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Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

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Annals of Nuclear Energy


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anucene

Conceptual design of emergency communication system to cope


with severe accidents in NPPs and its performance evaluation
Kwang Seop Son a,b,, Chang Hwoi Kim a, Hyun Gook Kang b
a
b

I&C/Human Factor Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea
Dept. of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 3 May 2014
Received in revised form 6 October 2014
Accepted 10 October 2014

Keywords:
Severe accident
Emergency communication system
Terrestrial communication system
Satellite communication system

a b s t r a c t
The Fukushima accident induced by the great earthquake and tsunami reveals the vulnerability of I&C
System. In the severe environment, the normal I&C system did not work properly and results in false
information about the internal situation in NPP. Eventually the accident was not properly handled at
the early stage. Therefore advanced emergency response system using a wireless channel is necessary
to cope with the severe accident. In this paper, we introduce the ERS consisting of the HMS and MCS
the ECS linking the HMS with MCS and the performance requirement of the ECS is analyzed. The ECS satisfying the requirement is designed conceptually and the performance of the ECS is evaluated through
analysis and simulator. To secure a reliable and diverse conguration, the ECS is congured as the dual
system which consists of the terrestrial communication and satellite communication. The terrestrial
communication system is designed based on the IEEE 802.11. Analyzed performance results prove that
the performance requirement can be sufciently achieved. But if the scalability of data capacity is considered later, use of the advanced 802.11 standard such as 802.11n and multiple signal paths between
the HMS and MCS are necessary. In the satellite communication system, the FDMA is used in the status
link and the DSSS is used in the control link. The network supporting various data rates is designed and
the communication link budget is analyzed considering the link availability of 99%. The designed satellite
communication system can secure the link margin of 1.3 15.7 dB.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Abbreviations: A/D, analog/digital; BER, bit error rate; BPSK, binary phase shift
keying; BSS, Basic Service Set; BW, band width; C/N, carrier to noise ratio; CCW,
component cooling water; CCWS, CCW system; CTMT, containment; DSSS, Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum; DTED, digital terrain elevation data; ECS, emergency
communication system; EIRP, effective iso-tropically radiated power; EMP, electromagnetic pulse; ERS, emergency response system; FDMA, Frequency Division
Multiple Access; FEC, forward error correction; FWS, feed water system; HMS,
hardened monitoring system; Hx, heat exchanger; I&C, instrumentation and
control; I/C, instrumentation parameters/control parameters; ISM, industry science
and medical; LOS, line of sight; MCR, main control room; MCS, mobile control
station; MODEM, modulator and demodulator; MSSS, main stream supply system;
NPP, nuclear power plant; PER, packet error rate; PORV, pilot operated relief valve;
PSV, pressurizer safety valve; PWR, pressurized light-water reactor; PZR, Pressurizer; QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation; QPSK, quadrature phase shift keying;
RCP, reactor coolant pump; RCS, reactor coolant system; RHR, residual heat
removal; RHRS, RHR system; RHX, RHR heat exchanger; RWST, refueling water
storage tank; SG, steam generator; SIS, safety injection system; SNR, signal to noise
ratio; SRRC, square root raised cosine; VCT, volume control tank; WLAN, wireless
local area network; WR, wireless repeater.
Corresponding author at: I&C/Human Factor Research Division, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 42 868 8190; fax: +82 42 868
8916.
E-mail address: ksson78@kaeri.re.kr (K.S. Son).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.10.008
0306-4549/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recently the station blackout accident induced by the great


earthquake and tsunami occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi plant
in Japan. This result in the loss of emergency cooling system then
a hydrogen explosion occurred within the containment buildings.
The plants had begun releasing substantial amount of radioactive
materials (The National Diet of Japan, 2012; Tokyo Electric Power
Company, 2012; EPRI, 2012; IAEA, 2011).
In view of I&C system, one reason that the accident was not controlled at the early stage is that the critical parameters such as a
reactor water level was not monitored exactly. Most of I&C equipment were not working or malfunctioned due to the power blackout and accident damage. Although an emergency response facility
is placed near the plants (U.S. NRC, 1981), it was impossible to utilize this facility because the region including this facility within
30 km radius of the site had been evacuation. These situations
related to Fukushima accident clearly show the necessity of the
novel concept about emergency response system to cope with
the severe accident. The ERS we are going to design conceptually

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

Table 1
Monitoring and control parameters.
System

I/C

A/D

Critical parameters

Quantity

CTMT

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
C
C
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
C

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
D

CTMT humidity
CTMT pressure
CTMT radiation
CTMT temperature
H2 concentration
CTMT sump level
CCWS temperature
CCW pump
Accumulator pressure
Core outlet temperature
Reactor vessel water level
Sub-cooled temperature margin
PZR pressure (wide/narrow)
# level (wide/narrow)
PZR pressure relief tank pressure/temperature
Hotleg 13 temperature
Coldleg 13 temperature
Temperature average 13
Delta temperature 13
RCS ow 13
PZR spray Flow
RCP 13 status
SG 13 pressure
Steam ow 13
SG PORV 13 position
SG PSV 13 position
SG 13 level (Wide/Narrow)
Feed ow 13
Return temperature/ow
RWST level
RHR Hx bypass ow
RHR Hx discharge ow
Valves
CTMT spray pump
RHR pump
Charging pump #1#3
RHX outlet temperature
Boron concentration
Charging outlet temperature
Charging ow
Makeup water tank discharging ow
Batch ow
Letdown Hx outlet ow/temperature/pressure
VCT pressure/level
Valves
Makeup pump #1#2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
6
3
2
1
1
1
10
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
20
2

CCWS
SIS
RCS

MSSS

FWS
RHRS

Fig. 1. Network conguration for ECS.

K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

369

Fig. 2. Architectural conguration of ECS.

Table 2
Modulation and coding rate of 802.11 g.
Channel data rate (Mbps)

Coding rate

Modulation

6
9
12
18
24
36
48
54

1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
2/3
3/4

BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM

temperature, pressure, humidity, and radiation level and then


transmits those collected data to the MCS through the ECS. In the
MCS, the accident is identied and the diagnosis is made based
on the status data from the HMS.
In this paper, we introduce the conceptual ECS design through a
wireless channel. The conguration of the ECS is described and the
performance requirements are analyzed. The conceptual design is
done to meet the requirements. Finally the performance of
designed system is evaluated through simulation and analysis.
2. Analysis of performance requirements
In this section, required performances such as a network conguration, throughput and Bit Error Rate (BER) are analyzed in order
to design the ECS.
2.1. Network conguration
When a NPP is designed, single accident about the plant had
been considered before the Fukushima accident. But multiple
simultaneous accidents about NPPs in the site must be considered
in post the Fukushima. In Korea, 12 NPPs are planning to be operated in Kori region according to the 6th basic plan of the power
supply and demand (Ministry of Knowledge Economy Public
Announcement in Korea, 2013). If multiple accidents occur simultaneously in 12 NPPs, the monitoring and control about 12 NPPs
are performed in the MCS. Therefore a star topology of 1:12 communication is needed as shown in Fig. 1.
2.2. Throughput

Fig. 3. BER VS SNR depending on various channel data rate.

consists of the HMS in the plants, MCS placed 30 km away from the
plants and ECS. The HMS performs the function of collecting status
information from sensors at the severe environment such as high

When the severe accident happens in NPPs, critical parameters


to be monitored and controlled are shown in Table 1 (Hur, 2013).
As shown Table 1, Monitoring and control parameters are 111
items and most of parameters are analog data type. In Korean
PLWR type, equipment including sensors related with safety function is congured as 4 redundant channels (Son, 2011). Therefore
to calculate the required data quantity in the ECS based on Table 1,

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

Table 3
Required SNR to meet BER of 10
Modulation
Required SNR (dB) @10
Modulation
Required SNR (dB) @10

.
BPSK (1/2)
2.91
16QAM (1/2)
9.63

BPSK (3/4)
5.51
16QAM (3/4)
13.22

82
24
74

81
36
70

QPSK (3/4)
5.51
64QAM (3/4)
19.26

2.3. Bit error rate

Table 4
Sensitivities depending on various channel data rates.
Channel data rate (Mbps)
Sensitivity (dB)
Channel data rate (Mbps)
Sensitivity (dB)

QPSK (1/2)
2.91
64QAM (2/3)
18.22

12
79
48
66

18
77
54
65

4 redundant channels are considered. To compute a required


throughput, it is assumed that a resolution of A/D converter in
the HMS is 16-bit and sensor sampling rate of 100 ms. Considering
12 plants, 4 channels and packet overhead, throughput of about
0.7 Mbps is required in the case of the monitoring parameters
transmitted from the plants to the MCS and the throughput of
about 0.3 Mbps is required in the case of the control parameters
transmitted from the MCS to the plants.

A BER is function of a modulation method, EIRP, antenna gain


and sensitivity of receiver and so on. Typically BER in a wireless
communication environment ranges from 10 6 to 10 3 (Richard,
2005; Yang et al., 2011). According to IEEE 802.15.4, PER of 1% is
required when 20 bytes data is transmitted (IEEE, 2003) and in IEEE
802.11b, PER of 3% is required when 400 bytes data is transmitted
(IEEE, 2007). These PERs are 2  10 5, 9.5  10 6 in BER unit,
respectively. In the ECS, we conservatively set that BER should be
less than 10 6 referring to the references and technical standards.
2.4. Conguration of ECS
In order to design the reliable and diverse communication system, we congure the ECS as the dual system consisting of a terrestrial-system and a satellite-system as depicted in Fig. 2. The MCS

Fig. 4. Terrain near NPP and MCS.

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

secondary (backup) means. That is, when the terrestrial-system


fails, the satellite is used.
3. Operation scenario

Fig. 5. Path loss between NPPs and WR 1.

The ECS is placed close near the plants and in the MCS. Each ECS
should work normally regardless of environment and weather condition because the ECS is installed in a eld environment. The ECS
in the plants interfaces with the HMS supplied with the power by a
battery or emergency electric generator in preparation for the station blackout. The ECS in the plants should be designed considering
a severe environment. The ECS in the MCS is placed 30 km away
from the plants therefore the severe environment is not considered
in designing the ECS in the MCS part.
The ECS must work properly in the severe accident therefore a
periodical test should be usually performed in the plant normal
operation. When the periodical test is performed, following test
results should be checked in the MCR of the plants and the MCS.
 Integrity of components in the ECS.
 Integrity of the battery or emergency electric generator.
 Tested performance results such as the throughput, delay time
and BER.
When the severe accident occurs in the plants, the HMS and ECS
in the plants is supplied with power by a normal electric generator
if the station blackout does not occur but is supplied with the battery or emergency electric generator if the station blackout occurs.
The HMS receives status information in plants from sensors in
plants and transmits the information to the MCS through the terrestrial or satellite communication system. Antennas in the satellite communication system have an auto-tracking function in
preparation that people could not align the position of antennas
of the ECS and the satellite due to a radioactive contamination.
Due to this function, the antennas of the ECS automatically align
to the direction to the satellite when the ECS is initiated.

Fig. 6. Path loss between WR 1 and WR 2.

4. Conceptual design and performance evaluation


4.1. Terrestrial communication
IEEE 802.11 is used in the technical standard of the terrestrial
communication system as the ECS.
Table 5
Analysis of communication link budget.

Fig. 7. Path loss between WR 2 and MCS.

receives the status information of 12 plants through both terrestrial-system and satellite-system and transmits the control data
to the 12 plants. In architectural conguration of the ECS, the terrestrial is used for primary means and the satellite is used for

Link

NPPs M WR 1

Parameters
Transmitted power

Transmission Part
200 mW
200 mW
(23 dBm)
(23 dBm)
20
20
1
1
42
42
Path loss
117.6
129.4
0.5
0.5

Antenna gain (dBi)


Cable loss (dB)
EIRP (dB)
Parameters
Path loss (TIREM) (dB)
Polarization mismatch
(dB)
Total path loss (dB)
Parameters
Antenna gain (dBi)
Noise gure (dB)
Cable loss (dB)
Sensitivity (@6 Mbps)
(dBm)
Noise power (@20 MHz)
(dB)
Fade margin (dB)
SNR (dB)

118.1
Receiving part
6
6
1
82
101
4.9
23.9

WR 1M WR 2

129.9
20
6
1
82
101
7.1
26.1

WR 2M MCS
200 mW
(23 dBm)
6
1
28
117.8
0.5
118.3
20
6
1
82
101
4.7
23.7

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

Fig. 8. Channel allocation of 802.11 g.

4.1.1. Analysis of bit error rate and communication link budget


As described Section 2.3, BER in the ECS should be less than
10 6. To analyze the required SNR according to BER requirement,
we simulate BER VS SNR using Matlab. A modulation method
and coding rate depending on the channel data rate in 802.11 g
are shown in Table 2 (Matthew, 2005).
Based on the Table 2, simulation results are shown in the
Fig. 3.We assume that wireless channel noise model is AWGN
and the CC and RS method are used for the coding. Puncturing is
used in order to represent various coding rate and Viterbi and RS
are used for the decoding.
As depicted in Fig. 3, the required SNRs are shown in Table 3 in
order to satisfy BER of 10 6.
In Korea, Transmitted power of WLAN using ISM band is limited
to 10 mW/MHz and Antenna gain is limited to 20 dBi in the case of
point-to-point communication, and to 6 dBi in the case of point-tomultipoint (Korea Communication Commission Notice, 2010). We
design that the directional antennas of 20 dBi are used in the ECS
and the omnidirectional antennas of 6 dBi are used in WRs if
WRs is necessary. We assume that the sensitivity of receiver is as
shown in Table 4 (Matthew, 2005).
To calculate the path loss between NPPs and MCS, TIRMETM
(Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model) propagation model and
DTED (http://earthexploer.usgs.gov) are used in this paper. Fig. 4
shows the terrain near NPPs at Gori-site in Korea. As shown
Fig. 4, there are many mountains between NPPs and the MCS
therefore a direct communication between them is impossible. At
least two WRs are needed in order to secure Line Of Sight (LOS)
between NPPs and the MCS.
Figs. 57 shows the path loss among NPPs, the WR 1, 2 and MCS.
As depicted in these gures, the path loss between NPPs and the
WR 1 is 117.6 dB and path loss between the WR 1 and WR 2 is
129.4 dB and path loss between the WR 2 and the MCS is
117.8 dB.
Table 5 shows the analysis of the terrestrial communication link
budget based on the previous analyzed path loss and other parameters. As shown in Table 5, the fade margin ranges from 4.7 to
7.1 dB and SNR is more than 20 dB at the channel data rate of

Fig. 9. Throughput and delay time depend on the number of plants.

Fig. 10. Saturated maximum throughput.

Table 6
Analysis of data capacity.
Link

Input packet length @Max. Input packet length @Min.


Input data Packet No. of
rate (bps) length packet

HDLC encoding

Input data Packet No. of packet Deterministic


rate (bps) length

Input MODEM Input MODEM Data capacity


(Max. bps)
(Min. bps)
MODEM(bps)

Bit stufng
(OH = 0.016)

Max (bytes) Min (bytes) Max (bytes) Min (bytes)


Status

2,010,000
4,100,000
8,200,000
6,100,000
12,300,000
24,600,000
37,000,000
Control 1,600,000

18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

13,959
28,473
56,945
42,362
85,417
170,834
256,945
11,112

2,010,000
5,000,000
10,000,000
7,500,000
15,000,000
30,000,000
45,200,000
2,000,000

1,472
171
1,472
425
1,472
850
1,472
637
1,472 1,274
1,472 2,548
1,472 3,839
1,472
170

307,098
626,406
1,252,790
931,964
1,879,174
3,758,348
5,652,790
244,464

252,396
627,300
1,254,600
940,212
1,880,424
3,760,848
5,666,364
250,920

312,012
636,429
1,272,835
946,876
1,909,241
3,818,482
5,743,235
248,376

256,435
637,337
1,274,674
955,256
1,910,511
3,821,022
5,757,026
254,935

2,496,096
5,091,432
10,182,680
7,575,008
15,273,928
30,547,856
45,945,880
1,987,008

2,051,480
5,098,696
10,197,392
7,642,048
15,284,088
30,568,176
46,056,208
2,039,480

2,560,000
5,120,000
10,240,000
7,680,000
15,360,000
30,720,000
46,080,000
2,048,000

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

IEEE 802.3 MAC Frame with Overhead(Line rate)


Ethernet MAC Frame(Data rate)
Inter Frame Gap
12 byte

Preamble, SFD

Mac Header
14 byte

8 byte

IP Header

UDP Header

20 byte

8 byte

Payload

FCS

18~1472 byte

4 byte

Flag

Payload

hFCS

Flag

1byte

6~1460 byte

2 byte

1byte

HDLC Frame
Fig. 11. Structure of Ethernet packet.

6 Mbps. The sufcient SNR margin can be secured because SNR of


2.91 dB is required in order to meet BER of 10 6 as shown in
Table 3. But if the higher throughput is required, the channel data
rate increases and this result in a poor sensitivity of receiver. For
example, if the channel data rate of 54 Mbps is used in the ECS
due to the requirement of higher throughput, the receiver could
not sense the signal because the minimum detectable power
strength which means sensitivity is 65 dB although the received
powers in each link are 77.1, 74.9 and 77.3 dB, respectively as
shown in Table 5. Therefore as the channel data rate increase, the
sufcient fade margin must be secured through increasing the
antenna gain or transmission power.
4.1.2. Analysis of throughput and delay time
Based on Table 5, the throughput and delay time are analyzed
using the network simulator, OPNET. In the terrestrial communication, two WRs are used as shown in Fig. 4 therefore three Basic

Service Sets (BSSs) are required. The non-overlapped channel 1, 6


and 11 are used in the simulation to minimize the interference
between channels as shown in Fig. 8. The channel 1, 6, 11 are used
in the link between the plants and WR 1, and the link between the
WR 1 and WR 2, and the link between the WR 2 and MCS,
respectively.
It is assumed that 12 plants transmit the status data of 900 byte
at 100 ms sampling rate to the MCS when the severe accident
occurs. Fig. 9 shows the analyzed throughput and delay time
depending on the number of plants.
As shown in Fig. 9, single plant transmits the data to the MCS at
the date rate of 75 kbps including the protocol overhead and the
data is transmitted to MCS at the data rate of 900 kbps and delay
time is about 16 ms. The simulation results say that the status data
of 12 plants is sufciently transmitted to the MCS satisfying the
BER requirement. The saturated maximum throughput in this network is 16 Mbps as shown in Fig. 10. Therefore each plant uses the
data capacity of 1.3 Mbps.

(a)
Preamble

(b)

Data

FEC
redundant

(c)

(d)

Fig. 12. Structure of Transmission Frame.

4.2. Satellite communication


The satellite communication of ECS is conceptually designed
using the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite
(COMS) as the rst Korean multi-function geostationary
satellite. The operation band of the COMS is Ka band (Uplink:

Table 7
Parameters of Transmission Frame.
Link

No

Data rate (Mbps)

BW (MHz)

Mod.

FEC

Frame trans. time (ms) (a)

Preamble symbol (b)

DATA symbol (c)

FEC redundant (d)

Status

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1

2.56
5.12
10.24
7.68
15.36
30.72
46.08
2.048

2.304
4.608
9.216
4.608
9.216
18.432
27.648
13.824

QPSK

RS + CC

5
2.5
1.25
1.67
0.83
0.417
0.278
3.125

224

9222

154

6148

28

4352

20

Control

8PSK

QPSK

128

Fig. 13. MODEM model for analysis of BER performance.

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K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

Table 8
Simulation environment over Modulation/Demodulation.
No

Parameters

Link

1
2
3
4
5

Data rate
Modulation
Spreading factor
Sync.
SRRC lter

6
7
8
9
10

FEC
Symbol rate
Chip rate
Occupied BW
Viterbi Decoder

11

Channel

Remarks

Control

Status

2 Mbps
QPSK
8
Ideal
Roll-off factor
Tab length
Over-Sampling
Down-Sampling
Concatenated codes
1440 Msps
11,520 Mcps
13.824 MHz
7 bit soft decision
Trace back
AWGN

8 Mbps
8PSK

Hadamard Codes

1.2
97
4
4
RS(200,216), CC(3/4)
(Data rate)  (M)/(Code rate)
(Symbol rate)  (SF)
(Chip rate)  (Roll-off factor)

3840 Msps

4.608 MHz
65

Fig. 14. BER performance over Eb/N0.

Fig. 15. Receiver sensitivity depending on various data rates.

Table 9
Required Eb/N0 over modulation/demodulation.
Modulation

Required Eb/N0 (dB)

Remarks

QPSK, RS + CC (3/4)
8PSK, RS + CC (3/4)

4.3
6.2

@Ideal, BER 10

29.630.1 GHz/Downlink: 19.620.1 GHz). This band can provide a


sufcient EIRP using a small antenna as compared with C and Ku
band and increase the frequency reuse factor due to the small spot

beam. But the signal attenuation due to rain is higher than C, Ku


band therefore the sufcient link margin should be secured when
the satellite communication system is designed in order to compensate the attenuation by rain.
The Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) as the satellite
access method is used in the transmission from NPPs to the MCS in
order to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) of data, and to avoid
data collision between plants. The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is used in the transmission from the MCS to NPPs
because this link needs low data rate, and to be robust to jamming
condition.

Table 10
Receiver sensitivity over data rate.
Link

Data rate
(Rb)

Symbol
rate (Rs)

BW [kHz]

Mod.

BW
efciency

Req. Eb/
N0 [dB]

Es/Eb
[dB]

Es/N0
[dB]

Loss of
Mod.
Impl.

Req. Es/
N0 [dB]

System
margin

NF
[dB]

Status

2,560,000
5,120,000
10,240,000
7,680,000
15,360,000
30,720,000
46,080,000
2,048,000

1,920,000
3,840,000
7,680,000
4,608,000
9,216,000
18,432,000
23,040,000
1,440,000

2,304.00
4,608.00
9,216.00
5,529.60
11,059.20
22,118.40
27,648.00
13,824.00

QPSK

1.11
1.11
1.11
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.67
0.15

4.3
4.3
4.3
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
4.3

1.25
1.25
1.25
2.22
2.22
2.22
3.01
1.53

5.55
5.55
5.55
8.42
8.42
8.42
9.21
5.83

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

7.55
7.55
7.55
10.42
10.42
10.42
11.21
7.83

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00

Control

8PSK

QPSK

Boltzman

174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00

Sensitivity
[dBm]
87.83
84.82
81.81
81.15
78.14
75.13
73.37
79.76

375

K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

4.2.1. Analysis of data transmission capacity


The required throughput in the ECS is about 1 Mbps as analyzed
in the section 2.2. In this required throughput, low capacity data
such as the pressure, ow rate, temperature and so on are only
considered. If high capacity data such as video signal is considered,
it is necessary that communication system support various transmission data rates as shown in Table 6.
In Table 5, net data excluding overhead only is considered. And
because input data rate is changed depending on the packet length,
data capacity is analyzed considering both max packet length and
min packet length. Typical Ethernet packet structure is depicted in
Fig. 11.
4.2.2. Transmission frame structure
Frame structure in the satellite communication system of the
ECS is shown in Fig. 12. Based on Fig. 12, the parameters of each
frame in the status and control link are designed as shown in
Table 7.

Fig. 16. Attenuation by rain over link availability @Uplink.

4.2.3. Analysis of BER


The BER performance depending on the energy per bit to noise
spectral density ratio (Eb/N0) is analyzed using Matlab. The
MODEM model as shown in Fig. 13 is used in the simulation.
The simulation environment depending on the modulation/
demodulation is shown in Table 8.
Fig. 14 shows the simulation results of BER performance
depending on Eb/N0. As shown in Fig. 14, the required Eb/N0 is
shown in Table 9 in order to meet the BER of 10 6.
4.2.4. Analysis of receiver sensitivity
The sensitivity of the satellite communication of the ECS is analyzed as shown in Table 10. As shown in Table 10, loss of MODEM
implementation and system margin are considered in analyzing
the sensitivity and it is assumed that the system noise gure is
13 dB. Fig. 15 shows the range of receiver sensitivity analyzed
based on Table.10. The sensitivity range is from 89 to 73 dB.
4.2.5. Analysis of communication link budget
To analyze the satellite communication link budget, we assume
as follows:

Fig. 17. Attenuation by rain over link availability @Downlink.

 ECSs of the plants are placed at beam center of satellite and MCS
is placed at Edge of Coverage (EOC) of satellite.
 Uplink is operated in the band of 30 GHz.
 Downlink is operated in the band of 20 GHz.
 Availability of satellite is 99%.

Table 11
Communication link budget for uplink @46.08 MHz.
Uplink
Plant

Loss factor

Satellite

EIRP (dBW)/carrier
Power entered to antenna
Antenna gain of plants (dBi)
Free space loss (dB)
Pattern dis. advantage
Pointing loss (dB)
Rain loss (dB)
Satellite G/T (dB/K)
Boltzmann constant (dBW/kHz)
Channel BW (dB-Hz)
C/Nu (dB)
C/I (external uplink) (dB)
C/I (co-channel interference) (dB)
C/I (out of band emission) (dB)
C/I (adjacent channel interference) (dB)
C/Nu total (dB)

Status

Control

65.8
50.81
48.74
213
3
0.2
5.7
13
228.6
74.42
22.78
60
60
60
60
22.78

57.1
6.85
48.74
213
0
0.2

Remarks

@Dish diameter = 1.2 m

@link availability = 99%


13
228.6
71.41
8.39
60
60
60
60
8.39

10log10(BW)
C/N @Uplink

C/N @Uplink

376

K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

Table 12
Communication link budget for downlink @46.08 MHz.
Downlink
Satellite

Saturated EIRP (dBW)


Output Backoff (dB)
Coupling & feeder loss (dB)
EIRP (dBW)
Free space loss
Pattern dis. advantage
Gas attenuation
Rain loss (dB)
Pointing loss(dB)
Feeder loss (dB)
Antenna gain
Receiver noise gure (dB)
Antenna noise temperature (K)
G/T (dB/K)
Boltzman constant (dBW/kHz)
Channel BW (dB-Hz)
C/Nd (dB)
C/I (external downlink) (dB)
C/I (co-channel interference) (dB)
C/I (rain depolarization) (dB)
C/Nd total (dB)

Loss Factor

MCS

Total C/Nt
Implementation margin (dB)
C/N (dB)
Link margin (dB)

Status

Control

58
4
0
53.7
210
0.2
0.2
2.81
0.2
1
45.22
3
40
17.37
228.6
74.42
12.04
60
60
60
12.04
11.69
2
9.69
1.29

58
4
0
36.3
210
0.2
0.2

Remarks

@Link availability = 99%


0.2
1
45.22
3
40
17.37
228.6
71.41
0.65
60
60
60
0.65
0.02
2
2.02
1.98

@Dish Diameter = 1.2 m

10log10(BW)
C/N @Downlink

C/N @Downlink
C/N @Uplink & Downlink
C/NtImp. Margin
C/NReq. C/N

Fig. 18 shows the link margin over various data rates analyzed
in Table 7. In the case of data rate, 2.56 Mbps, the link margin of
15.72 dB can be secured. As the data rate increase, the link margin
decrease.

5. Conclusions

Fig. 18. Link margin over various data rates.

Figs. 16 and 17 show the attenuation effect by rain depending


on the link availability (ITU-R, 2003). In the case of uplink, the margin of 5.7 dB should be considered and the margin of 2.81 dB
should be considered when the link availability is 99%.
Tables 11 and 12 show the results of analyzed communication
link budget for downlink and uplink, respectively. As mentioned
in Section 4.2, the satellite used in the analysis is the COMS and
antennas of the plants and MCS are dish type of 1.2 m diameter
which can automatically track the satellite. As shown Table 12,
Total C/N of the status link and control link are 9.69 and
2.02 dB, respectively at the data rate of 46.08 MHz. The reason
that the C/N of the control link has minus value is because DSSS
is used in the control link therefore signal is located below the
noise oor. The required Eb/N0 of QPSK and 8PSK are 4.3 and
6.2 dB, respectively and the converted C/N about these Eb/N0 can
converted to the C/N of 4 and 8.4 dB, respectively. Therefore link
margin of status and control link is 1.29 and 1.98 dB.

In this paper, to cope with the severe accidents such as the


Fukushima accident, the ECS is designed conceptually and the performance is evaluated. This system connects the HMSs in NPPs to
the MCS 30 km away from NPPs through the wireless channel.
The ECS consists of a terrestrial and a satellite communication
system in order to secure reliable and diverse communication
environments.
In the terrestrial communication system, the system is designed
based on the IEEE 802.11. Considering the terrain near the Korean
NPPs, at least two wireless repeaters are needed. The communication link budget, throughput and delay time is analyzed for the
designed system. Analyzed results show that the requirement of
BER of 10 6 and throughput of 1 Mbps can be sufciently satised.
But if the video signal monitoring of the environment in the NPP in
real time is considered, the data capacity of designed the terrestrial
communication is inadequate. The maximum data capacity of the
terrestrial communication system is 16 Mbps. Considering 12 NPPs
the data capacity per a plant is 1.3 Mbps. Typically the data capacity of video signal is about 34 Mbps when data of 640  480 Byte
is transmitted at 30 frame per second therefore it is impossible to
transmit the video signal in the terrestrial communication system.
To increase the data capacity, advanced standard such as 802.11n
which supports higher throughput should be considered and the
signal path between the HMS and MCS should be redundant using
directional antennas and various channels in 5 GHz band. Also to
effectively manage the limited bandwidth, the efcient operation
concept is necessary. For example, the status data having low data
capacity is periodically transmitted and the video signal which the
operator in the MCS wants to monitor is selectively transmitted to
the MCS.
In the satellite communication system, the FDMA is used in
the status link and the DSSS is used in the control link. The

K.S. Son et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 76 (2015) 367377

network which can support various data rate of 246 Mbps is


designed and the communication link budget is analyzed considering the link availability of 99%. The designed satellite communication system can secure the link margin of 1.315.7 dB over the
data rate of 246 Mbps. The antenna used in the satellite
communication system can automatically track the direction to
the satellite but this result in a small size of antenna compared
to the typical antenna used in the earth station. Therefore to
secure the link margin, we designed the transmitter having the
output of 50 W to make up for the antenna having a small gain
due to the small size. If the battery as the emergency power
source is used in the ECS the capacity of battery must be
considered.
The key point of the ECS is that real time information of NPP
must be transmitted to the MCS fast and reliable as soon as possible when a severe accident occurs. Although we used a WLAN,
satellite communication as the ECS in this paper, diverse communication methods could be considered as the ECS such as a 3G/4G
mobile communication.
In this paper, we focused on the performance analysis of the ECS
as the conceptual design however the environmental effects of the
ECS must be researched. The ECS is installed in the outside of
containment building rather than the inside in which the HMS is
installed and thus the ECS is vulnerable to the environment
effects such as an EMP, earthquake, tsunami, and so on. Therefore
the research of environmental qualication of ECS should be
performed.

377

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