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Approximations
By Yudell L. Luke*
Abstract. The present paper develops approximations for the three kinds of elliptic
integrals based on the Pad approximations for the square root. The work includes and
extends our previous work on the subject to provide efficient approximations over a larger
part of the complex k and <>planes.
1. Introduction. In previous work [1], [2], we gave some approximations for the
three kinds of complete and incomplete elliptic integrals which were derived by
using Pad approximations for the square root. The expansions are valid in a large
sector of the complex plane and are far more powerful than the analogous representations based on the binomial expansion for the square root. Nonetheless, the convergence properties of our previous developments weaken for k2 sin2 </>near unity.
In this paper, we develop new representations like those of [1], [2] to correct this
deficiency. The present study is suggested by analogous work for power series
developments of the first two kinds of elliptic integrals. In this connection, see the
recent study by Van de Vel [3] and the references quoted there. For convenience
and completeness, we also give the representations previously found. Our proofs are
very sketchy as the details are akin to those previously used.
(2)
sin'",
77.-1 12
(3)
em = 1
if m = 0 ,
m = 2
(4)
6m = m7r/(2ft + 1) .
+ WAz) ,
COS 6n
if m ^ 1 ,
Let
t _ 2-
(5)
2 2(1
z)112
where the sign is chosen so that \el\ lies outside the unit disc which is possible for all
z except z ^ 1. Then
4e-(2n+3/2)f
(6)
VAz) = 2
z1/2(l -
e-f)[l
+ e
-(2n+l)--|
'
AT(11-1)1619.
191
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No.
192
YTJDELL L. LUKE
<2(l
(7)
Wniz) =
_ e-r)e-(2+i/2)f
[1 _ e-C2+l)f]
n*oo
It is also convenient
to have representations
-z. Thus
(9)
771=0
1 V-
(10)
-2-
Sin
Ott.
i 1 + z cos 6m
C7 / \
+ Sniz)
, = 2 + z2(l-rz)
(11)
where the sign is chosen so that \ev\ lies outside the unit disc, which is possible for all
2 except 1 2: z ^ co. Then
(12)
Rniz) =
(13)
<S(z)
Ae-(2n+3/2)7)
77
2,/2(l
+ e-')[l
ZW(1 +
e-<2"+"'] '
e-,)e-(2n+l/2),
(2n+l)7,,
[1 + c-lH-i]
'
z j -1,
n00
(15)
Hid,a2)= f--f^l"Jl-o
2s
(16)
-1
H (6, a ) = c
(17)
H ((9,a2) = (2g)-1 In
H(6,a)
(18)
c = (1 a 24,1/2
)
|arg (1 ctan0)|
1 4- grtan 0
1 7tan 0
< ir,
g = (a 1 )
= ( 1)
1/2
, g tan 0 real .
= tan0
if a = 1 ,
= ir/2e
= 0
(19)
sin
are to be interpreted
FURTHER
> 1. Indeed,
appropriate.
/oa\
(20)
ra
APPROXIMATIONS
throughout
2s
this paper,
f"
FOR ELLIPTIC
we interpret
cos ada
["
2s
,4-i,
= (2c)
1 +
In-^
c sin 0
1 c sin 0
(21)
integrals
2 .
((1
1
- a )) sin a
c = (1 - a2)1'2,
c sin 0+1
c sin 0 1|
(22)
(23)
(24)
3. Approximations
CS ada
Ji6, O) = J -2
, 2 2 = /-2s
J o COS
cos a + a sin a
'i 1na
J(6,a)
193
INTEGRALS
csin0
j 1
c sin 0 real
if a2 = 1 .
g = (a2 1)1/2,
g sin 0 real.
for the Elliptic Integrals of the First and Third Kinds. Let
Fi4>, k, v) = /
(25)
v sin <j>9e 1 ,
|arg (1 fc )| < ir ,
n+,k,,) -f$
%l - 5 sin2m)_I
2/c
(26)
Qni<t>,k,v)
Qn(<4,
fc,P) =
(2ft + l)v*A
1 -
ik2/v2) sin2 0
(1 i-2 sin2 a)
^(/c2
sin2 a)da
:^
+ 0(ft-2)]
+ 0(e-4nr)
Xi = 1
cosh f 1
2iv sin 0 (cosh f 1)
sinh f cos <j> (1 v sin 0) sinh f
0 ^ an odd multiple of
(27)
0.(t'*'')-[
2tt sinh f
(4ft + 3) (cosh f
+ 0(e-ter)
" 1/2
_(2+i)f
_ (2 - fc2)(cosh r + 1)
1
y2(coshr-l)
Ssinhr
" 2 + (i_,2)sinhf:
where ef is defined by (5) with z = k2 sin2 <j>.
Clearly for fixed </>,k and ?, under the conditions
given in (25),
2 '
194
YUDELL L. LUKE
(28)
b (0, k, V) - J
..s
secado;
2 2 w,
o (l j7 sin
k'2 = 1 - A ,
. ,,2 ,
a)(l
+ k
tan
2~T72
a)
-<Al-k'2sm2em)
(2ft +
1)(1
v2) 77-ti l -
2
V
(fc'2/(l
,2
-
Ji<t>,1 - ') Ta
2)) sin2 em
'Si-
(fc'7(i
_ )) sin2
+ Sn{<t>,k,v),
tan
, ,
/" sec
sec aRnik
,k,v)
-- ali
S(4>,
k,v) = J/-'o
11 v sm
70Q4.
2e~(2n+1)vsin 0
&(*. *,-)-.
(31)
a)da
a
(1
il
+ 0(e-4""),
sinh 77
cosh
where e" is defined by (11) with 2 = fc'2tan2 <j>.Then under the same conditions as in
(32)
lim Sni<t>,
k, v) = 0 .
710O
The approximation (30) is convenient even when fc'2 tan2 0 > 1. Notice that if
0 -> tt/2 and fc -> 1 so that cos2 0 = fc'2, then fc'2tan2 0 -^ 1 and e"' -^3 -23/2
=0.172. The coefficient of /(</>,
1 v2) in (30) can be replaced by
-,2[(1
,2)(fc2 -
V2)]-1'2 + V2(l -
V2A'Vnik'2/il
V2))
provided [arg (1 fc'2/(l v2))\ < -k. However, this should not be introduced
unless the magnitude of F(fc'2/(1 v2)) is approximately equal to or less than the
FURTHER APPROXIMATIONS
(T/2)-
F\^,k,Aj-F{4>,k,v)
= /o'
195
Sec ada
(1 - /cos
tan 6) ' de
f* sec 0(1 + fc'21!
K ' i - v2+f- fc' tan
(33)
X 1(34)
71
2(1 - v2)
'_) \p_sm
2ft +
2 n
0m_
4r-4
+ 2ft + Ti
- (1
- v2) cos2 6
(1
X /(-A, k'2 cos2 0m) + in(0, fc, v) ,
Mn((f>,k,v) =
Mni<t>,k,v)
(35)
1 - v2 + fc'2tan20
(1 - fc sin 0r"(l
X
1+
4n + 1
<7= 2 sin 01
-/sin
0)(4ft+
+ 0(n2)
fc' sin 0
1 fc sin 0
1)
/ COS0Y
U\l + sin 0/
'
2(1 v ) sin 0
1 v~sin2 0
In (34), the coefficient of J(ip, fc'2/(l v2)) can be replaced by v(l v2)*1
(1 v2)~lWn(l v2) provided |arg v\ < ir/2. This replacement should not be used
unless approximately the magnitude of Wn(l v2) is less than the magnitude of
Mn(4>, fc, v). If v and 0 are real, e_f = (1 v)/(l + v) when 2 = 1 v2. Thus, use
the alternative form provided
fixed,
(36)
lim Mni<t>,
fc,v) = 0 .
(37)
sin2 0)(i0
(1 fc' sin22axl/2
0)
196
YUDELL L. LUKE
Thus
= 2(2 + I)"1 In 2 + 2 a
(38)
am = (1 -
An(k) = -
(39)
+ -4(fc),
In (1 + a,)
774=1
A sin2 0m)1/2 ,
(lnsin20)r,i(fc'2sin20)d0,
ir ' u
^'^'VKf-ini-Mt^ii+oc.-.,]
+ 0
(40)
lim4(fc) = 0.
71700
E(4>,
k)= f
(1 fc sin a)
da
7 n
(41)
(42)
m=1
rn(0, fc) = /
Jo
T U IA
+ 0(e-ini)
-
g.
. "1
2fc2sin2 0(cosh f + 1)
0"! =
sinh f
(cosh f - 1)
-Scos 0 sinh f
'
0 t^ an odd multiple of ~r
(43)
77f71" i\ _
f 2in;coshr - 1) T7'-cm-ik,.
(J2
(1
(9fc2sin2 0 - 2) (cosh f - 1)
8 sinh f
2 '
k sin 0)
FURTHER
APPROXIMATIONS
FOR ELLIPTIC
197
INTEGRALS
where ef is defined by (5) with z = fc2sin2 0. Under the same conditions as for (41)
lim Tn(4>,fc) = 0.
7i7(70
,s
7, s .
, .
2fc'2
2,-2-
n -+i m=i
1 fc' cos 0m
(45)
,,,
^k)
2fc'2 A
sin20m
= l-2n-+-lil-
?7(0, fc) = /
Jo
rr /_. ;\
(46)
, ,
2ku
(l - fcVn+1
fc'2cos27 = k + Y^u'
>
(4ft+ 1)-L1+iftTT
2 sinh 7?
cosh 1?+ 1
U=\T+k)
Ji_
_. _2s
. 7 _4n,x
+ 0(n )J + 0(e
}'
where e" is defined by (11) with 2 = fc'2tan2 0. Thus for 0 and fc fixed and restricted
as in (45),
(47)
lim Ui4>,k)= 0.
n700
In (45), we can take p(fc) = fc provided that |2fcw/(l w)| < |/n(0, fc)|. In this
connection we notice that if fc and 0 are real, then (1 fc)/(l + fc) < e-' when
fctan 0 > 1.
A straightforward
(48)
fc'tan w = cot 0 ,
kind is
(49)
E(k) = ^E(k')
+ ^K(k')
- ^ {2 + In fc'2| f/2 ,.
-
t'"!^
(l-fc'sin<0)
_ 2/V2 r/2sin20(lnsin20)4J0
T K
(1 -fc'2sin20)1/2
and from this one can derive the analogs of (38) (40). The result would be rather
complicated and not as efficient as the known expansion for E(k) in powers of fc'2.
Rather than use the expansion which could be found from (49), a much more
efficient procedure would be to employ the Legendre relation,
198
(50)
YUDELL L. LUKE
L. Luke,
"Approximations
627-634. MR 37 #2412.
2. Yudell
L. Luke,
Vol. 2, Academic
first and second kinds," Math Comp., v. 23, 1969, pp. 61-70.
elliptic integrals
of the