684

HEAT TRANSFER

Correction factor F

1.0

T1
t2
t1

0.9
0.8
R = 4.0 3.0

2.0 1.5

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

T2

0.2

0.7
T1 T2
R =
t2 t1

0.6
0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

(a) One-shell pass and 2, 4, 6, etc. (any multiple of 2), tube passes

t2 t1
P =
T1 t1

Correction factor F

1.0

T1

0.9

t2

0.8
R = 4.0 3.0

2.0

1.5

t1

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.7

T2

0.6
0.5

T1 T2
R =
t2 t1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

t2 t1
P =
T1 t1

(b) Two-shell passes and 4, 8, 12, etc. (any multiple of 4), tube passes

Correction factor F

1.0

T1

0.9
0.8
R = 4.0 3.0

2.0 1.5

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

t1

0.7
T1 T2
R =
t2 t1

0.6
0.5

0.1

0.2

T2
0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

(c) Single-pass cross-flow with both fluids unmixed

Correction factor F

1.0

FIGURE 1318
Correction factor F charts
for common shell-and-tube and
cross-flow heat exchangers (from
Bowman, Mueller, and Nagle, Ref. 2).

t2

t2 t1
P =
T1 t1

T1

0.9
0.8
R = 4.0

3.0

2.0 1.5

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

t1

0.2

t2

0.7
0.6
0.5
0

T1 T2
R =
t2 t1
0.1

0.2

T2
0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

(d) Single-pass cross-flow with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed

t2 t1
P =
T1 t1

694
HEAT TRANSFER

Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the dimensionless group UAs /Cmin. This quantity is called the number of transfer units
NTU and is expressed as
NTU

UAs
UAs

Cmin (m Cp)min

(13-39)

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and As is the heat transfer surface
area of the heat exchanger. Note that NTU is proportional to As . Therefore, for
specified values of U and Cmin, the value of NTU is a measure of the heat transfer surface area As . Thus, the larger the NTU, the larger the heat exchanger.
In heat exchanger analysis, it is also convenient to define another dimensionless quantity called the capacity ratio c as
c

Cmin
Cmax

(13-40)

It can be shown that the effectiveness of a heat exchanger is a function of the

number of transfer units NTU and the capacity ratio c. That is,
function (UAs /Cmin, Cmin /Cmax) function (NTU, c)

Effectiveness relations have been developed for a large number of heat exchangers, and the results are given in Table 134. The effectivenesses of some
common types of heat exchangers are also plotted in Figure 1326. More
TABLE 134
Effectiveness relations for heat exchangers: NTU UAs /Cmin and
c Cmin/Cmax (m Cp)min/(m Cp)max (Kays and London, Ref. 5.)
Heat exchanger
type
1 Double pipe:
Parallel-flow
Counter-flow
2 Shell and tube:
One-shell pass
2, 4, . . . tube
passes

Effectiveness relation
1 exp [NTU(1 c )]
1c
1 exp [NTU(1 c )]

1 c exp [NTU(1 c )]

2 1 c 1 c 2

1 exp [NTU 1 c 2]
1 exp [NTU 1 c 2]

3 Cross-flow
(single-pass)

Both fluids
unmixed

1 exp

Cmax mixed,
Cmin unmixed

1
c (1 exp {1c[1 exp (NTU)]})

Cmin mixed,
Cmax unmixed

1
1 exp c [1 exp (c NTU)]

4 All heat
exchangers
with c 0

NTU0.22
[exp (c NTU0.78) 1]
c

1 exp(NTU)

2.5
5

10

(h

10

15

t
Sa

60

ur

io
at

pe

te

tu

a
er

re

0.8
4

%
6

0.8

50
%

40

Dry bulb temperature C

20

0%

30%

30

y
umidit
lative h

0.8
10% re

re

atu

per

em

lb t

t bu

we

20%

25

40

olu
2v

0.8

0.8

0.7

50

10

12

14

16

18

20

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0.95
1.0

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40

er p

0.9

Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA; used with permission.

20

25

22

24

26

28

30

0.36

Appendix 1

FIGURE A31
Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.

15

20

80
0.9

Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho.

10

2.0

30

50

En

py

al
th

ilo
)k

es
ul
jo

r
ai

met
md

40

Enthalpy
h
=
Humidity ratio

am
il
70
rk
r
og

y
dr

30

gra

ilo
er k

30
4

20

4.0

0.4

90

100
0.9

5.0

0.

10.0

0.2

1.0
1.5
5.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
HS

Sensible heat

=
4.0
0.0
Total heat
HT 2.0
1.0
1.0

0.2

3.0

1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.1

.5

90

Sea Level

1992 American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

bic

80

cu
me

70

ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1

Normal Temperature
Barometric Pressure: 101.325 kPa

cen84959_ap01.qxd 4/27/05 3:00 PM Page 929

929

ry a
ir

HS
Sensible heat

=
Total heat
HT
Humidity ratio () grams moisture per kilogram dry air