the roof. Such a condition
is covered by Fi g. 1. The following suggestions serving as a guide, may be altered
to suit circumstances. For ultra-high oper at ion the heigh t of the antenna. above
ground as well as above surrounding objects, is the most important consideration.
Therefore, a ll ot her conditions being equal,
the higher we can place the cross-arm an d
the taller we can make the suppor ti ng
mast, the bet ter off we are going to be.
Pole A is a self-supporting (uri-guyed)
wooden mast conven iently made from an
or dinary 2 x 4, say ten feet long. The
manner of sec uring it to the r oof is left
to the ingenuity of t he h am. The stand -off
ann is a lso a 2 x 4, long eno ugh to per mit
the transmission-line I , to be run for a bout
three feet at right a ngles t o C before starting to descent. Antenna support C is a
piece of well-seasoned wood, 1" x 2" x I S...
mounted edgewise. The spacing of the insulators is unim portant, t hough room should
be left in the center to separate the two
April. 1945

inside ends of antenna, E and E , by one


inch.
Our 51 %" rod has been cut in two, at
the cente r, thus giving us a ha lf-wave anten na, made of t wo qu arter-wave rods.
(Ot her arra ngements will be s hown, wherein t he r od will remain in one piece; but
t his will s uffice as a star ter. Aside from
the matter of convenience, it will be fou nd
that there is room fo r IitUe to r ecommend
one type over another. \Ve shall consider
several, so that the most readily adaptable
may be employed ).
Transmission line I, a twisted pair, run s
from the a ntenna connec tion on the transmitter throu gh a suita ble lead-in insulator,
H, and the porecelain-insulated screw-eyes,
F lo F" F, and F h to the inside term inals
of antenna rods E , and E ,. Wher e the distance from the shack to the r adiator
(aer ial) is t hr ee Doors or less, losses in t he
transmission line are not too im portant.
Therefore almost any ki nd of twis ted pair
can be used- such as No. 14 electric-light
wire h aving a weather- resistant insulation,
or any good rubber -covered cord. The bet-

.'"

D _~i

--

- E,

. -- c

F,--

r.

A-

Er

Gr

-,

-,!!,

r o-.~

~;Z

--:.i
H~

=;;.

- ""\ .

- TR

Fig . I. Th e b,uie d i-pole a nte nna. A simpl. , reliable


rad iator on its own, it i5 the sta rti ng p oint for ot he r
a"tenn u a nd arrays of hig he r efficiency. O utsid e of
the actual length of the rods, the m0 5t im porta nt
d ime "5io n i5, ho w high can you g e t it.

II

: I

5'~
~

- .r_#-f
D,,,

-f-- 26~

"a current-fed, half-wa ve di-pole." Its impedance at t he center, where the transmi ssion line connec ts, a ppr oximates 70
ohms - which is pr etty close to the impedance of most twisted pairs. H ence we
are providing a good imped ance match between line a nd r adiator -and withou t t he
use of calculus.

A Simple Alternate

4-'

'

"TO

RADIO

SHACK

Fig. 2. A volta ge-fed version of our fu nda me ntal half.


wave antenn a . The lower portion of t he ra dia lor an d
E1 form a matching stub which permits effic ient Iran s.
fe r of ene relY to and from the .erial via the twisted
pa ir trllllnsmiuion line

ter the quality of the transm ission line, the


better the results, but reasonable efficiency
can be expected even wit h a n inferior conductor. If the antenna and transmission
line are both indoors, as in attic installations, weather-proofing is less important.

Apartment Hause Installations


If the installation is made in a steel-

girder apartment house, wooden supports,


such as G, and G,) should be used as standoffs to reduce the loss which would occur
if the lead-in, 1, were run close to the build.
ing, These supports should be from two t o
t h ree feet long . Wher e the building is
frame, brick or stone, and the transmission
line does not closely parallel the electriclight wiring, the porcelain-insulated screweye, F F r , etc., can be affixed to any convenient" part of t he s tructure so long as the
lead-in is spaced a few inches f rom the
building. Good tension joints should be
made at points of strain.
Some question may arise (from the sophistica tes ) concerning our recommendation of t he set-u p illustrated in F ig. !. This
is a worka ble a nd funda mental desi gn. In
a future a rticle we propose to show how
the same mech anica l assembly, wit h m inor
changes tn the antenna itself, can produce
outstanding results. The common name of
the r adi a tor we ha ve been considering is

12

Anot her sim ple a n tenna system with


s imilar performance is s hown in F ig. 2.
It may be easier to use in some locations
- pa r t icu la r ly in t he suburbs. Here again,
the higher the mast the hetter the r esults.
An ordina ry telescopic a utomo bile rod is
used for t he a ntenna E , as well as half of
" matching stub." The other half of the
stub, E " ma y be a similar piece of metal
tubing, or even a s hort length of heavy
wire held away from the mast by stand-off
insulators. Insula tors D I , D I> D, a nd D, may
be of the type stan dard with automo bile
whi p antennas. It will be noted tha t E ,
has been extended to a n over -all length of
78 inches , while E , is 26 y' inches long ( t he
difference being our familiar 51 % inch
r od ) . The space between B , a nd E . is approximately 2 '12 inches- and don't worry
too much about it.
\Vith this modification of our ori ginal des ign, that por tion of 1, ex tend ing beyond
the upper end of E, remains our h alf-wave
a ntenna. However, as it is fed a t the en d,
(a point of high potential) it is tenned
"voltage fed," and the impedance a t this
point is very much higher t han a t t he
center of the di-pole. Considerable loss of
power would result if one side of the
twisted pair were connected to the end of
the 51% inch length. The additional 26 y'
inches a nd t he extra rod or wire, E ., form
wha t is known as a n impedance-match ing
transformer-or matching stub-wh ich
solves t his problem. The transmission line,
1, is run through stand-offs F , an d F"
Good mechanical assembly, insulation
and material, intelligen tly a pplied, are
hi ghly conducive to good r esulta, but the
difference between expert an d poor construction is of much less importance than
height. For the antennas just described, or
any other t ypes , especially when working
wit hin t he low-power limi tations of WERS
communications, transmission line a nd impedanee-matching losses should be mini..
mized by commo n good sense. A good corConnnued on page 381

CQ

LIFE-RAFT
TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER
REQUIREMENTS OF

nns

EMERGENCY SERVICE

AND A HAM PORTABLE DESIGN


PAUL

L. RAFFORD, JR. W2G9M

INLATE

design. The problems of water a nd shock


proofi ng were ignored. T he primary pur pose of t his unit was to demonstate t hat
a lig h t-weig ht transm itter and receiver
of dependable character is tics could be cons t r ucted within str ingent weigh t a nd size
limit a tions. The result is a completely selfcontained, battery-powered unit 9 ;~ wide,
7 72 " high, 7 ~ ;; deep, and weighing 10

1941 the author became in terested in t he deve lopment of a small


t ransmitter fo r use aboard r ubber life rafts
which are standard emer gency equipment
aboard all commercial and military aircraft
in over -ocean service, The transmitterreceiver herein described was not built as
the ultimate in either circuit or mechanica l

pounds.
Sch ematic d iagram. L, - " .p rong , Ph " form . 20
turns No. 16, elese-weund. 1, - b- prong 11/..... No.
26 wire ; ant. coil, ] t urns on t op of form: 7 rid coil ,
If:," below an t. coil, 15 turn s spaced o.... r ~ : ticUer,
Y,," below g rid coil, 6 turns, close- wound.

OPC

.00025

L2

fN5GT

2.5

,,

...

... fD8GT.....

....

HEADPHONE
J AC K ,

,,

~'
",.

,, i
,,

1.0
M~.

,,

STANDARD
/ AUDIO
i TRAN SF.

mh o

c--r-r
\

The transmitter-recei ver, bu ilt a lo ng


amateur lines, was intended to be tested un
amateur frequencies and used as an auxiliary portable at the author's station,

<

~...J "

,,
,
,

50,000
Ohm,

.0001 Mfd .

,,
,

,
,

30,0 00 Ohms

ReceIve

500,000
Ohms

0"

,,

500.000
Ohm,

0.5
Mf d.

100,000 Ohms

TRANSMIT

A-

Mid .

,
~~:':"--<l===;1:,-r

.0001

.0001

"

lQ5 GT

'-,._MId~T

lQ5GT

B-

B'

l Q5 GT,

RFC

2.5

~
.~
-=
.,..

mh o

RFC

2.05 mho

Mfd .

a-SO Ma:"

RFC

2 .5
mho

50,000 onms

MILLIAMMETER

; rensmitting coil, l " is beh ind output condenser on


edreme 'eft. Cryst.l, wit h shield removed, is ned
to it. Audio transforme, is in the center with the
rec eiving coil unit. l:. on t he right

mit ter-or it ma y be keyed manually. It


operates on t he international dis tr ess frequency, 500 kc only. The range is approx imately fif'ty m iles under average conditions
and reliable radio bearings ha ve been ta ken
at this distance. It is rea sona ble to assume
that under certain sky-wave conditions the
range would be greater.
However, there are certain disadvantages
in the Gibson Girl. Using the same power
on a high frequency, distances of several
hundred miles might readily be covered.
Amateurs have proved the ability of "flea
power" transmitters to work over great
distances with surprising consistency on
high frequencies. A transmitter having at
least one constantly monitored emergency
frequency in the 5 to lO-mc band in eddition to 500 kc would be of considerably increased in an emergency. A t present, part
of the disadvantage of short-range communication on 500 kc has been overcome
by the elaborate monitoring procedure
established on that frequency during the
tow international distress periods each
hour. Practically every ship, plane and
ground station engaged in ocean transportation communications ma intains t hese
watches and the chances 'of bei ng heard
by a nearby station are fa irly good and
direction-finding facilities are a lso available on 500 kc.

W2GQM. Construction was completed late


in the evening on December 6, 1941, T he
7-mc ham band was crowded that night.
T he transmitter was connected to a convenient receiving antenna approximately
15 feet high. run ning 60 feet a longside a
f rame house. A local station a few miles
dista nt was immediately contacted and reported a stro ng, clear signal. The hour was
la t e a nd i t was decided t o postpone f urther
tests until t he fo llowing evening, Needless
to say. there never wa s a fo llowing evening Power
fo r a mateur transmissi on purposes. HowT he t er m "strength" wa s used in con.
ever, for th e ge nera l in terest of rad io
amateurs and t hose in particular consider- j unction with the abili ty to operate t he
ing t he post-war construction of a small, Gibson Girl. Anyone who ha s cra nked a
portable, complete radio station, we pre- Gibson Girl will agree that it requ ires no
sent the constructional deta ils at the end small amount of effort and it is questionable whet her survivors after several days
of this article.
at sea, without adequate food and water,
would have the strength necessary to crank
" G ibson G ir' " Featur es
it during each one of the silent periods. The
It is interesting to discuss at th is point only alternative is batteries. During the
the various features of the "Gibson Girl" few years preceding the war the radio inand compare them with the features ana dustry saw the development of portable
advantages of this unit. The Gibson Girl broadcast receivers that were entirely selfhas done its job well, saving of many lives contained and powered by batteries. The
in various theatres of war. It is now stand- battery and radio tube industries developed
ard equipment aboard all U. S. .aircraf't components to meet the needs of the manthat might possibly be forced down at ea. ufacturers of these portable receivers, ana
I t can be operated by anyone with suffi- the transmitter-receiver herein described
cient intelligence and strength to carry was designed around the best equipment
out the simple instructions. Either a kite available in late 1941.
or a balloon may be used to raise the anThe chief disadvantage of battery power
tenna. It is powered by turning a crank, in a transmitter is the relatively short
which also automatically keys the trans- life of the battery under operating condi-

14

CQ

ti ons. However, within r ecent months a


new type of storage battery ha s been a nnounced, whi ch is packed dry, maintains
it s charge indefinitely and ma y be fill ed by
a simple , instantaneous process . This ba ttery is a vailable in a convenient uA" and
" 8 " pack designed for sma ll portable
equipment and a ppears to be the an swer
to the battery problem.

Receiver Worth While


\Vhen the Gibson Girl was developed, it
wa s intended to be operated by personnel
without t echnical radio-operating trainin g
a nd so there was no need fo r a r eceiver
t o be included. However, if a high-Irequency receiver is used in co njunction with
a high-frequency transmitter, it would ena ble a n operator, even of minimum skill,
to maintain two-wa y cw communication
with shore a nd rescue stations. P ractically
a ll over-ocea n a ircraft car ry a competent
r adi o opera to r a nd it ha s been the cus tom
of commercial a irlines, when flying an y
but very short over -sea routes, to em ploy
two Ra dio Officers. In addit ion, most pilots
a re required by their organ izations to ha ve
a minimum of r adio-operating t raining
wh ich in most cases would be sufficient t o
operate an emergency transmitter of this
t ype. It therefore is r ea sona ble t o assume
that at lea s t some of t he survivors of a
Janding a t sea would be capable of operatin g the equipme nt. In the event that there
was no t echnically t r ained survivor , the
equipment could be operated sim ilar ly to
t he Gi bson Gir l by a si mple switch ing ana
crank system fo r sendi ng the SOS automatically.
After several da ys a t sea a boa r d a life
raf t, there m ight be considerable doubt as
to the accuracy of the t imepieces used for
navi gation. A knowledge of t he exact time
is essentia l for determining accurately latrt ude a nd longitude and a lso th e star t of the
500 kc s ilent period. if a s im ple receiver is
a vailable that will cover t he 5, 10 or 15
me broadcasts of the Na tional Burea u or
Standards radio stat ion, WWV, near Wa shingt on , D.C., the exact tim e may be det ermined at pra ctically a ny time of t he
da y or nigh t. Other stations a lso broadcast accurate tim e ticks a t var ious houre
an d ma y be hea rd practicall y a nyw here.

The Pre-Peorl Horbo r Model


P lu g-in coils were employed in this tear
model, for the sake of s implicity. A super-

heterodyne was considered, but t he additional tu bes, coils a nd space r equired out weighed the slight a dva nt age of a superhet
ove r a regenerative receiver. The receiverin this uni t ha s been able to pick u p every
s ignal t hat wa s fa irly r eada ble on a 12-tu be
superhet. Most of the aeronau t ical g round
and marine coast stations employ high
power on relati vely clear channels, so selec tivit y and sens it ivity are no problems 111
a life-raft receiver. The regenerative det ector is a IN5GT a nd covers 4.9 me, t o
9.6 mc. with a coil as s hown . Oscillation is
smooth over the entire range and although
reception is best with a n antenna a pproximately 60 feet long, t he r eceiver will oper a te satisfactorily on much s horter lengths.
The out put of t he detector is t ransfo rmer
coupled to a two-stage a mpli fie r buil t
a round the triode a nd the pentode units or
a ID8GT. It is necessary to shield the grid
leads to prevent a udio oscillation. Hand
capacity effec t s to the r eceiver tuning condenser are eliminated by means of a small
sheet of aluminum mounted behind the
main panel as can be seen in t he photo.
graph.

Th e Tronsm itte r
The transmit ter employs a 1Q5GT in a
Pierce crysta l oscillator with a pair of
pa rallel lQ5GTs as a mplifiers. Use of tho

Top view of transmitter-receiver with battery, giv ing


a good idea of over-all co mpa ctness. Frequ ency
rang e is from 4.9 t o 9.6 mc with coil specificatio ns
a, gi ven

15

April . 1945

The comp lete transmitter-receiver unit with batt.rie,


enclose d ten p ounds of two-wey ra dio. with
potentia l lo ng -di d ance rang e, in " cue 9" wide,
J lh ," high an d 71f, " d eep

Pierce crystal oscillator elim inates osctllater tuning cont rols, an d with a crystal of
normally good activity operation is quite
satisfac tory. It is preferable to operate the
output stage as a st raight amplifie r but
doubling is possible with somewh a t reduced
ou put , For the purpose of battery economy,
the use of a crysta l oscillator by itself
might seem advisable but the far more
stable operation of a n amplifier in tuning
practically a ny length of antenna outweighs this adva n tage. Tuning is accomplished by means of the " pi" network and
with the coil a nd conde nsers shown, almost a ny length of wire from 15 to 100
ft. ca n be matched. However. some difficulty ma y be ex perienced in the neighborhood of a q ua r ter wave (33 feet in tne
case of 7 mc) as the loading or out put condenser effect becomes nil, a nd the a mount
of a mplifie r loadin g is dependent on th e
r ati o of the in put or resona ting conde nser
to the coil inductance a t r esonance. The
recommended len gth of wire is a nything
between 60 and 80 feet for 7-mc bana
operat ion.

Ope ra t ion
\Vit h the transm it-receive switch in the
t ransmitti ng position, plate current is observed fo r minimum current as t he input
condenser is resonated fo r various settings
of t he output condenser . The tank condenser s hould be adj usted to provide a
loading of approximately 25 rna. with the
16

.nput condenser adjusted to resonance. The


in put power is slightly more than two
watts a nd it may be assumed that some.
wha t over a watt is in the antenna. A
fairly good ground connection should be
used as this antenna system works agains t
ground. It is necessary to shield the crysta l as both holder plates are operated above
g round , an d a mplified self-oscillation, due
to ca pacit y bet ween the coil a nd cr ystal
holder, ma y occur . The photograph of the
rear of the transmitter shows the crystal
hold er with the shield r emoved.
The transmit-receive switch shifts the
filament vol tage a nd the antenna from one
section to the ot her. This switching a r rangement saves battery power a nd permits dual use of a single aerial. There Is
a few seconds dela y after the switch is
thrown before the filam ents heat to oper a ting temperature, but this is not a ser ious
disadvantage. The transmitter is keyed in
the "B" plus lead of the amplifier. Break-in
operati on was considered but the details
involved, such as a keying r elay or providing a separate receiving an tenna, ruled this
out. The power from the battery is controJl ed by means of a switch which breaks
the plus A and B minus voltages.

Constructio n
The unit slips readily out of its plywood
case, to which it is secured by means of
four machine screws and wing nuts. The
machine screws are mounted on angles
which in turn are screwed to the inside
of the case. Four holes, on e in each corner
of the panel, accommodate the screws. The
washers and wing nuts are then fastened
on th e outside of the panel as can be seen
in the front view photograph. The case itplywood. The
self is const ructed of
front panel, made of %" tempered masonite, is secured to the aluminum chassis by
means of the two potentiometers a nd j acks
mounted a t the bottom. The chass is dimens ions a re 8 " wide, 4 ~ " deep a nd 1 ~ "
high. A handle is sc rewed t o the top of
the case to facili tate carr yin g. The battery
originally used with this uni t was a Bur.
gess 5DA60, providing 1'1, volts a nd 90
volts. Any similiar t ype may be emp loyed
providing the case dimensions will accommodate it. The chassis a nd panel a re
painted in a "Commu nications Gray"
wrinkle finish, the case a smooth. gl ossy
gray , whiJ e th e inside is varnished.

v.. "

CQ

CAA PllOTO

GET ON THE BEAM!


A PRIMER ON AVIATION RADIO
L. LeKA5HMAN, W210P

A VIATION

radio is playing an increasingl}' important part in our daily lives.


T he s uccess of t he airplane as a practical
t ransportation device ma y be laid on t he
door-s t ep of r adio. Scheduled fl ying in a ll
kinds of weath er, traffic control involving
hundreds of planes, la nding wit h ceiling
zero--a re possible only because of radio.
It is the purpose of this article to discuss
br iefly such major radio aids used in the
domes tic aviation field as a re not r es t r icted. Actuall y th e lis t will be q uite complete, because f ew of t he secret wa r time
inven tions w ill fin d immediat e application
in commercial flying. T h is is not a technica l treat ise, so we call it a primer on
aviation radio.
The a mateur has been familiar with aircraft transmitters and receivers fo r m any
years. Weight limi t ati ons ha s necessitated un usua l mech anica l a nd electrical
circuits in commercial design , though bas-

April, 1945

ically t hey are straightforward receivers


and transmitters. Band-switching , crystal
switching, pr e-t uned circuits, AI , A2, or
A3 em ission, built-in a ntenna loading,
ease of ser vicing , a nti -shoc k mounting a nd
rigid mecha nica l specifica tions, a re j ust
some of the important considerations in
a irplane rad io design. T he receivers differ
principally in that they may be r equired
to perform multiple fun ctions. For example, an a ut oma t ic d irection finder may
a lso be used for communications on t he
range band. However, it is mo re common
to fi nd a separate receiver for ever y job.
A com ple tely eq uipped a ir liner will have
a t least one automatic direction finder
( mo re likely two ) , a co mm un ications receiver for the low and medium frequencies, a very-h igh-frequency comm unica tions receiver, a VHF marker beacon receiver, a low-frequency range receiver; a
VH F localizer and ranger receiver, and

17

A irport traffic control tow er at CAA operat ed


Washington National Airport _
-CAA Photo

possibly a radio a ltimeter, as well as an


interphon e amplifier. There a re, of course,
many different classes of commerc ial
planes. Those flying a domestic run will ,
as a rule, h ave installations quite different from planes on overseas routes. Aircraft fl ying outs ide of the Un ited States
usually have grea ter duplication of equipment to a llow for possible failure in flight,
and ca r ry less eq uipment used only in
conj unc tion with domestic radio aids.
The principal radio a id to fi ying in the
Un ited States is th e r ad io range. The
four-course Adcock ty pe of sim ulta neous
ran ge , is being ra pidly replaced by ranges
on th e VHF. The loop-t ype r a nge is used
t o far Jesser ex tent. a nd while still f req ue ntly enco untered, is a lso giving wa y
to more modern developments. On the
VHF th ere a re a fo ur-course aural range
(s imilar in operat ion to t he low-frequency
prototype), a t wo-course aura l range, the
t wo-co urse visual, a nd the om ni-directional
r an ge, which seems likely to supplant an
t he other types soon after the war.

pairs of crossed Adcock a nte nnas a re 90


degrees in space with respect t o each
ot her . The s tation is a familiar s ight
a long many American hi ghwa ys. Two
t ransmitters a re separated in freque ncy
by 1,020 cycles. One transmitte r, the
wea t her and voice transm itter, is con .
nect ed to the center tower . The other
t ra nsm itter is keyed from one pair of
towers to the other. The center tower
t ransmits continually, except when in ter.
rupted for voice announcements. A filter
prevents the 1,020-cycle tone f rom modulating the transmitter on speech. Planes
are equ ipped with filters allowing the
passage of only the 1 ,020 cycles for flying
t he beam, or eliminating this for monitoring speech. Course alignment is accomplished by a gon iometer adjustment on
the ground.
E a ch of the Adcoc k radiators has a
marked directional characteristic a nd the
pai r forms a figure eigh t pattern. The
two figur e-eigh t pat terns ma y be r otated
in azimuth by employing a goniometer adj ustment consisti ng of two primary a nd
two secondary windings. The a ngle be.
tween t he primary co ils of t he gon iometer
can be varied from 90 degrees , resulting
In- a varied course a lignmen t. The course
a lignmen t m a y a lso be changed by insert':
ing a resistance in the circuit, or by s om e

Simultaneous Radio Range


The simultaneous radio range is t he
most common used in t h is country at th e
present time. It consists of five 125 foot
t ower s on a 600 foo t square, the odd
tower bei ng placed in the center. Th e t wo

18

Th e "office" on ill DC l trillnsport. Note the ADF and


the mutipl icity of redic controls on the ceili n9 pa nel
-A m erican A irlines Photo

C9

other method so th a t the power delivered


to one of the Adcock systems is less than
the ot her. A phase-sh ifting network ma y
be used to in t rod uce a phase sh ift bet ween

t he cur rents in the two towers compr ising one of the Adcock antenna systems, so
th at they are no longer 180 degrees apart.
Permitting the center tower to receive
some excitation from the second r -f channel while it is switched to one of t he
Adcock systems will also cause a course
s h ift in the same manner as a phase shift.
These several methods can be combined
for extreme flexibility.

Directional Loops
T he loop-type range consists of t wo
loops crossed at right angles. R F is fed
t o the loops alternately by a motor-driven
switch. T he signal is modulated at a udio
frequency and keyed at the same time t o
prodnce the character N in t he field
formed hy one antenna, and t he letter A
in the field of the second a ntenna. The
letters a re so keyed th a t in the quadrant
of a n indi vidual a ntenna ei ther the A or
N signal will be heard. The keyed signa l
for both q uadrants is a ud ible approac hing the intersection of t wo Jobes and finally, when on the bisecter of the intersection of two lobes , the A a nd N signa ls of
the same intensity int erlock, a nd form a
steady (on-co urse) s igna l.

Bend ;.. reek-mounte d transmitting and receiving


equipment on a DC)

VHF Ra nge at Blad Moshannon, Pa.


CA A Photo

Night Elfects

The loop t ype r ange is un satisfa ctory


for more than local work, from th e hour
immedia t ely preceding darkness until
some time a fte r s unrise, due t o "night effect:' Both th e ver tical a nd horizontal
portions of the loop r adi ate energy. but
the horizontal component is reflected by
the Heavyside layer and a rr ives at the
receiving point out of phase with the vertica lly-polarized part of the signal. Th is
t ends to ca ncel the desi red signal and produces false or unreadable courses. However , close in to the range (less than 30
miles or so ) , this effec t is negligible at all
hours. Another shor t com ing of the loop
range is that the keyed ca r r ier must be
int errupted fo r voice broadcasts or to
comm unicate with a irc raf t . During instrument weather conditions this h as proved
very dangero us. However, because of their
relatively low cost, loop t ype ranges a re
employed where pu rely local coverage is
the principal requirement, as a t a ir way
intersections , emergency fields , or gaps
along the a irway not adequa tely covered
by the r egula r range station. During
night-time t he loop type range should be
used wi t h extreme caut ion.
Both t ypes of low-frequency rad io range
have a n um ber of in herent defects that
a re pr imarily a result of the operat ing
f requency. Most serious of these is " night
effect" (caused by ionosphere reflection )
resulting in wandering legs, false courses

April. 1945

19

and multiples. Sensitivity to static and


t errain effects a re also pronounced. In addition, because of lack of a dditional frequencies, s tation separation of 3 kc a nd
geogra ph ic distribut ion h ave been inadequate to prevent s kip interference between s tat ions. The sol ution to the problern has been t he adoption of the very
high f requenc ies fo r a n entirely new system of airway ranges. The VHFs have
overcome almost a ll of t he inconsistencies
while presentof the low-frequency range,
ing fe wer technical problems. Night effect
a nd static a re completely eliminated. multiples a nd course bend ing are reduced to
a minimum, sk ip in terference is non-existe nt, and a large number of frequencies are
a vailable. However, the VHFs are no t a
cure-all, especially on phone, where even
line-of-sig ht transmiss ions a re subject to
severve interference, if only because of the
act ivity on the band.

weight radio receiver, to navigate by radio


anywhe re in the count r y.
The regular four-course, and two-course,
a ura l VHF ranges a re similar in many respects to the low-frequency range except
fo r antenna design. The small s ize of the
physical layout makes tb e VHF stations
much more eco nomical to install. The antenna array in general use em ploys five
ho rizontal Alford loops (not to be confused
with Adcock ) mounted on a tower ove r a
coarse wire mesh a pproximately 30 feet
off the ground. The most practical structure comprises a 30 to 45 foot cou nter-

The VHF Rang e

The latest and most prorms mg of the


VHF ranges is the a ll-direction (o r orn nidirection range), which r egisters the bea r ing of an a irplane on an instrum ent in
the cockpit. The new range sends course
signals in all directions from the station,
in comparison with the four course standard r ange, a nd is equ ipped for simultaneous voice transmission. In act ual flight,
the pilot can select any desired compass
course by setting a pointer on a 360 degree compass-type dial. So long as he
maintains the course, th e vertical pointer
on a nother dial ( us ually the standard
cross -pointer indicator used for instrument
lands ) r ema in centered. Deviations are indi cated to r igbt or left up to 10 degr,ees
maximu m on th e dial. Sbould the pilot
get far off course, despite continual inst rument ind ication of h is flight deviation,
he can deter mine immediately his beari ng
to any station with in receiving range by
centering the vertical pointer a nd r eading t he bearing in degrees, on the scale.
He can also take bearings on two or more
stations for a radio fix. These VHF transmissions have a range of 50 miles at 1,000
feet , increasing to 100 miles at 10,000.
The VHF ranges now being installed are
all designed for con version to the omnidirectional type. One of t he most obvious
advantages of t his new system is that it
ma kes it possible fo r the private pilot of a
s mall a irplane, wit h an inexpensive, light-

20

- -Instrumen t I~nd ing system cross-pointe r indicator


- Cou rt e., y A ero Dig est

poise, with the a ntenna located % wave


above the counter poise. The wire mesh
provides a cou nter poise essentia lly free
from the effects of snow, vegetation, etc.
Minor lobes of the two antenna patterns,
intersecting to form seconda ry equisigna l
zones, is the biggest problem encou ntered
on th e VHFs. It is also ex tremely importa nt t ha t cha nges in the altitude of a
plane will have no effect on the equisignal
course, a sit ua tion encountered in some
VHF designs. It is interesting to note that
while a dec ided increase in dista nce range
can be obtained by increasing the height of
the tower, the introduction of multiple
lobes due to reflec tion from the ground.

CljI

with the resulting s urges , fades, course


disconti nuities, and fa lse cones-of-s ilence .
nullifies t he usefulness of t he ran ge as a n
aid to aerial navigation. ' Vith the wide application of the VHF ranges to the civil
airways it is expected that a variety of
reflecting objects will be encountered. In
extreme cases, specially sha ped patterns
may be required to reduce reflection a nd
eliminate multiple courses.

Visual Indication
The visual radio range on the VHFs is
a special a pplica tion of t he aura l range.
In the case of a four- course range, it is
possi ble to have two visual and t wo aural
legs. The vis ual ra nge is succeeded by the

vectorially with t he radiation from t he


cor ne r elements to produce a field patter n
resembling two cardioids. At the point of
intersection the 90 and 150 cycles are
equal in fiel d st rength, fonn ing an "oncourse" signal. The aircraft receiver is
conventional, except for two independent
ou tput circuits. The 90 and 150 cycles a re
sepa rated by ba nd-pass fil ters. the outputs
fro m which are rectified, and the resulting
d. c. applied in opposition to the zero-cent er meter. The predominance of one signa l
or t he other will cause the pointer to deflect. When on course the pointer will
remain in ce nter positio n. The second out ..
put circuit of the r eceiver provides fo r t he
tone freq uency and voice. w hen the visual
a nd a ural legs are combined, the same
center element can be common to bot h
systems. The aural legs are produced in
exactly t he same way, except that a single
modulation tone of 1020 cycles is used a nd
the courses are defined by keying an A
a nd N.

Con e of Sile nce

75 mc ind ica tor la mp inst rume nt


-Courtesy Aero Digest

omni-directiona l range, but since it is also


of importance for instrument-landing-syst em localizers, it is likely that this form of
range will be permanent. Modulation at
90 and 150 cycles is substituted for the
quadrant let ter (A and N ) identification.
This provides a n equisigna l course where
the 90 and 150-cycle modula tions are of
eq ua l intensity. The pair of antennas radiat ing the signals t hat register o n the visual
indicator are excited 180 degrees out of
phase by side-band energy arising from
modulation of the car rier f requency by
90 and 150 cycles simultaneously, but from
which th e ca r rier itself h as been suppressed. The center element radiates th e
car rier frequency a nd also t he 90-cycle and
150-cycle side bands. The side-band energy
radiated from th e center element combines

April. 1945

The range systems alone, do not provide


s ufficient navigation in formation. To supplement them we have numerous aids.
Over all radio ranges, and in fact over all
ver tica l radiators , there is a no-signal area
-commonly referred to as t he cone-ofsilence, since it theoretically appears as a
cone wit h the apex on top of the radiator.
This zone can be used for an orientation
point ( for example in an instrument letdown) if a certain course is to be steered
after passing over t he range station. However, the cone-of-silence is a negative
rather than a positive indication. Because
it is sharp, the cone ofte n cannot be located. The cone-of-silence marker (or Z
markers as they are commonly known ) is
a very low power 75 mc transmitter modulated by a 3000 cycle tone, exciting a directional array wh ich produces a circular
lobe in a vertical pla ne. The array is placed
at the center of t he radio range a nd is
used to indica te flying over the point where
the cone-of-silence shouJd normally be.
This Z marker s ignal may be monitored
a urally, but visual ind ication is unusually
available. \ Vhen passing over the station,
a relay is actua ted in t he receiver output
lighting a n indicator lamp on the instrument panel. The length of the indication
is dependent upon the altitude of the plane,
but a duration of 10 seconds is average.

21

half-wave sections built in a line and opera ting in phase with each other. They are
aligned with the direction of flight, on the
center of the eq uisignal zone. A wire
screen, or cou nter poise, under the radiators
serves to project the field pattern vertically.

Boundary Markers

H igh fr equency

"z"

ma rker
-CAA Photo

The cone-of-silenee is much more clearly


defined on the VHF ran ges, which is an
advantage not to be overlooked a t a small
a ir port where a mlnlmum'Installation ma y
be desired, or the special Z marker receiver is not carried.
The fan or FM marker derives its name
from th e fa ct it radiates a VHF signal
in a fan-shaped directional pattern. These
beacons are placed at strategic locations
alo ng the airways- such as t he approach
to an obst ruc tion or the intersection of
two ranges. The fan markers also operate
on 75 me, exciting a directional a ntenna
having the desired pattern. The power required must provide an eas ily recognized
signal up to a bout 20,000 feet, and the
pattern must hold its elliptical shape. The
cross-section a t 5,000 feet altitude is approximately 12 hy 3 mil es in the h orizontal
plane. Larger patterns of proportionate
dimensions are obtainable through the use
of increased transmitter power or improved
receiver sensitivity. A transmitter output
between 100 and 150 watts covers all ordinary fan marker r equirements. The key
signal is customar ily keyed in dashes to
identify the particular leg of the r ange a nd
to differentiate the FM from the Z marker.
The use of 3000cycle tone modulation for
the marker transmitter mak es it possi ble
for both the marker a nd range signals to
be h eard simultaneously without bot her some cross interference. The marker receiver output also act uates a sig nal lamp
indicator, as in the case of the Z marker.
The FM marker antenna consists of four

22
,

Low-power marker signals are used to


mark boundaries for air ports with inner
a nd outer markers on instrument landing
systems. Signals a re o f about 5 watts output. The outer marker is modulated by a
400-cycle tone whi ch lights a purple indicato r lamp on the instrument panel. An
a uto signal will be heard a pproximately
on e second before the lamp lights. The
inner marker, a 1300-cycle t one, will flash
a n a mber light fo r a pproximately 1 72 seconds when the plane passes over at a low
altit ude. While it is customary to use two
of these markers in connection with an
instrumen t landin g system , they can be
u sed in a ny number of com bina tions .
However, standard receiving equipment on
the VHFs makes provisions for only three
indicator lamps- a white a irways lamp
a nd the inner a nd outer markers of purple
and amber (a ll on 75 me ).
There a re also low-frequen cy marker
beacons located at intervals "on-course"
of the regular low-frequency airways radio
range. These stations operate o n the same
frequency as th e particular radio range
with which they are associa ted, a nd on
frequencies not otherwise utilized by
ranges. They are identified by coded letters. These markers should not be conf used with non-direction beacons used for
off-airways flying in con ju nction with an
ADF or the manual DF loop. At present
they are largely restricted to type MHT
beacons-c-medium-power homing beacons
ratiating non-directional signals. They are
located at secondary fields which are not
sufficiently important to warrant ranges.
In pest-wa r plans th e CAA is pla nning the
insta llation of high-power beacons. Transcont inental planes will not be restricted to
a irways flights, but will go to hi gh altitudes a nd make direct trips using such
beacons for straight-line bea ri ngs.

Indrument LandIngs
The instrument landing system now most
widely used consists of four essential parts
[Co ntinued on page 39]

C9

BIASING METHODS
Negative Bias Can Be Expensive - In Dollars. Cents and Plate
Voltage. Sometimes You Can Get If For Nothing.

A. C. MATTHEWS, W3FWJ

I N THE DESIGN of radio receivers the


matter of obtaining a satisfactory negative bias is an important consideration,
since the use of extra components for this
pu rpose increases the cost. This is a problem in battery powered receivers, where,
in general, the tubes have no separate
cathode connection.
Several possibilities present themselves
a nd their advantages and disadvantages
will be discussed. In the case of battery
powered receivers where the filaments are
connected either in series or parallel, two
well-k nown met hods are available as s hown
in Fig . 1. The most obvious, but least satisfactory method f rom a cost standpoint,
is to s upply a separate bias battery. This
a lso r equires add itional space. Its use,
however, does eliminate a source of common coupling since the battery h as a fair ly low inter nal resistance when new, a nd
if pro perly bypassed, will cause no t rouble
as this r es istance increases with age. Because t he current requirements in this
service are negligible, the operating life
will be equal to the shelf life and replacements are seldom required. However, the disadvantages outweigh the good
points, and a separate battery is rarely
employed.

tubes is a serious matter because the tube


capabilities are low to begin with, and
any reduction will seriously affect the performance. It is therefore desirable to sub-stitute some other method of bias supply.

C Bias Gratis

Fortunately, there is another source of


voltage available for this purpose. Since
practically all receivers are now superheterodynes, it is only necessary to utilize
the d-c voltage developed across the ascii-

I I~----II I +
A.

Series Dropping Resistor

Having decided against the "C" battery,


the next logical step is the use of a series
dropping resistor in the - B supply lead.
Adequate bypassing must be provided to
eliminate a source of common coupling or
feedback, since the plate current for all
tubes passes through the bias resistor.
Bias voltage developed across this resistor
is obtained at the expense of the plate
voltage applied to the tubes. Decreasing
the plate voltage when using battery type
April. 1945

V
I I~-------------- II I

Fig. I. In (A). separate bin baHery and ( B), bles


across resis tor in - B lead

23

,
lator g rid lea k to provide the r equired
bias . Fi g. 2 s hows a t ypical circu it a r r angemen t. The doc voltage developed
s hould be rea sona hly constant throughout
the tu ni ng range of t he recei ver. This is
necessary fo r un ifo r m translat ion gain a nd
therefore req uires no special cons ideration
when using the voltage fo r bias supply
purposes. A resistance-capacity filter will
be required between t he d-e source a nd the
output stage to m inim ize feedback, but
the circuit constants a re not cr itical.
Should the developed bias he h igher t han
req uired for normal operation (as is usua lly t he case) the RC filter constants a re so
chosen that a fractio n of the t otal voltage
is obtained. I n other words , the filt er func tions as a voltage d ividing potent iometer
a nd can be designed t o suit the partic ula r
requiremen ts at ha nd.

OUTPUT , --

'

"'"

c.

..'-.
"

--""
Figure 2

OUTPUT , - - - - - - - ,

As can be seen from the schemat ic, t h is


met hod of obtaining bias voltage does not
reduce the effect ive plate poten t ial t o the
o utpu t tube and t herefore does not decrease t he power output . Taking a t ypical
bat tery operated receiver as a n example.
the use of t he local s upe rheterodyne oscillator as the source of bias voltage r esults
in a n inc rease in out put of a pprox im ately
15 percent ove r th e a r rangement shown in
Fig. I -B. This is definitely where the designer must obtain th e m aximum in performance in the smallest possible space.

RECT IFI ER

Of her Uses

This method is not limited to battery


ope ra ted rece ivers , a ltho ugh it is part.icularly useful in suc h designs s ince batter y
power is relatively expensive in bot h initial in st aUation a nd upkeep. A poss ible a pplication in line-powered rece ivers would
repla ce the bias supply system shown in
F i g . 3, where cu rren t flowing through a
r esist or in th e negat ive high voltage supply lead is used t o obtain bias for the out put s tage. This ci rcuit requ ires that the
fir st filter condenser and the center tap of
t he high-voltage transformer winding be
below ground or chassis potent ial. Such
[Con tinlled on page 38]

Figure ]

.s

Fig _ 2. Bias from d -e volta ge acro" oscilla tor grid


lea ~

Fig . 3. Bia s acro" r.sidor in negative po.....e r sup ply


[ee d
Fig. -4. O sc illator bias to c ut off if amplifier in
ph ono o pera tion

24

cq

SbJI

HAWAIIAN

>lJa,HAWAI

STACKED CARDS

The Average Ham Has Them By The Hundreds


- QSLs From All Over The World
L. W. LAWRENCE
Q SL TO THE a mateu r ha s a special significance. QSL car ds a re a color fu l
and integral part of ham radio. On t he list
of definitions fo r int erna tiona l uQ" signals,
QSL means " I acknowledge receipt:' It
was only nat ural tha t when a mateurs
started exchanging printed verification
ca rd s, that th ey should become known as
QSL car ds. The originato r of the whole
id ea was 8UX. This custom wa s practiced
(a nd we use the past t ense o nly to indicate
pre-war-) by amateurs all over the world.
QSL collections were proof of the pudding
and highly-prized possessions.
Almost every s t ation had a different
ca r d. T he designs ranged a ll the w a y from
simple t yped post-cards , to e laborate engravings . Print ers offered a large variety
of designs which were both attractive and
inexpensive. But most everyone had their
own ideas as t o wha t a QSL should look
like-c-eo originality was th e keynote. DX
m en seemed t o feel that a car d should
show up well on the wall of a foreign station. In this wa y, with pardonable pride,
they could prove they wor ked that station
every t ime a photograph of the same
showed up in print. Many stations desired
merely t o convey informa tion confirming
a QSO, with little technical data, whereas,
some cards r ead like engineering reports.
Designs occasionally emphasized local at-

April . 1945

tr ac tions a nd those with a ny unusual call


letters often capitalized On t hem. It wa s
a rare card from Wyoming t hat didn 't ha ve
a bronco buster tearing across it. F r om
Montana , heart of the copper country,
came a QSL printed on a th in copper sheet.
Am ong t he popular ideas was for entire
clubs t o utilize the same basic design,
changing only call letters a nd desc riptions
of the individual station .

U. S. and Foreign Cards


The average QSL card contained at least
t he call, a ddress, name of the statio n owne r
and ope r a tor, transmitter line-up, a nd receiver . If t he receive r was hom e-brew, it
was customary to incl ude t he t ube cornple
ment. Affiliations a nd certificates wer e
generally shown, as for example, membership in t he ARRL, WA C for worki ng ,
a ll continent s, etc. (Certificates of ach ievement a re awarde d for a la rge number of
a mateur act ivities, a nd in th e m ajority of
cases QSL cards are requi red to substantiate claims.) In addit ion to the above data,
there was space fo r the time of contact,
signal reports, date, a nd pertinent rema rks .
American cards were usuall y standard
post-ca rd size ( 3 y' inches x 5Y:, inches)
which made fo r simple filing or mounting
on the wall. Size was a lso somewhat r e-

25

W utime OSl of GM6WD, Gla,gow, Scotl.tnd

st rictcd by postal regulations, which prohibits the one-cent rate on cards over
standard dimensions. If you mailed out
any great number of QSLs, postage was
worth thinking about. Amateurs outside
of the United States printed cards of every
conceivable size. Some were double cards
wh ich containing a profuse amount of stat ion and personal data. Europeans partieularly went in for advertising the local
town and its highspots. The New York
City s kyline made a beautiful background
fo r many loca l QSLs, but seldom did a
Pi t tsbur gh mill, or California orange grove
a ppear .

QSL Bureau s
Mailin g cards a few at a time isn't much
of a problem provided you ha ve the full
and correct add ress of you r QSO. The
Radio Ama t eur Ca ll Book maga zine was
printed fo ur times a year a nd contained
a n accu rate list of the world 's a mateurs.
\Vh ile publication is temporarily suspended,
this familiar a id to the ham may be expected to appea r again. The nine America n
d istricts occupied most of the call book, but
the lis ts of foreign hams was lengthy and

OS L', from 3S different countries in every continent


,how the vuiety of designs u,.d

26

constantly growing. Direct mailing of


QSL's was always done inside the United
States, but fo r DX , a more flexible a nd
fa r less expensive method was worked ou t.
Th rough t he cooperation of the ARRL,
foreign radio societies, a nd individual a mateurs in the few sma ll countries where
no Organized Ra dio Clubs existed, "QSL
bureaus" wer e established. Car ds fo r hams
in these countries were sent to the respective QSL burea us, who t hen distributed
them. This was particularly advantageous
to foreign stations contacting t housands of
W's. Ordinarily their postage bills would
have been staggering, if not prohibitive.
In the U. S., each call number distr ict
had its own QSL manager. A stat ion expecting foreign cards kept an envelope on
file with his QSL manager and when several cards arrived they were mailed out.
If a station worked a great dea l of DX, it
was only necessary to keep more envelopes
on file. Foreign bureaus could send a n e ntire batch to the ARRL by parcel post,
for distribution to the dist rict man agers.
In a like manner, a QSL fo r a n Aussie, fo r
example, could be sent to the Wireless In.
stitute of Australia. The QSL service enables many W's to r eceive va lua ble DX
cards which normally would not have been
delivered. It r educed the chances of a
car d going astray because of a n incor rect
address, and served as a clea ring h ouse
when th e a ddress was unknown. Volunteer
QSL manag ers in a la rge district handled
more mail than many a fair-size post
office. The strange thing is that there were
some hams who did not think enough of
t he cards to bot her getti ng them from the
bureaus. T hou sands of uncall ed fo r QSL's
were destroyed a n nually. Yet every station
was asked several times merely to send
postage for mailing.
With all the effort expended in distributing cards and making QSL'ing easy, it
is difficult to u nderstand why some amateurs didn't acquire t he QSL spirit. No one
is compelled to mail out a QSL, but tbe
least to be expected is a reply to a card
received! This is merely common courtesy,
but too many amateurs found i t too
much work filling out a card, a negligence
that caused no little hard feeli ng, a nd,
among DX men especially, many headaches. Extracting a QSL fro m a reticent
foreign amateur became quite an art. The
customary procedure, after t wo or three
[Continued

On

page 37)

e9

CHAIIAC JE."T1CS

"..,.-,
......
"P. ,....

'ASINO
I.e

C.+

0'AOII",.5

II.,.'......

....

,slJ IS JI ' U " O H CHAit"

C..,d. I.
'HOJOfUI' DA'A
r.AHS~O.""',

DAr"

CONDENSE. DATA
".51510" OArA
_ _ _ COLO.
o!t>DfS
fO

....

Ut

...

A_kG_ Wor StaONlord'

"LINE-OF-SIGHT"
TRANSMISSION
Putting A Signal Across "The Lost Horizon"
ZEH BOUCK, WBQMR.WLNG

THE DX GANG working below 30 mega-

cycles has their problems in Great


Circle d istances a nd spher ical trig , plus a
fe w co ncessions t o sunspots, night a nd da y
paths , time of year , geographical locations
a nd frequ en cy. As freq uencies rise a nd we
a pproach, or even enter, the microwave
region a bove 300 megacycles, we run into
a new set o f considerations involving "lineof-sigh t" distances, diffra ction, t emper.
a t urc inversion a nd several refractive effects. Climbing the spectrum ladder toward
the frequency of light, it is only reasonable
to suppose that the transmission characteristics of radio signals will approximate
more and more th e chacteristics of light,
a nd that the line-of-sight limitation will be
the most consistent factor in determi ning
the average, r eliable range of comm unication. You simply cannot see a terrestrial
object beyond the actual horizon " (except
for refraction, reflection and a negligible
Einsteinian effect ) .
Figuring on the line-of-sight distance
will provide a slight margin of safety in
reliable day-in and day-out QSOs. The
primary cons ideration then is how far ca n
you see on a clear day from the average
height of you r a ntenna. The higher up you
a re, t he farther a way you can see, a nd
over water or level ground, your limit of
vision will be the theo retical horizon. Of
course, a mountain range fifty miles away
from t his theoretical horizon may a ppear
to be t he horizon, which, with the observer
a t sea-level, would be only some four mil es
distant. In ot her words. a high a ntenna on
the opposite end of the lin e-of-sight will
also increase the range. For a given height
of bot h a ntennas, the maximum optical
range will be that distance at which the
optical pat h (and perhaps the microwave

2B

r"'-

,~

0- d

+ d'

EA RTH 'S
CENTER

r - 4 000 MILES
- 21,000,000 FEET
- 21 X 10 ' FEET

Fig. I. Th e lin e.of-sight d istan ce , D, between two


"ntennas is th e sum of th e individual horizon d ista nces, d ' and d

radio beam ) just scra pes the horizon some-

where in bet ween.


There is a very simple equation by
which this distance ca n be determined.
However, in case one forgets the formula ,
a nyone who remem bers his school-days
rule that the square of the hypotenuse
equals the sum of the squares of the r emaining sides of a right-angle triangle, can
sta rt from sc ratch a nd eit her pencil ou t
the distance then and there or derive the
simplified equation as a stimulus to memo ry (once you work it ou t yourself, yo u' ll
never forget it-which a pplies t o many
radio formulae),
The sketch in F ig. 1 r epresents a cr OBSsection of half the ea rth. The radius of the
ear t h is s hown as r , while h . in exaggerated
proportion, is the height of an aerial above
sea-level o r fla t terrain (which height, of
course, represents the sum of all Jocal eleCQ

Ermoc

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"G rled

S 0fue4 9Ud ~ ~ (
Grid emission. with the resulting instability o f o peration. parasitic oscillations and prematurely burned
o u t fi lame nts. has become a thing of the past. The new
Eimac "X" grid will not emit elect rons even when
operated at inca ndescent heat.
The solution to the problem o f grid emission lifts a
great barrier v..hich has long stood in th e p ath o f elcctro n vacuum tube development and the progress o f
electro nics. Eimac Engineers in developing the "X"
grid have-m ade a real contribution .. . and a very important one . .. toward th e d evelopment o f new and
more effi cie n t v acuum tubes. It is suc h h e ad s -u p
Engineering th at has made Eimac tubes first cho ice o f
leadi ng electronic engineers through out the world . ..
and maintai ned them in that position ycar after year.

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EITEl-McCUllOUGH, INC., 874 San Mate. Avenue, SAN 8RUNO, CAlif.


P1 on" loc;o ted o h Son truno. Coliforni o

"
Exports Agmts: FRAZAR & HA NSEN , 301 Clay

C1 nd Solt t o ke City. Utoh

sc, San Francisco I I, Calif,

U. s. A.

out side of the brackets. ) Thus we can


simplify equa t ion ( 2 )d -

..

d -

vations ). We desire to find the distance d


- t h e number of miles from the antenna
to the horizon. We obviously have a rightangle triangle, in which d and r form two
sides, and ( r + h ) the hypotenuse, Solving
for d, the eq ua ti on follows, with all di-

mensions in feet.
(r

(r

h )' h)

d -

V r
2rh
hi V 2rh + h I
V h (2r
h)

r'

\1

42 X V h
( oil

\Ve now have our feet on firm ground K


a nd, we trust, our a nt enna in the air. Unfo rt unately, we a lso have f eet in the solution t o formula ( 4) . To change d ( distance ) to miles, divide the right-hand
portion of equation ( 4) by 5300. ( We rea lize that a mile is 5280 feet long. But a
fundamental rule in enginee ri ng mathematics postulates that it's a waste of time
a nd energy to be more accurate than
physical tol erances justify. There is no
sense in computing current microamperes
if the equ ipment available and the probability o f human er ror make accuracy dublous a bove the milliampere range. The
radius of th e earth, r, varies from 3963.399
miles at th e equa t or to a polar semi-diameter of 3949.922 miles-a difference of

(I)

..,.

,'
,.
,.
,.
,.
,.

..

r
(2)

The height of the a ntenna, h , is negligible within the pa rent hesis even if, erected
on t op of a mountain, it ma y be several
thousand feet high, because 2r (some 42.000,000 feet) is so much greater; and h,
here, can be elimina t ed. ( However, h is
very important as a m ultiplying factor

30

V42 XHf xh
10- V 42 X h - 10- X
10' -+- 6.5 X V h
6500 v h

rl

From equa tion (1) you can compute distance d-knowing h, the height of the an.
t enna, a nd aproximately the earth's radius
as 21,000,000 or 21 x 10' f eet. That's the
simple a r it h met ic o f it, but the process
may be somewhat la borious, a nd the equa ti on admits of considera ble simplification.
Squaring ( r + h)

(3'

Equation (3) is obviously simplificd and


quite worka ble. However, its solution remains burdened with cumbersome artthmetic, a nd we ca n still boil it down to more
essentia l ABCs. With th e knowledge that
twice the r adius of the ea rt h ( 2 r ) eq uats
42 x 10' feet, we h ave-

d' d -

V 2rh

The higher th e better, but not in direct proportion

CQ

Increased Output from


,

RAYTHEON

OZ4 and OZ4G Tubes


M any

ma nufacturers realize the advantages of small ion,


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Sp e cifications of O Z4 an d OZ4G

o perate w ith veer low internal power lo sses. Convincing


evidence is the Widespread use of such tubes in automobile

014
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Millions of Ra ytheon OZ-4 and 07.4G rubes have- given
reliable and dficiem service in such t'quipmenc . . . service

which will prompt engineers to incorporate them in numerous postwar prod ucu .

OZ4G
2 5/8 I,. .
2-1/16 I" .
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obta in interna l drops compa rable to the- la rger directly heated


cathode types, these rubes are now furth er improved to the
poi nt where the OUlpUI racing has been increased from 75 rna
to 90 rna when functioning as a full wave rectifier, H ence, il
can be used 10 advantage in suppl)'ing Ihe extra "B" drain imposed by larger receivers or lew-power mobile transminers.
The OZ-4 and OZ-4G a re examples of Raytheon's abi lity to
design a nd produce beuer lubes . , , lubes which will be in
g reat dem and in the postwa r radio a nd electronics ind uslry,

M i " I ",,,, ,,, DC O",lpu' C",.,."I


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No".
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DEVOTED TO RESEARCH AND THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE NEW ERA OF ElECTRONICS

April. 1945

31

70,470 feet.) Following up with this divisian, we obtain-

_J
\
-,

"'.

-1 I,
='
1
I
I

65
d - - X vh
53

1-

. \1
I-

TRANSFORMERS

1.23v h

(5'

E quation (5) is the way we want it with distance, d, in miles, and antenna
height, h, in feet. Let's see how it works
c ut-e-and we'll pick a n easy one. Assume
a n ins tallation on fairly level terrain. It
does n't make a ny appreciable difference
(in r) whether this fiat a rea is at sea-level
or not. ( Remember. the mean radius of the
earth va ries from equator to pole by more
than twice the a ltitude of our highest
mountain peaks. ) w e'll tak e advantage of
a small hill about 50 feet high, put up a
50foot pole, a nd calI h 81 feet. Thend -

1.23 V 81 11 miles

1.23 x 9 -

11.07

Eleven miles is then the Iine-of-aight


distance f rom the a ntenna to horizon. and,
eliminating refraction consideration ( which
may or ma y not exist for cer t ain frequen cies at different times ) is the comm unica tion range bet wee n the SO-foot aerial and
an operator, sit ting on the ground, with a
handy-talkie.
I f the second station is also elevated, say
by hI feet, we encounter the second r ightangle trian gle s hown in F i g. 1, a nd t he
total max im um distance ( D) is the s um of
d and d 1
D -

W' c do have a littl e


rime-now and then only-to discuss
transformer a ppli cations with our
fellow" victory manufa cturers" who
are seeking 10 improve their war-time
units and-also those whose p lans in dude desi gn for the future . .. Po ssibl y time ma y he found for YOI/. We'll
do our best with you r inqui r y.

STANDARD TRANSFORMER CORPORATION


15 01 N. HA LS TE DST ., CHICA GO l2.ILL.

...-::::iiiiii

.....:.:.:.:.:
..........................................................
..-:. .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:
..
.....
....
....
...................................................," .
..................................................................................................
.........................................................................................:-,
32

-+

d
d'
1.23 V h
1.23 V h i
- 1.23X ( v h + V h ' )

( ft)

In passing, we should like to emphasize


that ( Vh + Vh ' ) is not t he same as t he
ex pression Vh + h', as was recently stated
in a not her radio publication, a nd which
er roneous implication so pricked our curiosity a nd respect for the verities, that we
finally t ook pencil, typewriter a nd sliderule in 'ha nd, a nd wrote this little article.
In a pplying equation ( 6) , Jet's erect a
second a ntenna 100 feet high (a ga in for
a n easy square root) . We haveD -

1.23 h ' h + V hi )
1.23 ( \I 81
V too l
1.23 f9 + 10)
1.23 X 19 - 23 % miles

(6)

This, of co urse, gi ves you the antenna to-antenna line-of-sight distance. The horizon lies a t some undetermined point
(Continued on page 38)

CQ

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lit" "

..

IE
'. ' -".

A C C EPTE D MEASURE OF Q UA LI T Y

WARD LEONARD ELECTR IC CO .


Radio and Electronic

Distribut o r Divis i o n

53 West JacksoA Blvd., Chicago, III.

33

April,1945
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enE.

ufTt"fl'i ~Ull 11 prun.I. p larmed


IIrH~ r ll lll or " Ju n t- l i .... trainin,2: t h a t ",ill
develop , u u r 1(>('hnit'ul ,,1..i11 a n d increa...e
,nUT uhilil r II n tl kno",lt(I,:::r 10 ke-ep pur-e
""ill. impurlllnl tlf"\f"lol.nu-nl!O no",, lakin:.::
pl u," - in ,uur indu .. lry. The fa ...t... IIhuut
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CAPITOL
ENGINEERING

R A D I 0
INS T IT UTE

Dept. C-04, ]224 16th St. N.W. Wash in9ton 10, D. C .

34

That goal of postwar jobs for everyone Is no


pipe-dream.
T h is is borne out by what is pr oba b ly the
fi r s t postwar employment survey of a large
Industry, conducted by the Radio Manufacture.rs' Association. It other industries equal
the radio m akers' estimate of a 68.6 per cent
incr eas e In workers ove r 1940, full em ployment
should be wen within reach. R . C. Cosgrove.
president of R MA. said today.
"Significantly, R~IA survey figures showing
an estimated employment of 145,266 persons
in the first tull year of peacetime production
r ep r es e nt a decline of only 39.9 pe r cent from
wartime employment in the July-September
period Iast, despite the tremendous rise over
1940," ~I r. Cosgrove declared.
"Th e drop' in factory job estimates from
wartime peaks should not create undue conce r n , since factories will not provide the only
postwar em plo yment . In the radio field R.1'I in
other industries, r esumption of peacetime production w111 r eopen and add innumerable jobs
In servicing, in warehouses, and in distribution.
These will absorb many workers w ho have
acquired special sklt1s in war production,"
RMA's presid ent noted t hat as fre quency
modulation broadcasting and tele vi s ion d ev elop
across the country, m a ny mo re jobs w111 be
created In manufact ure of t r a nsmitters. r eceive r s and pa rts. E xpa n sion of FM a n d t el evi sion a lso w ill mean cou n tless n e w pos iti ons
in the a llted fields of b road castin g a n d prog r am
prod uc tion, h e point ed ou t .

Hot Pants
A chann ing YL from 51. Paul
Wore a newspaper dress t o a ballT he d ress caugh t on fire
And scorched her enti re
Front page, s ports sec tion and a ll.

Mash and Towers


The man-hour problem as well as constructional angles have been considered in t he new
H arco ca talog describing nine ditrerent types
of masts and towers, from 20 to 500 feet
hi gh, the shortest of which can be erected by
o ne man in fifteen minutes flat. Mob ile and
portable units are illustrated as wen as pennan en t installations, Featured is the exce ptionally
rigid " Bantam King," lending itself particularly
to radar and to such applications as may require 500 o r m ore pounds of t op loading o n a n
elg h t-by-fo u r-foot plattonn. Guyed and selts u ppor ti n g, square , triangular and tapered
towers a re d escribed in this generously illustra ted caW og w h ich can be obWned by writing t o the H arco Steel Construction Co., Inc.
1180 E ast Broad Street, Elizabeth, 4, N . J .

CCj)

Secure YOUR Monthly Copy


of CQ by Subscribing NOW
Due to paper restrictions, CQ will
not be sold on newsstands for the
duration. A selected list of Ham Dis.
tributors will have a limited number
of copies on sale at 2Sc each.

12 issues
24 issues
36 issues

$2.50
4.00
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I n U. S. A. & IJo ll8e u i o RIi


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- - - - - - - - - - TEAR OUT - MAIL


CQ.RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.
342 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK 17. N. Y.

Address

City

April, 1945

_._

,State

Zone

35

"On, shes OLO.!

At twenty, thirty seems ancient.


At thirty, forty is distant middle age.
At forty, well, it'll be a long time before
you're fifty.
The point is t hat ten years ahead alwaya
seems like a long time. Yet, actually it passes
"before you know it" . . . and you find yourself face to face with problems, opportunities, needs, that once seemed very far in the
fut ure.
This is a good thing to remember today,
when you buy Wa:r Bonds to speed the win~ ing of the war.
I n ten years-only ten years- those bonds
will b ring you back $4 for every $3 you put
into them today.
Think of what t hat money may mean to
you in 1955. An education for y our children
.. . a home ... maybe e ven retirement to the
place and the life of your heart's d esire.
All t his your Wa:r Bonds can mean to you
... . if you b uy all you can today and hold
them to maturity.
II won 'I be long till 1955. Not half as long
as you think.

C Q
36

CQ

STACKED CARDS
[Con ti nued f rom pa g e 261

ca rds failed to secure a n a nswer , was t o


send an international reply coupon, which
is valid for postage in most cou nt r ies.
Finally. moved to desperation, many hams
drew up ca rds by hand. secured the proper
return postage from the local stamp dealer,
and sent the whol e thing to be tilled out
and returned. U nfortunatel y. just as many
W 's were offenders, making it difficult for
DX stations to verify all states.
QSL'ing is not confi ned t o act ive a m ateurs since a large number o f shor -t-wave
listeners sent out ca rds t o bot h ham a nd
B e stations. Unfo rt u na tely. the SWL in
latter yea rs stopped serving the useful
func tion of suplying da ta on signals and
quality, a nd became ins t ea d a collect or of
car ds . Many am a t eurs were unwill ing t o

--=--

.,

V 1' "

-=-.* .....J.4.. I
QSL Cards make interel ti ng , attractive , and
unulual wallpap er

a nswer th ese ca rds un less t hey r eceived


t echnical infonna t ion worth ack no wledgi ng
o r a t least ret urn postage. C\VS\VL's were
rare and far between except in some of the
European count r ies. Short-wa ve listeners
ex pecti ng a high percentage of replies will
do well t o suppl y a s many possible det ails
on th e signal, with no flattery as bait.
Amateurs who send o ut a lot of ~ rds
after the war should maintain a tile system. This ca n serve th e doubl e purpose o f
avoiding duplication a nd will show if repli es have been received. The same ca rd
fil e might contain per ti nent data on the
cont a ct ; but there is danger here of running into elaborate m emo randa. A bo x

That's the d emand of rustrial


buyers today - so J! re set to
C)ive you just who you want in
radio and ele~nics - and to
deliver it w;_n you want it.
" s a me ..~yr. ship me nts from our
diversi d stocks plu s our close
contoe: with all sources of supply
saveJi~e for you on those R-U..SH
ordlrs. For help in a hurry, call
CAPitol 7530.

BUY MORE BONDS

[Con ti nued on page 39]

April. 1945

37

UHF ANTENNAS

BIASING METHODS

[Co n tinu ed from pag e 12 ]

axial line IS better than a twisted pair,


a nd a well-designed spaced line would be
even better. But for all pr actical pur poses
s uch losses can be largely counteracted by
very simple mechanical cha nges in the antenna itself. It is that approach we shall
outline in a future article.

w r.

proud of the splendid Ihawinq our amote ur friends and old cUllomers .r. makinq today.
w. will b. r.Ady to ,.,.... .,OU oq_ln .. l oon
rou ,IT. throu9" with ,auf lob and .e .r. throu9"
tak irUil c. ... 01 military rcq llirements. Ma,
h.....
happ, reunion soon.

,I'

w.

SEATTLE RADIO SUPPLY, INC.


2117 Second Avenue
S.. ttl. I, Wa.h.
Phone : Seneca 2345

circu its often present hum problems and


require extra ins ula tion .
Wh ile we ha ve been m a inly interested
in obtain ing a source of bias which does
not reduce the effective plate voltage, it
IS obvious that this arrangement can be
used fo r other purposes where a fairly
constant negative voltage is required, such
as the delay voltage for Ave, or the biasing of a n a mplifier stage to cut-off to prevent s ignal break-through in a radio-phonograph combination as suggested in F ig. ~.
This is an ideal way to utilize an otherwise unused voltage in a rad io-phonograph
com bina ti on. In providing an effective
means for block ing out radio interference
when operating the unit as a phonograph.
it also elim ina t es the necessity for critical
s hield ing and dressing of leads to eliminate radio cross-t a lk wh en the r eceiver is
tuned to a strong local station .

EI.ECT IIO:"IC SI'ECIAUSTS SIl'"CE 192 1

FOHT OHAl'IGE
IU DIO nrSTHIBUTll'IG CO~IPANY
3 56 1I110,\IlWAY
AUlA:" " 7,
1'110"_ : 3.2109 - 3-2 100

Y.

In th e Rocky Moun lain Region


it' s

Radio

&Television Supply Co.


808 EUCLID AVENUE, I'UEII LO, COLO.
"L] _ clo,,'. "0_ ". _'" , 11 b.
,.10" ...
IIf~d'

57:!9"

Address Changes-

I,.

Il'iif

Subscribers to CO shou ld notify our


Circ ulation De p't. at lead 3 .....eeks
in edve nce regardi ng any cha nge in
address. Th e Post Office Dep't. does
not forward m<llg<lltines sent to <II
wrong address unless you pay addit ional postage. W e cannot duplicate
copies of CQ sent to you' old add,.ss.
CQ C irculation Dep't.

RADIO MAGAZINES, INC.


342 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y.

38

"LINE-OF-SIGHT"
[Continued from page

.. ~ II ........ ,

[ Contin u ed f rom page 24J

32J

in between. and if t his is of interest, equation (5) sho uld be used. Obviously, if h
a nd h i are the same. the horizon is halfway
bet ween the two stations.
An average or normal amount of refraction or bending of the radio wave can be
expect ed on freq uencies between 224 a nd
30 megacycles. which increases t he radio
range o ve r the optical distance by about
15 %. Substituting the constant 1.41 for
1.23 in the a bove equations will take ca re
of this in computing ranges in the V. H. F.
spectrum, but to wha t extent such modifica tion is justifiable in t he microwave region r emains to be seen.
Occasional refractive phenomena mcrease the range of the very-high-frequency signals far beyond th e 15 % boost
of average refraction. It is not impossible
that something like this ma y happen as
we a pproach a trifle closer to the frequency
of light in the microwaves. After all, th e
mirage is a result of refraction. However.
while waiting for a mirage, just kee p in
mind that distance equals height multiplied
by 1.23.

CljI

I
URGENT?

STACKED CARDS
[Continu ed from page 37]

RADAR ASSEMBLIES
with 3 " x 5" car ds serves well. Cards ca n
be a llotted for districts a nd countr ies.
When a QSL is s ent out, the mailing is
Jotted down on the proper car d. In a locality wh ere numerous QSL's are sent , an
a lphabet ical breakdown can be made, putting say W9AAA to W9MZZ on one card,
a nd W9MZZ to W9ZZZ on a not her .
Abou t the only time you shouldn't QSL
is a t th e s pecific req uest of a station not
to do so. Several foreign count ries prohibited hams f rom operating-a verboten
that was not a lways effec tive. Sending
cards in t he open would be a dead give
a way. so QSLs went under cover , or wer e
not mailed a t all.

COMMUNICATIONS
ELECTRONIC CONTROLS

Ou r organization of Trained Specialists and Techn icians are ready and


eager to handle your
PRE-PRODUCTION MODELS
or
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DE LIVE R Y WH E N PR OJIl SED

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W rite

Phone

W ire

ELECTRONIC
SPECIALTIES MFG. CO.

GET ON THE BEAM

(Oi"idon of Radio Electronic: 5.le, Co.)

[Continu ed from page 22]

W ORCESTER 2. M A SS.

- the loca lizer, outer marker, mner


mar ker, a nd the glide path. The localizer
is, in effect , a VHF radio range, s o placed
t hat i t provides lateral guidance over the
cen t er of the r unway. I n isolated cases the
a irways range may doubl e as the runway
localizer , bu t this is not th e accepted practice due t o a possible conflict in t raffic. The
glide path ( not a new idea , but only recently perfected) provides vertical guida nce enabling the aircraft to maintain the
proper rate of descent. In operation, the
glide path is simila r to the localizer turned
on edge. The path to be flown is th e equisignal zone which will cause the horizontal
pointer t o remain in a h orizontal position.
An excess of 90 cycle modulation will
cause a downwa rd deflection, indicating the
aircraft s hou ld fly down, and vice versa
if the plane is too low.
Countless new radio a ids are being developed a nd a pplied daily to flight problems. The principal instruments used at
present on our domestic a irways h ave been
reviewed to p repare t he amateu r for an
event ual introduction of more r adical postwar changes, which, however , will to a
large degree r eflect the influence of ex isting equipment a nd facilities.

April,194S

NATION WIDE
MAil ORDER
DISTRIBUTORS
SINCE 1928

ft4-DfO
LCfRoA/tc
AND

DEVICES

,?tn . ..

TRADE INDUSTRY
COMMUNICATION
PUBLIC UTILITY
VOCATIONAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL
APPLICATIONS

BURSTEIN-ApPLEBEE

Co.

101214 McGEE ST.


KANSAS CITY 6, MISSOURI

39

AN OPEN LETTER!
Dear O. M..:
CQ baa qi. .. n u a this opportunity 10
teU u a of s u m of the qud thing. that are
coming aft.r V Dayl-But.
promi.ed
our manufacturers that we'd keep mum.
Y.t th.r. will b. many new thing. such
:18 (Ru mo r ha a it) xmtr. by Hammerlund.
Rnn by Mill en. apel rcvra by National
and ao many new it .ma thai w e baTe uJ.t
to now only dreamed of.-That Ham radio
a a w e Imew it will baTe Toniah.d to b .
replac ed by a TO.tty impro.... d technique.

w.

Rememb.r. w e ha.... a ...allahl. almost


. .... ry1hinq in e lectron ics and Ham radio
gear fer immediate d eU ry. " NO PRIOR.
ITY REQUIRED", and if by sum eeeldeat
it. not In atock '911. 11 g et it fer u.
Cum in le r a rag ch ew aometim e
leta
togeth er.

q_'

- 73' CUL-

RADIO TELEVISION SUPPLY CO.


1701 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles 15, Cal.

Advertising Index
_
3(
ALLIED RADIO C O RP O RATI O N
H cu n Pa r t. and Eq u ipment

BULEY ELECTRiC CO MPANY


Quach: C ry s tal.
_ 39
BURSTEINAPP LEBEE CO.
HCIIQ Parll and .Equipme nt
34
CAPITOL RADIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE
Ed ucational
Coyer 4
CRYSTAL PRODUCTS C O.
C r y st als

EITELMcCULLOUGH. INC.
Electronic:: Tube .
ELECTRONiC LABORATORIES
C ommunicatio a s Equipment
ELECTRONIC SPE CIALTIt:S MFG. CO. _ __ 3'

S pecial Auem bli

GEN ERAL ELECTRONICS, INC.


Ele c:tr ol1ic Tub
FT. ORANGE RADlO DIST. CO.
3.
Ham Pa rta a nd Eq uipmeal
HALLICRAFTERS CO. .- - 0 - - - - - - - - -

TrCla. mill er. aDd Be e . i.,. cI


HATRY & YOUNG , - _; Mete n . n d Equi pment
McELROY MANUFACTURING CORP.
r .legfo pbic Apparalu.

.0

McGRAWHILL BOOK CO.


Book.
MEASUREMENTS CORPORATION

Instrumentl aod Te ll Equipmont

MEISSNER MANUFACTURING Co.

Phone, W ire or Write


WHOLESALE
Hudio-Electronie Parts,
Tubes und Equipment

R. G. SCELI & CO.


227 Asylum St.

HarHord. Conn.

Tele p hone 2-1144

_
_

EI.ctronic Equipm.nt
NATIONAL COMPANY _ _._ ___.._.."
Cover 3
R. c. i.,.r. ond Ham Equipment
NATIONAL UNiON RADIO CORP.
- - 27
Radio-EI. ctronic Tub
RADIO AND TELEVISION SUPPLY CO.
3.
Ham Porta and Equipm.nt

RADIO ELECTRONIC SALES CO.


Ham Porta and Equipm.nt
RADIO MFG. ENGINEERS. INC .
5
Comm unica tion. Equipm.nt
RADIO SHACK _
27
Ham Porta and Equipm.nt
____ .0
RADIO TELEVISION SUPPLY CO.
Ham Part. and Equipm.nt
RADIO WIRE TELEVISION. INC.
_

Ham Part. and Equipm.nt


_ _ 31
RAYTHEON PRO DUCTION CORP. _ _
EI.ctro nic Tub
SCEU & CO. R. G .
Ham Part. and Equi pm.nt
_ _ _ _ _ 38
SEAnLE RADIO SUPPLY. INC .
Ha m Porta and Equipm.nt
SOLAR CAPACITOR SALES CORP.
Capacitor .
_ _ _ _ 32
STANDARD TRANSFORMER CORP.
Tran.lorm. r.

SUN RA DIO & ELECTRONICS CO.


Ham Part. and Equipm.nt
SYLVANIA ELECTRIC PRODUCTS. INC.
Electronic Tub
UNIVERSAL MICROPHONE CO.
_
1
Microphon
WARD LEONARD ELECTRIC CO.
33
Ristor.. R. lay Rh eo. ta t.
WHOLESALE RADIO LABORATORIES
_

Ham Pa rt. and Eq uipment


WILE Y & SONS. INC JO HN
_

Book

==oo::C,-- - - - - -

===

..

'III.U.t of tot CQ .llob t d..ertl.... h ....tri eted


due til " " JI. . .r ...rt.... A. o ler"'k (.)
_her

Til.

...n

d...-tlMf't I.dl" ' " tII.1 d...-tl......t


I. th . e.. ,.,...t I.......

40

.'I'M"
CQ

II

HRO

NAT IONAL COMPANY


MASS, U. S . A.
NATIONAL

RECE IVERS

ARl

I N

SfRV ICE

THROUGHOUt

THE

WORLD

I
I
The Coupon below
will bring you our
complete information.

Our C rJI"lu l hlun k ", nrc e u t In ~p(ci fit.a.

Crel l lulItit", urt ~ g u u r ull h'ed within , -uur

lion!'l f r o m se h-ct ed Hruzifian Iluurlz ancl

"'IW('ificu tio u!'O oS u p p lied ill cf ther- ~ rn ug h.

g ua r a n teed fre-e fr om nil Impur-Itie s,

111(".

"'U\HC ., "sem l-Il n fsherl" or (It-ctr ica IIJ-

imlH.rftctiull !"oo

fini shed" hlunk!'\ as d esired, Remember-

c luurica l nnd

e lect r -icu!

Diuu'll to-iun "" temper-atur-e eoetll ci ents um l

C r"!'ola l PrUflu c b wh en

' OU

n e e..1 c rysta ls,

I---- ----;,~TH IS ~~N~

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CR lST AL PRnIlU:"nl c o.,


[Hpl. O . 1 519 M.-G
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STA TE

-- -.-.-- ---.

PRODUCTS COMPANY
1519 McGEE STREET

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI

P'od uc. ,. o f App'o" .d


P' . ci, io " C' Y"o l, f or Rod io fr .qu."cy CO""ol

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