Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I&C/Human Factor Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea
Dept. of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 3 May 2014
Received in revised form 6 October 2014
Accepted 10 October 2014
Keywords:
Severe accident
Emergency communication system
Terrestrial communication system
Satellite communication system
a b s t r a c t
The Fukushima accident induced by the great earthquake and tsunami reveals the vulnerability of I&C
System. In the severe environment, the normal I&C system did not work properly and results in false
information about the internal situation in NPP. Eventually the accident was not properly handled at
the early stage. Therefore advanced emergency response system using a wireless channel is necessary
to cope with the severe accident. In this paper, we introduce the ERS consisting of the HMS and MCS
the ECS linking the HMS with MCS and the performance requirement of the ECS is analyzed. The ECS satisfying the requirement is designed conceptually and the performance of the ECS is evaluated through
analysis and simulator. To secure a reliable and diverse conguration, the ECS is congured as the dual
system which consists of the terrestrial communication and satellite communication. The terrestrial
communication system is designed based on the IEEE 802.11. Analyzed performance results prove that
the performance requirement can be sufciently achieved. But if the scalability of data capacity is considered later, use of the advanced 802.11 standard such as 802.11n and multiple signal paths between
the HMS and MCS are necessary. In the satellite communication system, the FDMA is used in the status
link and the DSSS is used in the control link. The network supporting various data rates is designed and
the communication link budget is analyzed considering the link availability of 99%. The designed satellite
communication system can secure the link margin of 1.3 15.7 dB.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Abbreviations: A/D, analog/digital; BER, bit error rate; BPSK, binary phase shift
keying; BSS, Basic Service Set; BW, band width; C/N, carrier to noise ratio; CCW,
component cooling water; CCWS, CCW system; CTMT, containment; DSSS, Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum; DTED, digital terrain elevation data; ECS, emergency
communication system; EIRP, effective iso-tropically radiated power; EMP, electromagnetic pulse; ERS, emergency response system; FDMA, Frequency Division
Multiple Access; FEC, forward error correction; FWS, feed water system; HMS,
hardened monitoring system; Hx, heat exchanger; I&C, instrumentation and
control; I/C, instrumentation parameters/control parameters; ISM, industry science
and medical; LOS, line of sight; MCR, main control room; MCS, mobile control
station; MODEM, modulator and demodulator; MSSS, main stream supply system;
NPP, nuclear power plant; PER, packet error rate; PORV, pilot operated relief valve;
PSV, pressurizer safety valve; PWR, pressurized light-water reactor; PZR, Pressurizer; QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation; QPSK, quadrature phase shift keying;
RCP, reactor coolant pump; RCS, reactor coolant system; RHR, residual heat
removal; RHRS, RHR system; RHX, RHR heat exchanger; RWST, refueling water
storage tank; SG, steam generator; SIS, safety injection system; SNR, signal to noise
ratio; SRRC, square root raised cosine; VCT, volume control tank; WLAN, wireless
local area network; WR, wireless repeater.
Corresponding author at: I&C/Human Factor Research Division, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 42 868 8190; fax: +82 42 868
8916.
E-mail address: ksson78@kaeri.re.kr (K.S. Son).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.10.008
0306-4549/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
368
Table 1
Monitoring and control parameters.
System
I/C
A/D
Critical parameters
Quantity
CTMT
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
C
C
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
CTMT humidity
CTMT pressure
CTMT radiation
CTMT temperature
H2 concentration
CTMT sump level
CCWS temperature
CCW pump
Accumulator pressure
Core outlet temperature
Reactor vessel water level
Sub-cooled temperature margin
PZR pressure (wide/narrow)
# level (wide/narrow)
PZR pressure relief tank pressure/temperature
Hotleg 13 temperature
Coldleg 13 temperature
Temperature average 13
Delta temperature 13
RCS ow 13
PZR spray Flow
RCP 13 status
SG 13 pressure
Steam ow 13
SG PORV 13 position
SG PSV 13 position
SG 13 level (Wide/Narrow)
Feed ow 13
Return temperature/ow
RWST level
RHR Hx bypass ow
RHR Hx discharge ow
Valves
CTMT spray pump
RHR pump
Charging pump #1#3
RHX outlet temperature
Boron concentration
Charging outlet temperature
Charging ow
Makeup water tank discharging ow
Batch ow
Letdown Hx outlet ow/temperature/pressure
VCT pressure/level
Valves
Makeup pump #1#2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
6
3
2
1
1
1
10
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
20
2
CCWS
SIS
RCS
MSSS
FWS
RHRS
369
Table 2
Modulation and coding rate of 802.11 g.
Channel data rate (Mbps)
Coding rate
Modulation
6
9
12
18
24
36
48
54
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
2/3
3/4
BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
consists of the HMS in the plants, MCS placed 30 km away from the
plants and ECS. The HMS performs the function of collecting status
information from sensors at the severe environment such as high
370
Table 3
Required SNR to meet BER of 10
Modulation
Required SNR (dB) @10
Modulation
Required SNR (dB) @10
.
BPSK (1/2)
2.91
16QAM (1/2)
9.63
BPSK (3/4)
5.51
16QAM (3/4)
13.22
82
24
74
81
36
70
QPSK (3/4)
5.51
64QAM (3/4)
19.26
Table 4
Sensitivities depending on various channel data rates.
Channel data rate (Mbps)
Sensitivity (dB)
Channel data rate (Mbps)
Sensitivity (dB)
QPSK (1/2)
2.91
64QAM (2/3)
18.22
12
79
48
66
18
77
54
65
371
The ECS is placed close near the plants and in the MCS. Each ECS
should work normally regardless of environment and weather condition because the ECS is installed in a eld environment. The ECS
in the plants interfaces with the HMS supplied with the power by a
battery or emergency electric generator in preparation for the station blackout. The ECS in the plants should be designed considering
a severe environment. The ECS in the MCS is placed 30 km away
from the plants therefore the severe environment is not considered
in designing the ECS in the MCS part.
The ECS must work properly in the severe accident therefore a
periodical test should be usually performed in the plant normal
operation. When the periodical test is performed, following test
results should be checked in the MCR of the plants and the MCS.
Integrity of components in the ECS.
Integrity of the battery or emergency electric generator.
Tested performance results such as the throughput, delay time
and BER.
When the severe accident occurs in the plants, the HMS and ECS
in the plants is supplied with power by a normal electric generator
if the station blackout does not occur but is supplied with the battery or emergency electric generator if the station blackout occurs.
The HMS receives status information in plants from sensors in
plants and transmits the information to the MCS through the terrestrial or satellite communication system. Antennas in the satellite communication system have an auto-tracking function in
preparation that people could not align the position of antennas
of the ECS and the satellite due to a radioactive contamination.
Due to this function, the antennas of the ECS automatically align
to the direction to the satellite when the ECS is initiated.
receives the status information of 12 plants through both terrestrial-system and satellite-system and transmits the control data
to the 12 plants. In architectural conguration of the ECS, the terrestrial is used for primary means and the satellite is used for
Link
NPPs M WR 1
Parameters
Transmitted power
Transmission Part
200 mW
200 mW
(23 dBm)
(23 dBm)
20
20
1
1
42
42
Path loss
117.6
129.4
0.5
0.5
118.1
Receiving part
6
6
1
82
101
4.9
23.9
WR 1M WR 2
129.9
20
6
1
82
101
7.1
26.1
WR 2M MCS
200 mW
(23 dBm)
6
1
28
117.8
0.5
118.3
20
6
1
82
101
4.7
23.7
372
Table 6
Analysis of data capacity.
Link
HDLC encoding
Bit stufng
(OH = 0.016)
2,010,000
4,100,000
8,200,000
6,100,000
12,300,000
24,600,000
37,000,000
Control 1,600,000
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
13,959
28,473
56,945
42,362
85,417
170,834
256,945
11,112
2,010,000
5,000,000
10,000,000
7,500,000
15,000,000
30,000,000
45,200,000
2,000,000
1,472
171
1,472
425
1,472
850
1,472
637
1,472 1,274
1,472 2,548
1,472 3,839
1,472
170
307,098
626,406
1,252,790
931,964
1,879,174
3,758,348
5,652,790
244,464
252,396
627,300
1,254,600
940,212
1,880,424
3,760,848
5,666,364
250,920
312,012
636,429
1,272,835
946,876
1,909,241
3,818,482
5,743,235
248,376
256,435
637,337
1,274,674
955,256
1,910,511
3,821,022
5,757,026
254,935
2,496,096
5,091,432
10,182,680
7,575,008
15,273,928
30,547,856
45,945,880
1,987,008
2,051,480
5,098,696
10,197,392
7,642,048
15,284,088
30,568,176
46,056,208
2,039,480
2,560,000
5,120,000
10,240,000
7,680,000
15,360,000
30,720,000
46,080,000
2,048,000
373
Preamble, SFD
Mac Header
14 byte
8 byte
IP Header
UDP Header
20 byte
8 byte
Payload
FCS
18~1472 byte
4 byte
Flag
Payload
hFCS
Flag
1byte
6~1460 byte
2 byte
1byte
HDLC Frame
Fig. 11. Structure of Ethernet packet.
(a)
Preamble
(b)
Data
FEC
redundant
(c)
(d)
Table 7
Parameters of Transmission Frame.
Link
No
BW (MHz)
Mod.
FEC
Status
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2.56
5.12
10.24
7.68
15.36
30.72
46.08
2.048
2.304
4.608
9.216
4.608
9.216
18.432
27.648
13.824
QPSK
RS + CC
5
2.5
1.25
1.67
0.83
0.417
0.278
3.125
224
9222
154
6148
28
4352
20
Control
8PSK
QPSK
128
374
Table 8
Simulation environment over Modulation/Demodulation.
No
Parameters
Link
1
2
3
4
5
Data rate
Modulation
Spreading factor
Sync.
SRRC lter
6
7
8
9
10
FEC
Symbol rate
Chip rate
Occupied BW
Viterbi Decoder
11
Channel
Remarks
Control
Status
2 Mbps
QPSK
8
Ideal
Roll-off factor
Tab length
Over-Sampling
Down-Sampling
Concatenated codes
1440 Msps
11,520 Mcps
13.824 MHz
7 bit soft decision
Trace back
AWGN
8 Mbps
8PSK
Hadamard Codes
1.2
97
4
4
RS(200,216), CC(3/4)
(Data rate) (M)/(Code rate)
(Symbol rate) (SF)
(Chip rate) (Roll-off factor)
3840 Msps
4.608 MHz
65
Table 9
Required Eb/N0 over modulation/demodulation.
Modulation
Remarks
QPSK, RS + CC (3/4)
8PSK, RS + CC (3/4)
4.3
6.2
@Ideal, BER 10
Table 10
Receiver sensitivity over data rate.
Link
Data rate
(Rb)
Symbol
rate (Rs)
BW [kHz]
Mod.
BW
efciency
Req. Eb/
N0 [dB]
Es/Eb
[dB]
Es/N0
[dB]
Loss of
Mod.
Impl.
Req. Es/
N0 [dB]
System
margin
NF
[dB]
Status
2,560,000
5,120,000
10,240,000
7,680,000
15,360,000
30,720,000
46,080,000
2,048,000
1,920,000
3,840,000
7,680,000
4,608,000
9,216,000
18,432,000
23,040,000
1,440,000
2,304.00
4,608.00
9,216.00
5,529.60
11,059.20
22,118.40
27,648.00
13,824.00
QPSK
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.67
0.15
4.3
4.3
4.3
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
4.3
1.25
1.25
1.25
2.22
2.22
2.22
3.01
1.53
5.55
5.55
5.55
8.42
8.42
8.42
9.21
5.83
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7.55
7.55
7.55
10.42
10.42
10.42
11.21
7.83
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
Control
8PSK
QPSK
Boltzman
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
174.00
Sensitivity
[dBm]
87.83
84.82
81.81
81.15
78.14
75.13
73.37
79.76
375
ECSs of the plants are placed at beam center of satellite and MCS
is placed at Edge of Coverage (EOC) of satellite.
Uplink is operated in the band of 30 GHz.
Downlink is operated in the band of 20 GHz.
Availability of satellite is 99%.
Table 11
Communication link budget for uplink @46.08 MHz.
Uplink
Plant
Loss factor
Satellite
EIRP (dBW)/carrier
Power entered to antenna
Antenna gain of plants (dBi)
Free space loss (dB)
Pattern dis. advantage
Pointing loss (dB)
Rain loss (dB)
Satellite G/T (dB/K)
Boltzmann constant (dBW/kHz)
Channel BW (dB-Hz)
C/Nu (dB)
C/I (external uplink) (dB)
C/I (co-channel interference) (dB)
C/I (out of band emission) (dB)
C/I (adjacent channel interference) (dB)
C/Nu total (dB)
Status
Control
65.8
50.81
48.74
213
3
0.2
5.7
13
228.6
74.42
22.78
60
60
60
60
22.78
57.1
6.85
48.74
213
0
0.2
Remarks
10log10(BW)
C/N @Uplink
C/N @Uplink
376
Table 12
Communication link budget for downlink @46.08 MHz.
Downlink
Satellite
Loss Factor
MCS
Total C/Nt
Implementation margin (dB)
C/N (dB)
Link margin (dB)
Status
Control
58
4
0
53.7
210
0.2
0.2
2.81
0.2
1
45.22
3
40
17.37
228.6
74.42
12.04
60
60
60
12.04
11.69
2
9.69
1.29
58
4
0
36.3
210
0.2
0.2
Remarks
10log10(BW)
C/N @Downlink
C/N @Downlink
C/N @Uplink & Downlink
C/NtImp. Margin
C/NReq. C/N
Fig. 18 shows the link margin over various data rates analyzed
in Table 7. In the case of data rate, 2.56 Mbps, the link margin of
15.72 dB can be secured. As the data rate increase, the link margin
decrease.
5. Conclusions
377
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